New Century Chapter 4 Equations

04_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.
fm Page 128 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:24 PM
Think!
A farmer has only emus and pigs. Altogether he
has 250 animals and his animals have a total of
834 legs. How many emus and how many pigs
does he have?
04_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.fm Page 129 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:24 PM
equations and inequalities

P A T T E R N S A N D AL G E B R A
In this chapter you will:

Z solve a range of linear equations, including equations that involve
brackets and fractions
Z solve equations arising from substitution into formulas
Z solve problems involving linear equations
Z change the subject of a formula
Z determine restrictions on the values of variables implicit in the
original formula and after rearrangement of the formula
Z solve linear inequalities analytically
Z use , , , and to generate linear inequalities from
problems
Z solve linear simultaneous equations using non-algebraic methods
and by finding the point of intersection of their graphs
Z use analytical (algebraic) methods to solve a variety of
simultaneous equations, including those that involve a linear and
quadratic equation
Z generate simultaneous equations from simple word problems
Z solve simple quadratic equations of the form ax = c
2
Z solve equations of the form ax + bx + c = 0 using factors,

2
completing the square and the quadratic formula

Z identify whether a given quadratic equation has no solution, one
solution or two solutions
Z solve problems involving quadratic equations
Z replace variables with other expressions, for example find an
expression for x2 + 4, if x = 2at
Z use variable substitution to simplify expressions and equations so
that specific cases can be seen to belong to general categories, for
example substitute u for x2 to solve x4 − 13x2 + 36 = 0.
Wordbank
Z equation A statement that two quantities are equal, Z simultaneous equations Two or more equations
for example 5 + 2y = 16. that must be solved at the same time so that the
Z inequality A statement that two quantities are solution satisfies both equations. For example
not equal. An inequality has an inequality sign y = 2x + 1 and y = 3x have a solution x = 1, y = 3.
(, , , or ≠) between the two quantities. Z formula An equation showing the relationship
Z quadratic equation An equation in which the between variables.
highest power of the variable is 2. The following are Z subject of the formula The variable that is by
all quadratic equations: x2 = 5, 3m2 + 7 = 10 and itself on one side (usually the left) of a formula.
4d2 − 3d = 8. For example the subject of the formula in
s = u + at2 is s.
Start up
Worksheet 1 Solve each of these linear equations:
4-01 a 10y = 50 b −12x = 36
Brainstarters 4 m
c ---- = −4 d 3a + 5 = 26
6
x+5
e 8(y − 4) = −10 f ------------ = 2x
3
2 Solve each of these inequalities:

y x+5
a --- 10 b ------------ −2
5 4
c −5x 40 d 3 − 2x 6
3y
e ------ 6 f 2(m − 5) 10
−5
STAGE
5.3 3 Expand and simplify:
a a(a + 10) + 3(a + 10)
b 2y(y − 1) − (y − 1)
c (x + 5)(x + 4)
d (y − 3)(y + 2)
e (k − 3)(k + 5)
f (m − 2)2
g (5y + 3)2
h (3a − 4)2 + 10
i (a + 7)2 + 2
4 Factorise each of the following:

a 16 − m2 b d 2 − 121 c 14y − 2y2
d 10p2 + 25p e 5x 2 − 320 f 18w2 − 50
5 Factorise each of the following expressions:

a k2 + 5k + 4 b y2 − 10y + 16 c m2 − m − 56
d u + 8u − 65
2 e w2 − 10w + 21 f x2 − 2x − 24
6 Factorise these expressions:

a y2 + 4y + 4 b d 2 − 6d + 9 c n2 − 12n + 36
d p2 + 18p + 81 e 4w2 − 12w + 9 f 64q2 + 80q + 25
7 Factorise each of the following:

a 3a2 + 10a + 3 b 5x 2 − 13x − 6 c 6y2 + y − 40
d 15t + 7t − 4
2 e 5v 2 − 32v − 21 f 8y2 + 34y + 35
g 15h − 23h + 4
2 h 12p 2 + 11p − 15 i 16d 2 + 40d + 25
8 Given the formula v2 = u2 + 2as:

a find a when v = 16, u = 12 and s = 10
b find v (correct to two decimal places), when u = 5.5, a = 10 and s = 7.65
130 NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

Solving linear equations Skillsheet

Algebraic methods can be used to solve equations. The balance method uses inverse operations 4-01
to solve equations. Whatever is done to one side of the equation must be done to the other side. Solving
equations by
backtracking
Example 1
Solve each of the following: Skillsheet
a 10y − 6 = 3y − 2 b 5(2m − 5) = 7 − (m + 3) 4-02
Solution Solving
equations by
a 10y − 6 = 3y − 2 b 5(2m − 5) = 7 − (m + 3) balancing
10y − 6 − 3y = 3y − 2 − 3y 10m − 25 = 7 − m − 3
7y − 6 = −2 10m − 25 = 4 − m
7y − 6 + 6 = −2 + 6 10m − 25 + m = 4 − m + m Skillsheet
4-03
7y = 4 11m − 25 = 4
Solving
7y 4
------ = --- 11m − 25 + 25 = 4 + 25 equations by
7 7 11m = 29 diagrams
4 11m 29
y = --- ---------- = ------
7 11 11
7
Check: LHS = 10 × --- − 6
4 m = 2 -----
-
11
7
7
−2 Check: LHS = 5(2 × 2 -----
- − 5)
= ----- 11
7 4
= 1 -----
-
11
4
RHS = 3 × --- − 2 7
RHS = 7 − ( 2 -----
- + 3)
7 11
4
−2
= ----- = 1 ------
11
7 7
∴m= 2 ------ is correct
4 11
∴ y = --- is correct
7
Example 2
Solve each of these equations:
m–2 2w + 5 w – 1 3k k
a ------------- + 3 = 6 b ---------------- = ------------- c ------ + --- = 4
5 4 3 5 2
Solution
m–2 2w + 5 w – 1
a ------------- + 3 = 6 b ---------------- = -------------
5 4 3
m–2
------------- + 3 − 3 = 6 − 3 ( 2w + 5 ) 3 (w – 1) 4
--------------------- × 12 = ----------------- × 12
5 41 31
m–2 3(2w + 5) = 4(w − 1)
------------- = 3
5 6w + 15 = 4w − 4
m–2 1 6w + 15 − 4w = 4w − 4 − 4w
------------- × 5 = 3 × 5 2w + 15 = −4
1 5
m − 2 = 15 2w + 15 − 15 = −4 − 15
m − 2 + 2 = 15 + 2 2w = −19
m = 17 2w − 19
------- = --------
2 2
w = −9 1---
2
E QUAT I ONS AND IN EQUAL ITIES 131 CHAPTER 4

STAGE
5.3 c
3k k
------ + --- = 4
5 2
3k 2 k 5
∴ ------ × 10 + --- × 10 = 4 × 10
51 21
6k + 5k = 40
11k = 40
40
k = ------
11
7
k = 3 -----
-
11
Example 3
8 – 2y y – 1
Solve --------------- − ----------- = 9
3 4
Solution
8 – 2y y – 1
--------------- − ----------- = 9
3 4
( 8 – 2y ) 4 ( y – 1) 3
-------------------- × 12 − ---------------- × 12 = 9 × 12
31 41
4(8 − 2y) − 3(y − 1) = 108
32 − 8y − 3y + 3 = 108
35 − 11y = 108
35 − 11y − 35 = 108 − 35
−11y = 73
73
y = --------
− 11
7
∴ y = − 6 -----
-
11
Exercise 4-01
1 Solve each of these equations:
SkillBuilders a 5y − 1 = 9 b 3a + 10 = 25 c 2x + 6 = 22
10-01 to 10-05
d 15a − 2 = 13 e −2a + 10 = 20 f 10 − 5a = 20
Linear equations
g 7w − 10 = 32 h 8x − 3 = 57 i 9y − 6 = −24
Example 1 2 Solve each of the following equations:
a 5y + 10 = 3y + 30 b 8a + 20 = 4a + 10 c 6y − 1 = 3y + 14
CAS d 12a + 30 = 5a + 9 e 5y + 3 = 8y − 21 f 14x − 20 = 8x − 14
4-01 g 9y + 1 = 3y − 5 h 15x − 15 = 8x − 85 i 8m − 10 = 5 − 2m
Solving 3 Solve these equations:
algebraic
equations a 3(x − 6) = 30 b 5(m + 10) = 80 c 2(5y + 3) = 46
d 3(y + 2) = 5y − 10 e 5(y + 4) = 3y + 6 f 10(x − 3) = 5(x + 5)
g 2(3m + 6) = 4(m − 1) h 5(2a + 7) = 5(4 − a) i 3(1 − 2y) = 18 − 3y
Worksheet j 4(3a − 1) = 10 − (a + 3) k −2(1 − a) + 5 = 6 − (a − 1) l 8 − (2 − 3a) = 8(3 − 2a) − a
4-02
Equations code
puzzle

4 Solve each of these equations: Example 2
3y 2a m+5
a ------ = 9 b ------ = 2 c ------------- = 6
5 9 2 CAS
k–2 n+5 y–1 4-02
d ----------- = 11 e ------------ = −10 f ----------- = −2
5 3 4 Equations with
x+1 y–1 m+2 algebraic
g ------------ + 2 = 10 h ----------- − 6 = 3 i ------------- − 1 = 3 fractions
4 5 5
x–6 2(x + 1) 3(m – 2)
j ----------- + 7 = 0 k -------------------- = 10 l --------------------- = 6
5 5 4
5 Solve each of the following equations:
m 4 x 2 w −1
a ---- = --- b ------ = --- c ---- = ---
3 5 10 5 3 4
x–1 x+1 y+2 y–1 a+5 a–1
d ----------- = ------------ e ------------ = ----------- f ------------ = ------------
2 4 5 2 3 8
p+2 p–5 2y – 1 y + 1 3y + 2 2y + 1
g ------------ = ------------ h --------------- = ------------ i --------------- = ---------------
5 2 5 4 3 4
w w w w 2w w
j ---- + ---- = 7 k ---- – ---- = 15 l ------- – ---- = 4
5 2 2 5 3 4
3a a 2y y a 3a
m ------ + --- = 1 n ------ – --- = 4 o --- + ------ = 2
2 3 5 3 3 4
6 Solve each of the following equations: Example 3
x – 1 2x p+2 p+1
a ----------- + ------ = 0 b ------------ + ------------ = 10
4 7 3 4
m+2 m+1 x–3 x–2
c ------------- + ------------- = 12 d ----------- + ----------- = 6
3 4 5 2
3x – 10 x – 2 3y + 1 y + 2
e ------------------ + ----------- = 11 f --------------- − ------------ = 4
3 2 4 3
7 + 2a a – 1 6a – 1 a + 2
g --------------- − ------------ = 6 h --------------- − ------------ = 8
5 2 4 3
y – 1 2y – 1 a – 10 5 – 2a 1
i ----------- − --------------- = 6 j --------------- − --------------- = ---
4 3 5 4 2
w+3 w–1 1 y + 5 2y y + 1
k ------------- − ------------- = --- l ------------ − ------ = ------------
6 5 3 4 5 4
Solving word problems

Problems expressed in words can often be transformed into equations and then solved.
Example 4
A family plans to go to a concert. An adult’s ticket costs $5 more than twice as much as a child’s
ticket. The total cost for the 3 adults and 7 children to go to the concert is $327. Find the cost of
one child’s ticket and the cost of one adult’s ticket.

Solution
Let the cost of a child’s ticket be $c.
∴ Cost of an adult’s ticket = $(2c + 5)
∴ 3(2c + 5) + 7c = 327
6c + 15 + 7c = 327
13c + 15 = 327
13c + 15 − 15 = 327 − 15
13c = 312
c = 24
∴ A child’s ticket costs $24 and an adult’s ticket costs $53.
Check: 3 × 53 + 7 × 24 = 327
Exercise 4-02
Example 4 1 A group of 5 adults and 12 children decide to go to the movies while on holidays. The price of
an adult’s ticket is $3 more than twice the price of a child’s ticket. Find the price for a child’s
CAS ticket and for an adult’s ticket if the total cost is $180.
4-03 2 The longer sides of an isosceles triangle are twice as long as the shorter side. The perimeter of
Solving worded the triangle is 90 mm. Find the length of the sides of the triangle.
problems
3 The length of a rectangle is three times as long as its width. The perimeter of the rectangle is
152 mm. Find its dimensions.
4 The length of a rectangle is three more than twice its width. Find the dimensions of the
rectangle if its perimeter is 84 cm.
5 The sum of three consecutive integers is 186. Find the integers.
6 The sum of the present ages of Vatha and Chris is 36. In 4 years time, the sum of their ages
will equal twice Vatha’s present age. How old are they now?
7 Four consecutive integers have a sum of 858. Find the four integers.
8 When 15 is subtracted from three times a certain number, the answer is 63. What is the
number?
9 The sum of Scott’s age and his mother’s age is 45. In 5 years time, three times Scott’s age less
9 will be the same as his mother’s age. Find the present ages of Scott and his mother.
10 Manori’s bag contained 10-cent and 20-cent coins. She had 202 coins with a total value of
$31.90. How many 20-cent coins did Manori have?
11 If 17 more than a number is 5 more than three times the number, what is the number?
12 A father is nine times the age of his son.
In 5 years he will be four times the age
of his son. How old are they now?

