STUDENT NUMBER: G20-0012

DOCTOR OF EDUCATION Major in Educational Management

EDD 502 – SEMINAR RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Study Critiquing:

Instruction: Read the unpublished research study below and provide answers with
rationale to the following indicators of critiquing.
1. Does it include the subject matter/scope/study variables
(dependent/independent/confounding/intervening/moderating variable/s)
2. Is it stated clearly and specifically?
3. Does it contain no more than 15 – 18 substantive words?
4. Is the problem researchable/doable within the demands of scientific methods?
5. Are the specific problems adequate for general objectives? Clearly
stated/incorporate variables? Stated in measurable terms/indicators specified?
6. Is the study worth undertaking? affects a large population, has a serious
consequences, is significant?
7. Does it fills a gap in knowledge? practical application? Improve professional
practice?
8. Are the scope and delimitations specified?
9. What is/are the theory/ies used that served as the basis of the hypothesis?
10. Does the research paradigm of the study clearly tell you that is the scope of the
study?
11. Is the research paradigm consistent with the content of the study?
12. Is the review presented systematically, thoroughly and logically?
13. Is relatedness emphasized in the review?
14. Does the review provide evidence, outline, discussion and paraphrasing?
15. Is the study design correct/appropriate?
16. Are the possible confounders controlled for?
17. Is the target population suitable to the objectives?
18. Is the accessible sample representative?
19. Is the sampling schema/allocation method appropriate?
20. Is the sample size properly computed, if applicable?
21. Are the relevant variables operationally defined?
22. Have appropriate tools of measurement been developed?
23. Are measures against possible bias/es in place?
24. Are the data presented in an appropriate way e.g. tables and graphs were used?
25. Are the data interpreted by the researcher?
26. Are the data analyzed for trends, patters, differences and interpreted in-depth?
27. Is there proof that the hypothesis is supported or rejected?
28. Are the results of the analysis and interpretation clearly presented and logically
organized (e.g. according to the research question)
29. Are the findings integrated and compared with other studies?
30. Are the results summarized orderly and concisely?
31. Is the summary not merely a repetition of the results?
32. Are the conclusion logical, that is do they result from the findings?
33. Do the recommendations arise from the findings and conclusion?

Answer:
The study given, rising from the sunset: journeying with the retired
administrators engaged to bridge employment included the subject matter
clearly but not specifically. The study did not mention the age bracket of the
retired teachers. Legally, retirement age is different to every schools. The study
did not specifically mention the exact age of the retirees. The problems for
general objectives are also not specific. The researcher has not specifically
execute options and indicators on how to determine the retired teachers’ profile
and retirement plans. The study needs thorough and more specific general
objectives to really describe the life of retired teachers. This is a good platform
to make another study about this and fill on the gap. The study has no clear
research paradigm. The scope is not clear because of the lack of indicators. The
review is not systematically but logically. It seems that the researcher had
predicted the response of the the respondents. The tools of measurement is also
not developed since the scope of the study has not been found. The results of the
study is presented exactly as the questions raised, but very limited answers are
given and they did not fill in the research gap. The summary is merely just a
repetition of the results. The conclusion is logical but not entirely fill in the gap
of research. There are lots of recommendations arise from the findings and
conclusions. The study needs more specific indicators for the variables, thorough
analysis of the responses of the population and more specific objectives and clear
output is also needed.

STUDY A: RISING FROM THE SUNSET: JOURNEYING WIITH THE

RETIRED ADMINISTRATORS ENGAGED TO BRIDGE EMPLOYMENT
By Ms. Aisee P. Cruz – BPSU EDD Student

