10102021103836SHS - EARTH SCIENCE - Q1 - M10 - Effects of Human Activities To Water Resources

Department of Education
National Capital Region

S CHOOLS DIVIS ION OFFICE
MARIK INA CITY
Earth Science
First Quarter-Module 10:
Effects of Human Activities to Water Resources
Writer: John Paul B. Arcilla

Illustrator: John Paul B. Arcilla
Cover Illustrator: Christine Ann G. Faraon
City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
identify the various water resources on Earth. The scope of this module permits it to
be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
This module will discuss the numerous harmful effects of human activities to
different water resources like rivers, lakes, and oceans. After going through this
module, you are expected to
1. identify different human activities which can affect water resources;
2. explain how different activities can affect the quality and availability of water
for human use (S11ES-Ig-16)); and
3. recommend a plan or innovation to increase the quality and availability of
water for human use in your locality through a blog.
What I Know
Choose the best answer for the following questions. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following refers to human activities that are simple acts like
throwing trash into a stream but can accumulate and deal great damage to
water resources?
A. Complex
B. Simple
C. Large scale
D. Small scale
2. Which of the following will result to great damage to water resources?

A. If there are policy changes to protect resources
B. If bad practices are continued by a lot of humans
C. If humans are more aware of the damage they cause
D. If we change our ways of living to minimize or reverse damage
City of Good Character 1

3. Which of the following is the approximate distribution of freshwater on
Earth?
A. 0.3%
B. 0.4%
C. 1.3%
D. 1.4%
4. Which of the following refers to the act of disposing any form of trash into
bodies of water?
A. Informal settlements
B. Improper waste disposal
C. Agricultural development
D. Irresponsible use of water
5. Which would lead to the “death/killing” of a freshwater resource or any body

of water?
C. Irresponsible use of water
D. All of the above
6. Which of the following is NOT considered as irresponsible way of using water?

A. Taking a shower for more than 1 hour
B. Letting the faucet run while washing the dishes
C. Checking for leaks and damages in pipes regularly
D. Using hose at maximum flow to water plants and washing a vehicle
7. Which of the following refers to the result of poverty or lack of house support
that leads to people occupying unlikely spaces like under a bridge or on the
edge of a river?
8. Irresponsible use of water leads to which of the following?

A. Scarcity of available freshwater due to overuse
B. Decrease in quality due to presence pollutants
C. Scarcity of available freshwater due to pollution
D. Decrease in quality due to presence of heavy metals
2 City of Good Character

9. Which of the following is the effect of irrigation systems in agriculture?
A. Scarcity of freshwater due to high rate of evaporation
B. Decrease in water quality due to presence of heavy metals
C. Scarcity of available freshwater due to overuse in watering
D. Decrease in water quality due to presence of agricultural chemicals
10. Large scale human activities tend to have a more direct and rapid effect to
water resources.What is the reason behind this?
A. These activities involve a small area only
B. Humans are more responsible in these types of activities
C. These activities tend to restore the balance of an ecosystem
D. They change the landscape and therefore its different properties
For numbers 11 – 15, match the following activities to its effect to water
resources.
A. Changes rate of evapotranspiration in soil

B. Leaching of heavy metals and chemicals
C. Erosion and increase in water turbidity
D. Presence of agricultural chemicals in water
E. Presence of different pollutants
11. Construction of different industrial buildings
12. Tilling the land
13. Clearing forests to make way for mining
14. Using pesticides and fertilizers
15. Refining ores using chemicals

Effects of Human Activities to
Lesson
Water Resources
Water covers much of the surface of Earth, but only a small percentage of this
is freshwater and is considered usable to humans. Water resources which contain
freshwater are slowly and increasingly losing its abundance and quality. This is due
to lack of monitoring and regulations.
Human activities greatly affect the abundance and quality of freshwater

resources. It is therefore important to know what activities should be regulated, or
banned to avoid future damage to Earth’s water resources.
Figure 1. Taal Lake in the Philippines, a freshwater resource

Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/rayinmanila/31105099965
What’s In
The previous module discussed water resources on Earth. The distribution

and abundance of these water resources gave us an insight to how much we can
actually use for different purposes and how much is remaining. Conservation,
regulation, and awareness about the slowly depleting water resources are important
for the future of humanity.
Read the information provided below to give you insights about water
resources on Earth:
• The Earth’s surface is mostly composed of water, approximately 71%, and

97.5% of this makes up the oceans.