13 One angle in a triangle is double the smallest angle, and the third angle in the triangle is
5 more than four times the smallest angle. Find the size of each angle.
14 A large container of water is 7--- full. After 15 L has been taken out, the container is 2
--- full.
8 3
When full, how many litres does the container hold?
15 The total cost of a school camp for Year 10 students was $21 280. Each teacher paid $185 to
attend and each student paid $165. There was one teacher for every 15 students. How many
teachers and how many students attended the camp?
SkillTest
Skillbank 4A 4-01
Multiplying and
Multiplying and dividing by 5, 15, 20, 25 and 50 dividing by
It is easier to multiply or divide a number by 10 than by 5. So, whenever we multiply or divide 5, 15, 20, 25
a number by 5, we can double the 5 (to make 10) and then adjust the first number. and 50
1 Examine these examples.

a To multiply a number by 5, multiply by 10 and halve the first number.
1
i 18 × 5 = --- × 18 × 10 (or 9 × 2 × 5, or 18 × 10 × 1--2- )
2
= 9 × 10
= 90
1
ii 66 × 5 = --- × 66 × 10 (or 33 × 2 × 5, or 66 × 10 × 1--2- )
2
= 33 × 10
= 330
b To multiply a number by 50, multiply by 100 and halve the first number.
1
26 × 50 = --- × 26 × 100 (or 13 × 2 × 50, or 26 × 100 × --12- )
2
= 13 × 100
= 1300
c To multiply a number by 25, multiply by 100 and divide the first number by 4.
1
44 × 25 = --- × 44 × 100 (or 11 × 4 × 25, or 44 × 100 × 1--4- )
4
= 11 × 100
= 1100
d To multiply a number by 15, multiply by 30 and halve the first number.
1
8 × 15 = --- × 8 × 30 (or 4 × 2 × 15, or 8 × 30 × 1--2- )
2
= 4 × 30
= 120
e To divide a number by 5, divide by 10 and double the answer. We do this because there
are two 5s in every 10.
140 ÷ 5 = 140 ÷ 10 × 2
= 14 × 2
= 28
f To divide by 50, divide by 100 and double the answer. This is because there are two 50s
in every 100.
400 ÷ 50 = 400 ÷ 100 × 2
=4×2
=8

g To divide by 25, divide by 100 and multiply the answer by 4. This is because there are
four 25s in every 100.
600 ÷ 25 = 600 ÷ 100 × 4
=6×4
= 24
h To divide by 15, divide by 30 and double the answer. This is because there are two 15s in
every 30.
240 ÷ 15 = 240 ÷ 30 × 2
=8×2
= 16
2 Now simplify these:
a 32 × 5 b 14 × 5 c 48 × 5
d 18 × 50 e 52 × 50 f 36 × 25
g 44 × 5 h 12 × 25 i 12 × 15
j 22 × 35 k 90 ÷ 5 l 170 ÷ 5
m 230 ÷ 5 n 1300 ÷ 50 o 900 ÷ 50
p 300 ÷ 25 q 1000 ÷ 25 r 360 ÷ 45
s 520 ÷ 5 t 360 ÷ 15 u 660 ÷ 15
v 9 × 15 w 24 × 25 x 1200 ÷ 15
Worksheet
4-03
Working with formulas
Getting the right
A formula is an equation that expresses a rule in algebraic form. A formula expresses the
formula relationship between the variables.
For instance, the formula P = 2(l + w) relates three variables (P, l and w). P is called the subject of
the formula because it stands alone on the left-hand side of the equals sign.
Provided that we are given sufficient information, the values of the variables in a formula can be
found using any of the techniques for solving equations that we have discussed so far.
Example 5
The surface area of a sphere is given by A = 4πr 2, where r is the radius.
Find (correct to one decimal place):
a A if r = 2.8 cm b r if A = 40 m2
Solution
a A = 4πr 2 b A = 4πr 2
= 4 × π × 2.82 40 = 4πr 2
= 98.520… 4πr 2 = 40
∴ A ≈ 98.5 cm2 4πr 2 40
------------ = ------
4π 4π
r 2 = 3.183…
r = 3.183… (since r 0, the radius is positive)
= 1.784…
∴ r ≈ 1.8 m

Exercise 4-03 CAS

4-04
1 The formula for the perimeter, P, of a rectangle of length l metres and width w metres is
Working with
P = 2(l + w). formulas
Find:
a P if l = 10 and w = 16 b w if P = 58 and l = 12
2 A formula for converting speed expressed as metres/second to a speed expressed as
kilometres/hour is:
k = 3.6M where M is the speed in metres per second.
a Convert each of the following to kilometres/hour:
i 10 m/s ii 24 m/s iii 50 m/s
b A car is travelling at a speed of 110 km/h on a freeway. How fast is this in m/s?
m+n
3 The average of two numbers, m and n, is A = ------------- . If two numbers have an average of 28 and
2
one of the numbers is 13, use the formula to find the other number.
4 Simple interest, in dollars, is given by the formula I = Prn. Find:
a I when P = 2000, r = 0.03 and n = 5 b P when I = 250, r = 0.08 and n = 4
5 The formula for converting temperature recorded in °F to temperature in °C is C = 5--9- (F – 32).
Convert each of the following temperatures to °C, to the nearest degree:
a 80°F b 32°F c 212°F d 102°F
6 Pythagoras’ theorem for a right-angled triangle with sides a, b and c (the hypotenuse) is Example 5
c2 = a2 + b2. Find, correct to one decimal place where necessary:
a c, if a = 5 and b = 10
b a, if c = 41 and a = 40
c b, if c = 20 and a = 10
7 The formula for the circumference of a circle is C = 2πr, where r is the radius. Find, correct to
one decimal place:
a C if r = 2.4 m
b r if C = 200 cm
M
8 The body mass index (BMI) of an adult is B = -----, where M is the mass in kilograms and h is
h 2
the height in metres.
a Find the BMI of Dean who is 1.85 m tall and has a mass of 72 kg.
b Find the mass of a person with a BMI of 24, who is 2.1 m tall.
9 The volume of a sphere is V = 4--3- πr 3 , where r is the radius. Find, correct to one decimal place:
a V, if r = 3.2 cm
b r, if V = 500 m3
D
10 The average speed of a car is given by the formula S = ---- , where D is the distance covered in
T
kilometres and T is the time taken in hours. Find:
a the speed, if 800 km is covered in 10 hours
b the speed of a car which takes 4.5 hours to travel a distance of 250 km
c the distance travelled, if a car maintains a speed of 65 km/h for 5 hours
d the time taken, if a distance of 120 km is covered at a speed of 80 km/h

11 The cost, C, (in dollars) of hiring a car is C = 45 + 0.15d, where d is the number of kilometres
travelled. Calculate:
a the cost of hiring a car to travel 350 km
b the distance travelled, if the cost is $138
12 The surface area of a closed cylinder is given by the formula SA = 2πr 2 + 2πrh. Calculate,
correct to one decimal place, the surface area of a cylinder with:
a r = 4.5 cm and h = 10 cm
b r = 2.1 m and h = 3.5 m
STAGE
5.3 Changing the subject of the formula
In the formula s = ut + 1--- at2, s is the subject of the formula. When the formula is rearranged so that
2
one of the other variables becomes the subject, the process is called changing the subject of the
formula.
Example 6
In v2 = u2 + 2as, change the subject of the formula to s.
Solution
v2 = u2 + 2as
∴ u2 + 2as = v2 (swapping sides so that s appears on the left-hand side)
2as = v2 − u2 (subtracting u2 from both sides)
v2 – u2
s = ----------------- (dividing both sides by 2a)
2a
Exercise 4-04
Example 6 1 Make y the subject of each of the following:
a x + 2y = 5 b m + py = k c 2x + dy = 5
CAS m y
d P − ky = 8 e ---- = --- f D = K − My
4-05 3 5
Changing the 5 + 8y ay – k y + 3 4m
subject of a g --------------- = 4 h -------------- = c i ------------ = -------
d 2 5 3
formula
y
j d 2 + y2 = t2 k xy2 + 5 = w l x = --
k
y+k d
m a2 − my2 = P n T= ----------- o n = -----------
c 5–y
2 Change the subject of each formula to the variable indicated in brackets:
a I = Prn [r] b a2 + b2 = c2 [b]
1 2 1
c s = ut + --- at [a] d A = --- (a + b)h [h]
2 2
4 3
e V= --- πr [r] f v2 = u2 + 2as [s]
3
g A = π(R2 − r 2 ) [R] h A = πrl + πr2 [l]
D
i S = 180(n − 2) [n] j S = ---- [T]
T

Working mathematically
Questioning and reasoning: Restrictions on the values of variables
1 Consider x2 + y2 = 4.
a Explain why the least value that x can take is −2 and the largest value that x can take
is 2.
b Does the same restriction apply to the values that the variable y can take? Explain why.
c By making y the subject, show that y = ± 4 – x 2 .
d Are the values that x and y can take in y = ± 4 – x 2 different from the values they can
take in x2 + y2 = 4? Give reasons.
2 In y2 + x = 8:
a what values can y take?
b explain why x 8
c i make y the subject of the formula
ii have the restrictions on the variables x and y changed?
3 Consider the formula P = VT.
a Are there any restrictions on the variables P, V or T?
b i Change the subject of the formula to V.
ii Are there any restrictions on P, V or T in the rearranged formula? (Give reasons for
your answer.)
4 a In the formula A = πr 2, explain why there are no restrictions on r but A 0.
b i Make r the subject of the formula.
ii Have the restrictions on the variables r and A changed?
c i If we say that the formula for the area of a circle is A = πr 2, what are the
restrictions on r and A?
ii Do these restrictions change when r is made the subject of the formula?
5 a What are the restrictions on the variables x and y in the formula y = 16 – x 2 ?
b Change the subject of the formula to x. Are the restrictions on the variables the same as
for part a? Explain.
6 Consider the following:
1 1 1
i y = --- ii y = ----------- iii y = ------------
x x–3 x+4
a What are the restrictions on the variables x and y. Give reasons.
b Make x the subject of each formula. Are the restrictions on the variables the same as in
part a or different? Explain.
c Compare your answers to the above questions with those of other students in your
class. Discuss the similarities and differences.
x–m
7 a i What are the restrictions on the variables z, x and s in z = ------------- ?
s
ii Change the subject to s. What restrictions now apply to the variables?
iii Change the subject to x. What restrictions apply now?
A
b In T = ------------------ , do the restrictions (if any) on variables T and x change if the subject is
2
x –4
changed to x?

