MCAT

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1. 1st Year of Life Physical Developments:

-Puts everything in mouth
-Sits with support
-Stands with help
-Crawls
-Pincer grasp
-Follows objects to midline
-One-handed approach
-Feet in mouth
-Bang and rattle
-Changes hands with toy
Social Developments:
-Parental figure central
-Issues of trust
-Stranger anxiety
-Play is solitary and exploratory
Language Developments:
-Laughs aloud
-Repetitive responding
-First word
2. 9+2 Stucture Seen only in eukaryotic organelles of motility. Nine pairs of microtubules forming an outer ring, two
microtubules in the center. Key structure in cilia and flagella.
3. A-band Contains the thick filaments in their entirety including any overlap with thin filaments. During contraction
only the A-band's size remains constant (All of the thick filament)
4. Abductor Moves a part away from the midline of the body
5. ABO Antigens Comprised of three alleles for blood type. A and B are codominant.
6. Absolute Socioeconomic condition in which people do not have enough money or resources to maintain a quality of
Poverty living that includes basic life necessities such as shelter, food, clothing, and water
7. Absolute Minimum intensity at which a stimulus will be transduced (converted into action potentials). Sensation
Threshold threshold.
8. Absorption Involves the transport of products of digestion from the digestive tract into the circulatory system for
distribution to the body's tissues and cells
9. Absorption Exciting the electrons of a particular element releases energy absorption at specific wavelengths
Spectrum
10. Accessory Outgrowths of endoderm from the gut tube during development.
Organs of
Digestion
11. Accomodation When the ciliary muscle contracts and pulls on the suspensory ligaments and changes the shape of the lens
12. Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. For the peripheral nervous
system it is used to transmit nerve impulses to the muscles. In the central nervous system it is linked to
attention and arousal. Voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic nervous system, attention, and alertness.
13. Achieved Status that is gained as a result of one's efforts or choices. Via direct, individual efforts
Status
14. Acinar Cells Produce pancreatic juices
15. Acommodation Process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass this new information that does not fit
neatly into an existing schema
16. Acoustic Hear information to encode it
Encoding
17. Acquisition Process of taking advantage of a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a
conditioned stimulus
18. Acrosomal Tubelike structure which extends to and penetrates the cell membrane
apparatus
19. Acrosome Cap that covers each sperm head. Derived from the Golgi apparatus and is necessary to penetrate the ovum
20. Actin Organized into bundles and networks and are resistant to both compression and fracture which provides
Filaments protection for the cell. Use ATP to generate force for movement by interacting with myosin
21. Action Transmission of electrical impulses down the axon. All-or-nothing. The speed depends on the length and
Potentials cross-sectional area of the axon. Longer length results in higher resistance. Greater cross-sectional area
allows for decreased resistance. The cross-sectional area is a bigger factor.
22. Activation- Dreams are caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry. Mimics incoming sensory
Synthesis information.
Theory
23. Active Immune system is stimulated to process antibodies against a specific pathogen
Immunity
24. Active Metals Have very low ionization energies. Ex: Groups 1 and 2
25. Actual Self Our self-concept or the way we see ourselves.
26. Adaptation Can have both a physiological (sensory) and a psychological (perceptual) component. One way that the mind
and body try to focus attention on only the most relevant stimuli, which are usually changes in the
environment around us. Processes new information
27. Adaptive Idea that one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expessed
28. Adaptive Target a specific pathogen. Slower to act. Can maintain immunological memory of an infection to mount a
Immunity faster attack in subsequent infections
(Specific
Immunity)
29. Adaptive Describes the rapid rise of a number of species from a common ancestor
Radiation
30. Adaptive Extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the
Value species thus leading to adaptation through natural selection
31. Adductor Moves a part toward the midline
32. Admiration Those in which the group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings. High warmth and high
Stereotypes competence
33. Adoption Compare the similarities between biological relatives and the adopted child to similarities between adoptive
Studies relatives and the adopted child.
34. Adrenal Secretes corticosteroids. These are divided into three functional classes: glucocorticoids,
Cortex mineralocorticoids, and critical sex hormones
35. Adrenal Located on top of the kidneys. Consists of a cortex and a medulla.
Glands
36. Adrenal Responsible for the production of the sympathetic hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. Amino-acid
Medulla derivative hormones that are part of a larger classes known as catecholamines.
37. Advantageous Confer a positive selective advantage that may allow the organism to produce more offspring
Mutations
38. Affect Experience and display of empotion
39. Affective Way a person feels toward something. Emotional compnent
40. Affordable USA's attempt to rectify having healthcare by increasing the coverage rate and affordability of insurance for
Care Act all Americans, and also reducing the overall costs of healthcare
(ACA)
41. Age 1 Physical Developments:
-Walks alone
-Climbs stairs alone
-Emergence of hand preference
-Kicks and throws ball
-Pats pictures in book
-Stacks three cubes
Social Developments:
-Separation anxiety
-Dependency on parental figure
-Onlooker play
Language Developments:
-Variation in timing of language developments
-Uses 10 words
42. Age 2 Physical Developments:
-High activity level
-Walks backwards
-Can turn doorknob
-Scribbles
-Stacks six cubes
-Stands on tiptoes
-Able to aim ball
Social Developments:
-Selfish
-Imitates
-May be aggressive
-Recognizes self in mirror
-No is their favorite word
-Parallel play
Language Developments:
-Use of pronouns
-Parents understand most
-Two-word sentences
-250 words
-Identifies by pointing
43. Age 3 Physical Developments:
-Rides tricycle
-Stacks 9 cubes
-Alternates feet going up stairs
-Toilet training
-Draws recognizable figures
-Catches ball with arms
-Cuts paper with scissors
-Unbuttons buttons
Social Developments:
-Fixed gender identity
-Gender-specific play
-Understands taking turns
-Knows full name
Language Developments:
-Complete sentences
-Uses 900 words
-Understands 3600 words
-Strangers can understand
-Recognizes common objects in pictures
-Can answer basic questions
44. Ageism Prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person's age
45. Agents of Family, peers, religion, government, media, work, ethnic background, clubs, school
Socialization
46. Agglutinate Clumping together of pathogens. Easy to be phagocytized.
47. Aggression Behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance. Amygdala plays a key part as well as
hormones such as testosterone level.
48. Agnosia Loss of the ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds, usually one of the three. Caused by physical
damage to the brain.
49. Agoraphobia Anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being in places or in situations where it might be hard for an
individual to escape
50. Agranulocytes Consist of lymphocytes and monocytes.
51. Alarm Initial reaction to a stressor and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. ACTH is later secreted by
the hypothalamus which stimulates the adrenal glands and produces cortisol which maintains a steady
supply of blood sugar necessary to deal with stress.
52. Alar Plate Differentiates into sensory neurons
53. Alcohol Increases activity of the GABA receptor which causes generalized brain inhibition resulting in diminished
arousal. Increases dopamine levels causing a sense of mild euphoria.