• Water with low salt concentrations or freshwater, consists of 2.5% of the
Earth’s water. The readily usable freshwater is only about 0.4% (surface water
and mostly groundwater).
• Water cycle is important and is responsible for the abundance and

distribution of water different places. Evaporation and precipitation are key
processes involved in this. The difference in the proportions of evaporation
and precipitation rate could dictate climate in different places.
• Freshwater can be classified as surface water or ground water. Surface water

is found in rivers, streams, reservoirs, and lakes while groundwater is found
underground. About 96% of liquid freshwater is found underground. There
are simple ways in which we can help conserve and protect our freshwater
resources by simply turning faucets off when not in use, driving less, not
throwing chemicals in drainages, and spreading awareness about this water
conservation.
Notes to the Teacher

The teacher can discuss about how climate change is affecting glaciers in
countries like Greenland. Glaciers are in fact one source of freshwater slowly
melting and supplying areas with freshwater.
What’s New
A lot of human activities affect water resources in similar ways, but the scale
in which they affect water resources can be different. Small scale human activities
are simple acts or practices which we may think is not harmful but are damaging to
our water resources.
The effects of these small acts cannot be observed right away, but can still
contribute to problems if not addressed properly. On the other hand, large scale
human activities such as agricultural development tend to reshape the landscape
therefore affecting a lot of natural cycles and phenomena.

Small Scale Human Activities
Below are human activities which are small scale. They are simple
wrongdoings or acts of humans which are relatively small in nature. They may not
actively, directly, or rapidly affect a natural cycle or natural resource. These wrong
practices and acts, if continued by a lot of humans, can lead to bigger problems in
the future for our water resources.
• Improper waste disposal – Undisciplined people will throw their trash or

garbage into rivers, lakes, or streams instead of throwing them into trashcans.
Garbage thrown into water resources affect the quality of water because of the
presence of pollutants.
If continued for a long time, liquid and solid pollutants will accumulate,
and upset the balance of the ecosystem. The accumulation would eventually
result in the “death” of the body of water. This can lead to scarcity of
freshwater.
• Irresponsible use of water – Practices such as washing cars with hoses, and
not turning the faucet off when brushing your teeth are damaging to
freshwater resource because it is wasting much needed freshwater.
People should practice saving water by changing these small acts. They
should constantly checking water pipes for leaks so that water is not wasted.
This action does not affect the quality of water by itself but it still negatively
impacts the abundance of freshwater.
• Informal settlements – Informal settlers are products of another societal

problem like poverty and lack of housing support. They have no choice but to
settle in places considered high risk for disasters. These places considered
high risk include areas near or along riverbanks, or under the bridges.
These settlements also negatively impact the freshwater resources near

them. This is because almost all of the wastes produced by humans there are
directly thrown into the body of water. Solid wastes (garbage), water wastes
(sewage), and body wastes (feces and urine) dumped into the water affect the
quality of freshwater resource. If continued, the availability of freshwater will
decrease because the body of water will soon be deemed too polluted for
human use or consumption.

Activity 1
Read the short passage below about Marikina River. After reading the passage,
explain how the acts or activities of humans affect the quality and abundance of
freshwater in the Marikina River. Write your answers on a whole sheet of paper.
Marikina River: A Freshwater Resource
Marikina River is a river system that runs from Rizal Province all the way to
Pasig City in Metro Manila. In the past, it was used as a transport route but soon
after highways were introduced and constructed, the river was slowly forgotten as a
route.
Figure 2. Marikina River (between Brgy. Barangka and Brgy IVC in Marikina)
Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Marcos_Bridge_Marikina_River.jpg
Due to improper practices by humans, Marikina River became polluted and

the water cannot be used for human consumption anymore. Read the situations
presented below. Explain the effect of the practice to a) the quality of freshwater in
Marikina River, and b) the abundance or availability of freshwater in Marikina River.
1. Ken is an elderly person living near the river. He uses an arinola to collect his
urine. Every morning, Ken empties the urine in his arinola into the river.
2. Bev is a student from Marikina City. She walks home from school and her
route includes passing by the river. Sometimes she eats a snack while walking
home and would throw the plastic packaging into the water.
3. Charles is an influential person in Marikina City. He suggests that drainages

should connect to the river to easily get rid of wastes. It was followed and
drainages were constructed to connect to the river.