Solving linear inequalities

A linear equation has only one solution but a linear inequality has a range of solutions. Inequalities
can be solved algebraically, in the same way as equations, by using inverse operations.
STAGE
5.3 When solving linear inequalities, the rules are the same as for linear equations except
that when multiplying or dividing both sides by a negative number, you must reverse
the inequality sign.
Example 7
Solve the following inequalities and graph each solution on a number line:
w+3
a 2m − 10 16 b ------------- −1 c −11 1 − 2x
2
Solution
w+3 −
a 2m − 10 16 b ------------- 1
2
2m − 10 + 10 16 + 10
w+3
2m 26 2 × ------------- 2 × −1
1 21
2m 26 w + 3 −2
------- ------
2 2 w + 3 − 3 −2 − 3
m 13
w −5
10 11 12 13 14 15 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
c −11 1 − 2x
11 − 1 1 − 2x − 1
−
−12 −2x
− 12 − 2x
-------- -------- (dividing by a negative number reverses the inequality sign)
−2 −2
6x
∴x6 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Exercise 4-05
Example 7 1 Solve each of the following inequalities and graph each solution on a number line:
a 3x 27 b 2x 10 c 5y −20
CAS d 2m −16 e 4a 2 f 3w −30
4-06 g 8a + 5 45 h 2y − 10 30 i 3a + 1 10
Solving j 6a + 4 −2 k 3w − 3 −12 l 5a + 3 −27
inequalities 2 Solve each of the following inequalities:
a 3(x + 2) 9 b 5(m − 4) 10 c 2(y + 5) − 6
d 3(20r − 3) 21 e 5(a − 1) 12 f 3(w − 2) − 6
2a + 1 5a + 2 2(m + 1)
g --------------- 3 h --------------- 8 i --------------------- 3
3 4 3
5(m – 1) 5d + 3 4(m – 2)
j --------------------- 3 k --------------- 8 l --------------------- − 6
4 2 3

3 Solve each of the following inequalities:

a 5−x2 b 15 7 − y
c 1 − k 12 d 7−m7
e 82−p f 10 −p + 6
k
g − 2x 6 h ----- 4
−3
i 8 −2y
− j −5t 12
−x h
k −4 ----- l ----- 6
3 −3
5+w m+1
m ------------- 2 n − 6 -------------
−3 −5
1+h x–4
o ------------ 4 p ----------- 3
−2 −4
−p + 2 2+y
q --------------- −2 r ------------ 1
−3 −4
4 Solve each of the following inequalities and graph each solution on a number line:
a 4 − 3w 7 b −4y + 3 11 c 15 1 − 2x
d 3 − 2x 5− e 8 − 5a 3 f 6 − 4x 15
g 1 − 4k 17 h 3 − 8m −23 i −2d − 3 8
5 Solve each of the following:
a −2(m + 5) 10 b −4(2y + 6) −4
c 5 − 3(k − 1) 7 d 5x + 3 − 8(x − 1) 0
6 a Three consecutive numbers have a sum less than 72. What are the largest three consecutive
numbers possible?
b Aimee needs to draw a rectangle, which is four times as long as it is wide. The perimeter
must be at least 58 cm. What is the smallest rectangle Aimee can draw?
c The third side of an isosceles triangle is 3 units less than twice the length of the equal
sides. If the perimeter of the triangle is less than 48 units, what are the largest possible
(whole unit) lengths of the sides of the triangle?
d The age of the youngest of three sisters is 7 years less than twice the age of the middle
sister. The oldest sister is 11 years older than twice the age of the youngest sister. If the
sum of their ages is more than 20, what are the lowest possible ages of the sisters.
Simultaneous equations
An equation such as 2x + y = 5 has more than one solution (x = 0, y = 5; or x = 1, y = 3; and
so on). The equation actually has an infinite number of solutions.
We will now look at two equations simultaneously to see if there is a single solution which
satisfies both equations.
Strategies for solving simultaneous equations

Simultaneous equations can be solved using several different methods:
• non-algebraic methods, such as ‘guess and check’ or setting up tables of values
• graphs
• analytical or algebraic methods.

Using ‘guess and check’ to solve simultaneous

equations
The ‘guess and check’ method involves the following steps.
Step 1: Guess a solution which satisfies the first equation.
Step 2: Substitute this solution into the second equation.
Step 3: Compare the difference between the left-hand side (LHS) and right-hand side (RHS) of the
second equation. Use this to improve your guess.
Step 4: Continue this process until you guess values which make the LHS and RHS of the second
equation equal.
Example 8
Use the ‘guess and check’ method to find a solution that satisfies both equations:
a x+y=5
2x − y = 7
Solution
a Guess for x + y = 5 Check in 2x − y = 7
x y LHS RHS Comment
1 4 2 × 1 − 4 = −2 7 LHS RHS by 9.
Try a larger value for x.
2 3 2×2−3=1 7 LHS RHS by 6.
Try a larger value for x.
4 1 2×4−1=7 7 LHS = RHS
∴ x = 4, y = 1 is the solution which satisfies both equations.
Worksheet
4-04
Using tables of values to solve simultaneous
Testing
equations
simultaneous This method involves the following steps.
equations Step 1: Complete a table of values for each equation.
Step 2: Compare the two tables. If there are a pair of values which are in both tables, then this is the
solution which satisfies both equations.
Step 3: If there are no common values, extend the table.
Example 9
Solve the pair of simultaneous equations y = x − 4 and y = 6 − 4x by completing a table of values
for each equation.
Solution
y=x−4 y = 6 − 4x
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 y 14 10 6 2 −2 −6
The values x = 2, y = −2 are common to both tables of values.

∴ The solution to the simultaneous equations y = x − 4 and y = 6 − 4x is x = 2, and y = −2.

Exercise 4-06
1 Use the ‘guess and check’ method to solve each of the following pairs of equations Example 8
simultaneously:
a x+y=2 b y = 2x + 1 c x−y=4
3x − y = 10 y = 5 − 2x x + 2y = 13
d 2x − y = 1 e 2x − y = 2− f x−y=1
4x + 3y = 17 x + 3y = 13 3x − 2y = 7
2 For each of the following pairs of equations:
i copy and complete the tables of values
ii use the completed tables of values to solve the simultaneous equations
a y=x y=4−x
x 0 1 2 3 x 0 1 2 3
y y
b y = 6 − 2x y = 4x
x 0 1 2 3 4 x 0 1 2 3 4
y y
x
c y = --- y=3−x
2
x −1 0 1 2 3 4 x −1 0 1 2 3 4
y y
3 Solve each pair of simultaneous equations by completing tables of values: Example 9

a y = −x and y = 2x + 6 b y = x + 5 and y = 2x
c y = 6 − 2x and y = 4x d y = 2x + 1 and y = 4 − x
e y = 3x + 2 and x + y = 10 f 2x − y = 1 and y = 3 − 2x
Solving simultaneous equations graphically Skillsheet

4-04
Working mathematically Graphing linear
equations
Questioning and reasoning: When two lines meet
1 Copy and complete the table of values for each equation: Worksheet
a 3x + y = 0 b y−x=4 4-05
x −2 −1 0 1 2 x −2 −1 0 1 2 Intersection of
lines
y y
2 Which coordinates satisfy both equations?

3 On the same set of axes draw the graphs of 3x + y = 0 and y − x = 4.
4 a Do the lines you drew in Question 3 intersect?
b What are the coordinates of the point of intersection?
5 Repeat Questions 1 to 4 for these pairs of equations:
a 2x − y = 2 b x + 2y = 4
x+y=4 3x + y = 7
6 Copy and complete:
a The coordinates of the p___ of intersection of two lines satisfy both equations.
b The values of x and y which satisfy both equations are the coordinates _______.

If two non-parallel lines are drawn on the same number plane, the lines will intersect.
At the point of intersection, the x-coordinate and y-coordinate represent the solution to
the simultaneous equations.
Example 10
On the same set of axes, draw the graphs of y = 3x + 1 and x + y = −3, and then solve the
equations simultaneously.
Solution
Step 1: Construct tables of values.
y = 3x + 1 x + y = −3
x 0 1 2 x 0 1 2
y 1 4 7 y −3 −4 −5
Step 2: Graph the equations. y

From the graphs, the lines intersect at 8
y = 3x + 1
(−1, −2).
6
∴ The solution of the simultaneous
equations y = 3x + 1 and x + y = −3 is
4
x = −1 and y = −2. x + y = −3
2
− 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 0 2 4 6 8 x
− 2
− 4
− 6
Exercise 4-07
1 By finding the point of intersection, write y y = 2x + 1
SkillBuilders 6
14-13 to 14-15 the solution to each of these pairs of
Intersecting simultaneous equations:
4
graphs a y = 2x + 1 and y = −3
b y = 1 − x and y = 2x + 1
2
c y = 1 − x and y = −3
−
8 −6 −
4 −
2 0 2 4 6 8 x
−
2
−
4 y = −3
y=1−x
−
6

2 Draw the graphs of each pair of equations on the same set of axes. Then find the solution to Example 10
the pair of simultaneous equations. (Use a new set of axes for each pair of equations.)
a y = x + 1 and y = 4 − 2x
b y = 2x + 3 and y = x
c y = 2x − 4 and y = x − 1
d y = x + 1 and y = 1 − x
e x + y = 2 and y = 2x − 7
f y = 7 − x and y = −1 − 5x
g 2x + y = 6 and y = −x + 1
h 2x − y = 4 and x + 2y = 7
3 a On the same set of axes, draw the graphs of y = 2x + 3 and y = 2x − 1.
b Is there a solution to the simultaneous equations y = 2x + 3 and y = 2x − 1? (Give reasons
for your answer.)
Using technology
Intersecting lines on a graphics calculator
A graphics calculator can find the point of intersection for two straight lines, provided each
equation has been entered in the correct way.
For instance, to find the intersection of the lines y = x + 3 and y = 6 − 2x, complete the
following steps.
Texas Instruments graphics calculator
Step 1: Set the standard axes by pressing ZOOM and then
selecting 6: ZStandard.
Step 2: Use Y= to enter the equations y = x + 3 and

y = 6 − 2x as shown.
Step 3: Press GRAPH and the graphics calculator will graph the two lines.
Step 4: To find the point of intersection, use 2nd and

TRACE , then select 5 : Intersect. The graphics
calculator then asks whether ‘First curve?’ is correct.
Say ‘yes’ by pressing ENTER .

Step 5: Press ENTER again for the ‘Second curve?’.
Step 6: Move the flashing cursor towards the intersection point, to ‘Guess?’ the intersection
point, then press ENTER . The screen shows the coordinates of the point of
intersection.
The intersection is the point (1, 4).
Casio graphics calculator

Step 1: From the menu, select GRAPH.
Step 2: Enter the equations y = x + 3 and y = 6 − 2x.
Step 3: Press F6 (DRAW) and the graphics calculator will

graph the two lines.
Step 4: To find the point of intersection press SHIFT F5

then F5 (INTERSECT). Press EXE .
(This selects the first graph.)
Step 5: Press EXE again. The screen shows the coordinates

of the point of intersection.
The intersection is the point (1, 4).
Use the steps given to find the point of intersection for each of the following pairs of linear
equations.
a y = 4x + 11 and y = 1 − x
b y = 8 − 2x and y = 2x − 4
c y = x + 8 and y = −2x − 1
d y = 3 − 3x and y = 7 − x
1–x
e y = ----------- and y = 2x − 9
3
f y = 3x and y = −x − 4

Just for the record

Break-even point
Simultaneous equations are used by manufacturers to enable them to make decisions about
the production and sale of goods. Equations can be formed for total revenue (cost per article ×
number of articles) and for total costs (fixed costs, such as rent and production costs).
The equations can be graphed as shown. The point where the two
lines intersect is the break-even point and occurs when total y
Total revenue and

revenue is equal to total cost.
Break-even Income
total cost
A publisher receives $20 per book. There are fixed costs of point
$65 000 and production costs per book are $4.25.
a Determine the equations for total revenue and total costs. Cost
b Graph the equations to find the break-even point.
c How many books must be sold before the publisher Quantity sold x
makes a profit?
Applying strategies and reasoning: The staff Christmas party
As the social events manager for a large business, you need to decide between two catering
companies (We-Feed-U Catering and D-Lite Catering) for the staff Christmas party.
We-Feed-U charges a flat rate of $15 per person. D-Lite charges a fixed cost of $600 plus
$12.50 per person. This can be represented by the formulas:
We-Feed-U: C = 15P
D-Lite: C = 600 + 12.5P
where C is the cost of the party, in dollars, and P is the number of people attending.
1 Copy and complete this table of values for both We-Feed-U and D-Lite.
P 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
C
2 On the same set of axes, using P on the horizontal axis and C on the vertical axis, draw the
graphs of the equations for both We-Feed-U and D-Lite.
3 From your graph, or your table of values, answer the following questions:
a What company would you choose if only 100 people were to attend the Christmas
party? Give reasons.
b If all 400 of your company’s employees were to attend the party, which catering
company would you use? Explain.
c i Which is the better option, We-Feed-U or D-Lite, if 300 people attend the party?
Why would you choose this option?
ii How much do you save by choosing this option?
d If the budget for the party is restricted to $4000, what is the maximum number of
people that can attend if you use:
i We-Feed-U Catering? ii D-Lite Catering?
e At what point do the graphs intersect? Explain the significance of the point of
intersection of the two graphs.

