COMPUTER NETWORK MODELS

COMPUTER NETWORK MODELS

The networking model describes the architecture, components, and design used to
establish communication between the source and destination systems. Computer network
models are responsible for establishing a connection among the sender and receiver
and transmitting the data in a smooth manner respectively.
There are two types of computer network models i.e.
• OSI Model
• TCP/IP Model
-on which the whole data communication process relies.
OSI MODEL

OSI stands for Open System Interconnection is a reference model that describes how
information from a software application in one computer moves through a physical
medium to the software application in another computer.
The OSI Model is a conceptual framework used to describe the functions of a
networking system.

Open system interconnection model includes a set of protocols that define and
standardize the data communication process.
• OSI consists of seven layers, and each layer performs a particular network function.

• OSI model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984,
and it is now considered as an architectural model for the inter-computer communications.

• OSI model divides the whole task into seven smaller and manageable tasks. Each layer is assigned
a particular task.

• Each layer is self-contained, so that task assigned to each layer can be performed independently.
PHYSICAL LAYER

• It defines how two or more than two devices are physically connected with each other in any network.
Physical layer is first layer of the OSI model. It is responsible for the movements of individual bits from one
node to the next node that is data consists of stream of bits (0/1).
• Bits – encode – signals (electrical , optical or radio) – transmitted.
• Communication defines by the physical layer is either wired or wireless.
• It also defines transmission mode - simplex , half duplex , full duplex.

• The physical layer of the OSI model defines the physical characteristics of the network like the type of cable,
connectors , length of cable.
• Physical layer includes HUB , NIC card, cables and connectors .
DATA-LINK LAYER

• The data link layer facilitates data transfer between two devices on the same network.

• It translates physical raw bit stream into packets or this packet is called frames.

• It controls flow of data rate between sender and receiver.

• Data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one node to the another node. Frame means dividing stream of bits into data units

• This layer is responsible for the error-free transfer of data frames.

• It defines the format of the data on the network.

• It provides a reliable and efficient communication between two or more devices.

• It includes the devices like switches and bridges.