54. Alcohol Inability to recognize consequences of actions, creating a short-sighted view of the world
Myopia
55. Aldosterone Steroid hormone that is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to decreased blood pressure.
56. Alertness State of consciousness in which we are awake and able to think. Able to perceive, process, access
information, and express it verbally. Higher cortisol levels
57. Algorithm Formula or procedure for solving a certain type of problem.
58. Aligning Making questionable behavior acceptable through excuses
Actions
59. Alkali Metals Group 1. Classic physical properties of metals, except that their densities are lower than those of others.
Only one electron in outermost shells. Zeff is very low giving the largest atomic radii. Have low ionization
energies, low electron affinities, and low electronegativities. Easily lose an electron to form cations. React
readily with nonmetals.
60. Alkaline Earth Group 2. Possess many properties characteristic of metals. Have slightly higher effective nuclear charges
Metals and thus slightly smaller atomic radii. Have two valence electrons which can be easily removed.
61. Allantois Involved in early fluid exchange between the embryo and the yolk sac. Surrounded by the amnion
62. Allele How often an allele appears in a population
Frequency
63. Alleles Alternative forms
64. Alpha Cells Secrete Glucagon
65. Alpha Waves Occur when we are awake but relaxing with our eyes closed. Somewhat slower than beta waves. More
synchronized.
66. Alter-Casting Imposing an identity onto another person
67. Alternative Does not require antibodies
Pathway
68. Altruism Form of helping behavior in which the person's intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to himself
69. Alzheimer's Degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to the
Disease hippocampus. Marked by progressive dementia, disorientation of place and time, problems with abstract
thought, and memory loss, with atrophy of the brain. Markers include:
-Diffuse atrophy on the brain on CT or MRI
-Flattened sulci in the cerebral cortex
-Enlarged cerebral vesicles
-Deficient blood flow in parietal lobes
-Reduction in levels of acetylcholine
-Reduction in choline acetyltransferase which produces acetylcholine
-Reduced metabolism in temporal and parietal lobes
-Senile plaques of Beta amyloid
-Neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
70. Amacrine Receive input from multiple retinal cells in the same are before the information is passed on to ganglion
(Horizontal cells. Important for edge detection
Cells)
71. Ambivalent Occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child's distress, sometimes responding
Attachment appropriately, sometimes neglectfully. Unable to form a secure base he can consistently rely on. Very
distressed when caregiver leaves but a mixed response when the caregiver returns
72. Amino Acid- Less common than peptide and steroid hormones. Include epinephrine, norepinephrine, triiodothyronine,
Derivative and thyroxine
Hormones
73. Aminopeptidase Peptidase secreted by glands in the duodenum that removes the N-terminal amino acid from a peptide.
Functions in the duodenum and is produced by intestinal glands. Their nutrient is proteins
74. Amnion Thin tough membrane filled with amniotic fluid that serves as a shock absorber during pregnancy which
lessens the impact of maternal motion.
75. Amphetamines Stimulant. Cause increased arousal by increasing release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
Increased heart rate and blood pressure. Causes euphoria, hypervigilance, anxiety, delusions of grandeur,
and paranoia.
76. Amplification Results in an increase in the intensity of the signal
77. Ampulla Widest part of the Fallopian tube. Where fertilization occurs
78. Amygdala Structure that plays an important role in defensive and aggressive behaviors like fear and rage. Small
round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions. Processes the
environment, detects external cues, and learns from the person's surroundings. Part responsible for
associating stimuli and their corresponding rewards or punishments.
79. Anaerobes Use fermentation, or some other form of cellular metabolism that does not require oxygen. Three
types exist:
-Obligate anaerobes
-Facultative anaerobes
-Aerotolerant anaerobes
80. Anal Stage 1 to 3 years. Libido is centered on the anus and gratification is gained through the elimination and
retention of waste materials. Fixation would lead to either excessive orderliness or sloppiness.
81. Anaphase Centromeres split so that each chromatid has its own distinct centromere, allowing the sister
chromatids to separate. The sister chromatids are pulled toward the opposite poles of the cell by the
shortening of the kinetochore fibers
82. Anaphase I Homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.
83. Anaphase II Centromeres divide, separating the chromosomes into sister chromatids. Pulled to opposite poles
by spindle fibers.
84. Andrenocorticotropic Stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids. Comes from Anterior
Hormone (ACTH) Pituitary. Peptide.
85. Androgens Other male sex hormones
86. Androgyny State of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine
87. Angiotensin I Metabolized by angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs to form angiotensin II
88. Angiotensin II Promotes the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
89. Angular Momentum L=mvr
90. Angular Momentum L=(nh)/(2π) n is the principal quantum number, and h is Planck's constant
of Electron (Bohr)
91. Anima Man's inner woman
92. Animal Defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the behavior of another
Communication
93. Animus Woman's inner man
94. Anion Negatively charged atom
95. Anomie Refers to a lack of social norms, or the breakdown of social bonds between an individual and society
96. Antagonistic Pairs One muscles relaxes while the other contracts
97. Anterior Chamber Lies in front of the iris
98. Anterior Controls sexual behavior. When it is destroyed one is asexual.
Hypothalamus
99. Anterior Pituitary Controlled by the hypothalamus. Synthesizes and secretes seven different products. Four of which
are tropic the other three are direct hormones.
Tropic Products:
-Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
-Luteinizing hormone (LH)
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Direct Products:
-Prolactin
-Endorphins
-Growth Hormone (GH)
FLAT PEG
100. Anterograde Not being able to establish new long-term memories but memories before brain injury are still intact
Amnesia
101. Anticipatory Process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, or
Socialization relationships.
102. Antidiuretic Secreted in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolarity. Results in increased blood
Hormone volume and higher blood pressure. Increases reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts of the kidneys.
(ADH) or Comes from the hypothalamus but is released by the posterior pituitary. Peptide.
(Vasopresin)
103. Antigens Surface proteins expressed on red blood cells. It is a target to which the immune system can react
104. Antinormative Behavior against the norm
Behavior
105. Antisocial Cluster B. Pattern of disregard for and violations of the rights of others.
Personality
Disorder
106. Anus Opening through which wastes are eliminated. Consists of two sphincters:
-internal (under involuntary or autonomic control)
-external (under voluntary or somatic control)
107. Anxious- Child is always anxious about the reliability of the caregiver
Ambivalent
Attachment
108. Aphasia Deficit of language production or comprehension
109. Appendicular
Skeleton

Consists of the bones of the limbs, the pectoral girdle, and pelvis.
110. Appendix Small fingerlike projection
111. Appraisal Accepts that there are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced, but that
Model there is a cognitive antecedent to emotional experience
112. Approach- Need to choose between two desirable options
approach
113. Approach- Only one choice but can have a positive and negative aspect
Avoidance
114. Aqueous Bathes the front part of the eye before draining into the canal of Schlemm
Humor
115. Archaea Single-celled organisms that are visually similar to bacteria, but contain genes and several metabolic
pathways that are more similar to eukaryotes than to bacteria. Notable for their ability to use alternative
sources of energy. Contain a single circular chromosome, use binary fission.