4. Lee and his family live under a bridge, their house is located near the river and
they have no source of water and no proper bathroom. They use the river as
a place to defecate and urinate.
5. Adamos family does not regularly check their water pipes at home, and after a
few years their pipes developed leaks. They noticed that the pipes’ water
pressure dropped and that their bill increased. Ignoring those, they did not
check their pipes.
6. Erica owns a dog grooming salon, and in her shop she uses different inorganic
chemicals to treat dog fleas and ticks. These chemicals end up in the river
because drainages connect to the river.
7. Tupe’s family is very poor. His entire family left the province for a better life
in Metro Manila. But, since his parents have no formal education, they could
not get a job. They ended up living near the river where they built a temporary
shelter.
8. Juan decided to plant rice and corn on the edge of the river. He sold his rice
and corn produce and soon enough his business grew. He occupied more land
area near the river, expanding his fields. He used a lot of water from the river
to water his field every day.
What Is It
Now that you learned about some small scale human activities that affect
Earth’s water resources, you can now learn about human activities that affect a large
area and changes the actual geographical, hydrographical, and geological properties
of a given place. These activities have greater and more immediate effects to the water
resources.
Large Scale Human Activities
• Agricultural Development –The population of Earth is on a steady growth

and people grow and food demand becomes higher. To address this problem
of increasing demand for food, a lot of land has been converted for agricultural
processes.
Tilling or preparing the land for planting crops (araro ng lupa in Filipino)
changes the land surface which affects several processes like
evapotranspiration, (evaporation of water from soil, other surfaces, or

transpiration in plants) and ground water recharge. There are two practices
in agriculture that affect water resources greatly: irrigation and use of
agricultural chemicals.
o Irrigation – To water hectares of crops easily, people developed a

system to diffuse water efficiently and over a large area with the use of
irrigation. This process uses a lot of freshwater which it sources from
surface waters like streams and groundwater. This excessive use of
water causes a lot of our water resources to run dry and become empty.
o Use of agricultural chemicals – The use of fertilizer and pesticide is a

common practice in agriculture, this helps people grow more crops that
are high quality. Some components of these chemicals are water
soluble which means that it easily mixes with water. Ammonia, a
common ingredient of fertilizer, is water soluble. Ammonia and nitrate
traces have been found reaching ground water reservoirs and surface
waters. This affects freshwater quality as well as availability because
these contaminants make the water unusable for consumption.
• Urban and Industrial Development – The development of treatment

plants, industrial facilities, factories, residential areas, and storm water
drains can also directly affect quality and availability of freshwater.
Water soluble contaminants found in landfills, septic tanks, or those

flushed in drains can easily leak or reach groundwater reservoirs as well as
surface waters like rivers, and streams. This increases concentration of
contaminants rapidly, making freshwater found there to become too polluted
for use and as well as decreasing availability.
• Mining – This process enabled humans to obtain metals and Earth minerals
that is used for many applications, especially in technology. Mining drastically
changes landscapes of mountains, and sometimes even involves clearing
forests. Its impacts to freshwater resources include erosion, chemical
pollution, and leaching.
o Erosion is one product of changing the landscapes of mountains when

mining. Sometimes this activity involves clearing forests by cutting
trees. The soil becomes heavily unstable, and heavy rains and storms
carry sediments or soil into rivers or streams making the water turbid.
This greatly decreases quality and availability.

