IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE WATER

MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES TO CONSERVE

WATER IN AN OFFICE BUILDING: A CASE OF
NOIDA

A Dissertation Submitted
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of

MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE
by
SHUBHAM
(2000511627017)

Under the supervision of

Dr. Subhrajit Banarjee
Ar. Priyanka Rastogi

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

Dr. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
LUCKNOW
(Formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow)
Session 2021-22
 CERTIFICATE

I hereby recommend that the dissertation entitled “ IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE WATER

MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES TO OPTIMIZE OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE COST OF
OFFICE BUILDING: A CASE OF NOIDA” prepared by SHUBHAM under my supervision, is the bona fide
work of the student and bee accepted as partial fulfilment for the award of Masters in Architecture
(Environmental Design) of Faculty of Architecture, AKTU, Lucknow.

----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

Prof. SUBHRAJIT BANERJEE. Prof. Priyanka rastogi

(Signature of the Guide) (Signature of Co- Guide)

----------------------------------- ---------------------------------

Prof. Farheen Bano Ar. Jitendra Diwakar

(Signature of Coordinator I) (Signature of Coordinator II)

---------------------------------

Dr. Vandana Sehgal

(Signature of Principal Dean)

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to sincerely thank all those who helped me with their valuable support during the
entire process of dissertation. I am heartily thankful and would like to express my sincere
gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Subhrajit banerjee for his concern and support in my research.
He helped to sort out all my problems and queries and gave valuable suggestions to benefit my
Dissertation. I would also like to thank Prof. Priyanka rastogi for her constant support and
guidance throughout. It would have been next to impossible to complete this Dissertation without
their help and guidance.

I am grateful to my parents who kept ultimate faith in me and always provided the backup with
their love and best wishes. I would like to give my deepest appreciation to my siblings for
cheering me through tough times.

Above all I am highly grateful to Ar. Amir and Prof. Farheen Bano for their help and moral
support during hard times. It wouldn’t have been possible without their encouragement and
motivation. I would also like to thank Disha, Anukrati, Saumya and Faraz for believing in me
and supporting me during the entire research.

Finally, I would like to thank Faculty of Architecture, Lucknow for providing me with the
opportunity to work on this Dissertation.

-SHUBHAM

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER -1..........................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................1
1.1 Background........................................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 CONSERVATION..........................................................................................................................2
1.1.2 Significance in national context..................................................................................................4
1.2 Aim:...................................................................................................................................................5
1.3 Objectives:.........................................................................................................................................5
1.4 Scope:................................................................................................................................................5
1.5 Limitations:........................................................................................................................................5
1.6 Methodology:....................................................................................................................................5

CHAPTER- 2..........................................................................................7
2. LITERATURE................................................................................7
2.1 Water conservation...........................................................................................................................7
2.2 Water Conservation Strategies..........................................................................................................9
2.2.1 Rainwater harvesting system....................................................................................................10
Stages in Rainwater Harvesting.....................................................................................................11
2.2.2 Greywater recycling..................................................................................................................12
2.2.3 High Water Efficiency Fixtures..................................................................................................13
2.2.4 Water wise landscaping............................................................................................................13
Adoption of Micro Irrigation Systems............................................................................................14
2.2.5 Cooling Towers.........................................................................................................................15
2.2.6 INFERENCES OF LITERATURE STUDIES:.....................................................................................16

CHAPTER 3..........................................................................................17
3. CASE STUDIES...........................................................................17
3.1 Selection criteria of case studies:....................................................................................................17
IGBC Green Existing Buildings O&M rating system addresses green features under the Water
Efficiency:..........................................................................................................................................17
3.1.1 Water Efficient Fixtures:...........................................................................................................18
3.1.2 Rain Water Harvesting:.............................................................................................................18
3.1.3 Waste Water Treatment:..........................................................................................................19

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 3.1.4 Waste Water Reuse:.................................................................................................................19
3.1.5 Water Metering:.......................................................................................................................19
3.1.6 Turf Area:..................................................................................................................................19
3.2 CASE STUDY 1..................................................................................................................................20
60 L GREEN BUILDING, MELBOURNE.....................................................................................................20
3.2.1 WATER SYSTEMS – DESIGN.......................................................................................................21
3.2.2 WATER SYSTEMS – TECHNOLOGY.............................................................................................22
3.2.2.1 DEMAND MANAGEMENT..................................................................................................22
3.2.2.2 EFFICIENT FIXTURES AND FITTINGS...................................................................................22
3.2.2.3 WATERLESS URINALS.........................................................................................................22
3.2.2.4 RAINWATER COLLECTION..................................................................................................23
3.2.2.5 DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANT..............................................................................23
3.2.2.6 WATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING................................................................................23
3.2.2.7 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT.............................................................................................23
3.2.3 INFERENCES:.............................................................................................................................26
3.3 CASE STUDY 2..................................................................................................................................27
360 LIFE BUILDING.................................................................................................................................27
3.3.1 Water balance diagram:...........................................................................................................28
3.3.2 INFERENCES:.............................................................................................................................32
3.4 Case study-3....................................................................................................................................33
HCL, Sector 3, Noida..............................................................................................................................33
3.4.1 PROJECT RECOMMENDATION:.................................................................................................34
Remarks:............................................................................................................................................34
3.4.2 Inferences:.........................................................................................................................34

Chapter 4...............................................................................................35
4. Data analysis.................................................................................35
4.1 CASE DEVELOPMENT.......................................................................................................................35
CANDOR TECHSPACE TOWER 3 & 4 :.....................................................................................................35
4.1.1 Break-up of Consumption of Domestic & Flushing Water Requirement as per NBC:...................36
4.2 THROUGH SELECTION CRITERIA:................................................................................................37
4.2.1 SMART WATER FIXTURE:..........................................................................................................37
4.2.2 Rain Water Harvesting.......................................................................................................40

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 4.2.3 Waste water treatment.....................................................................................................43
4.2.5 Waste water reuse:............................................................................................................43
4.3 Water balance diagram from the projected:...................................................................................44
4.3.1 The analysis from the case development has been explained below:......................................45

CHAPTER- 5........................................................................................47
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................47

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Water cycle....................................................................................................................................2

Figure 2 Water is a life essential resource...................................................................................................8
Figure 3 Every Drop Counts...!.....................................................................................................................8
Figure 4 Rain water harvesting schematic diagram...................................................................................11
Figure 5 Grey Water Treatment and Recycling Technique........................................................................12
Figure 6 Dual flush urinal and WC.............................................................................................................13
Figure 7 Layout of Sprinkler Irrigation System...........................................................................................15
Figure 8 Layout of drip Irrigation System...................................................................................................15
Figure 9 60L GREEN BUILDING, MELBOURNE............................................................................................20
Figure 10 SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM..................................................................................................24
Figure 11 COLLECTION SYSTEM.................................................................................................................25
Figure 12 NOIDA CASE STUDY PROJECT LOCATION...................................................................................33
Figure 13 CASE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT LOCATION.................................................................................35
Figure 14 candor tower 3 and 4.................................................................................................................35
Figure 15 candor tech space......................................................................................................................35

vii
 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER -1
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Water covers 71.7 percent of the Earth's surface, however only 3% of that water can be used as
drinking water. Water conservation has become a big issue in recent years as the world's
population has grown rapidly. Sustainability is being practiced all around the world to limit
resource use, lessen detrimental effects on the environment, and promote a clean environment.
With the rising demand for water, it is becoming increasingly important to incorporate water
conservation into the design of green or sustainable structures.

Water conservation refers to the policies, tactics, and activities that are used to manage fresh
water as a long-term resource in order to conserve the environment while also meeting present
and future human needs. The amount of water consumed is influenced by population, household
size and growth, and prosperity. Climate change, for example, will put more strain on natural
water resources, particularly in industries and agricultural irrigation.

The following are some of the objectives of water conservation efforts:

 Sustainability: The depletion of fresh water from an ecosystem should not exceed its
natural replenishment rate in order to preserve its availability for future generations.