The study is about the lived experiences of administrators returning to the

workforce considering that they are already retirees. The topic being
underscore is how retired administrators live and function as employees again
in the same field. The study employed the phenomenological research design
to explore the lifeworld of the participants. Three participants volunteered to
take part in the study. Nonetheless, only six were able to have an interview
due to busy schedule. Data were gathered using face-to-face interview.
Themes were extracted from the data to come out with the essential themes
that would represent the lived experiences of retired administrators engaged
to bridge employment.
 Returning to the workforce after retirement may seemed difficult and
complicated. However, if one’s heart really yearns of going back instead of
just simply looking back, nothing is impossible. Specifically, if a retiree is an
administrator, an administrative position is very easy for them to have. Yet,
considering that only private schools accept retirees, it is very interesting to
explore their lifeworld. Essentially, the study will be beneficial to the retired
administrators engaged to bridge employment as the study will provide them
necessary information and chance to reflect on their experiences and
eventually help in giving self-reflection and actualization. The findings
revealed the desire of the participants to develop an optimistic attitude and
perception toward “unretirement”.
Based on the findings of the study, the following are concluded:
1. Age does not matter that much for retired administrators to work
effectively and efficiently.
2. Hiring retired administrators in private schools is already a practice in the
field of education.
3. Retired Administrators are well-aware of their functions in the workplace.
4. Retired Administrators are willing to learn even from young and new
people in the field.
5. Retired Administrators had sharpened and polished their skills in their
years in public school that they can easily adapt even when transferred to
private.
6. Retired Administrators are spiritually motivated.
Recommendation
Based on the findings of the study, the following are recommended:
1. Private schools should provide more assistance for employed retirees in
order for them to easily cope up with the new environment.
2. Teachers should be aware that they can learn many things from retired
administrators since they are already experienced and veteran in the field.
3. More researches should be done to further improve and offer interventions
concerning retirees engaged to bridge employment.
Numerous studies can be tackled and tapped which are interesting. Also,
there are phenomena which can be further discussed for better
understanding. With that, it is deemed necessary to qualitatively explore the
lived experiences of the subjects of a particular phenomenon. Through this
study, it can unveil and provide more vivid explanations of things thus, making
one relate the phenomenon deeply. Hence, further research of this kind is
certainly essential.

Researcher’s Personal Reflections

As a researcher, I chose this phenomenon since I came from a family of
teachers: mom, dad, as well as my only sister are teachers. Expectedly, I
grew up surrounded with people in the academe specifically administrators
and I can’t help but wonder why they are already of age but still at the
academe in contrast to my mom who retired at the age of 58 and my dad who
will retire at the age of 60 this year. 
 Admittedly, I also thought that choosing this phenomenon may be
somewhat easier for me to do. My parents know many retired administrators,
evidently, I have the access. Unfortunately, due to the busy schedules of my
supposedly respondents, I was only able to interview six (6).
I found the interview appealing since I am familiar with my subjects. We’ve
known each other for years that I did not feel much pressure. I also found it
satisfying as I have learned and discovered new things about retirees.
Furthermore, I felt fulfilled for I served as an instrument in order for the
retirees to express their thoughts and emotions which may not be uncovered
and expressed if the interview was not conducted. Hopefully, the study will
serve its purpose to bring the participants toward self-actualization through
understanding their lifeworld. 

I. Formulation of a Research Statement

(SOP + Hypothesis / Assumption +Significance of the Study)
Based on the study provided above by Ms. Cruz, kindly outline the following
as it seems your narrating it in your manuscript.

1. State the research design and its importance to Educational Management

Answer: The research design comes with the framework of IV-DV since there are
variables included in the study.

2. Outline the statement of the problem

Answer:
1. How retired administrators live and function as employees again in the same
field in terms of the age that the teachers retire?
2. What are the changes of designation been given to the retired teachers.
3. How may the administration help the retired teachers?
4. what are the programs been given to the retired teachers?

3. Provide hypothesis/assumptions (if necessary)

Answer:
1.The retired teachers are still adapting to the change sin educational approach.
2. The retired teachers find new ways to cope up.
3. The retired teachers find new skills after retirement.