Worksheet
Solving simultaneous equations algebraically
4-06 Using graphs to solve simultaneous equations can be time-consuming and inaccurate. Algebraic
Simultaneous methods provide an alternative method of solution. Two algebraic methods will be considered here:
equations order • the substitution method
activity 1 • the elimination method.
The substitution method

To use this method, substitute the x or y variables from one equation into the other equation.
Example 11
Solve the simultaneous equations y = x + 1 and y = 4x − 5.
Solution
Label each equation:
y=x+1 ......(1)
y = 4x − 5 ......(2)
Use equation (1) to substitute for y in equation (2).
x + 1 = 4x − 5
x + 1 − 4x = 4x − 5 − 4x
−3x + 1 = −5
−3x + 1 − 1 = −5 − 1
−3x = −6
− 3x −6
-------- = -----
−3 −3
x=2
Now substitute x = 2 into equation (1) to find y:
y=x+1
y=2+1
∴y=3
The solution is x = 2 and y = 3.
Example 12
Solve the simultaneous equations 2x + 5y = 20 and x = 7 − y.
Solution
2x + 5y = 20 ......(1)
x = 7 − y ......(2)
Since x is the subject in (2), substitute equation (2) into equation (1) to give an equation using
y only:
2(7 − y) + 5y = 20
14 − 2y + 5y = 20
14 + 3y = 20
14 + 3y − 14 = 20 − 14
3y = 6
3y 6
------ = ---
3 3
∴y=2

Now substitute y = 2 into equation (2) to find x:

x=7−y
x=7−2
x=5
∴ The solution is x = 5 and y = 2.
Exercise 4-08
1 Use the substitution method to solve each of these pairs of equations simultaneously: Example 11
a y = 2x − 1 and y = x − 3 b x = 2 + 3y and x = 10 − y
c y = x and y = 5x − 8 d x = 3y and x + 2y = 40 SkillBuilders
14-16 to 14-17
e y = x + 2 and y = −3x + 5 f y = 3 − x and y = 2x + 1
Simultaneous
2 Solve each of these pairs of simultaneous equations: equations
a y = x + 2 and 3x + y = 6 b y = x − 3 and 3x + y = 17 Example 12
c y = x + 5 and 5x − y = −1 d y = x − 3 and 2x − y = 7
e y = x − 3 and 5x − 2y = 18 f x = y + 1 and 3x + 2y = 13
g x = 2y + 3 and 2x + y = 21 h x = 5 − 3y and 4y − 2x = 50 Spreadsheet
x+2 9–y 4-01
i y = ------------ and 4y + x = -20 j x = ----------- and 3x − 2y = 12 Substitution
2 3
method
The elimination method CAS

In the elimination method, equations are added or subtracted to eliminate one of the variables. 4-07
Simultaneous
Example 13 graphs
Solve the simultaneous equations 3x − 2y = 20 and x + 2y = 4.

CAS
Solution 4-08
Label each equation: Simultaneous
3x − 2y = 20 ............(1) equations
x + 2y = 4 ............(2)
Since there is the same number of ys in each equation, and since they are opposite in sign
(−2y and 2y), add equations (1) and (2) to eliminate the variable y.
3x − 2y = 20
x + 2y = 4
4x = 24 ............[(1) + (2)]
4x 24
------ = ------
4 4
x=6
Substitute x = 6 into equation (1) to find the values of y:
3x − 2y = 20
3 × 6 − 2y = 20
18 − 2y = 20
18 − 2y − 18 = 20 − 18
−2y = 2
− 2y 2
-------- = -----
−2 −2
y = −1
∴ The solution is x = 6 and y = −1.

Example 14
Solve 4a − 3c = 1 and 2a − 3c = 2.
Solution
4a − 3c = 1 ............(1)
2a − 3c = 2 ............(2)
Since there is the same number of cs in each equation and since they have the same sign
(−3c and −3c), subtract equation (2) from equation (1) to eliminate c.
4a − 3c = 1
2a − 3c = 2
2a = −1 ............[(1) − (2)]
2a − 1
------ = -----
2 2
∴ a = − 1---
2
Substitute a = − --1- in equation (1) to find the value of c.
2
4a − 3c = 1
4 × (− 1--2- ) − 3c = 1
−2 − 3c = 1
−2 − 3c + 2 = 1 + 2
−3c = 3
− 3c 3
-------- = -----
−3 −3
∴ c = −1
∴ The solution is a = − --1- and c = −1
2
Example 15
Solve the simultaneous equations 5p − q = 11 and 2p + 3q = 1 by elimination.
Solution
5p − q = 11 ............(1)
2p + 3q = 1 ............(2)
In this case, neither adding nor subtracting equations (1) and (2) will eliminate a variable.
Let’s choose to eliminate p. We will need to make the coefficient of p the same in both
equations (10p).
10p − 2q = 22 ............(3) [multiplying both sides of (1) by 2]
10p + 15q = 5 ............(4) [multiplying both sides of (2) by 5]
−17q = 17 [subtracting (4) from (3)]
∴q= 1 −
Substitute q = −1 in (1).
5p − q = 11
5p − (−1) = 11
5p + 1 = 11
5p = 10
∴p=2
∴ The solution is p = 2 and q = −1.

Exercise 4-09
1 Eliminate one variable by adding the equations in each pair. Then solve the equations Example 13
simultaneously.
a 5a + c = 7 b 4e − g = 20 c 8x + 2y = 2 CAS
a−c=5 2e + g = 4 3x − 2y = 9 4-08
d 7p − 4n = −20 e x − 4y = −5 f −y − 8w = 10 Simultaneous
3p + 4n = 0 4x + 4y = 20 y + 2w = −4 equations
g −2x − 4y = 30 h 5x + 3y = 10 i −4c − 6e = −12
2x − 3y = 40 −5x − 6y = 5 4c − 10e = −4
2 Eliminate one variable by subtracting these equations, then solve the pairs of equations Example 14
simultaneously:
a x + 5y = 11 b 3a + 4c = 17 c 6p + h = 16
x + 2y = 8 3a + c = 11 4p + h = 10 SkillBuilders
14-18 to 14-20
d 3x + 3y = 6 e 4x − 2w = −1 f 5p − w = 0 The elimination
x + 3y = 14 7x − 2w = 8 2p − w = −3 method
g −5y + 5x = 30 h −2x + 3y = 7.5 i 3x − 4y = 16
−5y − 2x = 9 −2x − 2y = 5 −2x − 4y = −14
3 Solve these pairs of simultaneous equations: Example 15

a x + 2y = 16 b 5a + 3c = 14 c 2w + 3x = 25
2x + 3y = 29 4a + c = 7 w + 4x = 25
SkillBuilders
d 2a + g = 10 e 2x + y = 5 f x−y=4 14-21 to 14-23
5a − 3g = 3 x − 2y = 20 3x − 2y = 10 The elimination
g p − 3q = 2 h 5n − 2m = 7 i −3x + 2y = 2 method
5p − q = 10 3n + 4m = −1 2x − 10y = −62
j 2x − 5y = 22 k 5a − 2c = 26 l 5h + 2d = −14
3x − 2y = 11 2a − 3c = 28 2h − 3d = 2
Reasoning and applying strategies: Which method?
With two algebraic methods of solving simultaneous equations (the substitution method
and the elimination method), often one method is more efficient to use than the other.
1 Consider these three pairs of simultaneous equations:
a x = 2y ............(1)
x + y = 12 ............(2)
b y = 4 − x ............(1)
x − y = 20 ............(2)
c y = 2x + 3 ............(1)
2y − x = 12 ............(2)
i Why might the substitution method be the more appropriate method to use for solving
these equations?
ii What feature of the pairs of equations are you looking for to decide that the
substitution method is the better method to use?
iii Solve the three pairs of simultaneous equations using the substitution method.

2 Consider these three pairs of simultaneous equations:

a x − 2y = 10 ............(1) b 4a + 3c = 18 ............(1)
3x + 2y = 14 ............(2) 4a − 2c = −2 ............(2)
c 3a − 2y = −5 ............(1)
2a + 5y = 3 ............(2)
i Why might the elimination method be the more appropriate method to use with these
equations?
ii What feature of the pairs of equations are you looking for to decide that the
elimination method is the better method to use?
iii Solve the three pairs of simultaneous equations using the elimination method.
3 Using whichever method is more efficient, solve each of these pairs of simultaneous
equations:
a 7x + 2y = 13 ............(1) b 4a − 3c = 15 ............(1)
7x + y = 10 ............(2) 2a − 3c = 3 ............(2)
c y = 3x + 1 ............(1) d y=4−x ............(1)
2y + x = 16 ............(2) x − y = 10 ............(2)
e 3y + x = 0 ............(1) f 3c + 5a = 7 ............(1)
5y − x = −16 ............(2) 2c − 2a = 10 ............(2)
Skillbank 4B
SkillTest
Inverse relations (× and ÷)
4-02 Multiplication (×) and division (÷) are inverse or opposite operations (× is the opposite of ÷,
Inverse relations and ÷ is the opposite of ×). We can use this fact to recognise related number facts.
1 Examine this example.
If 184 × 83 = 15 272, then:
a 15 272 ÷ 83 = 184 (÷ is the opposite of ×)
b 15 272 ÷ 830 = 15 272 ÷ 83 ÷ 10 = 184 ÷ 10 = 18.4
c 15 272 ÷ 18.4 = 15 272 ÷ 184 × 10 = 83 × 10 = 830
d 152.72 ÷ 184 = 15 272 ÷ 100 ÷ 184 = 15 272 ÷ 184 ÷ 100 = 83 ÷ 100 = 0.83
Note that these answers can be checked by estimation.
a 15 272 ÷ 83 ≈ 16 000 ÷ 80 = 200 (184 ≈ 200)
b 15 272 ÷ 830 ≈ 16 000 ÷ 800 = 20 (18.4 ≈ 20)
c 15 272 ÷ 18.4 ≈ 16 000 ÷ 20 = 800 (830 ≈ 800)
d 152.72 ÷ 184 ≈ 160 ÷ 200 = 0.8 (0.83 ≈ 0.8)
If 75 × 26 = 1950, then:
a 1950 ÷ 2.6 = 1950 ÷ 26 × 10 = 75 × 10 = 750
b 1950 ÷ 260 = 1950 ÷ 26 ÷ 10 = 75 ÷ 10 = 7.5
c 195 ÷ 75 = 1950 ÷ 10 ÷ 75 = 1950 ÷ 75 ÷ 10 = 26 ÷ 10 = 2.6
d 1950 ÷ 0.75 = 1950 ÷ 75 × 100 = 26 × 100 = 2600
3 Given 246 × 13 = 3198, find:
a 3198 ÷ 246 b 3198 ÷ 1.3 c 31.98 ÷ 246
d 319.8 ÷ 13 e 3198 ÷ 130 f 3198 ÷ 2.46
g 319.8 ÷ 246 h 3198 ÷ 1.3 i 3.198 ÷ 1.3
j 31.98 ÷ 2.46 k 3198 ÷ 24.6 l 319.8 ÷ 1.3


If 1056 ÷ 48 = 22, then:
a 22 × 48 = 1056 (× is the opposite of ÷)
b 22 × 4.8 = 22 × 48 ÷ 10 = 1056 ÷ 10 = 105.6
c 48 × 220 = 48 × 22 × 10 = 1056 × 10 = 10 560
d 48 × 0.22 = 48 × 22 ÷ 100 = 1056 ÷ 100 = 10.56
Note that these answers can be checked by estimation.
a 22 × 48 ≈ 20 × 50 = 1000 (1056 ≈ 1000)
b 22 × 4.8 ≈ 20 × 5 = 100 (105.6 ≈ 100)
c 48 × 220 ≈ 50 × 200 = 10 000 (10 560 ≈ 10 000)
d 48 × 0.22 ≈ 50 × 0.2 = 10 (10.56 ≈ 10)
If 1248 ÷ 13 = 96, then:
a 13 × 9.6 = 13 × 96 ÷ 10 = 1248 ÷ 10 = 124.8
b 960 × 130 = 96 × 10 × 13 × 10 = 1248 × 100 = 124 800
c 0.96 × 130 = 96 ÷ 100 × 13 × 10 = 96 × 13 × 10 ÷ 100 = 1248 ÷ 10 = 124.8
d 1.3 × 960 = 13 ÷ 10 × 96 × 10 = 13 × 96 × 10 ÷ 10 = 13 × 96 = 1248
6 Given 14 076 ÷ 34 = 414, find:
a 34 × 414 b 41.4 × 34 c 4.14 × 34
d 3.4 × 414 e 0.34 × 414 f 41.4 × 3.4
g 414 × 340 h 41.4 × 0.34 i 340 × 4.14
j 4140 × 3.4 k 41.4 × 340 l 0.34 × 4.14
Solving problems using simultaneous

equations
Example 16
At an art show there were 400 guests. If there were 60 more women than men, how many men
attended the show?
Solution
Let the number of women attending be x.
Let the number of men attending be y.
∴ x + y = 400 (400 people altogether)
and: x = y + 60 (60 more women than men)
x + y = 400 ............(1)
and x − y = 60 ............(2)
(1) + (2) gives: 2x = 460
∴ x = 230
Substitute x = 230 in (1).
x + y = 400
230 + y = 400
∴ y = 170
∴ There were 170 men and 230 women attending the art show.