 Energy conservation: Water pumping, distribution, and waste water treatment facilities
use a lot of energy. Water management consumes more than 15% of total electricity
usage in various parts of the world.

 Habitat conservation: Lowering human water use helps to protect freshwater habitats
for local wildlife and migrating waterfowl while also reducing the demand for new dams
and other water diversion infrastructure.

Water is a necessary component for life to exist. It represents economic, social, and cultural
significance as a biological ingredient of living beings and as a sustainer of life flora and fauna.
The old belief that water was a limitless resource with infinite regenerative capacity is no longer
valid. The increase in population, along with a constant increase in polluting activities, has
resulted in an increase in catastrophic circumstances around the world connected to the shortage
of this priceless resource, either in terms of quantity or quality, to meet mankind's vital needs.

1
 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

We have a huge issue in managing and protecting our important water resources as the world's
population continues to grow and our cities and suburbs expand with more buildings to
accommodate the growth.

As clean freshwater resources become scarce, it is increasingly evident that wastewater and
storm water should be considered as alternative and useful sources of water, rather than as
nuisances to be dealt with. As a result, rainwater collection and reuse, as well as the reuse of
highly treated wastewater effluent, are gaining popularity.

1.1.1 CONSERVATION
Water that has been recycled might be considered a renewable supply of water. The restricted
supply of usable water within the hydrologic cycle, on the other hand, imparts both an economic
and an intrinsic value on this limited resource, implicitly recommending that it be used more than
once before being returned to the hydrologic cycle.

As the demand for water continues to rise, water reuse is becoming an increasingly vital part of
the planning, development, and overall use of water resources in both desert and humid climates.
When compared to the ever-increasing costs of developing fresh supply, efforts to reduce water
pollution have resulted in treated water effluent, which represents a significant and economical
source of supply sources. Wastewater can be used for non-potable purposes in agriculture or for
industrial cooling, and it has the potential to be a viable alternative to treated and potable water.
The integrated management of potable resources and wastewaters, as well as their reuse, should
allow for flexibility in meeting short-term demand while also ensuring long-term supply.
Droughts have little effect on urban wastewaters, therefore recycling provides a reliable source

of water during dry periods.

Figure 1 Water cycle

Without a reliable water supply, no country can be economically or socially stable. The
numerous methods for conserving, recycling, and reusing water, when combined, form the basis
for an efficiency revolution. Massive water availability for agriculture, industry, and cities is now
conceivable because to easily available techniques and technologies. However, due of policies
and laws that favour waste and misuse rather than efficiency and conservation, society is still on
the verge of transition.

2
 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

Moving toward more efficient, environmentally sound, and long-term water usage patterns
necessitates significant changes in the way water is priced, allocated, and managed. Appropriate
pricing, the formation of markets for buying and selling water, and other economic incentives for
water use are all aims that should be sought by all countries, especially those with water scarcity.
Recycling and reuse technologies are promoted by the following organisations and institutions: ·

State of California, California Municipal Wastewater Reclamation, California State Water

Resources Control Board, Office of Water Recycling, Sacramento, CA, USA.

 Dames & Moore, Water Pollution Control Engineering Services, EPA 430/9- 77-013,
Office of Water Program Operations, US Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC, USA.

 World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

 American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Denver, CO, USA.

Building construction could be an extremely resource intensive method, regarding use of

materials, land, energy and water. Since buildings are needed to fulfil our primary would like for
shelter, consumption of those resources is solely inescapable. However, with shrinking stock of
natural resources and degrading eco-system services, the consumption method should be wise,
considered and non-wasteful.

Search for different and recycled materials, multiple floor areas and use of renewable energy ar a
number of the human responses against the perceived threat of materials, land and energy
constraints severally. Water resource management in building construction and operation,
however, has still a protracted thanks to go, particularly as a result of the number of water used
per unit space of construction mostly remains undocumented. There has been some pioneering
analysis on embodied water mensuration of many non-residential buildings in Australia.

during this scenery, the current paper seeks to know and assess the amount of H2O utilized in up
to date urban multistoried residential buildings and reports a study conducted for a real-life
project in urban center (now, Kolkata), India. Since the utilization of construction water directly
varies with the kind of construction, a steel and glass building can have its embodied water-
footprint chiefly on account of that of its materials whereas on-the-spot water use plays a serious
role just in case of a cast-in-situ strengthened cement concrete and brick building. Thus, water
potency at the assembly stage is needed within the initial case whereas the second class demands
considerations and actions at the consumption stage. This paper examines a number of the
problems associated with the topic like water demand at material production further as
construction stage and also the resultant embodied water of typical urban constructions in Asian

3
 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

nation, that was found to be within the vary of concerning twenty seven Kiloliters/Sq m of total
settled space.

1.1.2 Significance in national context

Reducing water consumption and rising water potency in buildings could be a major step
towards property water management. Unless the embodied water content of a building is thought
or measured, water management isn't attainable. Rampant misuse of water can continue and also
the objectives of National Water Policy of higher water management practices and improvement
in operational technology can stay unrealized. Further, this is often integrally connected with
property building ideas and property development problems.

Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of buildings and its corresponding eco-profile is taken into account to
be a rational technique of quantifying the ‘environmental impact’ or ‘greenness’ of a building.
However, this is often obsessed on real-life resource consumption amounts and alternative
relevant knowledge that are nowadays not offered or are tough to establish owing to lack of base-
line analysis during this space. Hence, LCA of buildings are presently dispensed with assumed
figures and thus, rarely provide actuality image. The current study intends to contribute in filling
up these analysis gaps. With water shortages probably to grow in significance round the world
because of temperature change And Indian housing industry growing at an astounding rate of
100 percent every year over the last 10 years , this is often a difficulty that desires immediate
attention.

The native inexperienced building classification system titled inexperienced rating for integrated
surroundings Assessment (GRIHA) has stipulated points for buildings that are resource
economical.

This may provide bigger credence to the classification system and its scientific basis. It’s
expected that the designer community, assets business and general public are going to be a lot of
acutely aware and considered in future water use. Studies on multiple live case studies will
produce baseline knowledge to assist in framing acceptable policies for achieving water use
reduction. This may support the goals of property development, National Water Policy and
National Water Mission underneath NAPCC.

4
 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

1.2 Aim:
To suggest water conservation techniques for an existing commercial office building and
calculate its reduction in water consumption after application of sustainable water
management techniques.

1.3 Objectives:
 To analyze the present condition of water distribution system of selected building.
 To analyze the present water management technique.
 To compare the existing water techniques in the selected building with the suataible
water techniques that can be implemented.
 To suggest and recommend measure for retrofitting of existing techniques or adaptation
Of new techniques.

1.4 Scope:
The scope of the study is to optimize operational and maintenance costs in a govt. office
building by implementing sustainable water management techniques and to compare the
differences with conventional costs of the same.

1.5 Limitations:
The study is limited to reducing O&M costs through sustainable water techniques only and
excludes other parameters of life cycle cost. Also, the study only limits to a office building in
urban CBD because it will have proper water supply, drainage network and maintained
records.

1.6 Methodology:

1. Collection of Background Knowledge on O&M cost of Water distribution.

2. Collection of Data based on Literature and Live case study of an Existing Govt.
Building.
3. Analysis of data based on the case study and life case study and determination of
parameters of study through comparative analysis of the cases.
4. Study and data interpolation based on the parameters of sustainable water
resources of a building.
5. Inference based on drawback and issues.
6. Dissertation research forward towards forming brief for Thesis.