4. State the beneficiaries of the study at least five (5)

Answer:
1. TEACHERS. The study help the teachers to find new skills to cope up with
the changes in new generation in education.
2. SCHOOL. The School may find ways to find programs for the retired
teachers.
 3. NEWBIE TEACHERS. The newbie teachers may learn from the experiences
of retired teachers.
4. ADMINISTRATION. Higher Administration may adapt new orders that will
benefit retiring teachers.
5. FUTURE RESEARCHERS. The study may have gap that other researcher
will investigate.

5. Create a paradigm of the study

Answer:

Retired Teachers Life After RETIREMENT

IV DV

6. Draw a process flow / flow chart on how data gathering will be executed

Profiling of Retired Tracer Study Interview

Teachers

II. Ethics in Research 

Based from the Study of Ms. Cruz given above, kindly answer the following
question with a sound judgment.
 1. What are the ethical principles that have been violated in her study?
Mention at least three (3).
ANSWER:

Respect. We identified four key domains for demonstrating respect, first is the personal
study team interactions, with an emphasis on empathy, appreciation and non-judgment;
second is the study communication processes, including following up and sharing results
with participants; and the inclusion, particularly ensuring materials are understandable.
The researcher has not violated the respect to the respondents but violated the respect to
the study. Since the study is sound to be biased in the terms of not asking for the different
sides of the coins such as the programs given by the particular school to its retirees.
Beneficence is a concept in research ethics that states that researchers should have the
welfare of the research participant as a goal of any clinical trial or other research study.
The antonym of this term, maleficence, describes a practice that opposes the welfare of any
research participant. According to the Belmont Report, researchers are required to follow
two moral requirements in line with the principle of beneficence: do not harm and
maximize possible benefits for research while minimizing any potential harm on others.
These four concepts often arise in discussions about beneficence: one should not practice
evil or do harm, often stated in Latin as Primum non nocere; one should prevent evil or
harm; one should remove evil or harm; and one should practice good.
The researcher also violated the beneficence concept since the output is not directly
addressed and plans are not specifically given.
Justice. In research ethics, justice is the fair selection of research participants. Justice is
the ideal distribution of risks and benefits when scientists conducting clinical research are
recruiting volunteer research participants to participate in clinical trials.
The researcher had not lay down the plans of the school for its retirees. The side of the
school has not mentioned even on the review so the justice of both sides are not entirely
met.

2. Were the respondents informed that they are participating in a study?

Why?
ANSWER:
Yes. They must be. The study needs to do interview so ethical consideration in terms of
privacy must be respected.

3. Were the respondents informed and provided consent (assent for minors)
to participate in the study? Why?
ANSWER:
Yes. The privacy is a legal matter that needs to be addressed.
 4. Were the respondents assured of privacy, confidentially and anonymity?
Why?
ANSWER:
Yes. Thereis no specific name or identification given.

5. What is an informed consent? What are the inclusion for an informed

consent?
ANSWER:
An informed consent is a legal letter that the researcher gives to the respondents to discuss
that the data and process of gathering info is being informed or agreed of both the
researcher and respondents. The inclusions must have the objectives of why there is a need
of data on the respondents, what are the things that the respondents agreed to be
anonymous or not, what are the data that must be included in the study what are the data
that must be reflected on the study.

6. Discuss the importance of an informed consent to Educational

Management (200 words only).

The informed consent is a vital part of privacy. Privacy is a legal matter that must always
be addressed. Consent should be obtained before the participant enters the research
(prospectively), and there must be no undue influence on participants to consent. The
minimum requirements for consent to be informed are that the participant understands
what the research is and what they are consenting to. All research participants must give
their permission to be part of a study and they must be given pertinent information to
make an “informed” consent to participate. This means you have provided your research
participants with everything they need to know about the study to make an “informed”
decision about participating in your research. Researchers must obtain a subject’s (and
parents’ if the subject is a minor) permission before interacting with the subject or if the
subject is the focus of the study. Generally, this permission is given in writing; however,
there are cases where the research participant’s completion of a task (such as a survey)
constitutes giving informed consent. 