116. Archaea and Both are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Both contain a
Bacteria single circular chromosome, divide by binary fission and share a similar structure.
Similarities
117. Archaea and They start translation with methionine, contain similar RNA polymerases and associate their DNA with
Eukaryote histones.
Similarities
118. Archenteron Membrane invagination into the blastocoel. Eventually forms the gut
119. Archetypes Images of common experiences that have an emotional element.
120. Arcuate Fasciulus Bundle of axons that allows appropriate association between language comprehension and speech
production. Connect Broca's area and Wernicke's area.
121. Arousal Psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli
122. Arousal Symptom Include an increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, self-destructive or reckless behavior,
and sleep disturbances.
123. Arousal Theory States that people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal: seeking to
increase arousal when it falls below optimal level, and to decrease arousal when it rises above
optimal level
124. Arteries Carry blood AWAY from the heart. Branch into arterioles which branch into capillaries. Have more
smooth muscle than veins and are also more elastic which causes resistance to the flow of blood.
Contain oxygenated blood.
125. Articular Cartilage Contributes to the joint by coating the articular surfaces of the bones so that impact is restricted
to the lubricated joint cartilage
126. Artifacts Material items that people make, possess, and value
127. Ascending Limb of the Permeable only to salts. Salt concentration decreases as it goes up the loop.
Loop of Henle
128. Ascribed Status One that is given involuntarily, due to such factors as race, ethnicity, gender, and family
background.
129. As electrons go from a AHED:
lower energy level to a -Absorb light
higher energy level -Higher Potential
-Excited
-Distant (from the nucleus)
130. Assimilation Process of classifying new information into existing schemata
131. Association Area Area that integrates input from diverse brain regions.
132. Associative Learning Creation of a pairing, or association, either between two stimuli or between a behavior and a
response.
133. Asters Star-shaped structures that form around the centrosome during mitosis. Formed of microtubules
that anchor the centrioles to the cell membrane
134. Astrocytes Nourish neurons and form the blood-brain barrier, which controls the transmission of solutes
from the bloodstream into nervous tissue
135. Atomic Emission Fingerprint for each element given because element has electrons at different energy levels
Spectrum
136. Atomic Mass Nearly equal to its mass number
137. Atomic Number (Z) Equal to the number of protons found in an atom of an element
138. Atomic Radius Equal to one-half of the distance between the centers of two atoms of an element that are briefly
in contact with each other. Increases going down and going to the left because the because the
increasing negativity of more electrons allows the positive nucleus to pull tighter.
139. Atomic Weight Weighted average of the different isotopes
140. Atrial Kick Additional volume of blood that accounts for about 5-30 percent of cardiac output
141. Atrial Natriuretic Helps regulate salt and water balance. Comes from the heart. Peptide.
Peptide (ANP)
142. Atrial Systole Results in an increase in atrial pressure that forces a little more blood into the ventricles
(Contraction)
143. Attachment Emotional bond between a caregiver and a child. Begins during infancy
144. Attention Refers to concentrating on one aspect of the sensory environment or sensorium
145. Attitude Expression of positive or negative feelings toward a person, place, thing, or scenario. Develop; from
experiences with others who affect our opinions and behaviors. Has three components: Affective, behavioral,
and cognitive
146. Attribute Occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex, but instead they substitute a simpler
Substitution solution or apply a heuristic.
147. Attribution Focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's behavior
Theory
148. Auditory Primary site of most sound processing.
Cortex
149. Auditory Carry electrical signals to the central nervous system
Nerve
150. Auditory Most sound information passes through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brainstem, where it ascends to the
Pathways medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus. From there it projects to the auditory cortex in the
temporal lobe for sound processing. Some information is sent to the superior olive which localizes the sound
and the inferior colliculus which is involved in the startle reflex and helps keep the eyes fixed on a point.
151. Auditory Dominant: Language-related sounds
System Nondominant: Music
152. Aufbau Electrons fill from lower to higher energy subshells.
Principle
153. Authentic Describes who the person actually is, both positive and negative
Self
154. Autolysis Release of enzymes which results in apoptosis. Leads to degradation of cellular components.
155. Automatic Much of the information that we gain is passively absorbed from the environment.
Processing
156. Autonomic Regulates heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretions. Manages the involuntary muscles
Nervous associated with many internal organs and glands. Also helps regulate body temperature by activating
System sweating or piloerection. Contains two neurons the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron. Has
(ANS) two further subdivisions the Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic nervous system. Specific reactions are
related to specific emotions.
157. Autonomy 1 to 3 years. Favorable outcome is feeling able to exert control over the world and to exercise choice as well
vs. Shame as self-restraint. Unfavorable outcome is a sense of doubt and a persistent external locus of control. Is it okay
and Doubt to be me?
158. Availability Used when we try to decide how likely something is
Heuristic
159. Avery, Found that the mouse survived when the strain was treated with an enzyme that degrades DNA. Proves DNA
MacLeod, was the transforming substance.
and
McCarty
160. Avogadro's NA=6.022E23. Equals one mole
Number
161. Avoidance- Need to choose between two negative options
Avoidance
162. Avoidance Meant to prevent the unpleasantness of something that is yet to happen
Learning
163. Avoidance Deliberate attempts to avoid the memories, people, places, activities, and objects associated with the trauma
Symptoms
164. Avoidant Results when the caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child. No preference between caregiver or
Attachment stranger. Show little distress when caregiver leaves
165. Avoidant Personality Cluster C. Extreme shyness and fear of rejection. See themselves as socially inept and isolated.
Disorder
166. Avolition Decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions
167. Axial Skeleton

Consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribcage, and hyoid bond. Provides the basic central
framework for the body.
168. Axon Long appendage that terminates in close proximity to a target structure.
169. Axon Hillocks Integrates the incoming signals
170. Azimuthal (Angular Refers to the shape and number of subshells within a given principal energy level. For any level of n
Momentum) the possible values of l is 0 to (n-1).
Quantum Number (l)
171. Babbling Precursor to language. Begins during their first year.
172. Babinski Reflex Causes the toes to spread apart automatically when the sole of the foot is stimulated
173. Back Stage Goffman. Actor is not being observed by an audience and he is free to act in ways that may not be
congruent with his desired public image
174. Bacteria Contain a cell membrane and cytoplasm. Some have flagella or fimbriae
175. Bacteriophages Viruses that infect bacteria. Do not enter bacteria; rather, they simply inject their genetic material,
leaving the remaining structures outside the infected cell. Consist of nucleic acid, capsid, tail sheath,
and tail fibers
176. Balmer Series Group corresponding to transitions from energy levels n≥3 to n=2
177. Barbituates Anxiety-reducing. Sleep medications. Increase GABA activity causing a sense of relaxation.
178. Basal Body Complex structure that anchors the flagellum to the cytoplasmic membrane and is also the motor of
the flagellum.