5
 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

ABOUT OPERATION AND

MAINTENANCE COST THROUGH
CRITICAL REVIEW OF EXISTING

LITERATURE CASE STUDY ON LIVE CASE STUDY OF AN

EXISTING RESEARCH PAPERS EXISTING CONVENTIONAL
AND JOURNALS OFFICE BUILDING

ANALYZING THE STUDY AREA AND ANALYZING THE EXISTING WATER

PARAMETERS STUDIED THROUGH DISTRIBUTION TECHNIQUES USED IN
STANDARDS, RESEARCH PAPERS FOR THE SELECTED BUILDING
OUR STUDY

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE

WATER TECHNIQUES IN THE STUDY TO
COMPARE THE DIFFERENCE IN O&M
COST FROM CONV. CASE

`` FINDING THE DRAWBACKS IN THE

EXISTING STUDY AND SUGGESTING
SOLUTIONS

IDENTIFYING ISSUES AND THREATS IN

THE STUDY

INFERENCES AND RECCOMENDATION

6
 CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE

CHAPTER- 2
2. LITERATURE

2.1 Water conservation

The sources of water which may be employed by humans in their daily lives square measure
restricted. With the speedy increase in population the demand for water is additionally growing.
All the water resources can get exhausted and also the world in future can face water scarceness.
Thus, there's a dire want for protective water and preventing its pollution. One in every of the
most objectives of inexperienced buildings is to scale back water use and defend its quality.
conservation throughout the entire lifetime of a building will be achieved by planning twin
plumbing that recycles the water employed in water closets and also the water accustomed wash
cars, exploitation water economical fittings and fixtures like ultra-low flushing bogs, bidets and
low flow showerheads. Alternative technologies like rain water harvest and use and reprocess of
greywater, etc. also are being employed.

Water potency is that the planned management of water to forestall waste, overuse, and
exploitation of the resource. Effective water potency designing seeks to "do a lot of with less"
while not sacrificing comfort or performance. Water potency designing could be a resource
management follow that includes analysis of prices and uses of water; specification of water-
saving solutions; installation of water-saving measures; and verification of savings to maximize
the cost-efficient use of water resources.

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 CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE

With the quick development of the world economy, depletion of water resources is changing into
Associate in nursing environmental issue of the utmost concern worldwide. The global
organization World development Report (WWDR) indicates that water for all our uses is
changing into scarce and is resulting in a water crisis. The results a sector will wear the setting
area unit obscurity additional apparent than within the building business. Building construction
and its operations draw heavily on water from the setting.

Growth in urban water use has caused a big reduction of water tables and necessitating massive
comes that siphon provides aloof from agriculture Water accustomed operate buildings could be
a major factor of national water consumption. However, this can be not the sole kind of water
consumed throughout a building’s life cycle. Water is additionally consumed within the
extraction, production, producing, and delivery of materials and merchandise to web site, and
also the actual on-the-scene construction method “embodied” water.

Ascertained that conservation technologies and methods area unit typically the foremost unnoted
aspects of a whole-building style strategy. However, the look for varied water uses at intervals a
building is progressively changing into a high priority, partly due to the increasing recognition of
the water savings that may be realized through the implementation of water saving initiatives.
The literature reveals variety of methods that may use to cut back the number of water consumed
through a building life cycle.

Conservation is just the planned protection, improvement and wise use of natural resources.
Conservation suggests that protective, dominant, managing and designing for the wise use of our
water resources. the necessity for conservation can't be over–emphasized whilst the developed
countries of the globe just like the U. S. A., European super powers etc. see the upcoming doom
of water shortage thanks to the absence of outlined conservation schemes and ten race towards
the effective and economical management of this precious resource, thus we must always take a
cue.

Figure 3 Every Drop Counts...! Figure 2 Water is a life essential resource.

8
 CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE

2.2 Water Conservation Strategies

Water potency refers to the decrease within the usage of water yet as decrease within the wastage
of water. Wastage of water or its additional usage results in drawing out of a lot of water from
the H2O resources, leading to their depletion. Thus, water economical technologies are
developed to conserve potable yet as non-potable water and to ultimately save the already
restricted H2O resources. Water economical technologies in buildings in the main embody water
saving fittings and fixtures. They additionally embody rain water gathering and use and
reprocess of gray water.

Water conservation will be outlined as:

 Any helpful deduction in water loss, use, or waste.

 A reduction in water use accomplished by implementation of conservation or water
potency measures; or,
 Improved water management practices that scale back or enhance the helpful use of
water a conservation live is AN action, behavioural modification, device, technology,
or improved style or method enforced to cut back water loss, waste, or use. Water
potency may be a tool of conservation. That ends up in a lot of economical water use
and therefore reduces water demand. the worth price|and price|and value}-
effectiveness of a water potency live should be evaluated in relevancy its effects on
the utilization and cost of different natural resources.(e.g. energy or chemicals)

The goals of conservation efforts include:

 Sustainability- to confirm convenience for future generations, the withdrawal of H2O

from AN system mustn't exceed its natural replacement rate.
 Energy conservation- Water pumping, delivery, and sewer water treatment facilities
consume a big quantity of energy. In some regions (e.g. California2) of the globe over
V-J Day of total electricity consumption is dedicated to water management.
 Habitat conservation- Minimizing human water use helps to preserve H2O habitats
for native life and migrating water bird, yet as reducing the necessity to make new
dams and different water diversion infrastructure.

Water conservation in buildings is one in all the simplest ways in which to save lots of water and
scale back your building’s water use. Installation of low-flow fixtures, showerheads, and

9
 CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE

bathrooms, for instance, will create an enormous impact. The American state Building business
Association offers the subsequent tips for putting in and maintaining low-flow fixtures:

A study of household water consumption in different areas revealed that almost 50% of the total
water is used in baths and toilet flushes. Thus, instead of using luxurious but water wasting
fittings and fixtures, water saving ones can be used. These include used of low flow shower
heads and low flushing toilets instead of bathtubs and normal flushes, which use more water
respectively. Other such fittings and fixtures such as two-sectioned water closets, bidets,
composting toilet systems, dry urinals, auto sensor water taps etc. But the major water saving is
done by rain water harvesting and grey water recycling and reuse.

There are a number of strategies that can be employed to reduce the amount of water consumed
at a facility. In general terms, these methods include:

 System optimization (i.e., efficient water systems design, leak detection, and repair);

 Water conservation measures; and

 Water reuse/recycling systems.

2.2.1 Rainwater harvesting system

Because of water crises phenomena, in some rural countries, drinking clean water has become a
luxury. Nowadays, potable water may be a depleting resource. Potable water isn't continually on
the market and in several cases it's solely doable with high initial and maintenance price that
makes it not possible to implement. fresh water may be a renewable supply and comparatively
drinkable once a correct treatment. fresh water harvest saves high-quality potable water sources
and it's an appropriate answer for decreasing the high sewerage level, mitigating floods, and soil
erosions.

Rainwater harvest system may be a methodology designed to assist in potable water reduction by
re grouping and accumulating the fresh water via tubes in tanks then victimization it for various
purpose that need low-quality water as irrigation, rest room flushing etc. Also, once medical aid
method may be used as potable water. A fresh water harvest system usually consists of a group
(catchment) space, a conveyance system consisting of pipes and gutters, a storage facility, a
delivery system consisting of a faucet or pump, and a medical aid system (optional). In several
examples, the benefits of this method were investigated by conducting Life Cycle Assessment
and Life Cycle analysis. this method is suggested to implement due to being a reliable supply of
fresh water. However, the effectiveness of the fresh water harvest systems depends on the
regional annual fresh water quantity and also the life cycle price of its installation.

10
 CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE

Figure 4 Rain water harvesting schematic diagram

Stages in Rainwater Harvesting

A basic system for the harvesting of rainwater consists of three stages:

 Collection Stage

Rainwater gathering begins with this step. Rainwater is collected in a container on rooftops,
pavement, or the soil surface while it is raining in a catchment region. Rainwater is collected and
transported to a storage tank by channels that run all the way around the edge of a sloping roof.

 Distribution Stage

Pipelines form the foundation of RWH's distribution system. They transport rainwater to the
harvesting system from the catchment or rooftop area. They are built of galvanized iron sheet (20
to 22 gauge), PVC, and bamboo and can be semi-circular or rectangular.