III. Data Analysis for Quanti and Quali Research 

Part A: Qualitative Data Analysis. Below are the transcript of narratives from the study
of MR. YARRA focusing on three phenomena of managerial skills.  To assert data
analysis among qualitative research findings, kindly draw the eidetic insights of the
transcribed field notes of the researcher.  Link the three concepts to one another.  Write
at least 300 words of discussion on how managerial skills employed among selected
administrators in the Public Elementary Schools.  State also the implication of this study
in Educational Management.

MANAGERIAL SKILLS AMONG SELECTED ADMINISTRATORS IN

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN THE SECOND
DISTRICT OF BATAAN: A TRIANGULATION by Mr. Ivan Gail R. Yarra –
BPSU EDD Student
1. What managerial skills do the principals possess?
Answers:
Respondent 1 – Mentoring teachers and managing conflicts.
Respondent 2 – Personnel management and human management skills.
Respondent 3 – Sharing the vision with the staff and faculty human relations/resource
management understanding financial statements.
Respondent 4 – Communicate with people and flexibility.
Respondent 5 – A good coordinator, facilitator and adviser to my teachers.
Respondent 6 – Conceptual, Human and Moral assistance.
Respondent 7 – If you are already in a position as a principal, most notably you should
have the highest portion of your managerial skill which referred to the personnel
management or human management skills. For me, this is  what I am working with and
still achieving more until getting 100% Human Relation Skill.
Respondent 8 – I do have skills in different areas but I believe I maximize my skills and
do well in Personnel management and Human management skills.
Respondent 9 – All managerial skills mentioned in the questions.
Respondent 10 – Sharing the vision and mission of the school to the faculty.

2. What strategies would you used in enhancing your principals’ managerial

skills?

Answers:

Respondent 1 – Attending seminars and M.A classes.

Respondent 2 – Attend seminars, leadership training and visit other schools.
Respondent 3 – Updates from reading Department of Education policies, attend
seminars and discussion, reading journals and consulting with others with more
experience. 
Respondent 4 – Benchmarking, attend seminars and trainings.
Respondent 5 – Through attending seminars or conventions that would greatly
enhance those managerial skills of mine.
Respondent 6 – Enhancing and empowering members and staff.
Respondent 7 – Reading articles on how to boost principal’s managerial skills.
Brainstorming with my MAED classmates. 
Respondent 8 – Attend seminars and trainings, try to finish my MA, continue studying
and listen to the advice of the experienced and those in authority.
Respondent 9 – (HRD) Human Resource Development and HRMDS Portal,
Benchmarking best practices.
Respondent 10 – Attending seminars and trainings.

Part B: Quantitative Data Analysis:  Below are the data necessary for quantitative
analysis.  
 IV. Discuss the importance of RESEARCH in Educational Management (at least 100
words). Provide a Working Title in this discussion as applied to your discipline

ANSWER:

The goal of educational research is to develop the existing body of knowledge by

providing solutions to different problems in pedagogy while improving teaching and
learning practices. Educational researchers also seek answers to questions bothering on
learner motivation, development, and classroom management. Based on functionality,
educational research can be classified into fundamental research, applied research, and
action research. The primary purpose of fundamental research is to provide insights into
the research variables; that is, to gain more knowledge. Educational research plays a
crucial role in knowledge advancement across different fields of study. 

1. It provides answers to practical educational challenges using scientific methods.

2. Findings from educational research; especially applied research, are instrumental in
policy reformulation. 
3. For the researcher and other parties involved in this research approach, educational
research improves learning, knowledge, skills, and understanding.
4. Educational research improves teaching and learning methods by empowering you
with data to help you teach and lead more strategically and effectively.
5. Educational research helps students apply their knowledge to practical situations.

Provide a Working Title in this discussion as applied to your discipline.