179. Basal Ganglia Forebrain. Movement. Coordinate muscle movement as they receive information from the cortex and
relay this information to the brain and the spinal cord. Helps make our movements smooth and our
posture steady.
180. Basal Plate Differentiates into motor neurons
181. Base Rate Fallacy Using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information
182. Basic Anxiety Causes by inadequate parenting. Causes vulnerability and helplessness.
183. Basic Hostility Caused by neglect and rejection. Causes anger.
184. Basic Model of Charles Darwin. Emotional expression involves a number of components: facial expressions,
Emotional behaviors, postures, vocal changes, and physiological changes. Expression is consistent with his
Expression theories on evolution and should be similar across cultures.
185. Basophils Contain large purple granules and are involved in allergic responses. Least populous leukocyte
186. B-Cells Lymphocytes. Responsible for antibody generation. Antigens stimulate this cell to divide and produce
antibodies that neutralize invaders or tag them for killing. Mature in bone marrow. Activated in the
spleen and lymph nodes
187. Behavioral Way a person acts with respect to something.
188. Behavioral Includes facial expressions and body language.
Response
189. Behaviorism Created by B.F. Skinner. Theorizes all behaviors are conditioned.
190. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner. Based heavily on the concepts of operant conditioning.
191. B Elements Include the transition elements which have valence electrons in the s and d subshells, and the
(Nonrepresentative lanthanide and actinide series, which have valence electrons in the s and f subshells
Elements)
192. Belief Something that an individual accepts to be true
193. Belief Inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary
Perseverance
194. Beneficence Physician has a responsibility to act in the patient's best interest
195. Benzodiazepines Now used as sleep medications because of the decreased chance of overdose.
196. Beta Cells Secrete Insulin
197. Beta Waves High frequency and occur when the person is alert or attending to a mental task that requires
concentration.
198. Bicarbonate Protects mucosa
199. Bicarbonate Buffer Major regulator of blood pH. CO₂(g)+H₂O(l)⇌H₂CO₃(aq)⇌H⁺(aq)+HCO₃⁻(aq)
System
200. Big Five Uses dimensions of five traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and
neuroticism
201. Bile Complex fluid composed of bile salts, pigments, and cholesterol. Necessary for proper digestion.
Emulsifies fat. Functions in the duodenum and is produced by the liver but stored in the gallbladder.
Their nutrient is lipids.
202. Bile Ducts Connect the liver with both the gallbladder and small intestine
203. Bile Salts Derived from cholesterol. Serve an important role in the mechanical digestion of fats and ultimately
facilitate the chemical digestion of lipids. They emulsify fats and cholesterol into micelles.
204. Bilirubin Major pigment in bile. Byproduct of the breakdown of hemoglobin
205. Binary Fission Simple form of asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotes. Equal nuclear and cytoplasmic division. The
circular chromosome attaches to the cell wall and replicates while the cell continues to grow in size.
Eventually, the plasma membrane and cell wall begin to grow inward along the midline of the cell to
produce two identical daughter cells.
206. Binocluar Cues Slight difference in images projected on the two retinas and the angle required to bring an object into
focus
207. Biological Holds that personality can be explained as a result of genetic expression in the brain.
Perspective
208. Biomedical Includes interventions that rally around symptom reduction of psychological disorders. Assumes that
Approach any disorder has roots in biomedical disturbances and thus the solution should be biomedical.
209. Biometric Statistical analysis of biological data
Techniques
210. Biopsychosocial Assumes that there are biological, psychological, and social components to an individual's disorder.
Approach The biological components is something in the body. The psychological component stems from the
individual's thoughts, emotions, or behaviors. The social component results from the individual's
surroundings and can include issues of perceived class and even discrimination.
211. Bipolar Cells Highlight gradients between adjacent rods or cones. Synapse with ganglion cells
212. Bipolar Major type of mood disorder characterized by both depression and mania. Biological factors include:
Disorders -Increased norepinephrine and serotonin
-Higher risk if parent has bipolar disorder
-Higher risk for persons with multiple sclerosis
213. Bipolar I Manic episodes with or without major depressive episodes
Disorder
214. Bipolar II Hypomania with at least one major depressive episode.
Disorder
215. Birth Also known as parturition. Accomplished by rhythmic contractions of uterine smooth muscle, and
coordinated by prostaglandins and the peptide hormone oxytocin. Has three phases:
-Water breaking: Cervix thins out and the amniotic sac ruptures
-Strong uterine contractions result in the birth of the fetus
-Placenta and umbilical cord are expelled; called afterbirth
216. Birth Rate Children per 1000 people per year
217. Bisexual Attraction to members of both sexes
218. Blastopore Opening of the archenteron. Develops into the anus in deuterosomes. In proteosomes it develops into the
mouth.
219. Blastula A hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled inner cavity known as blastocoel
220. Blastulation Turns the morula into the blastula
221. Blood 55% liquid and 45% cells. Also carries nutrients, waste products, and hormones
222. Blood DeltaP=CO x TPR
Pressure -DeltaP is the pressure differential across the circulation
-CO is the cardiac output
-TPR is the total peripheral resistance
223. Blunting Severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression
224. Body Unrealistic negative evaluation of his or her personal appearance and attractiveness, usually directed toward
Dysmorphic a certain body part.
Disorder
225. Bohr Effect Shifts to the right due to increased PaCO₂, increased H⁺, decreased pH, and increased temperature
226. Bohr Model Hydrogen atom consisted of a central proton around which an electron traveled in a circular orbit`
227. Bond Energy required to break a bond by separating its components into their isolated, gaseous atomic states. The
Energy greater the number of pairs of electrons shared between the atomic nuclei, the more energy is required to
break the bonds holding the atoms together. Triple bonds have the greatest bond energy
228. Bond Average distance between the two nuclei of atoms in a bond. The more shared electron pairs the shorter the
Length bond length.
229. Bond Order The number of shared electron pairs between two atoms
230. Bone Connective tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm. Much harder than cartilage but is relatively lightweight.
231. Bone Produces all of the leukocytes that participate in the immune system. May be red or yellow. Fill the cavities
Marrow between trabeculae
232. Bone Matrix Where the strength of compact bone comes from. Has organic and inorganic components. Organic
components include collagen, glycoproteins, and other peptides. The inorganic components include calcium,
phosphate, and hydroxide ions, which harden together to from hydroxyapatite crystals (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂).
Sodium, magnesium, and potassium are also stored in the bone.
233. Bony Contains the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals. Mostly filled by the membranous labyrinth which is
Labyrinth bathed with potassium-rich endolymph.
234. Borderline Cluster B. Pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image. Intense and unstable.
Personality Profound identity disturbances. Intense fear of abandonment. May use splitting where they view others as
Disorder good or bad.
235. Bottom-up Object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection. Brain takes individual stimuli and combines
Processing them together to create a cohesive image before determining what the object is
236. Bourgeoisie Haves
237. Brainstem Lies at the base of the brain. Responsible for basic life functions such as breathing. Hindbrain and
midbrain.