 Storage Stage

Following collecting and distribution, the most crucial step is the storage system. A storage tank
is used for simple RWH. The storage tank's capacity is determined by a number of design
criteria:

 rainfall
 the length of dry season

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 CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE

 estimated need

The growing demand for water is causing the ground water table to drop. Rainwater replenishes
the groundwater table. This water is available in lakes, rivers, ponds, aquifers, etc. but these are
fickle sources. Treated rainwater can solve the demand of household water needs. Water sources
are typically located far from the community. The cost of distribution will be reduced if
rainwater can be collected and used.

2.2.2 Greywater recycling

Greywater is defined as wastewater generated by wash basins, showers, and baths that can be
recycled on-site and used for toilet flushing, landscape irrigation, and other non-potable
purposes. Due to the high nutrient levels, greywater does not include wastewater discharge from
washing machines, dishwashers, or kitchen sinks. Bathroom waste is classified as wastewater
contaminated with faeces.

Figure 5 Grey Water Treatment and Recycling Technique

The amount and quality of greywater will influence how it is reused in part. Irrigation and toilet
flushing are two examples of typical use. Irrigating lawns, trees, ornamentals, and food crops
with greywater is a viable option. Though greenhouse irrigation systems differ significantly from
outdoor watering, there are certain greywater standards that apply to both circumstances.
Because toilet flushing accounts for up to 50% of indoor water use, it can use a significant
quantity of greywater. When low-quality greywater is used for toilet flushing, it is not a problem
because the water is disposed of in the sewer or septic system. The following are the components

12
 CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE

of a greywater recycling system: greywater collection, conveyance, treatment, storage, and reuse
of recycled greywater. Greywater recycling has the advantage of reusing the water that is wasted
in daily life, which accounts for about 40% of a person's daily water usage. One of the most
serious worries about greywater recycling is the possibility of a health problem due to
insufficient disinfection procedures.

2.2.3 High Water Efficiency Fixtures

In order for good sustainable designs to be realised, efficient facilities are required. The
importance of using water efficient flush and flow fixtures to improve water sustainability
primarily embodies the following four aspects: reducing the volume of water consumed per flush
or per unit time without
sacrificing performance,
improving water efficiency,
reducing water waste caused by
unnecessary leakage, and
reducing water use helps reduce
energy consumption in water
supply and drainage. To
determine whether a fixture is
water efficient, we must
compare its water usage to a
baseline, often known as the
Figure 6 Dual flush urinal and WC standard value. The installation
of these facilities lowers the cost of water supply.

2.2.4 Water wise landscaping

Water-wise landscaping refers to high-quality landscaping that conserves water and is

environmentally friendly. Planning and design, soil preparation, sensible plant selection, feasible
grass areas, effective irrigation, and other basic principles underpin water-friendly landscaping.
This type of landscaping results in a lush, beautiful landscape while saving time, money, and
energy, as well as preventing water pollution and waste.

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 CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE

Landscaping water usage can easily account for 20% or more of facility water consumption, and
is a key area to target for water use savings. There are three major components to designing a
water-efficient landscape for a new facility:

 reduce the amount of turf and other irrigated areas

 ensure water-efficient design of irrigation systems, and
 specify native or climate appropriate landscape materials (Xeriscape).

Reducing the amount of turf grass and overall irrigated areas reduces water usage and associated
costs, as well as mowing, fertilising, waste removal, and maintenance time and money. Water-
efficient irrigation systems (low-flow sprinkler heads, efficient system design and layout, and
optimised irrigation schedules and controls) should be used in the remaining landscape areas that
require irrigation to minimise water use and maximise plant health. When possible, use
Xeriscape tactics to save money on water, fertiliser, pruning, upkeep, labour, and overall costs.

Xeriscape is the use of native or climate-appropriate plants that are adapted to the local
environment, require less water, are more likely to withstand droughts, and are pest and disease
resistant. A comprehensive Xeriscape approach analyses the growth patterns, maintenance
requirements, and interactions of climate-appropriate plants with local climate and soil
conditions.The different techniques being used for conservation of water are discussed below:

Adoption of Micro Irrigation Systems

o Sprinkler Irrigation System

Sprinkler irrigation is a similar-to-rainfall way of applying irrigation water. As seen in Fig. 2,

water is distributed through a system of pipes by pumping. The water is then sprayed into the air
and used to irrigate the entire soil surface via spray heads, breaking up into small water drops
that fall to the ground. Sprinklers are appropriate for use on all sorts of irrigable soils and provide
efficient coverage for small to large areas. More land is available for cultivation as a result of the
adoption of this approach, and water is more efficiently used.

o Drip Irrigation System

14
 CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE

The most efficient technique of irrigation is drip irrigation. While sprinkler systems are typically
75-85% efficient, drip systems are often 90% or higher. Drip irrigation uses a dripper/emitter to
provide water gently and
directly to the soil, as seen in
Figure 3. Drip irrigation's great
efficiency is due to two key
considerations.
The first is that before it can
evaporate or run off, the water
soaks into the soil. The second
difference is that instead of
being sprayed everywhere, the
water is exclusively
applied where it is needed (at the plant's roots).

Figure 7 Layout of Sprinkler Irrigation System

Figure 8 Layout of drip Irrigation System

2.2.5 Cooling Towers

15
 CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE

Evaporative cooling systems are used in green buildings to save energy. Water is used to cool
these systems. Because of the necessity for water conservation, the water used in these cooling
systems is non-potable. The circulating water is reused in cooling towers rather than being
drained. It is advised that cooling towers be used, as they recycle nearly 95% of the entire water.

16
 CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE

2.2.6 INFERENCES OF LITERATURE STUDIES:

Table 2- 1 LITERATURE INFERENCES

17
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

CHAPTER 3
3. CASE STUDIES

3.1 Selection criteria of case studies:

The building footprint in India is growing at a rapid pace and is contributing immensely to the
growth of the economy. This augurs well for the country and now there is an imminent need to
introduce green building concepts in this sector, which can aid growth in a sustainable manner.
Green practices in the existing buildings can help address national issues like water efficiency,
energy efficiency, reduction in fossil fuel use in commuting, handling of waste and conserving
natural resources. Most importantly, these concepts can enhance occupant health, happiness and
well-being.

Against this background, the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) has launched ‘IGBC Green
Existing Building O&M Rating System’ to address the National priorities. By applying IGBC
Green Existing Building O&M criteria, existing buildings can be sustainable over the life cycle
of the building. This rating program enables the building owner / developer to apply green
concepts and criteria, so as to reduce the environmental impacts, which are measurable. The
programme covers methodologies to cover diverse climatic zones and changing lifestyles.

IGBC Green Existing Buildings O&M rating system addresses green features under the
Water Efficiency:
 WE Credit 1- Water Efficient Fixtures:

 WE Credit 2- Rain Water Harvesting:

 WE Credit 3- Waste Water Treatment,

 WE Credit 4- Waste Water Reuse,

 WE Credit 5- Water Metering

 WE Credit 6- Turf Area:

18
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

3.1.1 Water Efficient Fixtures:

chart 1 IGBC points category
To improve water efficiency while reducing the consumption of potable water. Individually or
collectively, use water efficient plumbing fixtures with flow rates that fulfil the baseline
standards. The following are the baseline criteria:

Table 3- 2Baseline criteria for plumbing fixture

3.1.2 Rain Water Harvesting:

Reduce potable water usage by recharging the local aquifer or capturing rainwater. Install
rainwater collecting devices to absorb at least 25% of run-off volumes from both roof and non-
roof locations. At least 1 day of normal rainfall* must be accommodated by the harvesting
system in the last 5 years.

19
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

3.1.3 Waste Water Treatment:

To avoid damaging receiving streams, treat waste water generated on site so that it can be reused
or safely disposed of. Have on-site treatment equipment to treat 100 percent of waste water
generated in the building / campus to Central (or) State Pollution Control Board (CPCB) quality
requirements appropriate for reuse, as applicable.

3.1.4 Waste Water Reuse:

Reduce your reliance on potable water by using treated waste water. Demonstrate that treated
waste water from a waste water treatment plant is used for irrigation, cooling water make-up, and
flushing water.