Answer:
Analysis of Financial Well-being of the School Heads in Bataan; A Basis for Retirement
Plan

V. Discuss exhaustively, scholarly and legibly. No erasures.

 1. What is a cronbach’s alpha?

ANSWER:
Reliability is the degree to which a test consistently measures whatever it measures. Errors
of measurement that affect reliability are random errors. If a person takes the test again,
will he or she get a similar test score, or a much different score. A test that yields similar
scores for a person who repeats the test is said to measure a characteristic reliably.
Cronbach’s alpha is a measure of internal consistency, that is, how closely related a set of
items are as a group. It is considered to be a measure of scale reliability.

2. Differentiate phenomenology, case study, grounded theory and ethnography?

ANSWER:
Phenomenology is the philosophical study of observed unusual people or events as they
appear without any further study or explanation. Case studies involve analysis of small
data sets, such as one or two companies, that may lead the researcher to gain some insights
about trends in relevant industries. Grounded theory involves the collection and analysis of
data. The theory is “grounded” in actual data, which means the analysis and development
of theories happens after you have collected the data. Ethnography is a qualitative method
for collecting data often used in the social and behavioral sciences. 

3. Why is a research design important when conducting a research study?  What is a

research gap? How it will be applied in your practice/discipline? 
ANSWER:
Research design has a significant impact on the reliability of the results obtained. It thus
acts as a firm foundation for the entire research.
Research design is needed because it facilitates the smooth conducting of the various
research operations, thereby making research as efficient as possible yielding maximal
information with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money.

Why is there a need to use a sample instead a total population when gathering data for research?
Explain and justify. 
ANSWER:
If given a choice, I think almost everyone would prefer studies that use the entire
population. Imagine, that the standard deviation you would measure from the entire
population is a population parameter. In fact, since you’re using the population, the
standard deviation would be a true population parameter. So would the average of
something. You would not have to worry about the error that comes from using a sample to
represent the population. The whole margin of error that samplers concern themselves
with, that would not be relevant. The whole idea of indicating to readers the sense of
quality, how much likely error was in your sample, the amount of confidence you report -
given how well you designed your sample - that would not be necessary.
 4. Discuss the rigor or trustworthiness of data analysis in qualitative research.
ANSWER:
To be accepted as trustworthy, researchers must demonstrate that data analysis has been
conducted in a precise, consistent, and exhaustive manner through recording, sys-
tematizing, and disclosing the methods of analysis with enough detail to enable the reader
to determine whether the process is credible. Example of voluntary participation, When
recruiting participants for an experiment, you inform all potential participants that they
are free to choose whether they want to participate, and they can withdraw from the study
anytime without any negative repercussions.

5. Explain in detail why researchers should observe ethical practices when conducting
research or projects. Cite examples according to your discipline of practice.
ANSWER:
Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide your research designs
and practices. These principles include voluntary participation, informed consent,
anonymity, confidentiality, potential for harm, and results communication.

6. Discuss the correct process of construction and validation of an instrument including the
reliability analysis.
ANSWER:
Instrumentation is the process of constructing research instruments that could be used
appropriately in gathering data on the study. The questionnaire, interview and observation
are the most commonly used tools in gathering data. As a process, validation
involves collecting and analyzing data to assess the accuracy of an instrument. There are
numerous statistical tests and measures to assess the validity of quantitative instruments,
which generally involves pilot testing.