o Chemical pollution and leaching on the other hand, is the result of
processing or refining ores obtained from mining. These chemicals are
carried by water during rains or storms into rivers and streams. The
presence of these chemicals and heavy metals like mercury and lead,
pollute and contaminate the water therefore decreasing its quality and
availability.
What’s More
Activity 2
Recommend a plan or innovation to increase the quality and availability of freshwater
for human use in your locality through a blog. As a student in Marikina City,
recommend a plan that focuses on increasing water quality and availability in the
Marikina River system.
The plan should include the following:
1. The Problem – this part introduces the problem and its setting.
2. Identifying Human Activities involved in the Problem – this part
includes the human activities, small scale or large scale, which directly or
indirectly causes the problem.
3. Step-by-Step Solution – this part is where you try to address the problem
by introducing a solution, follow a stepwise manner.
4. My Contribution to the Solution as a Student of Marikina City – this
part is where you think of ideas on how to be a part of the solution or help
in making realistic solution.
Refer to the rubrics below to guide your writing.
Rubrics for Blog

Criteria 3 points 2 points 1 point
Title The title is The title is The title is not
appropriate for the appropriate for the connected to the
content, and content, but not content and not
engaging to readers engaging to readers engaging to
readers
Images At least 2 images At least 1 image is No images are
are used in the blog used in the blog used in the blog
Text The writing is The writing is The writing is
engaging and clear engaging, but neither engaging
unclear nor clear

Format The blog included The blog is missing The blog is
all the parts one part missing 2 or more
parts
Spelling and There are 0 - 2 There are 3 - 5 There are 6 or
Grammar spelling and spelling and more spelling and
grammatical errors grammatical errors grammatical
errors
Refer to this simple draft for a blog:
“The problem in my community is that a part the river becomes polluted by a

lot of solid pollutants, diapers, plastic packaging, Styrofoam, and such. People still
practice throwing their garbage in the nearby part of the river, it became habitual or
part of their routine.
To address this problem what we could do is the following:
1. Talk to local government officials like our Barangay Captain. Let us ask
them if they have any projects involving this issue or have they tried to
approach this problem in the past.
2. If they had a project in the past that did not work, let us try to determine
why that happened, if they don’t have any project let us proceed to step
3.
3. Create an awareness campaign to educate the community about the

effects of doing this bad practice and why this should stop.
4. Organize a clean-up drive to clear out the solid pollutants and trash in
that part of the river and coordinate with other barangays to clean out
other parts of the river too.
My contribution to the solution for this problem is to actively participate in

the programs and clean up drives. I will put effort in cleaning up at least a part of
the river as a start to try and participate in the rehabilitation of the river.”
Please note: If you do not have internet access, you can opt to write your
blog on a short bond paper, and include figures or drawings to further your point in
writing.

What I Have Learned
To summarize the human activities that affect different freshwater resources, look
at the table below.
Table 1. Human activities that affects freshwater resources

Human Activity Effect to quality of Effect to availability of
freshwater freshwater
1. Improper waste Decrease in quality due Scarcity of usable
disposal to increase in solid and freshwater due to
liquid pollutants presence of pollutants
2. Irresponsible use No effect Scarcity of usable
of water freshwater due to
irresponsibility and
overuse
3. Informal Decrease in quality due Scarcity of usable
settlements to increase in solid, and freshwater due to
liquid pollutants as well presence of pollutants
as biological wastes and biological
contaminants
4. Agricultural Decrease in quality due Scarcity of usable
development to presence of water- freshwater due to
soluble chemicals like presence of contaminants
ammonia from agricultural
chemicals
5. Urban and Decrease in quality due Scarcity of usable
industrial to presence of solid, freshwater due to various
development liquid, and sometimes pollutants and
gas pollutants. Also, contaminants
presence of biological
contaminants
6. Mining Decrease in quality due Scarcity of usable
to presence of chemical freshwater due to
pollutants and heavy presence of chemical
metals pollutants and heavy
metals (e.g. lead, arsenic,
mercury)

What I Can Do
Identify whether each activity is a small-scale activity or a large-scale activity. Write

your answers as “S” for small scale, and “L” for large scale. Answer on a ¼ sheet of
paper.
1. Throwing out your delivery packaging in a canal.
2. Converting mountains to plantations of palm for palm oil production.
3. Not fixing your house’s sewage pipes.
4. Clearing forests to make way for mining.
5. Using harmful pesticides on hectares of crops to avoid damage.
6. Leaving faucets running when bathing your dogs.
7. Siphoning water from the ground for irrigation.
8. Not providing housing support to poor people and ignoring their informal
settlements.
9. Throwing chemicals irresponsibly in sinks or toilets.
10. Processing ores to obtain pure minerals.
Assessment
Choose the best answer for the following questions. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is the approximate distribution of freshwater on Earth?

