Radiation

Thermos flask or Vaccum flask

The thermos flask is used to carry hot or cold things. It makes use of the
property of shinning or polished surfaces of absorbing as well as radiating
very little heat.
 Question answers of heat
D. Answer the following questions in brief ( page 77)

1. In which direction does the transfer of heat normally take place?

A. The transfer of heat normally takes place from higher temperature to a lower
temperature. This will happen until the heat equilibrium is created between both
the objects.

2. What is the cause of heat generation in the following situations:

a) We apply brakes on our fast moving car – The heat is generated by the friction
between brakes and tyres of the car.

b) People often jump up and down to feel warmer in cold weather.- Due to
jumping more energy is required. For this, breathing rate increases and more
oxygen taken in .It breaks the food and energy is released as heat.

3. State two types of physical changes that may take place when a substance is
heated.

A. Change in temperature, change of state, thermal expansion ( any two)

4. In what way(s) does a clinical thermometer differ from an ordinary

thermometer.
Q5. State the mode/ different modes of heat transfer in the following
situations..

a) A paper cup , full of hot soup , lying on a table.- The heat from hot soup lying
on the table is transferred to the surroundings by convection. The hot liquid in the
cup is in contact with the paper of the cup and the air - on the top. As paper is a
poor conductor of heat, most heat loss from the hot liquid is from the top surface
open to air by convection .The air in contact with the liquid rises up as it becomes
hotter than the ambient temperature, cold air from the surroundings come to take
its place.So a convection current is set up.

b) Cooking vegetables in a pan - When frying vegetables in a pan heat

transfer takes place from flame to the pan and then to the vegetables by
conduction.

c) Melting of a chocolate bar, in the school bag, on a hot day- Melting of a

chocolate bar in school bag on hot day is because of radiation and
conduction.The bag becomes hot by radiation and the chocolate bar melts
due to conduction of heat.

d) Cooking food in a microwave- In microwave heat is transferred by radiation.

Microwave radiation utilizes short, high-frequency waves that penetrate food,
which agitates its water molecules to create friction and transfer heat.

E Answer the following questions;-

Ans) As the loop here is circular the heat transfer will take place by conduction on
both the sides from A.As B is nearer to A than D ,so the order in which the pins
will fall is A B D C.

Q2. Give reasons for the following :-

a) Iron rims are heated red hot before fixing them on cart wheels- Iron rim when
heated red hot it expands and slips on to the wheel easily. When it is cooled it
contracts and grips the wheel firmly.
b) A clinical thermometer has a slight bend or kink in its capillary tube - The
kink or constriction ensures that mercury thread does not fall back by itself
after the thermometer has been used to measure the temperature of a person.
The reading can therefore be taken conveniently.
c) A new quilt is warmer than an old one – Air is a bad conductor of heat . A
new quilt can trap more air than an old one as it is more fluffy. Our body
heat then does not easily escape out through this trapped air and we stay
warmer.

A brass tumbler feels much cooler than a wooden tray on a chilly day – A brass
tumbler is made of metal which is a good conductor of heat whereas a wooden tray
is an insulator of heat. When someone touches the brass tumbler then the heat gets
transferred from the person to the tumbler. The tumbler thus feels cold. Wood is
not a good conductor so heat does not get transferred from body to wooden tray.

(e) The bottom of cooking utensils are often kept black

The black colour is a good absorber of heat. So, the bottom of the utensils is
painted black so that they absorb a good amount of heat so that food can be cooked
fast and easily.

Ques 3: Akshit visited Rishikesh during the summer holidays. There were
two tents in the campsite, one was made from a black tent and the other one
was made of white fabric. Which one should Akshit prefer? Give reason for
the choice. Should Akshit prefer the same tent during winters?

Ans 3: In the summer season he should prefer the white tent as white colour is not
an absorber of heat like the black colour. In winter he should choose the black tent
because black colour is good absorber of heat. The black tent will be warmer than
white tent. So, he should stay in black tent.
Ques 4: Explain how winds are caused?

Ans 4: Convection currents also have a significant effect on weather and climate.
When the air at a place gets heated up , it expands and occupies more space. It
therefore becomes lighter and moves up. The air pressure at that place then gets
lowered. Hence the air from surrounding places rushes on to take the vacated
place. This sets up convection currents in air leading to winds and storms.

Ans 5 – Q thermometer is kept above the flame. It gets heat by the process of
convection. P thermometer is kept by the side and gets heat by the process of
radiation. Thus the rise in temperature will be faster in Q than P.
Ans 6– The wires AB and PQR are made of the same material and
have equal thickness. The length of AB is equal to the diameter PR
of the semi circle formed by the wire PQR. If radius is equal to r
then diameter PR is 2r.
Circumference of the wire PQR is 2πr .So semicircle have the
circumference equal to πr. Value of πr = 3.14 r
i.e PQR has the length 3.14r.
So πr > 2r
As, 3.14 is greater than 2.
So the pin P2 will fall later than P1. The heat transferred by
conduction will be first in P1 than in P2.