Example 17
Pauline and Anna spent $280 on plants for their new home. Altogether they bought 40 plants.
Some were outdoor plants costing $5, while the rest were indoor plants costing $10 each.
How many of each type did they buy?
Solution
Let x be the number of outdoor plants.
Let y be the number of indoor plants.
x + y = 40 ............(1)
5x + 10y = 280 ............(2)
We can write (1) in the form:
x = 40 − y ............(3)
Substitute x = 40 − y into (2):
5(40 − y) + 10y = 280
200 − 5y + 10y = 280
200 + 5y = 280
200 + 5y − 200 = 280 − 200
5y = 80
∴ y = 16
Substitute y = 16 into (3) to find the value of x.
x = 40 − 16
∴ x = 24
So Pauline and Anna bought 24 outdoor plants and 16 indoor plants.
Exercise 4-10
For each question, write a pair of simultaneous equations, and solve them.
Example 16 1 At the school concert there were 320 guests. There were 80 more women than men. How
many of the audience were women?
CAS
4-08 2 At the circus there were twice as many children as there were adults in attendance. Altogether
Simultaneous
420 people attended the circus. How many were children?
equations 3 Tickets to the art exhibition cost $8 for adults and $3 for children. Altogether 180 people
Example 17 attended the exhibition and ticket sales totalled $1090. Using x for the number of adults and
y for the number of children:
a explain why the equations x + y = 180 and 8x + 3y = 1090 correctly match the information
given in the question
b solve the equations simultaneously to find the number of adults that attended the exhibition
4 There are 370 people attending a concert. Each adult paid $5 admission while each child
paid $2. If $1220 was received for admission, how many children attended the concert?
5 A business bought a total of 60 printers for the office staff. Some of them were inkjet printers,
each costing $125. The rest were laser printers, each costing $275. Altogether, the printers
cost $13 200. How many of each type of printer did the business buy?
6 A sell-out crowd of 15 000 attended the netball final. Adult’s tickets cost $25 each while
children’s tickets cost $15 each. Altogether, ticket sales totalled $329 000. How many adults
and children attended the netball final?

7 Mirko bought a total of 15 videos and DVDs. Each video cost him $20 and each DVD cost
$30. Altogether he spent $410. How many videos did he buy?
8 Pete’s Pizzas sells Supreme Pizzas for $6 each and Vegetarian Pizzas for $4.50 each. If
32 pizzas were sold at lunchtime, totalling $160.50, how many Supreme Pizzas were sold?
9 The sum of the ages of Mrs Bai and her daughter Jenni is 70. The difference between their
ages is 32 years. How old is Jenni?
10 Alana is three times as old as Adam. The sum of their ages is 48. How old is Adam?
11 Four pies and two hotdogs cost a total of $12.40 while two pies and three hotdogs cost $9.80.
Find the cost of:
a a pie b a hotdog
12 A money box contains only 20-cent coins and 50-cent coins. Altogether there are 180 coins in
the money box and they amount to $70.50. By letting the number of 20-cent coins be x and the
number of 50-cent coins be y:
a explain why the equations x + y = 180 and 0.2x + 0.5y = 70.5 correctly match the
information in the question
b solve the equations to determine the number of 50-cent coins in the money box

Solving quadratic equations of

the form x 2 = c
An equation in which the highest power of the variable is 2 is called a quadratic equation.
So x2 = 5, 3m2 + 7 = 10, d 2 − 4 = 0 and 4y2 − 3y = 8 are all quadratic equations.
Questioning and reasoning: Solving x2 = c
1 Copy and complete:
a i 52 = ii (−5)2 = b i 32 = ii (−3)2 =
c i 72 = ii (−7)2 = d i 102 = ii (−10)2 =
2 a x2 = 25 has two solutions or answers. What are they?
b What are the possible solutions for each of the following?
i x2 = 9 ii x2 = 49 iii x2 = 100
3 When solving equations, we use inverse operations. What is the inverse operation of
‘squaring’?
4 a Look at the following example:
x2 = 81
∴ x = ± 81 (which means 81 or − 81)
∴ x = ±9
Check: When x = 9, x2 = 92 = 81
When x = −9, x2 = (−9)2
= −9 × −9
= 81
∴ x = ±9 is correct.
b Now solve each of the following quadratic equations and check your answers:
i m2 = 1 ii k2 = 64
5 How many solutions does each of the following quadratic equations have?
a m2 = 1 b k2 = 64 c x2 = 81
6 Do the following quadratic equations have solutions? (Give reasons for your answers.)
a w2 = −1 b y2 = −64 c h2 = −81
7 For what value of c will the quadratic equation x2 = c only have one solution?
The quadratic equation x2 = c (where c 0) has two solutions, x = ± c

(which means x = c and x = − c).
Example 18
Solve each of the following equations, correct to one decimal place:
a 5x2 − 600 = 0 b (2m + 3)2 = 49

Solution
a 5x2 − 600 = 0
5x2 = 600 (adding 600 to both sides)
5x 2 600
-------- = --------- (dividing both sides by 5)
5 5
x2 = 120
x = ± 120 (finding the square root of both sides)
= ±10.954…
∴ x ≈ ±11.0
b (2m + 3)2 = 49
∴ 2m + 3 = ± 49
2m + 3 = ±7
∴ 2m + 3 = 7 or 2m + 3 = −7
2m = 7 − 3 2m + 3 = −7 − 3
2m = 4 2m = −10
m=2 m = −5
Exercise 4-11
1 Solve each of these quadratic equations:
a m2 = 144 b x2 = 400 c y2 = 225
d k − 169 = 0
2 e y2 − 1 = 0 f w2 − 16 = 0
a2
g x2 + 10 = 14 h t2 − 9 = 7 i ----- = 8
2
j 5k2 = 180 k 3w2 = 300 l d 2 + 60 = 204
k2 w2
m ----- = 0.5 n ------ = 2.5 o 4x2 = 1
2 10
m2
p ------- = 9 q 5y2 = 5 r 2p2 + 3 = 21
4
3k 2 y2
s -------- + 5 = 8 t ----- − 2 = 18 u x2 − 10 = 71
4 5
2 Solve each of the following equations (correct to two decimals places, where necessary): Example 18
4a 2
a 5m2 − 20 = 0 b --------- = 36 c m2 = 28
9 CAS
2x 2 4-09
d 9m2 − 2 = 32 e 9k2 + 10 = 13 f -------- = 23
5 Solving
k2 3k 2
g ------ = 6 h -------- = 27 i 6y2 = 0.726 quadratic
16 10 equations
2w 2
j ---------- = 20 k 3a2 + 11 = 267 l 2y2 − 14 = 63
5
3 Explain why the quadratic equation k2 + 25 = 0 has no (real) solutions.
4 State which of the following quadratic equations have no solutions. (Give reasons.)
a x2 = −9 b 2k2 + 5 = 9 c 3m2 + 8 = 4
9w 2 d2 5a 2
d ---------- − 1 = 1 e 4 + ----- = 8 f --------- + 3 = 2
2 3 2

5 Solve each of these quadratic equations:

a (3x + 4)2 = 49 b (2a + 5)2 = 25 c (1 − 2m)2 = 121
x – 1⎞ 2
⎛ -----------
d (3k + 1)2 = 9 e (2p + 3)2 = 144 f = 100
⎝ 2 ⎠
m 2 –1 2
g ⎛ 3 – ----⎞ = 16 h (4 − 3y)2 = 4 i ⎛ 2x
---------------⎞ = 169
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
STAGE
5.3 General form of a quadratic equation:
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
Expressions such as x2 + 3x, a2 − 7 and 4t2 − 9t + 5 are called quadratic expressions because the
highest power of the variable is 2.
When a quadratic expression is equal to zero, the equation is called a quadratic equation.
Examples of quadratic equations are x2 + 5x − 2 = 0, x2 − 3 = 0, x2 + 4x = 0, x(2x − 1) = 0 and
2x2 − 3x − 1 = 0.
The equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is the general form of a quadratic equation.
‘Solving a quadratic equation’ means finding those values of the variable that satisfy the equation
(or make the statement true). When checking solutions, substitute the possible solutions into the
equation and show that the left-hand side (LHS) of the equation is equal to the right-hand side
(RHS) of the equation.
We will now look at three different methods for solving quadratic equations:
• factorising
• completing the square
• the quadratic formula
Solving quadratic equations by factorising

When solving quadratic equations by factorising, the following property is used.
If pq = 0, where p and q are any real numbers, then p = 0 or q = 0.
Example 19
1 Solve (y + 2)(y − 3) = 0
Solution
If: (y + 2)(y − 3) = 0
Then: (y + 2) = 0 or (y − 3) = 0
If y + 2 = 0: If y − 3 = 0:
y = −2 y=3
2 Solve each of the following quadratic equations:
a m(m + 2) = 0 b (d + 7)(5 − d) = 0
c 2w(5w − 1) = 0 d (3y − 2)(4y + 3) = 0

Solution
a m(m + 2) = 0 b (d + 7)(5 − d) = 0
m=0 or m+2=0 d+7=0 or 5−d=0
So: m = 0 or m = −2 So: d = −7 or d=5
c 2w(5w − 1) = 0 d (3y − 2)(4y + 3) = 0
2w = 0 or 5w − 1 = 0 3y − 2 = 0 or 4y + 3 = 3
w=0 or 5w = 1 3y = 2 or 4y = −3
1 2 3
So: w = 0 or w = --- So: y = --- or y = − ---
5 3 4
Example 20
Solve these quadratic equations. Use substitution to check your solutions.
a 4k2 − 32k = 0 b k2 + 4k + 3 = 0
c m − 25 = 0
2 d a2 − 6a + 9 = 0
Solution
a 4k2 − 32k = 0
4k(k − 8) = 0 (common factor of 4k)
4k = 0 or k − 8 = 0
So: k = 0 or k=8
Check: When k = 0, LHS = 4 × 02 − 32 × 0 = 0 = RHS
∴ k = 0 is a solution.
When k = 8, LHS = 4 × 82 − 32 × 8 = 0 = RHS
∴ k = 8 is also a solution.
b k2 + 4k + 3 = 0
(k + 3)(k + 1) = 0
k+3=0 or k + 1 = 0
So: k = −3 or k = −1
Check: When k = −3, LHS = (−3)2 + 4 × −3 + 3 = 0 = RHS
∴ k = −3 is a solution.
When k = −1, LHS = (−1)2 + 4 × −1 + 3 = 0 = RHS
∴ k = −1 is also a solution.
c m − 25 = 0
2
(m − 5)(m + 5) (factorising a ‘difference of two squares’)

m − 5 = 0 or m + 5 = 0
m = 5 or m = −5
Check: When m = 5, LHS = 52 − 25 = 0 = RHS
When m = −5, LHS = (−5)2 − 25 = 0 = RHS
∴ m = 5 and m = −5 are solutions.
d a2 − 6a + 9 = 0
(a − 3)(a − 3) = 0
(a − 3)2 = 0
a−3=0
a=3
Check: LHS = 32 − 6 × 3 + 9 = 0 = RHS
∴ a = 3 is a solution.
Since a2 − 6a + 9 = (a − 3) is a perfect square, there is only one solution to a2 − 6a + 9 = 0.

STAGE
5.3 Example 21
Solve w(2w − 3) = 5. Check the solutions.
Solution
w(2w − 3) = 5
2w2 − 3w = 5
2w − 3w − 5 = 0
2
(2w − 5)(w + 1) = 0
2w − 5 = 0 or w+1=0
5
So: w = --- (or 2 1--- ) or w = −1
2 2
Check: When w = 2 1--- , LHS = 2 1--- × (2 × 2 1--- − 3) = 2 1--- × 2 = 5 = RHS
2 2 2 2
When w = −1, LHS = −1 × (2 × −1 − 3) = −1 × −5 = 5 = RHS

∴ w = 2 1--- and w = −1 are solutions.
2
Solving quadratic equations by factorising involves three steps.