7. Discuss the 5 stages of a research process. Illustrate the process. Provide all possible
activities in each stages.
ANSWER:
1. Conceptual phase- The first stage on conceptual phase is formulating a research
problem that is determined by a gap within a particular issue that needs to be
resolve. A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to
be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in
scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful
understanding and deliberate investigation. The next stage is give the RRL or the
review of the related literature. A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources
(such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research
 question. It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation, or research paper, in
order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge. This followed by
constructing the framework of the study. A research framework provides an
underlying structure or model to support our collective research efforts. Up until
now, we’ve referenced, referred to and occasionally approached research as more of
an amalgamated set of activities. But as we know, research comes in many different
shapes and sizes, is variable in scope, and can be used to answer all manner of
questions across all aspects of business, product and delivery. The last stage in
conceptual phase is formulating hypothesis. A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a
research problem that is advanced so that it can be tested.
2. Design and planning phase-The first stage on planning stage is formulating research
design. The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to
integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way,
thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem; it constitutes
the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data. The next stage is
determining the population. A population is the entire group that you want to draw
conclusions about. A sample is the specific group that you will collect data from.
The size of the sample is always less than the total size of the population. In
research, a population doesn't always refer to people. The third stage is sampling.
Sampling is the selection of a subset of the population of interest in a research study.
In the vast majority of research endeavors, the participation of an entire population
of interest is not possible, so a smaller group is relied upon for data collection. The
last stage in planning is formulating research methodology. Research methodology
is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze
information about a topic. In a research paper, the methodology section allows the
reader to critically evaluate a study's overall validity and reliability.
3. Empirical phase- The first step in empirical phase is data collection. Data collection
is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an
established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions,
test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The next step is data interpretation. Data
interpretation refers to the process of using diverse analytical methods to review
data and arrive at relevant conclusions. The interpretation of data helps researchers
to categorize, manipulate, and summarize the information in order to answer
critical questions.
4. Analytical phase- The first step in analytical phase is analysis. An analysis is a
detailed examination of a topic. It involves performing research and separating
results into smaller, logical topics to form reasonable conclusions. It presents a
specific argument about the topic and supports that argument with evidence. The
next step is interpretation. Interpretation refers to the task of drawing inferences
from the collected facts after an analytical and or experimental study. In fact, it is a
search for broader meaning of research findings.
5. Dissemination phase- The last stage refers to its output and disseminating the
benefits. Effective dissemination is simply about getting the findings of your
 research to the people who can make use of them, to maximise the benefit of the
research without delay. Research is of no use unless it gets to the people who need to
use it.

8. If you are to propose a working study for your dissertation (relevant to your specialty),
what would it be?  How will you do it? Discuss briefly the respondents, locale, and
significance of the study. Limit your answers in 300 words only. 
ANSWER:
The concept of financial well-being is something distinctively different from simply
expanding a person’s financial awareness, capability or wellness. It strives to capture the
individual’s willingness to engage, because it allows individuals to create a direct link
between financial capability and achieving their own prioritized ends for themselves and
their families – to secure what matters most to them, which is to provide for who matters
most to them – their loved ones. In very broad terms, there seem to be three major
problems with the current system of defined benefit teacher pensions. First, teacher
pensions may not serve the important dual purposes of increasing employee productivity
and reducing turnover costs to firms that pensions were created to serve according to
economic theory. Second, the current system may not be financially sustainable as large
numbers of teachers retire in the coming years. Finally, the current pension structure may
not be providing the necessary incentives to recruit and maintain a high-quality teaching
force in the twenty-first century.
The Department of Education (DepEd) through the statement of its Secretary,
Leonor M. Briones revealed that the growing debt of public school teachers has reached a
staggering P300 billion as of 2016. The study tries to examine the debt situation among the
public school heads not only to contribute to the body of literature highlighting their
welfare and well-being, but also to put again in the spotlight the financial challenges and
woes that many of these school heads experiences which ultimately may have an effect not
only on the quality of their lives but also on the quality of their work.

9. Based from your answer in no. 9, formulate your statement of the problem.
ANSWER:

This study would like to make an analysis of financial well-being of the school heads
in Bataan in order to make the basis for financial/retirement plan.
Specifically, this study seeks the following questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the school heads in terms of:
a. Age
b. Sex
c. Years in Service
d. Dependents
 2. The Financial Well-being of school heads in terms of:
a. Monthly Income
b. Assets
c. Debt
d. Savings
e. Health Conditions
3. The Financial Plan of school heads in terms of:
a. Retirement Needs
b. Investing Money
c. Providing for the Future
d. Managing Credit Use
4. The Retirement Plan of school heads in terms of:
a. Retirement Needs
b. Investing Money
c. Providing for the Future
d. Managing Credit Use