A. 0.3%
B. 0.4%
C. 1.3%
D. 1.4%
2. Which of the following will result to great damage to water resources?

A. If there are policy changes to protect resources
B. If bad practices are continued by a lot of humans
C. If humans are more aware of the damage they cause
D. If we change our ways of living to minimize or reverse damage

3. Which of the following refers to human activities that are simple acts like
throwing trash into a stream but can accumulate and deal great damage to
water resources?
A. Complex
B. Large scale
C. Simple
D. Small scale
4. Large scale human activities tend to have a more direct and rapid effect to
water resources. What is the reason behind this?
A. These activities involve a small area only
B. Humans are more responsible in these types of activities
C. These activities tend to restore the balance of an ecosystem
D. They change the landscape and therefore its different properties
5. Which would lead to the “death/killing” of a freshwater resource or any body

of water?
C. Irresponsible use of water
D. All of the above
6. Which of the following is the effect of irrigation systems in agriculture?

A. Scarcity of freshwater due to high rate of evaporation
B. Decrease in water quality due to presence of heavy metals
C. Scarcity of available freshwater due to overuse in watering
D. Decrease in water quality due to presence of agricultural chemicals
7. Which of the following is NOT considered to as irresponsible way of using

water?
A. Taking a shower for more than 1 hour
B. Letting the faucet run while washing the dishes
C. Checking for leaks and damages in pipes regularly
D. Using hose at maximum flow to water plants and washing a vehicle
8. Which of the following refers to the act of disposing any form of trash into
bodies of water?

9. Irresponsible use of water leads to which of the following?
A. Scarcity of available freshwater due to overuse
B. Decrease in quality due to presence pollutants
C. Scarcity of available freshwater due to pollution
D. Decrease in quality due to presence of heavy metals
10. Which of the following refers to the result of poverty or lack of house support
that leads to people occupying unlikely spaces like under a bridge or on the
edge of a river?
For numbers 11 – 15, match the following activities to its effect to water resources.
A. Changes rate of evapotranspiration in soil

B. Leaching of heavy metals and chemicals
C. Erosion and increase in water turbidity
D. Presence of agricultural chemicals in water
E. Presence of different pollutants
11. Tilling the land
12. Clearing forests to make way for mining

13. Construction of different industrial buildings
14. Refining ores using chemicals
15. Using pesticides and fertilizers
Additional Activities
Fill out the table based on the effects of the human activities to the quality and
availability of freshwater. Write your answers on a ¼ sheet of paper.
Human Activity Effect to quality of Effect to availability of

freshwater freshwater
1. Improper waste 1. Scarcity of usable freshwater due
disposal to presence of pollutants
2. Irresponsible No effect 2.
use of water

3. Informal 3. Scarcity of usable freshwater due
settlements to presence of pollutants and
biological contaminants
4. Agricultural 4. Scarcity of usable freshwater due
development to presence of contaminants from
agricultural chemicals
5. Urban and Decrease in quality due to 5.
industrial presence of solid, liquid, and
development sometimes gas pollutants. Also,
presence of biological
contaminants
6. Mining Decrease in quality due to 6.
presence of chemical pollutants
and heavy metals
References
Books:
(1) Carlson, Diane H., Charles C. Plummer, and Lisa Hammersley. Physical Geology:
Earth Revealed. 2010.
(2) Kirkland, Kyle. Earth Sciences: Notable Research and Discoveries. New York:
Infobase Publishing, 2010.
(3) Lunine, Jonathan I. Earth: Evolution of a Habitable World. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2013.
(4) Lutgens, Frederick K., Edward J. Tarbuck, and Dennis Tasa. Essentials of
Geology, 11th ed. New York: Pearson College Division, 2012.
(5) Tarbuck, Edward J., Frederick K. Lutgens, and Dennis Tasa. Earth: An
Introduction to Physical Geology. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2005.
Internet resources:
(1) By T.C. Winter,J.W. Harvey,O.L. Franke,W.M. Alley. "Circular 1139." U.S.