Step 1: Arrange the quadratic equation in the form:
ax2 + bx + c = 0
Step 2: Factorise into binomial products p and q.
Step 3: Use the property that, if pq = 0, then p = 0 or q = 0.
Exercise 4-12
Example 19 1 Solve these quadratic equations:
a (m + 7)(m + 3) = 0 b (d − 3)(d − 7) = 0 c (y − 3)(y + 5) = 0
CAS
d k(k − 3) = 0 e t(t + 7) = 0 f 2p(p − 3) = 0
4-09
g w(3w − 2) = 0 h (2n + 1)(n − 3) = 0 i (5a − 3)(2a − 1) = 0
Solving
quadratic j (3x + 1)(2x + 3) = 0 k (2c − 5)2 = 0 l (2f − 1)2 = 0
equations m (3c + 1)(4c + 1) = 0 n (1 − 2h)(h + 1) = 0 o (5 − 7e)(1 − e) = 0
Example 20 2 Factorise and then solve each of the following. (Use substitution to check your solutions.)
a m2 + 2m = 0 b 3y − y2 = 0 c f 2 − 25 = 0
d p − 16 = 0
2 e 9x − 81 = 0
2 f g2 + 3g + 2 = 0
g t − 3t − 18 = 0
2 h u + 26u + 48 = 0
2 i n2 − 14n + 49 = 0
j w 2 + 5w − 66 = 0 k p2 − 10p + 24 = 0 l k2 − 7k + 12 = 0
m d 2 − 3d − 18 = 0 n y2 − 2y − 15 = 0 o k2 + 6k − 27 = 0
p a −a−6=0
2 q c + 2c − 15 = 0
2 r h2 − 8h − 33 = 0
s y − 4y + 4 = 0
2 t d + 12d + 36 = 0
2 u m2 − 2m + 1 = 0
SkillBuilder 3 Solve each of the following:
12-09 a 5k2 + 17k + 6 = 0 b 2g2 + 5g + 3 = 0 c 3d 2 + 5d + 2 = 0
Factorising d 5t2 + 16t + 11 = 0 e 18m2 − 3m − 10 = 0 f 4y2 − 7y − 15 = 0
quadratic g 6x 2 + 13x − 5 = 0 h 4a2 − 20a + 25 = 0 i 5u2 − 11u − 12 = 0
expressions j 16 − 8q − 3q2 = 0 k 5w2 + 2w − 7 = 0 l 36 − 3c − 3c2 = 0

4 Express each of the following in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 and solve: Example 21
a 2x2 = x + 15 b 4t(t + 2) = 5
c 41u = −8u2 − 5 d 7m2 = 8m − 1
e p(p − 3) = 28 f (e − 2)2 = 9
g t(2t − 13) = 15
− h 7 = 6d 2 + 11d
i 5h = 125
2 j 8f 2 = 4f
k 6w + 3 = 19w
2 l 4a(3a + 5) − 8 = 0
5 A certain positive number, plus its square, minus 72, equals zero. Find the number.
Solving quadratic equations by completing

the square
Reasoning and communicating: Perfect squares
1 32, (m + 4)2 and (2y − 3)2 are all called perfect squares. Why?
2 Expand and simplify these perfect squares:
a (d − 3)2 b (k + 3)2
c (m + 1--- )2 d (2y − 3)2
2
e (a + b)2 f (a − b)2
3 a The expression d 2 + 6d + 9 is also a perfect square. Explain why.
b Write another quadratic trinomial that is a perfect square.
4 Describe in words how you would test whether or not an expression is a perfect square.
5 Which of the following are perfect squares?
a m2 − 2m + 1 b d 2 + 3d + 3
c g2 − 25 d y2 − 2y − 1
e 2k 2 + 4k + 1 f 9d 2 − 24d + 16
g 3x2 − 6x + 6 h x2 + 2xy + y2
6 Complete the following expressions to make a perfect square:
a d 2 + 8d + … b m2 − 4m + …
c g −g+…
2 d k2 … + 25
e y …+9
2 f 4x2 … + y2
Quadratic equations can be solved by using the method called ‘completing the square’. We try to
make the left-hand side of the equation a perfect square.
The method of completing the square depends on the following results for perfect squares.
(x + a)2 = x2 + 2ax + a2
(x − a)2 = x2 − 2ax + a2
We note that the last term, a2, is the square of ‘half the coefficient of x’.

STAGE
5.3 Example 22
Find the numbers that ‘complete the square’ in each of the following:
a x2 + 10x + … = (x + …)2 b x2 − 14x + … = (x − …)2
Solution
a The coefficient of x is 10.
Half of 10 is 5, and 52 = 25.
The expression x2 + 10x + … = (x + …)2 becomes:
x2 + 10x + 25 = (x + 5)2
b The coefficient of x is −14.
Half of −14 is −7, and (−7)2 = 49.
x2 − 14x + 49 = (x − 7)2
Example 23
Solve (k + 3)2 = 7.
Solution
(k + 3)2 = 7
(k + 3) = ± 7 (taking the square root of both sides)
k + 3 − 3 = 7 − 3 or k + 3 − 3 = 7 − 3
−
The solution is usually written as:

k = −3 + 7 or k = −3 − 7
Notice that the two solutions are surds (not rational). The solutions to a quadratic equation can
be irrational, of the form a + b and a − b . Sometimes b needs to be simplified.
Example 24
Solve x2 + 6x + 7 = 0 by completing the square.
Solution
Step 1: Move the constant term to the right-hand side.
x2 + 6x = −7
Step 2: Halve the coefficient of x, square it and then add the square to both sides.
x2 + 6x + 32 = −7 + 32
∴ x2 + 6x + 9 = 2
Step 3: Express the LHS as a perfect square.
(x + 3)2 = 2
Step 4: Solve the resulting equation.
x+3=± 2 (taking the square root of both sides)
x = −3 ± 2
x = −3 + 2 or x = −3 − 2 (this answer is in the ‘exact answer’ or surd form)
x ≈ −1.59 or x ≈ −4.41 (expressing the answer correct to two decimal places)

Example 25
Solve 2x2 − 3x − 4 = 0.
Solution
2x2 − 3x − 4 = 0
∴ 2x2 − 3x = 4 (moving the constant term to the right-hand side)
∴ x2 − 3--- x = 2 (on dividing each term by the coefficient of x2, which was 2)
2
2 2
∴ x2 − 3--- x + ⎛ − 3---⎞ =2+ ⎛ − 3---⎞ (completing the square)
2 ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
2
∴ x2 − 3--- x + ⎛ − 3---⎞ =2+ 9
------
2 ⎝ 4⎠ 16
2
∴ ( x – 3--- ) = 41
------ (expressing LHS as a perfect square and leaving RHS as an
4 16
improper fraction)
3 41
∴x− --- =± ------ (on taking the square root of both sides)
4 16
3 41
∴x− --- =± ----------
4 4
3 41
∴x= --- ± ----------
4 4
3 41 3 41
∴x= --- + ---------- or x= --- − ----------
4 4 4 4
3 + 41 3 – 41
∴x= ------------------- or x= -------------------
4 4
∴ x ≈ 2.35 or x ≈ −0.85
Exercise 4-13
1 Find the numbers that ‘complete the square’ each time: Example 22
a x2 + 2x + = (x + )2 b p2 − 6p + = (p − )2
c m − 8m +
2 = (m − )2 d k2 + 4k + = (k + )2 Spreadsheet
e y − 7y +
2 = (y + )2 f w2 − 3w + = (w − )2 4-02
g x +x+
2 = (x + )2 h h2 − 5h + = (h − )2 Completing the
2 7
i a + --- a + = (a + )2 j v2 + 5--- v + = (v − )2 square
2 3
2 Solve these equations, leaving your answers in surd form: Example 23
a (d + 3)2 = 7 b (x − 5)2 = 5 c (p + 1)2 = 10

d (y − 1) = 2
2 e (m − 1--- )2 = 5 f (t + 2--- )2 = 3
2 3
g (c + 1)2 = 21
------ h (w − 3)2 = 41
------ i (n + 2--- )2 = 7---
2 2 3 9
3 2 71 3 2
j (e − --- ) = ------ k (d − 2)2 = 5 l (x − --- ) = 2
2 4 4
3 Solve each of these by completing the square. Leave your answers in surd form. Example 24
a h2 + 2h − 5 = 0 b r2 − 2r − 1 = 0 c m2 + 6m + 2 = 0
d w − 4w + 1 = 0
2 e a − 10a = 5
2 f x2 − 7x − 3 = 0
g p +p−5=0
2 h c − 9c + 2 = 0
2 i f 2 + 5f + 2 = 0
j y − 3y − 2 = 0
2 k x − 3x + 1 = 0
2 l e2 + 5e + 2 = 0
m k + 7k − 3 = 0
2 n u −u−5=0
2 o b2 + 4b + 2 = 0

Example 25 4 Solve each of these by completing the square. Give your answers correct to two
5.3
decimal places.
STAGE a 2x2 + 12x + 9 = 0 b 4m2 − 16m − 7 = 0
c 3g2 + 2g − 3 = 0 d 2h2 + 3h − 7 = 0
e 5w2 − 4w − 3 = 0 f 3y2 + y − 5 = 0
g 3p + 2p − 8 = 0
2 h 4e2 − e − 4 = 0
i 2n + 3n − 5 = 0
2
Solving quadratic equations by using the

quadratic formula
There is a formula for solving a quadratic equation involving the coefficients a, b, c in a quadratic
equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0.
The quadratic formula for ax2 + bx + c = 0 is:

−b ± b 2 – 4ac
x = ------------------------------------
2a
Example 26
Solve each of the following, using the quadratic formula:
a 6x2 + 7x − 3 = 0 b x2 − 5x − 3 = 0
Solution
a For 6x2 + 7x − 3 = 0
a = 6, b = 7, and c = −3.
−b ± b 2 – 4ac
x = ------------------------------------
2a
−7 ± 72 – 4 × 6 × ( −3 )
x = --------------------------------------------------------
2×6
−7 ± 49 + 72
= ----------------------------------
12
−7 ± 121
= ------------------------
12
− 7 ± 11
= -----------------
12
− 7 + 11 − 7 – 11
= ----------------- , -----------------
12 12
4 18
= ------ , − ------
12 12
1
∴x= --- or x = −1 1---
3 2
(This quadratic equation could also be solved by factorising.)

b For x2 − 5x − 3 = 0
a = 1, b = −5, and c = −3.
−b ± b 2 – 4ac
x = ------------------------------------
2a
−(−5) + ( −5 )2 – 4 × 1 × ( −3 )
= ----------------------------------------------------------------------
2×1
5 ± 37
= -------------------
2
5 + 37 5 – 37
∴ x = ------------------- or x = ------------------- (in exact surd form)
2 2
∴ x = 5.54 or x = −0.54 (correct to two decimal places)
Example 27
Solve 2x2 − 6 = 9x using the quadratic formula, expressing the answer:
a as a surd b correct to three significant figures
Solution
2x2 − 6 = 9x
2x2 − 9x − 6 = 0
−b ± b 2 – 4ac
x = ------------------------------------ where a = 2, b = −9, c = −6
2a
−(−9) ± ( −9 )2 – 4 × 2 × ( −6 )
= ----------------------------------------------------------------------
2×2
9 ± 129
= ----------------------
4
9 + 129 9 – 129
a ∴ x = ---------------------- or x = ----------------------
4 4
b ∴ x = 5.08 or x = − 0.589
Exercise 4-14
1 Solve each of these equations, using the quadratic formula. (Where necessary, leave your Example 26
answers in surd form.)

a x2 − 33x − 108 = 0 b 2n2 + 3n − 5 = 0 Spreadsheet
c 6k2 − 11k + 5 = 0 d 3p2 + 8p + 4 = 0 4-03
e 5y2 − 9y = 2 f x2 + 6x + 2 = 0 The quadratic
g 2a = a + 2
2 h 3m2 = 7 − 2m formula
i 4c − 3c − 2 = 0
2 j 3n2 − 1 − 3n = 0
k 1 − 4d − d = 0
2 l 8 = 9h − 2h2
m 1 − 2g − 5g = 0
2 n 2w + 2 = 3w 2
o 2 − 4v − 5v = 0
2 p 4n − 3n2 = −1

Example 27 2 Use the quadratic formula to solve each of the following. Give your answers correct to two
5.3
decimal places.
STAGE a k2 − 9k + 1 = 0 b c2 − 2 = 0 c m2 − 5 = 2
d 2n2 + 2 = 7n e 2p2 + 3p − 4 = 0 f 6w2 + 5w − 2 = 0
g 3x2 + 2 − 8x = 0 h h2 = 7 + 2h i 1 + x − x2 = 0
j 36 = 13a − a 2 k 5v − 11 = 0
2 l 5c2 + 8 = 15c
m t = 5(t + 5)
2 n (x − 6) = 3
2 o 12 = 2d 2 − 3d
Using technology
The quadratic formula
Set up your spreadsheet as shown below.
A B C D E
1 a b c x1 x2
2
…
11
• a, b and c are the coefficients from the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.