238. Breakdown Done by AChE. Is an enzymatic reaction that breaks down neurotransmitters
of
acetylcholine
(ACh)
239. Broca's Area Part of the frontal lobe in the inferior frontal gyrus. Important for speech production. Found in the left
hemisphere.
240. Broca's Speech comprehension is intact but the patient will have a reduced ability to produce spoken language
(Expressive)
Aphasia
241. Brown Fat Much less efficient electron transport chain, so more heat is released as fuel is burned. More common in
infants.
242. Brush-border Present on the luminal surface of cells lining the duodenum and break down dimers and trimers of
Enzymes biomolecules into absorbable monomers
243. Bulbourethral Produce a clear viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra
(Cowper's)
Glands
244. Bureaucracy Rational system of political organization, administration, discipline, and control. Six characteristics:
-Paid officials on a fixed salary
-Officials who are provided rights and privileges
-Regular salary increases, and seniority Rights
-Officials who enter the organization by holding an advanced degree
-Responsibilities, obligations, and privileges defined by the organization
-Responsibility for meeting the demands of one's position
245. Bystander Occurs in social group wherein individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present.
Effect Likelihood and timeliness of response is inversely related to the number of bystanders. More people, less
likely to help. Due to the fact that people are less likely to notice danger in groups and the fact that if
others are not responding an individual is inclined to do the same
246. Calcitonin Tones down calcium levels in the blood. Produced by C-cells. Acts to decrease plasma calcium levels in
three ways: increased calcium excretion from the kidneys, decreased calcium absorption from the gut, and
increased storage of calcium in the bone. High levels of calcium in the blood stimulate secretion of
calcitonin from the C-cells. Comes from the Thyroid. Peptide. Promotes bone formation.
247. Calluses Form from excessive keratin deposition in areas of repeated strain due to friction. Provide protection to
avoid future damage.
248. Canaliculi Tiny channels that interconnect the lacunae. Allows for the exchange of nutrients and wastes between
osteocytes and the Haversian and Volkmann's canals
249. Cannon-Bard Hypothesized that psychological arousal and feeling an emotion occur at the same time, not in sequence.
Theory of Nervous system arousal and conscious emotion -> Action
Emotion
250. Capilaries Vessels with a single endothelial cell layer and are so small that red blood cells must pass through the
capillaries in a single-file line. Their thin walls allows easy diffusion of gases.
251. Capitalist Focus on free market trade and laissez-faire policies, where success or failure of business is driven by
consumerism with as little intervention from central governing bodies as possible
252. Capsid Protein coat of a virus
253. Cardiac Muscle Has characteristics of both smooth and skeletal muscle types. Primarily uninucleated. May contain two
nuclei. Involuntary and innervated by the autonomic nervous system. Appears striated. Respond to
nervous input but do not require external signals to undergo contraction. Autonomic. Ca²⁺ required for
contraction
254. Cardiac Output Total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute. Product of heart rate and stroke volume. CO=HR x
SV
255. Cardinal Traits Gordon Allport. Traits around which a person organize his or her life
256. Carl Jung Thought of libido as psychic energy. Identified the ego as the conscious mind, and divided the
unconscious into two parts: the personal unconscious (similar to Freud's) and the collective unconscious
257. Cataplexy Loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours
258. Catatonia Refers to certain motor behaviors characteristic of some people with schizophrenia. May maintain a rigid
posture and have reduced spontaneous movement.
259. Catch Trials Trials in which the signal is presented
260. Catecholamines Includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Also known as monoamines or biogenic amines.
261. Catecholamines Extremely fast onsets but are short lived. Increase blood glucose concentrations and heart rate; dilate
(Epinephrine bronchi; alter blood flow patterns. Comes from adrenal medulla. Amino acid derivative
and
Norepinephrine)
262. Categorical Ability to learn when subtle differences between speech sounds represent a change in meaning or not
Perception
263. Cation Positively charged atom
264. Cecum Outpocketing that accepts fluid exiting the small intestine through the ileoceal valve and the site of
attachment of the appendix
265. Cell-Mediated Provided by T-Cells
Immunity
266. Cell Migration Cell ability to disconnect from adjacent structures and migrate to their correct location
267. Cell Theory Foundational belief in modern biology that
-All living things are composed of cells
-The cell is the basic functional unit of life
-Cells arise only from preexisting cells
-Cells carry genetic information in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This genetic material is
passed on from parent to daughter cell
268. Cellular Portion Has three major categories: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
of Blood
269. Cell Wall The outer barrier of the cell. Provides structure and controls the movement of solutes into and out of the
bacterium. Allows the cell to maintain concentration gradients relative to the environment. There are two
types of cell walls
-Gram Positive
-Gram Negative
270. Central Nervous Composed of the brain and spinal cord. Brain consists of white and grey matter
System (CNS)
271. Central Traits Gordon Allport. Major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer
272. Centration Tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon, or inability to understand the concept of
conservation
273. Centrioles Small organelle in the cytoplasm of animal cells. Found in the centrosome. They are organizing centers
for microtubules and are structured as nine triplets of microtubules with a hollow center. During mitosis
they migrate to opposite poles of the cell and organize the mitotic spindle. Attach at kinetochores and
pull the sister chromatids apart.
274. Centromere Area of a chromosome where sister chromatids are joined; it is also the point of
attachment to the spindle fiber during mitosis and meiosis
275. Centrosomes The area of a chromosome where sister chromatids are joined; it is also the point
of attachment to the spindle fiber during mitosis and meiosis
276. Cerebellum Top of the hindbrain. Refined motor movements. Structure that helps maintain
posture and balance and coordinate body movements
277. Cerebral Cortex Outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres. Forebrain. Complex perceptual,
cognitive, and behavioral processes. Sometimes called the neocortex. Has
numerous bumps and folds called gyri and sulci respectively.
278. Cerebral Hemispheres Halves of the cerebrum
279. Cerebrospinal Fluid Aqueous solution in which the brain and spinal cord rest; produced by specialized
cells that line the ventricles of the brain
280. Cervix Lower end of the uterus that connects to the vaginal canal, where sperm are
deposited during intercourse.
281. Chalcogens Group 16. Electric group of nonmetals and metalloids. Crucial for normal
biological functions. Have six valence electrons. Small atomic radii and large ionic
radii. Includes oxygen and sulfur. Those down the group are toxic or damaging
282. Characteristic Institution Where the basic organization of society is found.
283. Chemical Bonds Strong attractive forces which are formed via the interaction of the valence
electrons of the combining atoms
284. Chemical Digestion Enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds, such as the peptide bonds of proteins or
the glycosidic bonds of starches
285. Chemical Synapses Use small molecules called neurotransmitters to send messages from one cell to
the next
286. Chemotaxis Ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or away from them.
Sensing of certain products given off by bacteria and migration of neutrophils to
follow these products back to the source
287. Chiasma Point of contact where chromosomes may break and cross over
288. Chief Cells Secrete pepsinogen which is the inactive zymogen form of pepsin
289. Child Abuse Most commonly manifests as neglect, although physical, sexual and psychological
abuse are also common
290. A child is diagnosed with an enzyme Peroxisomes are dependent on hydrogen peroxide for their functions, so an
deficiency that prevents the production enzyme deficiency that results in an inability to digest very long chain fatty acids.
of hydrogen peroxide. What would the These fatty acids would build up in peroxisomes until most of the cellular contents
likely outcome be of such a deficiency? were displaced by oversized peroxisomes. Would ultimately result in cell death.