10. Based from your answer in no. 10, what is your research design? How? Why?

ANSWER:

Behavioral Finance is a part of the financial discipline that examines the relationship
between human behavior and the financial system as well as the behavioral dimension
of the organization where the human and the financial system existed and
acknowledged. Shim and Siegel (1991) said that a person’s behavior is a determining
factor whether he will be successful or not in managing finances. Furthermore, Gitman
(2004) said that the individual financial behavior is the way in which people manage
sources of funds (money) to be used for funding, determination of working capital and
the decision for retirement.
 11. Based from your answer in no. 11, what statistical tool analysis/treatment may be
utilized? 
ANSWER:
The study uses the mean can be used to get an overall idea, or picture, of the data
set. Mean is best used for a data set with numbers that are close together. The median can
be used to get an idea of what values fall above the midpoint and what values fall below the
midpoint.
The researcher also uses H-Value. H is the test statistic for the Kruskal-Wallis test.
Under the null hypothesis, the chi-square distribution approximates the distribution of H.
The Kruskal–Wallis test by ranks, Kruskal–Wallis H test, or one-way ANOVA on ranks is
a non-parametric method for testing whether samples originate from the same distribution.
It is used for comparing two or more independent samples of equal or different sample
sizes. The parametric equivalent of the Kruskal–Wallis test is the one-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA).

12. Based from your answer in no. 12, provide a research paradigm. Discuss the process.
ANSWER:

This study focused on the analysis of financial well-being of the school heads in Bataan

in order to make the basis for financial/retirement plan. The given paradigm served as the

foundation of this paper.

Retirement Credit
Needs Management

Financial
Well-being
Status

Investment Future Plans

 Statistical Method

(Mean, Kruskal-Wallis H Test)

Financial/Retirement Plan

The Figure 1 shows the contributing factors in making Financial and Retirement Plan.
Retirement Needs, Investment, Credit Management and Future Plans of the School Heads
in Bataan will be the bases for the individual Financial Plan. In order to study the gathered
data, the researcher conducts survey questionnaire to assess the following factors in
considering the making of Financial and Retirement Plan. The Financial Experts will
determine these data to come up with individual Financial and Retirement Plan with the

13. Differentiate probability vs non-probability sampling.

ANSWER:
Probability sampling involves random selection, allowing you to make strong statistical
inferences about the whole group. Non-probability sampling involves non-random
selection based on convenience or other criteria, allowing you to easily collect data.

14. What is an anti-plagiarism?

ANSWER:
Anti-plagiarism are the tools to ensure the originality of the study. Anti-plagiarism
applications are beneficial to avoid plagiarism related to citation. These tools identify the
copied contents present in the article uploaded by the writers or students and highlight
those parts.

BONUS! 
 What is a saturation principle/point in qualitative research?
ANSWER:
Data saturation is the point in a research process where enough data has been collected to
draw necessary conclusions, and any further data collection will not produce value-added
insights.

What is the implication of studying RESEARCH in your master’s program? 

ANSWER:
Even if my findings are not going to lead to societal changes, new educational policies, or
an overhaul of the national pension system, they might have important implications for
future research studies. I used a new technique that is more precise or more efficient
especially in educational management and educational innovation that will benefit all
stakeholders in many terms.
 Differentiate parametric and non-parametric tests.
ANSWER:
Parametric statistics are based on assumptions about the distribution of population from
which the sample was taken. Nonparametric statistics are not based on assumptions, that
is, the data can be collected from a sample that does not follow a specific distribution.

 Discuss the criteria in making decision whether to use parametric and non-parametric
tests/measures.
ANSWER:
Parametric tests can analyze only continuous data and the findings can be overly affected
by outliers. Conversely, nonparametric tests can also analyze ordinal and ranked data, and
not be tripped up by outliers. Sometimes you can legitimately remove outliers from your
dataset if they represent unusual conditions.

Congratulations!