• x1, x2 are the possible solutions.
Step 1: Enter the formula =(-B2+SQRT(B2^2-4*A2*C2))/(2*A2) in cell D2 and enter the
formula =(-B2-SQRT(B2^2-4*A2*C2))/(2*A2) in cell E2.
Step 2: Copy the formulas down to row 11.
Step 3: Print out your spreadsheet and paste it into your workbook.
1 Use your spreadsheet to solve each of the following:
a x2 + 9x − 10 = 0 b 2x2 + 6x + 1 = 0 c 3x2 + 2x − 5 = 0
d x + 2x − 15 = 0
2 e 8x2 − 10x + 3 = 0 f x2 + 2y − 3 = 0
g 4x − 5x − 2 = 0
2 h x2 − 6x + 4 = 0 i 10x2 − 3x − 1 = 0
j 5x − 20x + 4 = 0
2
2 Use your spreadsheet to solve x2 − x + 3 = 0. Explain your result.
Applying strategies and reflecting: The quadratic formula
The ‘completing the square’ method can be used to develop a formula to solve the general
quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.
1 To practise the method, copy and complete the steps below, used to solve 5x2 + 8x + 2 = 0
by ‘completing the square’.
5x2 + 8x = (moving the constant term to the RHS)
8x
x + ------ =
2 (dividing each term by the coefficient of x2,
5
which was 5)
4 2 4 2
x2 + --- x + ⎛ ---⎞ = + ⎛ ---⎞
8
(completing the square)
5 ⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠

⎛ x + 4---⎞ 2 = (expressing the LHS as a perfect square and

⎝ 5⎠ 25 leave the RHS as an improper fraction)
4
x + --- = ± ------ (taking the square root of both sides)
5 25
4 ±
x + --- = ----------
5 5
−4
∴ x = ----- ± ----------
5 5
−4 ± 6
∴ x = ------------------
5
2 Use a similar method to that in Question 1 to solve ax2 + bx + c = 0 by copying and

completing the following:
ax2 + bx + c = 0
ax2 + bx = (moving the constant term to the RHS)
b
x2 + --- x = (dividing each term by a, the coefficient of x2)
a
b 2 b 2
x2 + --- x + ⎛ ------⎞ = + ⎛ ------⎞
b
(completing the square)
a ⎝ 2a⎠ ⎝ 2a⎠
b ⎞2
⎛ x + -----
- = (expressing the LHS as a perfect square and
⎝ 2a⎠ 4a2
leave the RHS as a fraction)
∴ ⎛ x + ------⎞ = ± ---------
b
(taking the square root of both sides)
⎝ 2a⎠ 4a 2
b ±
x + ------ = ------------
2a 2a
±
∴x= ------------
2a
±
= ---------------------
2a
−b ± b 2 – 4ac
3 In Question 2, did you finally have x = ------------------------------------ ?
2a
This is the quadratic formula.
Solving quadratic equations: Worksheet

which method? 4-07
Investigating
The method of completing the square was used to find the quadratic formula which can be used quadratic
to solve any quadratic equation. So, when solving quadratic equations, we can use: equations
• factorising
• the quadratic formula
Worksheet
4-08
Quadratic
equations puzzle
STAGE
5.3 Exercise 4-15
1 By factorising or using the quadratic formula, solve the following quadratic equations,
leaving your answers in surd form where necessary. (First express the equation in the form
ax2 + bx + c = 0.)
a m2 + 14m + 45 = 0 b y2 − 13y − 140 = 0 c (k − 5)2 = 7
d p + 4p − 7 = 0
2 e 3t + 6t − 24 = 0
2 f 2c2 − 3c + 5 = 0
g 5d − 20 = 0
2 h a(3a + 1) = 8 i 4u = 3u2 − 12
7 1
j 3 + --- = c k 2h2 = 35 − 3h l w + 3 = -------
c 2w
5
m (3n + 1)2 − 25 = 0 n 10 + 8q = 3q2 o 4e − --- = 10
e
m–5
p 4h2 = 28h − 49 q 2x2 + 7x + 2 = 0 r ------------- = 2m
3m
2 What is the possible number of solutions for any quadratic equation?
Reasoning and applying strategies: Using b2 − 4ac to find the number of
solutions for a quadratic equation
1 a The table below shows twelve quadratic equations and the number of solutions for
each one. Copy the table and complete it by calculating the value of b2 − 4ac (called
the discriminant) for each equation.
Number of
Equation b2 − 4ac
solutions
i x2 − 4x + 4 = 0 1
ii x2 − 3x + 6 = 0 0
iii x2 − 6x + 5 = 0 2
iv 9x2 − 60x + 100 = 0 1
v x2 − 6x + 10 = 0 0
vi 5x2 − 2x + 3 = 0 0
vii 49x2 − 28x + 4 = 0 1
viii x2 − 5x − 24 = 0 2
ix 9x2 − 2x + 10 = 0 0
x 5x2 − 20x + 22 = 0 0
xi 3x2 − 8x + 2 = 0 2
xii x2 − 16x + 64 = 0 1
2 Use the values of the discriminant, b2 − 4ac, from the table to answer the following:
a If b2 − 4ac = 0, how many solutions does the equation have?
b If b2 − 4ac 0, how many solutions does the equation have?
c If b2 − 4ac 0, how many solutions does the equation have?

3 Solutions for quadratic equations can be found using the quadratic formula
−b ± b 2 – 4ac
x = ------------------------------------ . With reference to (b2 − 4ac) in the formula, explain why different
2a
quadratic equations have either two solutions, one solution or no solutions (use your
conclusions from Question 2 above).
4 Without solving the equations, determine the number of solutions for each quadratic
equation below. Remember to first write the equation in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0.
a 3x2 − 2x + 5 = 0 b 2x2 − 6x + 1 = 0
c 4x − 12x + 9 = 0
2 d 25x2 + 10x + 1 = 0
e x − 6x + 5 = 0
2 f x2 + 4 = 0
g x2 = 3 − 8x h x2 = 20 − 5x
i x(x + 6) = 12 j (x − 2)(x − 1) = 6
k (x + 5)(x − 9) = 41 l 20x = 2 − 5x2
Solving problems involving quadratic Worksheet

4-09
equations Problems
involving
quadratic
Example 28 equations
A rectangular block of land is 12 m longer than it is wide. The block has an area of 1485 m2.
Find the dimensions of the block.
Solution
Let the width of the block be x metres.
∴ The length of the block is (x + 12) metres.
The area = length × width
= x(x + 12) m2
∴ x(x + 12) = 1485
x2 + 12x = 1485
x2 + 12x − 1485 = 0
Using the quadratic formula:
−b ± b 2 – 4ac
x = ------------------------------------
2a
− 12 ± ( 12 ) 2 – 4 × 1 × ( − 1485 )
= ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2×1
− 12 ± 78
= --------------------
2
− 12 + 78 − 12 – 78
∴ x = -------------------- or x = --------------------
2 2
= 33 = −45
Since x represents a measurement of width, x ≠ −45.
∴ The width, x = 33 m and the length is 33 + 12 = 45 m.
Check: Area = 33 m × 45 m = 1485 m2

STAGE
5.3 Example 29
The number of diagonals, D, in a polygon of n sides is given by the formula D = 1--- n (n − 3).
2
Find:
a the number of diagonals in a decagon (10 sides)
b the number of sides in a polygon that has 350 diagonals
Solution
a D = 1--- n (n − 3) b Using D = 350:
2
Using n = 10: 350 = 1--- n(n − 3)
2
D = 1--- × 10 (10 − 3) Multiplying both sides by 2:
2
=5×7 700 = n(n − 3)
= 35 = n2 − 3n
∴ There are 35 diagonals in a decagon. n2 − 3n − 700 = 0
−(−3) ± ( − 3 ) 2 – 4 × 1 × ( − 700 )
∴ n = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2×1
3 ± 9 + 2800
= ----------------------------------
2
3 ± 2809
= -------------------------
2
3 ± 53
= ---------------
2
3 + 53 3 – 53
∴ n = --------------- or n = ---------------
2 2
= 28 = 25
−
Since n is the number of sides in a polygon,

the answer must be n = 28.
∴ The polygon with 350 diagonals has
28 sides.
Exercise 4-16
Example 28 1 a A block of land is in the shape of a rectangle with its width 20 m smaller than its length.
If the area of the block is 2204 m2, find the dimensions of the block of land.
b A rectangular garden bed is twice as long as it is wide. The area of the top surface of the
garden bed is 84.5 m2. Find the length of the garden bed.
c Find the dimensions of this
(x + 5) cm
rectangle.
Area = 204 cm2

x cm

d The area of this shape is 60 m2.

xm
Find the value of x.
(x − 2) m
xm
(x − 2) m
2 a The product of two consecutive integers is 600. Find the integers.

b The product of two consecutive even integers is 1848. Find the integers.
c Two positive integers differ by 12 and their product is 405. Find the integers.
n
3 The sum, S, of the first n positive integers, 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + … + n, is given by S = --- (n + 1). Example 29
2
Find:
a the sum of the first 50 positive integers
b the sum of the first 80 positive integers
c the value of 51 + 52 + 53 + … + 80
d the number of positive integers needed to give a sum of 666
e the number of positive integers needed to give a sum of 990
4 The sum of the squares of two consecutive odd integers is 514. Find the integers.
5 After jumping from a plane the height (in metres) of a skydiver above the ground is given by
H = 1800 − 5t2, where t is the time (in seconds) after jumping.
H = 1800 − 5t2
a How high was the plane at the moment the skydiver jumped?
b What is the skydiver’s height above the ground after 12 seconds?
c What is the approximate time taken for the skydiver to reach the ground?
d How long does it take for the skydiver to reach a height of 900 m above the ground? (Give
your answer correct to one decimal place.)

STAGE
5.3 6 The production costs, $c, of a factory
producing n toy boats each week is given
by:
c = 0.05n2 − 12n + 2700
Find:
a the cost of producing 500 toy boats
$29.50
b the profit made if each toy boat retails
at an average price of $29.50
c the number of toy boats that can be
produced at a production cost
of $8150
Variable substitution
Variables can be replaced with other expressions.
Example 30
Find an expression for y = x2 + 3x if x = a + h.
Solution
Substitute x = a + h in y = x2 + 3x.
∴ y = (a + h)2 + 3(a + h)
= a2 + 2ah + h2 + 3a + 3h
Variable substitution can also be used so that equations which may be difficult to solve are
‘simplified’ or reduced to a quadratic equation.
Example 31
Solve (2x + 1)2 − 5(2x + 1) = 6.
Solution
This is a quadratic equation in (2x + 1).
Substitute w = (2x + 1).
The equation becomes: w2 − 5w = 6
So: w2 − 5w − 6 = 0
(w − 6)(w + 1) = 0
w − 6 = 0 or w + 1 = 0
∴ w = 6 or w = −1

We already know that w = 2x + 1.

∴ 2x + 1 = 6 or 2x + 1 = −1
2x = 5 2x = −2
5
x = --- x = −1
2
5
∴ x = --- or x = −1
2
Example 32
Solve the equation x4 − 11x2 + 18 = 0.
Solution
This is a quadratic equation in x2.
Let u = x2.
∴ x4 − 11x2 + 18 = 0 becomes
u2 − 11u + 18 = 0
∴ (u − 9)(u − 2) = 0
∴u−9=0 or u−2=0
u=9 u=2
But u = x2.
∴ x2 = 9 or x2 = 2
x = ±3 x=± 2
The solutions of the equation are:
x=± 2 or x = ±3 (that is x = 2 , − 2 , 3 or −3).
Exercise 4-17
1 Find an expression for: Example
Example30
a x2 + 7, if x = 4ap
b x − x2, if x = 2at CAS
c y2 − 2y + 3, if y = 4 + h 4-10
d 3m2 − 7, if m = 1 − k Substitution into
e (x2 − 2x)2 − 3(x2 − 2x) + 4, if x2 − 2x = u expressions
f w6 − 4w3 + 5, if w3 = k
2 Use the substitution given in brackets to solve each of these equations: Example 31
a (3x + 5)2 − 8(3x + 5) + 12 = 0 [let u = 3x + 5]
b (5y − 1)2 − (5y − 1) = 30 [let u = 5y − 1]
c (2a + 7)2 − 10(2a + 7) + 24 = 0 [let u = 2a + 7]
d 5(3m − 4)2 − 2(3m − 4) − 16 = 0 [let u = 3m − 4]
e 3(1 − 2k)2 − 5(1 − 2k) = 22 [let u = 1 − 2k]
3 Use the substitituion given in brackets to solve each of these equations: Example 32
a x4 − 13x2 + 36 = 0 [let u = x2]
b m − 12m + 32 = 0
4 2 [let u = m2]
c 3m − 13m + 4 = 0
4 2 [let u = m2]
d 4y − 37y + 9 = 0
4 2 [let u = y2]
e 5k − 24k + 16 = 0
4 2 [let u = k2]

STAGE
5.3 4 a If k = y2, substitute k for y2 to show that the equation y4 − 7y2 = 18 has only two solutions.
Find them.
b If u = m2, substitute u for m2 to show that the equation m4 − 13m2 − 48 = 0 has only two
solutions. Find them.
c If u = y2, substitute u for y2 and show that y4 + 8y2 + 12 = 0 has no real solutions.
5 a Solve m6 − 9m3 + 8 = 0. (Let u = m3.)
b Solve m6 − 999m3 − 1000 = 0. (Let u = m3.)
c Solve, correct to one decimal place, 2x4 − 19x2 + 24 = 0. (Let u = x2.)
d Solve, correct to one decimal place, 5x4 − 14x2 + 8 = 0. (Let u = x2.)
e Solve, correct to three significant figures, 7x6 − 9x3 − 10 = 0. (Let u = x3.)
Simultaneous linear and quadratic

equations
To solve simultaneous equations that involve a linear equation and a quadratic equation, use the
substitution method.
Example 33
Solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations:
a y = 4x2 − 6x b y = 5 −3x c y = x2
y = 2x y = x2 − 9x + 14 2x − 3y = 5
Solution
a y = 4x2 − 6x … (1)
y = 2x … (2)
Substituting (1) into (2):
4x2 − 6x = 2x
4x2 − 8x = 0
4x(x − 2) = 0
∴ 4x = 0 or x − 2 = 0
x = 0 or x=2
Substitute x = 0 and x = 2 into (2) to find y:
y = 2 × 0 and y = 2 × 2
=0 =4
∴ The solutions are x = 0, y = 0 and x = 2, y = 4.
Check: Since equation (2) was used to find the y values, substitute the solutions in
equation (1):
y = 4x2 − 6x
When x = 0, y = 0: 0 = 4 × 02 − 6 × 0
0=0
When x = 2, y = 4: 4 = 4 × 22 − 6 × 2
4=4
∴ x = 0, y = 0 and x = 2, y = 4 are solutions.