3.1.5 Water Metering:

Ensure constant monitoring of water consumption, both on the supply and demand sides, to
discover potable water efficiency improvement potential.

As appropriate, demonstrate water monitoring for the following:

 Water consumption through bore well

 Municipal water supply

 Water consumption of each tenant in multi- tenant spaces (as applicable)

 Water purchased from external sources like tankers

 Water consumption/ supply for flushing

 Water consumption/ supply for irrigation requirements

 Any other major consumers of water consumption

3.1.6 Turf Area:

Reduce the amount of turf in landscaping to save water.

20
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

3.2 CASE STUDY 1

60 L GREEN BUILDING, MELBOURNE

Figure 9 60L GREEN BUILDING, MELBOURNE

The 60L Green Building is a rebuilt four-story office building located at 60-66 Leicester Street in
Carlton, Victoria. The structure has a total size of 3,375 m2. The building's construction began in
March 2001 and was finished in September 2002. By October 2002, the structure should be
completely operational.

The 60L Green Building is guided by the following principles and seeks to be a leading example
of a green commercial building that incorporates environmental sustainability principles in all
aspects of its design, construction, operation, and maintenance (Green Building Partnership,
undated).

 Commercial viability
 Minimum resource use
 Protection of the natural environment (through appropriate selection and use of materials
 Minimum energy use and greenhouse gas emissions
 Minimum scheme water use and maximum use of recycled and treated wastewater
 Adoption of environmentally sound and healthy work practices, during construction and
occupancy.

21
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

3.2.1 WATER SYSTEMS – DESIGN

In the case of 60L, a substantial new standard for water use in commercial buildings has been
established. The following is a summary of 60L's approach to water conservation:

• use collected rainwater to replace 100 percent of normal mains water consumption
whenever possible;
• 100 percent on-site treatment and reuse of grey-water (basins and sinks) and black-water
(sewage) streams to produce reclaimed water for flushing toilet pans and irrigating the
roof garden and landscape features;
• use of reclaimed water for flushing toilet pans and irrigating the roof garden and
landscape features;In an average rainfall year, only water required for testing the fire
sprinkler system will require the use of mains water.

When compared to a standard commercial building of equal size and function, 60L will use 90%
less mains water.

The building is primarily reliant on rainfall. This is collected from the roof, kept in two 10,000-
litre tanks on the ground floor, filtered, and then sterilised before being used in taps and showers
by tenants. In a typical rainfall year, more than 500 kilolitres of rainwater will be collected.

Throughout the project, water-saving fixtures and fittings were used. Rainwater is collected and
stored in two 10,000-litre tanks. As part of the dedication to the notion of dealing with the waste
one creates rather than passing it on, waste water created within the 60L building will be handled
in a biological treatment plant. it on for someone else to deal with. Recycled water from the
waste water treatment plant will be used for flushing toilet pans and irrigating the roof garden
and landscape features.

It'll be passed on to someone else to deal with.

Flushing toilet pans and irrigating the roof garden
and landscape features will be done with recycled
water from the waste water treatment plant.

Rainfall from the roof is collected and then

moved to the holding tanks using a 'Syfonic'
system that employs gravity to create a syphon
effect, allowing for faster water transfer and a
smaller pipe diameter.

22
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

There are three basic sub-systems which go to make up the 60L water system:

• Potable water system: harvesting, collection transfer and sterilisation of water for use by
tenants and building systems
• Sewage treatment system: biofiltration and clarification of waste water for use within
the building and transport of treated waste to city system
• Reclamation system : reclaimed water, treated to appropriate standards, will be used on
60L's roof garden, in toilets and in the final part of the system, a reed-bed water feature in
the atrium which filters water before it returns to the city system.

3.2.2 WATER SYSTEMS – TECHNOLOGY

3.2.2.1 DEMAND MANAGEMENT

The building occupants are the most important people in terms of determining how much water
will be consumed. Individual residents in a typical business building have little understanding
how much water the building as a whole is using. The feedback mechanisms in the 60L Building
encourage tenants to use best water conservation practises.

3.2.2.2 EFFICIENT FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

Demand management combined with water-saving fixtures and fittings, such as low-flow shower
heads and waterless urinals, can cut overall water usage by two-thirds. In a regular seven-minute
shower, efficient shower heads that discharge 5 litres of water per minute save more than 40
litres compared to conventional shower heads that discharge 11 litres per minute. Six 3-litre dual
flush toilets were chosen for their excellent efficiency as well as their ability to flush with
recycled water from the building's wastewater treatment plant.

3.2.2.3 WATERLESS URINALS

The waterless urinals are one of the few fixtures in the 60L building that attracts attention.
Although this product is new to Australia, it has been used for some time in Europe and the
United States. It is no longer necessary to consume valuable water for flushing. Urine travels
through an unique trap cartridge at the urinal's bottom that has an oil seal that prevents odours
from escaping. The cartridges are normally replaced after roughly 8,500 uses, and each urinal
costs around $40 each year.

23
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

3.2.2.4 RAINWATER COLLECTION

Because the 60L Building is located in Melbourne, a city where rainfall is notoriously
unpredictable, it was critical to evaluate whether a water collection facility would be capable of
collecting enough water to meet the building's and its residents' needs. To identify the optimal
size of such a system, data analysis was also required. On the ground level of the building, two
tanks with a capacity of 10,000 litres each have been placed. About 500 kilolitres of rainwater is
expected to be collected in an average rainfall year for usage by showers and taps. Except for the
necessity to test the fire sprinkler system on mains water, the building should be self-sufficient in
an average rainfall year.

3.2.2.5 DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANT

To ensure that the collected rainwater is 'potable,' or acceptable for human consumption, it must
be filtered and treated. When water is needed (due to a tenancy), rainwater is pushed through a
three-stage filtering and UV sterilising system to remove pollutants. A central water and
wastewater system controller oversees this operation. This treatment facility has automatic
conductivity monitoring and is exposed to routine microbial activity monitoring and testing.

3.2.2.6 WATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING

There are three separate, but inter-linked systems for dealing with water at 60L:

 Rainwater collection and purification for use in the building for all typical uses, such as
drinking, faucets and showers, and laundry;
 Treatment of the building's wastewater and sewage to provide recovered water for
flushing toilets and irrigating landscaping elements;
 Reclaimed water is used to flush toilets and irrigate garden elements.

3.2.2.7 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

In a 60L subterranean tank, all the wastewater from basins, sinks, and showers, as well as all the
sewage from the toilets, is collected. The combined effluent is then treated such that it can be
reused within the structure. The Sewage Treatment Plant, which is located on the bottom level at
60L, is a chemical-free biological treatment system that allows natural organic processes to
convert organic material in wastewater. The effluent is treated in a number of compartments by
sedimentation and digestion, bio-filtration, and finally clarity before being released into a water
storage tank that is part of the Reclaimed Water Treatment Plant.

24
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

Figure 10 SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM

25
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

Figure 11 COLLECTION SYSTEM

26
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

3.2.3 INFERENCES:

 Reduce water consumption by installing water-saving fixtures and fittings, such as

waterless urinals and low-flush volume toilet pans, and encourage the use of water-saving
appliances, such as showerheads and washing machines, whenever practicable. There are
also a number of government initiatives aimed at reducing water demand, such as the
WaterSmart programme, which offers low-cost water-efficient fixtures, fittings, and
appliances to households and businesses; and the New Home Guarantee, which offers
homebuyers a water-efficiency bond that can be used to purchase water-efficient fixtures
and fittings where feasible.
 Wherever possible, use gathered rainwater to replace 100 percent of typical mains water
demand.
 100% on-site treatment and reuse of grey-water (bathrooms and sinks) and black-water
(sewage) streams to create reclaimed water for flushing toilets and irrigating the roof
garden and landscape elements.
 Reclaimed water is used to flush toilets and irrigate the rooftop gardens.

There are three basic sub-systems which go to make up the 60L water system:

 Potable water system: harvesting, collection transfer and sterilisation of water for use by
tenants and building systems.