291. Cholecystokinin (CCK) Secreted in response to the entry of chyme into the duodenum. Stimulates the
release of both bile and pancreatic juices.
292. Chorion Extraembryonic membrane that develops into the placenta. Formed from
trophoblastic cells
293. Chorionic Villi Formed from trophoblasts. Microscopic fingerlike projections that penetrate the
endometrium. Support maternal-fetal gas exchange
294. Choroidal Vessels Complex intermingling of blood vessels between the sclera and the retina
295. Chromatid Each of the two chromosomal strands formed by DNA replication in the S phase of
the cell cycle; held together by the centromere
296. Chromosmes What all genes are organized into.
297. Chromosomal Mutations Larger-scale mutations in which large segments of DNA are affected.
298. Chunking Memory tricks that involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together
into groups of elements with related meaning
299. Church Large, universal religious group that can be divided into multiple coexisting denominations
300. Chyle Lymphatic fluid carrying many chymlomicrons
301. Chylomicrons Packaged triglycerides and esterfied cholesterol molecules. Enter the lymphatic circulation through
lacteals
302. Chyme Acidic; semifuid mixture caused by the digestion of solid food. Has a significant increase in surface
area
303. Chymotrypsin(ogen) Hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds; activated by trypsin. Produced in the pancreas by acinar cells.
Function in the duodenum. Their nutrient is proteins.
304. Ciliary Body Produces the aqueous humor
305. Circadian Rhythms Internally generated rhythms. Affected by external cues such as light.
306. Class Refers to socioeconomic status.
307. Class Organization of the working class around shared goals and recognition of a need for collective
Consciousness political action
308. Classical Type of associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create
Conditioning associations between two unrelated stimuli. Works because some stimuli cause an innate or reflexive
physiological response.
309. Classical Pathway Requires the binding of an antibody to a pathogen
310. Cleavage Rapid mitotic cell divisions. First cleavage officially creates an embryo. Increases surface area-to-
volume ratio and the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. Two types of cleavage: Indeterminate and
Determinate
311. Client-Centered/ Carl Rogers. Believed people have freedom to control their own behavior. Helps the client reflect on
Person-Centered/ problems, make choices, generate solutions, take positive action, and determine his or her own
Nondirective Theory destiny.
312. Clonal Selection Only B-cells that can bind with the antigen at high affinity survive
313. Closed Sodium Before the cell reaches threshold, and after inactivation has been reversed
Channels
314. Cluster A Paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid (Weird).
315. Cluster B Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic (Wild)
316. Cluster C Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive (Worried)
317. Coagulation Factors Sense tissue factor and initiate a complex activation cascade. The endpoint of the cascade is the
activation of prothrombin to form thrombin which is achieved by thromboplastin. Thrombin can
convert fibrinogen into fibrin which forms small fibers that create a cross-link structure that captures
red blood cells and other platelets
318. Cocaine Stimulant. Originates from the coca plant. Decreases reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and
serotonin.
319. Cochlea Spiral-shaped organ divided into three parts called scalae. Sound entering the cochlea causes
vibrations in perilymph which are transmitted to the basilar membrane. Tonotopically organized
320. Cocktail Party When you are paying attention but can still hear your name
Phenomenon
321. Cognition Looks at how our brains process and react to the information overload presented to us by the word
322. Cognitive Way an individual thinks about something. Justification for the other two components
323. Cognitive Appraisal Subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress. Has two stages primary and secondary
324. Cognitive Development of one's ability to think and solve problems across the lifespan. During childhood it is
Development limited by the pace of brain maturation.
325. Cognitive Simultaneous presence of two opposing thought or opinions
Dissonance
326. Cognitive We are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as
Neoassociation being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain.
Model
327. Cognitive Merely the sleeping counterpart of stream-of-consciousness.
Process Dream
Theory
328. Cognitive Subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced.
Response
329. Collective Ignoring warnings against the idea of the group
Rationalization
330. Collective Powerful system that is shared among all humans and considered to be a residue of the experiences of
Unconscious our early ancestors
331. Colon Divided into ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colons. Absorbs water and salts from the
undigested material left over from the small intestine. Concentrates remaining material to form feces.
332. Color If an object absorbs a given color of light and reflects all others, our brain mixes these subtraction
frequencies and we perceive the complementary color of the frequency that was absorbes.
333. Communication Ability to convey information by speech, writing, signals, or behavior
334. Compact Bone Where bone's characteristic strength comes from. Dense and strong.
335. Competent Cell that is able to respond to the inducing signal
336. Complement Consists of a number of proteins in the blood that act as a nonspecific defense against bacteria. Can be
System activated through a classical or an alternative pathway. Proteins punch holes in the cell walls of bacteria.
337. Complete Only one dominant and one recessive allele exist for a given gene
Dominance
338. Complete Stem cells migrate to the necessary part of the body to initiate regrowth
Regeneration
339. Completion of Haploid pronuclei of the sperm and the ovum join creating a diploid zygote
meiosis II
340. Compliance Change in behavior base on a direct request. Person who asks is an equal.
341. Concordance Refer to the likelihood that both twins exhibit the same trait.
Rates
342. Concrete Lasts from about 7 to 11 years of age. Understand conservation and consider the perspectives of others.
Operational Able to engage in logical thought as long as they are working with concrete objects or information that is
Stage directly available. These children have not yet developed the ability to think abstractly.
343. Conditioned Normally neutral stimulus that, through association, now causes a reflexive response called a conditioned
Stimulus response
344. Conduction When the arcuate fasciulus is affected. Patient is unable to repeat something that has been said because
Aphasia the connection between Broca's and Wernicke's area has been lost.
345. Conductors Electrons free to move
346. Cones 6 million in the retina. Used for color vision and fine details. Most effective in bright light and come in
three forms: S (blue), M (green), L (red)
347. Confabulation Process of creating vivid but fabricated memories.
348. Confirmation Tendency to focus on information that fits an individual's beliefs, while rejecting information that goes
Bias against them
349. Conflict Theory Marx. Focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the
maintenance of social order
350. Conformity Matching one's beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors to societal norms. Also known as majority influences.

351. Conjugated Attached to a protein

352. Conjugation Bacterial form of sexual reproduction. Involves two cells forming a conjugation bridge between them that
allows for the transfer of genetic material. Is unidirectional, from the donor male (+) to the recipient
female (-). Conjugation bridge is made of sex pili. Bacteria must contain plasmids known as sex factors
that contain the necessary genes. Entire genome replicates. A plasmid can be transferred from F+ to F-
cells or a portion of the genome can be transferred from an Hfr cell to a recipient.