b y = 5 − 3x … (1)
y = x2 − 9x + 14 … (2)
Substitute (2) into (1):
y = 5 − 3x … (1)
x − 9x + 14 = 5 − 3x
2
x2 − 6x + 9 = 0
(x − 3)2 = 0
x−3=0
∴x=3
Substitute x = 3 into (1) to find y:
y = 5 − 3x … (1)
y=5−3×3
∴ y = −4
So: x = 3, y = −4 is the solution to the simultaneous equations.
c y = x2 … (1)
2x − 3y = 5 … (2)
Change the subject of 2x − 3y = 5 to y:
−3y = 5 – 2x
3y = 2x − 5
2x – 5
∴ y = ---------------
3
Substitute for y in (1):
y = x2 … (1)
2x – 5
--------------- = x2
3
2x − 5 = 3x2
∴ 3x2 − 2x + 5 = 0
Use the quadratic formula to find x:
−(−2) ± ( −2 )2 – 4 × 3 × 5
x = ---------------------------------------------------------------
2×3
2 ± − 56
= --------------------- (which has no solution)
3
∴ There is no solution to the simultaneous equations y = x2 and 2x − 3y = 5.
Exercise 4-18
1 Solve the following simultaneous equations: Example 33
a y = x2 and y = 5x − 6
b y = 2x2 and y = 8x
c y = x2 + 10 and y = 2x + 18
d y = 5x2 and y = x + 6
e y = 3x2 + 2x + 10 and y = 12 − 3x
f y = 9x − x2 and y = 6x − 10
g y = 6x − 3 and y = x2 − 8x + 46
h y = 2x − 9 and y = x2 + x
i 3x + y = 8 and y = 2x2 − x + 11
j y = x2 − 4 and 3x − 2y = 4

Power plus
1 Solve these equations for x:
2–x x–5 5+x x–2 1 2
a ----------- − ----------- = ------------ + ----------- b ----------- + ------------ = 0
3 6 4 3 x–1 x+1
c x2(x − 2) − 2(x + 1) = x(x2 − 3) − 2(5 + x2) d k= x 2 + 2y
x x
2 Solve --- − --- 3.
2 5
3 Given that the number of diagonals, D, in a polygon of n sides is given by D = 1--- n(n − 3), show
2
that there is no polygon that has exactly 100 diagonals.
4 The solutions of x2 − 8x − 11 = 0 are in the form x = p ± q 3 . Find the values of p and q.
5 a Show that: (3x2 − 7x)2 + 5(3x2 − 7x) + 4 = 9x4 − 42x3 + 64x2 − 35x + 4
b Solve the equation 9x4 − 42x3 + 64x2 − 35x + 4 = 0
6 Without finding the coordinates of the point of intersection (if it exists) determine whether
the line y = 8x + 5 intersects twice, is a tangent to, or completely misses the parabola
y = 2x2 + 7x − 6.
Worksheet
4-10 Language of maths
Equations and
inequalities algebraic fraction analytical method check
crossword coefficient complete the square consecutive
constant discriminant equation
exact factorise formula
graphical method guess and check inequality
left-hand side (LHS) linear equation lowest common multiple (LCM)
perfect square point of intersection pronumeral
quadratic equation quadratic formula quadratic trinomial
restrictions reverse right-hand side (RHS)
simplify simultaneous equations solution
solve square root subject
substitution method surd tables of values
variable
1 What do you need to do to the inequality sign when multiplying or dividing an
inequality by a negative number?
2 What is the name given to the variable on the left-hand side of a formula?
3 How do you think ‘simultaneous equations’ got their name?
4 When using the elimination method to solve simultaneous equations, explain how
you know whether to add or subtract the equations to eliminate one variable?
5 What type of equation has 2 as the highest power of x?
6 What is the coefficient of x in ax2 + bx + c = 0?
7 What are the three methods for solving a quadratic equation?
8 How do you write the solution to a quadratic equation in exact form?

Topic overview Worksheet

4-11
• Copy and complete the table below.
Equations and
The best part of inequalities
this chapter was… review
The worst part was…
New work…
? I need help with…
• Copy and complete this topic overview diagram, making any changes you feel necessary.
Can show
x6 Infinite number 4 5 6 filled in ( )
solutions on a
y -2 of solutions or open ( )
number line −2 −1 0
So
lve
Solve
INEQUALITIES use
EQUATIONS use =
Solve
One solution for Two solutions for

each variable the variable
x2 = 16
Simple linear Simultaneous Quadratic x = ±√16
x = ±4
Graphical method
y − 6 = 20 x + y = 27......(1) Solve
or
3a + 2 = 5a 3x − y = 15......(2) by:
Algebraic method
x = 2x − 1
4
Substitution Elimination
method method

Chapter 4 Review Topic test

Chapter 4
Ex 4-01 1 Solve:
a 11 − 10w = 41 b 15y − 3 = 2y − 29
c 3(4 − 8p) = 12 − 12p d 9 − 2(m − 1) = 6
Ex 4-01 2 Solve:
5(m – 1) 2w w
a --------------------- = 6 b ------- + ---- = 12
3 3 4
3m – 2 3m – 1 m–1 m
c ---------------- = ---------------- d ------------- + ---- = 6
7 4 4 2
Ex 4-01 3 Solve each of the following equations:
y+1 y–1 1 2m – 1 m – 4 4
a ------------ + ----------- = --- b ---------------- − ------------- = ---
3 4 2 4 3 3
Ex 4-02 4 a The sum of four consecutive numbers is 374. Find the four numbers.
b Grace is three years younger then her sister Jane. Twice the sum of their ages is 4 more
than their father’s age. If their father is 54, find the ages of Grace and Jane.
Ex 4-03 5 a The volume of a pyramid is given by the formula V = 1--3- Ah, where A is the area of the
base and h is the perpendicular height of the pyramid. Find:
i V if A = 48 mm2 and h = 10 mm
ii A if V = 500 m3 and h = 5 m
iii h if V = 20 cm3 and A = 40 cm
b The braking distance (in metres) of a bicycle travelling at a speed of v metres/second
v(v + 1)
is d = ------------------- . Calculate the braking distance when the speed of the bicycle is
2
15 metres/second.
Ex 4-04 6 Make a the subject of the formula in A = 1--- (a + b)h
2
Ex 4-05 7 Solve each inequality below and graph the solution on a number line:
a 10y − 7 43 b −2y 10
5m – 1
c 9 − 3y 11 − y d ---------------- 6
−2
Ex 4-06 8 Copy and complete the tables of values for the pair of equations given. Write the solution
when the equations are solved simultaneously.
y=4−x y = 2x + 10
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 x −3 −2 −1 0 1
y y
Ex 4-07 9 On the same set of axes, draw the graphs of each pair of equations below. Find the solution
to each pair of simultaneous equations.
a y = 3x − 2 and y = x − 8 b 3x − y = 6 and x + 2y = 9
Ex 4-08 10 Use the substitution method to solve each of the following pairs of equations
simultaneously:
a y = 7x − 3 b y = 4 − 2x
y=x+9 y = 3x + 24
c x + 2y = 3 d 3x − y + 4 = 0
y=2−x 2x + 3y = 1

11 Solve each of the following pairs of equations simultaneously using the elimination method: Ex 4-09
a 5m + 2c = 6 b x − 4y = 3
3m + 2c = −4 x + 2y = −9
c x − 2y = 17 d 3k − 2w = 11
2x + y = 14 2k − 5w = 44
12 For each of the following situations, write a pair of simultaneous equations then solve them. Ex 4-10
a In an audience of 2500 there were 700 more adults than children. How many children
were there?
b Alan bought 30 videos and DVDs for a total cost of $855. Each video cost him $20 while
each DVD cost $35. How many of each did he buy?
13 Solve these simple quadratic equations: Ex 4-11
m2 – 1
a 5y2 = 605 b ---------------- = 8
3
c (m − 2)2 = 16 d (2y + 3)2 = 36
14 Solve these quadratic equations by factorising, if necessary: Ex 4-12
a (m − 2)(2m + 4) = 0 b x2 − 10x = 0
c p − 36 = 0
2 d m2 − 2m − 48 = 0
e 3m − 10 = m
2 f x(2x − 4) = 30
15 Solve each of the following quadratic equations by completing the square. [Leave your Ex 4-13
answers in exact (surd) form.]
a y2 + 8y − 10 = 0 b x2 − 6x = 20
c 2y + 6y − 9 = 0
2 d 3k2 − 12k + 10 = 0
16 Use the quadratic formula to solve these equations. Express your answers correct to two Ex 4-14
significant figures.
a m2 + 5m − 3 = 0 b 2y2 − 7y − 11 = 0
c 3k − k = 21
2 d 5m2 = 20 − 2m
e y(y − 4) = 2y − 8 f m(m − 2) + 9 = 3m(m − 1)
17 Write a quadratic equation for each of the following, then solve the problems. Ex 4-16
a The product of two consecutive even integers is 1088. Find the integers.
b A rectangular garden bed is 8 m longer than it is wide. If the area of the top surface of
the garden bed is 308 m2, find the dimensions of the garden bed.
18 a Solve (2y + 4)2 − 8(2y + 4) + 15 = 0. (Let u = 2y + 4.) Ex 4-17
b Solve m4 − 6m2 + 8 = 0. (Let u = m2.)
c If u = y2, substitute u for y2 in 2y4 − 5y2 − 12 = 0 to show it has only two real solutions.
19 Solve these pairs of simultaneous equations: Ex 4-18
a y = x2 − 8x − 4 b y = 4x2 − 10x
y = 8 − 7x y = 2x

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04_NCM10EX2SB_TXT.

fm Page 128 Monday, September 12, 2005 3:24 PM

equations and inequalities

In this chapter you will:

Z solve equations of the form ax + bx + c = 0 using factors,

completing the square and the quadratic formula

2 Solve each of these inequalities:

4 Factorise each of the following:

5 Factorise each of the following expressions:

6 Factorise these expressions:

7 Factorise each of the following:

8 Given the formula v2 = u2 + 2as:

130 NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

Solving linear equations Skillsheet

E QUAT I ONS AND IN EQUAL ITIES 131 CHAPTER 4

132 NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

4 Solve each of these equations: Example 2

Solving word problems

E QUAT I ONS AND IN EQUAL ITIES 133 CHAPTER 4

134 NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

1 Examine these examples.

E QUAT I ONS AND IN EQUAL ITIES 135 CHAPTER 4

136 NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

Exercise 4-03 CAS

E QUAT I ONS AND IN EQUAL ITIES 137 CHAPTER 4

138 NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

E QUAT I ONS AND IN EQUAL ITIES 139 CHAPTER 4

Solving linear inequalities

140 NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

3 Solve each of the following inequalities:

Strategies for solving simultaneous equations

E QUAT I ONS AND IN EQUAL ITIES 141 CHAPTER 4

Using ‘guess and check’ to solve simultaneous

The values x = 2, y = −2 are common to both tables of values.

142 NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

3 Solve each pair of simultaneous equations by completing tables of values: Example 9

Solving simultaneous equations graphically Skillsheet

2 Which coordinates satisfy both equations?

E QUAT I ONS AND IN EQUAL ITIES 143 CHAPTER 4

Step 2: Graph the equations. y

144 NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

Step 2: Use Y= to enter the equations y = x + 3 and

Step 4: To ﬁnd the point of intersection, use 2nd and

E QUAT I ONS AND IN EQUAL ITIES 145 CHAPTER 4

Step 5: Press ENTER again for the ‘Second curve?’.

Casio graphics calculator

Step 2: Enter the equations y = x + 3 and y = 6 − 2x.

Step 3: Press F6 (DRAW) and the graphics calculator will

Step 4: To ﬁnd the point of intersection press SHIFT F5

Step 5: Press EXE again. The screen shows the coordinates

146 NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

Just for the record

Total revenue and

E QUAT I ONS AND IN EQUAL ITIES 147 CHAPTER 4

The substitution method

148 NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

Now substitute y = 2 into equation (2) to ﬁnd x:

The elimination method CAS

Solve the simultaneous equations 3x − 2y = 20 and x + 2y = 4.

E QUAT I ONS AND IN EQUAL ITIES 149 CHAPTER 4

150 NE W CE NT UR Y M AT H S 10: S T AGE S 5.2/ 5.3

3 Solve these pairs of simultaneous equations: Example 15

E QUAT I ONS AND IN EQUAL ITIES 151 CHAPTER 4