 Sewage treatment system: biofiltration and clarification of waste water for use within the
building and transport of treated waste to city system.
 Reclamation system : reclaimed water, treated to appropriate standards, will be used on
60L's roof garden, in toilets and in the finalpart of the system, a reed-bed water feature in
the atrium which filters water before it returns to the city system

27
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

3.3 CASE STUDY 2

360 LIFE BUILDING

360LIFE is a new age organization & is promoted by a team of highly experienced people from
different verticals with technology tie ups and knowledge transfers from leading research
institutions and various technical and commercial organizations including but not limited to the
fields of construction, bio diversity, environment, sustainability, health, rain water harvesting,
plumbing, home automation and landscape.

WATER USUAGE AND BALANCE CHART:

"360 Life" – TOTAL OCCUPANCY OF TOWER 1

Tower-1 1767 Nos.

Total occupancy of the building 1767 Nos.

PARTICULARS 3bhk 4bhk servent rooms

First floor 3 4 5

Second floor 3 4 5

Type A (9) 5 7 54

Type B(102) 5 7 60

Type c(4) 5 7 24

No of 121 169 148

No of occupants in each dwelling unit 5 6 1

Total no of occupants in each type 605 1014 148

Total no of occupants 1767

28
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

3.3.1 Water balance diagram:

MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY

FLUSHING WATER
DOMESTIC WATER REQUIREMENT REQUIREMENT

RESIDENTIAL BLOCK ( Block-1,2,3,& 4)

TOTAL WASTE WATER GENERATED

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT ( STP-90KLD)

TREATED WATER FROM STP

IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT &

Common washing requirement

29
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

Water Efficiency of Fixture: 360 Life

  Base case Proposed case

Fixture type Dail Duratio Occupan Flow Daily Flow Daily

y n t ates water rates water
uses (mins) use use
(Liters) (Liters)
Flow Fixture (LPM)
Conventional type 8 0.25 830 8 13280 3.8 6308
Faucet
Kitchen 6 0.25 830 8 9960 3.8 4731
Showers 1 8 830 10 66400 6 39840
Health Faucet 1 0.25 830 8 1660 3.8 788.5
Residential total flow fixture consumption 91300 Propose 51667.5
d Total
Total flow fixture consumption 91300 Propose 51667.5
Base d Total
Total
Flush Fixture(LPF)
Water Closet 1 0 830 6 4980 6 4980
Water Closet 4 0 830 3 9960 3 9960
Residential flush fixture consumption 14940 Propose 14940
d Total
Total flush fixture consumption 14940 Propose 14940
Base d Total
Total
Treated water reused for flush fixture consumption       14940
Total Potable Water Usage 106240   51667.5
Total Saving 54572.5
% Saving 51.3671875

The total amount of water used by traditional fixtures is approximately 106240 litres, or 106 KLD. When
installing a smart water efficient fixture, the total amount of water consumed by the fixture is around
51667 litres (51 KLD). The total difference is approximately 54572.5 litres, or 54 KLD. As a result, 51
percent of energy is saved by using smart efficient fixtures.

30
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

360 Life - WATER BALANCE CALCULATIONS

Grey water generation

Sr no Fixture type Daily Duration (mins) Flow Occupanc Sewage
uses rates y Nos. generated
(LPM) (Litres)
1 Lavotory/ 8 0.25 3.8 1767 13429.20
Conventional type
Faucet
2 Kitchen 6 0.25 3.8 1767 10071.90
3 Showers 1 8 6 1767 84816.00
4 Health Faucet 1 0.25 3.8 1767 1678.65
  Total grey water generated daily in litres 109995.75
Total grey water generated annually in litres 40148448.75

Black water generation

Sr no Fixture Type Dail Duratio Flow Occupanc Sewage
y n (mins) rates y Nos. generated
uses (LPM) (Litres)
1 Water Closet Large 1 NA 6 1767 10602.00
volum
e
2 Water Closet Small 4 NA 3 1767 21204.00
volum
e
  Total water required for flushing daily in litres 31806.00
Total water required for flushing annually in litres 11609190.00

31
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

Treated water Requirement - Landscaping

Total Landscape Area 1649.50 SqM  
Water required for landscaping Daily - 9897.00 Litres  
(Average)
Water required for landscaping anually 3612405.0 Litres
0

Conclusions
  Daily (L) Annual (L)  
1 Total Grey water generated annually in the 109995.75 40148448.75 A
project including club house
2 Total Black water generated annually in the 31806.00 11609190.00 B
project including club house
3 Total Water flowing to STP 141801.75 51757638.75  
4 STP size considered as per design (daily 900000.00 328500000.00  
applications) in litres
5 Treated water available for usage (considering 113441.40 41406111.00 STP O/P
losses) Annually considere
d at 80%
efficient
6 Treated water required for landscaping & 41703.00 3612405.00  
flushing (annually)
Therefore project has sufficient quantity of treated water available to meet 100% of requirement
for landscaping ,Flushing & Common washing purposes

Water Balance - 360 Life (Annual)

Demand   Supply
Sr. No. Type Litres Sr. No. Type Litres
1 Water Required 4,01,48,448.75 1 Water from 4,01,48,448.75
for Domestic use Municipal
(Grey water) (Required for
Domestic use only)
2 Water Required 1,16,09,190.00 2 Treated water from 1,52,21,595.00
for Flushing STP supplied for
(Black water) Landscaping and
flusshing
3 Water Required 36,12,405.00      
for Landscaping
  Total 5,53,70,043.75   Total 5,53,70,043.7
5

32
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

3.3.2 INFERENCES:

 The project is reducing potable water consumption by installing efficient water fixtures and
reusing STP treated water for flushing water.
 The purpose of the project is to collect 100% of rainfall from rooftops. The harvested rainwater
will be collected in four rainwater harvesting pits and then fed into an onsite bore for ground
recharge.
 Due to a lack of fresh water and the requirement for recycled water for various functions such
as flushing and landscaping, the project is lowering fresh water consumption by establishing a
sewage water treatment plant. The project will install an on-site sewage treatment system that
will treat all of the waste water generated by the MBBR process. The project will use this treated
water for flushing and landscaping, and it will meet all applicable criteria. A sewage/effluent
treatment plant is proposed to treat domestic sewage water in a scientifically sound way.
 The project treated all of the waste water created on site, which was then used for Landscaping,
flushing and cooling tower makeup.

33
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

3.4 Case study-3

HCL, Sector 3, Noida

HCL existing building at sector 3 is an office administrative set up in Noida, UP. The building
consists of 1 basement + Ground + 2 Floors which is meant for office use only. The total built up
area of the building is approx. 85,000 sq. ft.

Project Location:

Figure 12 NOIDA CASE STUDY PROJECT LOCATION

Intent:
Minimise dependence on municipal and bore water, thereby conserving water resources.

Requirements:
Use water efficient plumbing fixtures whose flow rates are 10% lower than the baseline criteria
As specified in the Uniform Plumbing code of India.

34
 CHAPTER 3- CASE STUDIES

3.4.1 PROJECT RECOMMENDATION:

Remarks:
Project has proposed fixture having low flow rate of WC, Urinals, Faucets and Health
Faucets. Based on proposed fixture flow rates team.

3.4.2 Inferences:

 The project is reducing potable water consumption by installing efficient water fixtures and
reusing STP treated water for flushing water.

35
 CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS

Chapter 4
4. Data analysis

4.1 CASE DEVELOPMENT

CANDOR TECHSPACE TOWER 3 & 4 :

PROJECT LOCATION:

Figure 13 CASE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT LOCATION

Noida is quickly establishing itself as a popular location for IT/ITES companies. Candor's
campus, which is located in the IT/ITES SEZ in Sector 135 of this growing city, has access to the
Noida-Greater Noida Expressway and is close to the DND Flyway (situated just 15 minutes
away).