353. Connective Animal tissue composed of cells lying in an extracellular proteinaceous network that supports the body
Tissue and provides a framework for the epithelial cells to carry out their functions. Main contributors to the
stroma or support structure. Most cells in connective tissues produces and secrete materials such as
collagen and elastin to form the extracellular matrix. Ex: Fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and chondroblasts
354. Conscience Collection of the improper actions for which a child is punished. Part of the superego
355. Conscious Continuous access
356. Consciousness One's level of awareness in both the world and one's own existence within that world. States include:
-Alertness
-Sleep
-Dreaming
-Altered
357. Consensus Extent to which a person's behavior differs from others
Cues
358. Conservation When a child does not understand the concept they are unable to tell that the quantities of are equal and
will focus mainly on the number of slices on the plate rather than the actual quantity
359. Consistency Consistent behavior of a person over time
Cues
360. Constancy Refers to the idea that we perceive certain characteristics of objects to remain the same, despite
differences in the environment
361. Constant All individuals with a given genotype express the same phenotype
Expressivity
362. Constant Area of antibody that cells such as natural killer cells, macrophages, monocytes, and eosinophils have
Region receptors for and can initiate a complementary cascade
363. Contemptuous Those in which the group is viewed with resentment, annoyance, or anger. Low warmth and low
Stereotypes competence
364. Context Common retrieval cue. Memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place.
Effects
365. Continuous Fixed-ratio schedule in which the behavior is rewarded every time it is performed
Reinforcement
366. Contraction Starts at the neuromuscular junction, where the nervous system communicates with muscles via motor
Initiation (efferent) neurons. The signal travels down the neuron until it reaches the nerve terminal (synaptic bouton)
where acetylcholine is released into the synapse. The nerve terminal can also be called the motor end
plate. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the sarcolemma causing depolarization. Each nerve terminal
controls a group of myocytes; the nerve terminal and its myocytes constitute a motor unit. Depolarization
triggers an action potential, which spreads down the sarcolemma to the T-tubules.The T-tubules travel
into the muscle tissues to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca²⁺ is ultimately released. Calcium ions bind to a
regulatory subunit in troponin which triggers a change in the confirmation of tropomyosin to which
troponin is bound. This change exposes the myosin-binding sites on the actin thin filament.
367. Contralaterally One side of the brain communicates with the opposite side of the body.
368. Controlled Active memorization where we work to gain iformation
(Effortful)
Processing
369. Conventional Begins to develop in early adolescence when individuals begin to see themselves in terms of their
Morality relationships to others. Based on accepting social rules. Stage three (conformity) places emphasis on the
orientation of seeking the approval of others. Stage four (law and order) maintains the social order in the
highest regard.
370. Convergent Independent development of similar characteristics in two or more lineages not sharing a recent common
Evolution ancestor.
371. Conversion Characterized by unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions. Generally begin
Disorder soon after the individual experiences high levels of stress or a traumatic event but may not develop until
some time has passed after the initiating experience.
372. Cooperation Both the donor and recipient benefit by cooperating
373. Coordinate Both of the shared electrons are contributed by only one of the two atoms. Typically found in Lewis acid-
Covalent base reactions
374. Coping with Problem-focused strategies work to overcome a stressor with the help of family or other social support.
Stress Emotionally focused strategies center on changing one's feelings about the stressor. Exercise is also
effective. Relaxation such as meditation is another stress reducer.
375. Cornea Clear, domelike window in the front of the eye which gathers and focuses the incoming light first.
376. Corona Lies outside the zona pellucida and is a layer of cells that adhered to the oocyte during ovulation
Radiate
377. Corpus Luteum Remnant follicle that remains after ovulation in response to Luteinizing Hormone (LH). Involved in the
development and maintenance of the endometrium but not in the initial thickening of the endometrium.
378. Correct Subject correctly identifies that no signal was given
Negatives
379. Correspondent Focuses on the intentionality of others' behavior. When an individual unexpectedly performs a behavior
Inference that helps or hurts us, we tend to explain the behavior by dispositional attribution.
Theory
380. Cortical Release of calcium ions after penetration of sperm through the cell membrane. The ions depolarize the
Reaction membrane of the ovum in order to prevent fertilization by multiple sperm cells and increase the metabolic
rate of the new zygote
381. Cortical Sex Include androgens and estrogens.
Hormones
382. Corticosteroid Salt, sugar, and sex
Functions
383. Cortisol Steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex. Levels slowly increase during early morning because
increasing light causes the release of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) from the hypothalamus. CRF
causes the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary which stimulates
cortisol release.
384. Cots Composed of both coagulation factors and platelets, and the minimize blood loss. When platelets come in
contact with exposed collagen
385. Counterculture Subculture group gravitates toward the identity that is at odds with the majority culture.
386. Covalent Electron pair is shared between two atoms, typically nonmetals, that have relatively similar values of
Bonding electronegativity. The degree to which the pair of electrons depends on the polarity in the covalent bond.
If it is shared equally the bond is nonpolar, if it is unequal it is polar. Those with covalent bonds tend to
have lower melting and boiling points.
387. Crack Form of cocaine that can be smoked.
388. Creatine Created by transferring a phosphate group from ATP to creatine during times of rest.
Phosphate Creatine + ATP ⇌ Creatine Phosphate + ADP
389. Creative Self Force by which each individual shapes his uniqueness and establishes his personality
390. Cretinism Mental retardation or a developmental delay often caused by a deficiency in Thyroid hormones
391. Cristae Infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Increase the surface area available for electron
transport chain enzymes.
392. Critical Between two years and puberty. If no language exposure occurs during this time, later training is largely
Period ineffective.
393. Crossing Occurs at the chiasma. Equivalent pieces of DNA are exchanged. Single and double crossovers can occur.
Over Occurs between homologous chromosomes. Provides genetic diversity.
394. Crude Rate Total rate for a population
395. Crystalline Consists of repeating positive and negative ions. Attractive forces between oppositely charged ions are
Lattice maximized, and the repulsive force between ions of like charges are minimized
396. Crystallized More related to use of learned skills and knowledge. Peaks in middle adulthood.
Intelligence
397. Cult Religious sect that takes on extreme or deviant philosophies
398. Cultural Process by which an individual's or group's behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group.
Assimilation Integrates new aspects of a society and culture with old ones, transforming the culture.
399. Cultural Cultural difference impedes interaction with others
Barriers
400. Cultural Benefits one receives from knowledge, abilities, and skills
Capital
401. Cultural Spread of norms, customs, and beliefs throughout the culture
Diffusion
402. Cultural Perception of another culture as different from one's own but with the recognition that the cultural values,
Relativism mores, and rules of a culture fit into that culture itself.
403. Cultural Recognition and respect of differences between cultures, and research ethics.
Sensitivity
404. Cultural Shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors among members of the same culture that are
Syndrome organized around a central theme. Influence the rules for expressing or suppressing emotions and can even
influence the ways emotions are experienced.