Geological Survey Publications Warehouse. Last modified January 11, 2013.
https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/.
(2) "FRONTLEARNERS: Log in to the Site." Frontlearners E-Learning. Accessed July
8, 2020.
https://frontlearners.com/blended/pluginfile.php/6247/mod_resource/con
tent/22/index.html

Development Team of the Module
Writer: John Paul B. Arcilla (SEHS)
Editors: Maria Carmina R. Martin (MHS)
Emily G. Santos (PSDS)
Reviewer: Jessica S. Mateo (EPS– Science)
Illustrator: John Paul B. Arcilla (SEHS)
Layout Artist: Christine G. Faraon (BNHS)
Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent
Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Jessica S. Mateo
Education Program Supervisor – Science
Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

Education Program Supervisor – Learning Resource Management Section
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Schools Division Office- Marikina City
191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines
Telefax: (02) 8682-2472 / 8682-3989
Email Address: sdo.marikina@deped.gov.ph
City of Good Character


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Department of Education

National Capital Region

Writer: John Paul B. Arcilla

City of Good Character

2. Which of the following will result to great damage to water resources?

City of Good Character 1

5. Which would lead to the “death/killing” of a freshwater resource or any body

6. Which of the following is NOT considered as irresponsible way of using water?

8. Irresponsible use of water leads to which of the following?

2 City of Good Character

A. Changes rate of evapotranspiration in soil

11. Construction of different industrial buildings

12. Tilling the land

13. Clearing forests to make way for mining

14. Using pesticides and fertilizers

15. Refining ores using chemicals

City of Good Character 3

Human activities greatly affect the abundance and quality of freshwater

Figure 1. Taal Lake in the Philippines, a freshwater resource

The previous module discussed water resources on Earth. The distribution

• The Earth’s surface is mostly composed of water, approximately 71%, and

4 City of Good Character

• Water cycle is important and is responsible for the abundance and

• Freshwater can be classified as surface water or ground water. Surface water

Notes to the Teacher

City of Good Character 5

• Improper waste disposal – Undisciplined people will throw their trash or

• Informal settlements – Informal settlers are products of another societal

These settlements also negatively impact the freshwater resources near

6 City of Good Character

Marikina River: A Freshwater Resource

Due to improper practices by humans, Marikina River became polluted and

3. Charles is an influential person in Marikina City. He suggests that drainages

City of Good Character 7

• Agricultural Development –The population of Earth is on a steady growth

8 City of Good Character

o Irrigation – To water hectares of crops easily, people developed a

o Use of agricultural chemicals – The use of fertilizer and pesticide is a

• Urban and Industrial Development – The development of treatment

Water soluble contaminants found in landfills, septic tanks, or those

o Erosion is one product of changing the landscapes of mountains when

City of Good Character 9

The plan should include the following:

Refer to the rubrics below to guide your writing.

Rubrics for Blog

10 City of Good Character

Refer to this simple draft for a blog:

“The problem in my community is that a part the river becomes polluted by a

To address this problem what we could do is the following:

3. Create an awareness campaign to educate the community about the

My contribution to the solution for this problem is to actively participate in

City of Good Character 11

Table 1. Human activities that affects freshwater resources

12 City of Good Character

Identify whether each activity is a small-scale activity or a large-scale activity. Write

1. Throwing out your delivery packaging in a canal.

2. Converting mountains to plantations of palm for palm oil production.

3. Not fixing your house’s sewage pipes.

4. Clearing forests to make way for mining.

5. Using harmful pesticides on hectares of crops to avoid damage.

6. Leaving faucets running when bathing your dogs.

7. Siphoning water from the ground for irrigation.

9. Throwing chemicals irresponsibly in sinks or toilets.