Figure 15 candor tech space Figure 14 candor tower 3 and 4

36
 CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS

4.1.1 Break-up of Consumption of Domestic & Flushing Water Requirement

as per NBC:

Population Water Requirement (Ltrs)

As per NBC-
S.
Description 2016, Part-9,
No. Domestic Flushing Total
Section-1,
clause 4.1

10 sqm /
1. Office Area
Person

a. Staff 25 20 45

b. Visitors 5 10 15

1.2 sqm /
2 Food Court 25 10 35
Person

 Break-up of Consumption of Domestic & Flushing Water Requirement of office:

Domestic Flushing Gross Water Water Flow

Occupancy

Water Req Water Req. Req. to STP

S. No.

Description

LPD LPD LPD LPD

1  Office Area 2020        

a Office Staff (90% of population) 1818 45450 36360 81810 72720

b Visitors(10% of population) 202 1010 2020 3030 2828

2 Auditorium & Amphti Theater 3769 18845 37690 56535 52766

3 Food Court 370        

a Staff @ 10% 37 925 740 1665 1480

b Visitors @ 90% 333 8325 3330 11655 9990

4 Yoga, Gym etc 1057 5285 10570 15855 14798

5 Security & Maintenance Staff 50 1250 1000 2250 2000

6 Main Swimming  Pool LS 10000   10000  

7 Filter Back wash LS 5000 0 5000 -

  Total   96090 91710 187800 156582

  Say(KL)   96 92 188 157

37
 CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS

It is assumed that 80 % of domestic water and 100 % of Flushing water shall flow to sewer.
Based on the number of users and for other consumption points, it is estimated that the daily
water demand shall be approximately 263,000 litres per day (excluding Fire requirement) for
office building. Summary of requirement is given below.

 Domestic Water Demand = 96 KLD

 Flushing Water Demand = 92 KLD
 Water for Horticulture = 5 KLD
 Cooling Tower (Soft Water Demand) = 70 KLD

Total water requirement for office = 263 KLD

4.2THROUGH SELECTION CRITERIA:

4.2.1 SMART WATER FIXTURE:

The maximum flow rate and flush volumes shall be as given below as per NBC:

PLUMBING FIXTURES/FITTINGS FLOW RATE

MAXIMUM
WATER CLOSETS 6 litre/flush

URINALS 3.8 litre/flush

LAVATORY, METERED FAUCET (PUBLIC) 1 litre/use

LAVATORY, FAUCET (PRIVATE) 8 litre/min

SINK, FAUCET 8 litre/min

BIDET, HAND HELD SPRAY 8 litre/min

SHOWER HEAD 10 litr

38
 CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS

Currently, roughly 2020 individuals utilise water in the building on a daily basis. We estimate
that over 90% of them are employees, with the remainder being visitors. Using calculation, we
anticipate that the building will require roughly 263 KLD of water per day. This includes water
consumed by employees and visitors, as well as water utilised by building functions such as
ventilation and cooling.

FIXTURE TOTAL NO. OF NO. OF USE PER CONSUMPTIO WATER USES

FIXTURE DAY N RATE (L) (l/DAY)
(ASSUMING)
WATER 92 19 6 10488
CLOSET
WASH BASIN 73 50 8 29200

URINAL 27 121 3.8 12414.6

ABLUTION TAP 92 19 3 5244

DRINKING 18 505 1 9090

The total water consumption through traditional fixtures, as determined by the National Building
Code, is approximately 66436 litres per day, or 66.4 KLD.

Reduced potable water consumption by installing efficient water fixtures and reusing STP treated
water for flushing. Water efficient flow fixtures for faucets, taps, Urinals, and W.C. flush fixtures
that meet with IGBC requirements are installed to reduce indoor water
Table 4-3 water uses per day
usage.

Table 4- 4 Maximum flow rate as per IGBC

39
 CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS

FIXTURE TOTAL NO. OF NO. OF USE PER CONSUMPTIO WATER USES

FIXTURE DAY N RATE (L) (l/DAY)
(ASSUMING)
WATER 92 19
CLOSET 3.5 6118
WASH BASIN 73 50
2 7300
URINAL 27 121
0.5 1633.5
ABLUTION TAP 92 19
1.5 2622
DRINKING 18 505
1.25 11362.5

The total water consumption through smart fixtures, as determined by many companies, is
approximately 29036 litres per day, or 29 KLD.

As a result, adopting smart efficient fittings in office buildings saves about 43 percent of the
water used by traditional fixtures.

40
 CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS

4.2.2 Rain Water Harvesting

The rain water is diverted from the rooftop using rain water pipes to the drainage network. The
entire Complex shall be sub divided for recharging structures.

It is proposed to provide de-silting tanks and recharge wells for the desired purpose. The rain
water will be diverted into the de-silting tank to remove inorganic impurities and the outflow of
the de-silting tank will be taken into the recharge well.

1. Areas
0
Total Area in Acre = 7
a) Site Area in m 2
= 29000.00
b) Terrace / Roof Area (approx.) = 7000.00 Sq.m
c) Paved / Pavement / Road/Sub Soil Drainage (approx.) = 12000.00 Sq.m
d) Green Area / Loose Area (approx.) = 10000.00 Sq.m

2. Co-efficient and factors adopted (As per NBC-2016)

0
a) Harvesting efficiency factors for terrace and roof tops = 0.9
b) Harvesting efficiency factors for roads and paved surface/SSD = 0.8
c) Harvesting efficiency factor for Green/ soft soil = 0.15

3. Co-efficient for calculations of capacity for collection wells for

0 Harvesting

a) Rain Fall intensity = 50 mm/hr

b) Retention time for capacity of recharge tank = 15 min
c) Net runoff for which holding is required for infiltration = 12.5 mm

1. Roof / Terrace
0
i) Average runoff co-efficient for terrace = 0.9
ii) Terrace / Roof Area = 7000.00 Sq.m
iii) Rain fall intensity = 50 mm/hr
iv) Infiltration well capacity design period = 15 min
v) Net runoff for which holding is required for infiltration = 12.5 mm
vi) Required approx. theoretical volume of infiltration wells (Total Area = 78.75 Cu.Mtr
x Coefficient x Net Runoff)

2. Road / Paved / Pavement Area

0

41
 CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS

i) Average runoff co-efficient for terrace = 0.8

ii) Road / Paved / Pavement Area = 12000.00 Sq.m
iii) Rain fall intensity = 50 mm/hr
iv) Infiltration well capacity design period = 15 min
v) Net runoff for which holding is required for infiltration = 12.5 mm
vi) Required approx. theoretical volume of infiltration wells (Total Area = 120.00 Cu.Mtr
x Coefficient x Net Runoff)

3. Green / Loose Area

0
i) Average runoff co-efficient for terrace = 0.15
ii) Green / Loose Area = 10000.00 Sq.m
iii) Rain fall intensity = 50 mm/hr
iv) Infiltration well capacity design period = 15 min
v) Net runoff for which holding is required = 12.5 mm
for infiltration
vi) Required approx. theoretical volume of = 18.75 Cu.Mtr
infiltration wells (Total Area x
Coefficient x Net Runoff)

Total Volume of Infiltration = 217.50 Cu.Mtr

Circular Pits:
Dia Effect. Depth

3.0 M 3.5 M = 24.73 Cu.Mtr

De-silting Chamber
Length Width Height
2.0 M 2.0 M 1.5 M = 6.00 Cu.Mtr

Total Capacity of Pair of Pit and = 30.73 Cu.Mtr

Chamber

= 7.08 Nos.
Total No. Pits

Say = 7.0 Nos.

42
 CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS

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 CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS

4.2.3 Waste water treatment

Intent is to avoid damaging receiving streams, treat waste water generated on site so that it can
be reused or safely disposed of.

Because of the scarcity of fresh water and the necessity for recycled water for various reasons
such as flushing and landscaping, installing a sewage treatment plant reduces the amount of fresh
water used. The project is providing an on‐site sewage treatment system to treat 100% of waste
water generated through MBBR Process. The project is using this treated water for flushing &
landscaping which will comply standards suitable for respective purpose. STP of capacity 190
KLD is proposed to treat the domestic sewage water in a scientific manner through a properly
planned sewage/effluent treatment plant. The objective is to stabilize the decomposable organic
matters present in sewage so as to get an effluent and sludge having characteristics which are
within safe limits, and which can be recycled and re‐utilized for various purposes to help in
maintaining the ecology of nature and save energy resources.

Treated Water
STP GENERATES
149 KLD
157 KLD

Waste Water Supply

Sludge &
Evaporation Recycled Water Supply
Losses 8 KLD

4.2.5 Waste water reuse:

The goal is to reduce dependency on potable water by using treated waste water. Demonstrate
that treated waste water from a waste water treatment plant is used for irrigation, cooling water
make-up, and flushing water.

The site is treated 100% of waste water generated onsite i.e. 157 KLD while 8 KLD of waste
water goes in form of sludge and evaporation and gets 149 KLD of treated water which is further
used for following applications:

1. Flushing (92 KLD)

2. Landscaping (5 KLD)

3. Cooling tower makeup (52 KLD)

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 CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS

4.3 Water balance diagram from the projected:

TOTAL FRESH WATER REQUIREMENT

114 KLD

Domestic Flushing Cooling Tower Make-up 70 Irrigation 5

96 KLD 92 KLD KLD KLD

Flow to Sewer 100%

65 KLD of
waste
water

92 KLD 52 KLD 5 KLD

STP Generates Treated Water

157 KLD 149 KLD

Sludge &
Evaporation
Losses 8 KLD

Fresh Water Supply FRESH WATER 114 KLD

RECYCLE WATER 149 KLD
Waste Water Supply KLD – Kilo liters per day
STP – Sewage treatment plant
Recycled Water Supply

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 CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS

4.3.1 The analysis from the case development has been explained below:

In this chapter, I have used an experimental case study of a traditional commercial office
building in Noida, to analyse the current state of water management. Here, I'll look at the current
water distribution system and compare the findings to the water efficiency that can be attained
when sustainable water approaches are implemented. A G+10 storey building with a capacity of
2020 people has been presented as a case study. The required water demand for this building,
according to NBC guidelines, is 263 KLD. If we adopt water management strategies in this
typical building, we will be able to determine how much water is saved after and according to
NBC water use per person and overall water demand once these approaches have been
implemented. Also, I have deduced a few interventions that can be made to improve water
efficiency and water conservation from the IGBC guidelines and water certification requirements
that were discussed above in the research.

First, the analysis was done on the basis of smart water fixtures and how much water will be
saved when they are placed in a traditional structure.

The current water demand was calculated for approx. 2020 people in the building on a daily
basis. Over 90% of them are likely to be employees, with the remaining being visitors. It is
estimated that the building will demand 263 KLD of water per day based on our calculations and
derivations from NBC. Water consumed by staff and visitors, as well as water used by building
services such as ventilation and cooling, are all included.

In the study further I've jotted down how many water fixtures are required for 2020 people,
consumption rate, and water uses per day in litres, all according to NBC regulations. Through
this we find that total water usage through traditional fixtures is roughly 66436 litres per day, or
66.4 KLD.

Installing efficient water fixtures and reusing STP treated water for flushing reduced potable
water consumption. To reduce indoor water usage, IGBC-compliant water efficient flow fittings
for faucets, taps, urinals, and toilet flush fixtures are fitted. Through this analysis we concluded
that total water consumption through smart fixtures is around 29036 litres per day, or 29 KLD.

As a result, smart and efficient fittings save roughly 43% of the water consumed by standard
fixtures in office buildings.

Also, from the inferences from the case studies we have analyzed the number of uses per day as
per consumption rate.

After that in the proposed case the analysis was done on another parameter of water conservation
i.e, rain water harvesting where in it was noted that rainwater is transferred from the rooftop to
the drainage system using rain water pipes. For recharging structures, the whole Complex is

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 CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS

proposed to be subdivided. For the desired purpose, de-silting tanks and recharge wells are
recommended. Rainwater will be channelled into a de-silting tank to remove inorganic
impurities, and the de-silting tank's output will be pumped into the recharge well. Thus, it was
concluded that all the water saved from rainwater is utilized for ground water recharge.

Next in the case we have designed a prototype for waste water treatment in the building where
we calculated that about 157 KLD waste water is generated in the building as per calculations.

While 8 KLD of waste water can be converted to sludge and evaporated, 149 KLD of treated
water is produced, which can then be used for flushing (92 KLD), Landscape design (5 KLD),
Makeup for a cooling tower (52 KLD).

Thus, the freshwater requirement came out to be 114 KLD and it is speculated that the waste
water reuse can be used as for domestic purposes 96 KLD, for flushing 92 KLD, for cooling
tower makeup 72 KLD, and for Irrigation 5 KLD.

Hence the difference in percentage of total water requirement which was 263 KLD to the fresh
water requirement that is 114 KLD was calculated to be 56.6% .

Hereby we concluded from our experimental case of a conventional office building that if we use
water efficient techniques and follow sustainable water management guidelines we can conserve
overall 56.6% of water which will not only help in lowering the overall maintenance costs but
also the lifetime costs of a commercial building as well as help in making the environment
cleaner and greener.

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 CHAPTER 5- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CHAPTER- 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

As the earth’s population continues to grow, the demand for water increases. The United Nations
predicts that the earth’s population will increase to 9 billion people by the year 2050, resulting in
a significant need for water. Water is an essential resource for life, and is a requirement for the
operation of business. Water conservation is an important part of operating a building efficiently.
It provides many benefits, including lower operating costs, reduced environmental impact, and
improved occupant comfort. Water is a vital resource, and the most efficient buildings use much
less water than conventional buildings. However, water is also the single largest operating cost
for most buildings. The importance of water conservation in office buildings can’t be overstated.
Office buildings are the single largest sector of commercial buildings, and the largest water
consumers. The water used in office buildings comes from a variety of sources, including private
wells, public water systems, and surface water. The worldwide water crisis is currently one of
humanity's most pressing issues. As a result, worldwide environmental groups have imposed a
number of required laws in various areas with the goal of improving water management by
minimizing the usage of potable water. Different approaches for promoting water sustainability
in buildings have been explored and their benefits have been highlighted in earlier studies.

The literature analyses the principles of the water quality cascade in regard to commercial
building water management, alternate water supply options, and various water saving technology
that can be applied in commercial buildings. Such efficiency methods are fair to implement in
the attempt to achieve sustainable water consumption in buildings. It is argued that use of such
ideas in growing economies such as India would be a fundamental necessity, given causal
elements such as population explosion, urbanisation, and rapid development. Also, not only this
using these techniques in old and obsolete office buildings (mostly government)can help in
cutting the operations and maintenance costa of those buildings an also help in making them in
par with new technologies. The necessity for water conservation has become so much
significant that recently LEED rating system has doubled the points under the water
efficiency category to ten from the previous quantity of five. Also, the sustainable buildings
criteria provided by IGBC have been studied to understand how can following water efficiency
parameters make a building sustainable.

Using a case development study of an office in Noida, this study demonstrated the usage of
better water management and provided novel wastewater ways. The issue of lack of adequate
water conservation metrics is highlighted based on the literature review. The case development
study underlined the water management in a conventional office building in Noida, India and
sought out methods of water saving techniques through which it can be made sustainable in

48
 CHAPTER 5- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

respect to water efficiency. It proved to be successfully saving 50% water by using these water
efficient techniques in the building.

According to the literature study, the government should implement a required policy for both
the public and private sectors in order to ensure proper water management. The case study
examined in this paper should assist private investors and government agencies in
comprehending the economic benefits of incorporating innovative technologies such as low-flow
fixtures in sustainable design buildings. Due to the overlap between these challenges, there is
also a lot of possibility for merging components of energy management and water management.
This can be beneficial in terms of increased benefits and lower costs.

To make these types of systems a reality, regulatory authorities and councils will need to include
the aforementioned concepts into development controls and regulatory guidelines in order to
increase and secure the adoption of innovative commercial building technologies and practises.
It's also necessary to set up demonstration projects that track and analyse the cost savings and
advantages of these structures.

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