405. Cultural Manner in which a society socializes its members
Transmission
or Cultural
Learning
406. Culture Beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people. Learned by living within a
society, observing behaviors and traits, and adopting them. Encompassing the entire lifestyle for a given
group
407. Culture Lag Symbolic culture is usually slower to change than material culture
408. Culture Dramatic cultural differences
Shock
409. Cyclins and Responsible for the cell cycle. CDKs require the presence of the right cyclins. Concentrations of the various
Cyclin cyclins increase and decrease during specific stages. These bind to CDKs creating an activated CDK-cyclin
Dependent complex. This complex can then phosphorylate transcription factors which then promote transcription of
Kinases genes required for the next stage of the cell cycle.
(CDK)
410. Cyclothymic Combination of hypomanic episodes and periods of dysthymia that are not severe enough to qualify as
Disorder major depressive episodes
411. Cytokines Chemical substances that stimulate inflammation and recruit additional immune cells to the area.
412. Cytokinesis Division of materials between daughter cells. Actin filaments organize as a ring at the site of division
between the two new daughter cells. The actin filaments within the ring contract, the ring becomes smaller,
eventually pinching off the connection between the two daughter cells.

413. Cytoplasmic or Extranuclear The transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus.
Inheritance
414. Cytoskeleton Has three components: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
415. Cytotoxic T-cells (Tc) or CTL Capable of directly killing virally infected cells by injecting toxic chemicals that promote
for Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes apoptosis into the infected cell. Best against intracellular infections. Responds to MHC-I.
or CD8⁺ T-Cells
416. Darwin's Theory -Organisms produce offspring, few of which survive to reproductive maturity
-Chance variations within individuals in a population may be heritable. If these variations
give an organism a slight survival advantage, the variation is termed favorable
-Individuals with a greater tendency of these favorable variations are more likely to survive
and produce offspring
417. Death Phase Occurs after the bacteria have exceeded the ability of the environment to support the
number of bacteria.
418. Deductive (top-down) Starts from a set of general rules and draws conclusions from the information given.
Reasoning
419. Defense Mechanisms Ego's recourse for relieving anxiety caused by the clash of the id and superego. First they
deny, falsify, or distort reality. Second they operate unconsciously.
420. Degranulation Exocytosis of granule contents
421. Deindividuation Occurs in group settings. Individual behavior can be dramatically different in social
environments.Thought to be due to the fact that large groups provide anonymity and a loss
of individual identity. Further enhanced with masks
422. Deleterious Mutations Detrimental
423. Deletion Mutations Occur when a large segment of DNA is lost from a chromosome.
424. Delirium Rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and caused by medical causes
425. Delta Cells Secrete Somatostatin
426. Delusions False beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others in the individual's culture that
are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary.
427. Delusions of Grandeur The belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way, such as being an inventor,
historical figure, or religious icon
428. Delusions of Persecution The belief that the person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against,
plotted against, or threatened.
429. Delusions of Reference Involve the belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the
individual
430. Dementia Loss of cognitive function. Begins with impaired memory, but later progresses to impaired
judgement and confusion.
431. Democracy Allows every citizen a political voice, usually through electing representatives to office
432. Demographics Statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology
433. Demographic Shift General term referring to changes in population makeup over time
434. Demographic Shifts Changes in the makeup of a population over time
435. Demographic Transition Specific example of demographic shift referring to changes in birth and death rates in a
country as it develops from a preindustrial to industrial economic system. Has four
stages.
-Stage 1: Preindustrial society; birth and death rates are both high
-Stage 2: Improvements in healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages cause death rates
to drop
-Stage 3: Improvements in contraception, women's rights, and a shift from an
agricultural to an industrial economy cause birth rates to drop. Further with an
industrializing society, children must go to school for many years to be productive in
society and need to be supported by parents for a longer time
-Stage 4: An industrialized society; birth and death rates are both low
436. Dendrites Appendages emanating directly from the soma. Receive incoming messages from other
cells.
437. Dendritic Cell Presents antigens to adaptive immune cells. Induces cells to attack bearers of the
displayed antigen
438. Denominations (Sects) Share certain beliefs and practices but not others
439. Dependent Personality Disorder Characterized by a continuous need for reassurance. Remain dependent on one specific
person.
440. Depersonalization/Derealization Individuals feel detached from their own mind and body (depersonalization) or from their
Disorder surrounding (derealization). Presents a feeling of automation and can lead to failure to
recognize one's reflection.
441. Depressants Reduce nervous system activity, resulting in a sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety.
442. Depressive Disorders Must meet certain severity an duration required for diagnosis. Markers include:
-Abnormally high glucose metabolism
-Hippocampal atrophy
-High levels of cortisol
-Decreased norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
443. Depth Perception Rely on both monocular and binocular cues.
444. Dermis Consists of multiple layers. Where sweat glands, blood vessels, and hair follicles originate
445. Descending Limb of the Loop of Dives deep into the medulla before becoming the Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle.
Henle Permeable only to water. Favors outflow of water.
446. Determinate Cleavage Results in cells with fates that are already determined. Cells are committed to
differentiating into a certain type of cell. Can be separate
447. Determination Commitment of a cell to having a particular function in the future. The presence of
specific mRNA and protein molecules may result in determination. Can also occur due to
secretion of morphogens from nearby cells.
448. Detrusor Muscle Muscular lining of the bladder.
449. Deviace Any violation of norms, rules, or expectation within a society.
450. Diabetes Mellitus Hyperglycemia or excess glucose in the blood.
451. Diagnostic and Statistical Originally used to collect statistical data in the United States. It is now used as a
Manual of Mental Disorders diagnostic tool in the United States and other countries. Current is DSM-5. It is based on
(DSM) descriptions of symptoms.
452. Diamagnetic Materials consisting of atoms that have only paired electrons and are slightly repelled by
a magnetic field
453. Diaphragm Thin, muscular structure that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Under
somatic control.
454. Dichorionic/ Diamniotic Own amnion and own chorion

455. Dictatorship System where a single person holds power, and usually includes mechanism to quell threats to this
power
456. Difference Minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference.
Threshold (Just-
notable difference
[jnd])
457. Differential Deviance can be learned through interactions with others. Intimate exposure to others who engage in
Association Theory deviant behavior lays the groundwork for one to engage in deviant behavior. The degree to which one
is surrounded by ideals that adhere to social norms vs. ideals that go against them
458. Differential When mutation or recombination results in a change that is favorable to the organism's reproductive
Reproduction success, that change is more likely too pass on to the next generation; the opposite is also true
459. Differentiation Changing of the structure, function, and biochemistry of the cell to match the cell type
460. Diffusion of Nitric Acid (NO), a gaseous signaling molecule is an example.
neurotransmitters
out of the Synaptic
Cleft
461. Dihybrid Cross 9:3:3:1 ratio
462. Dimerization Pairing of two receptor-hormone complexes
463. Dipeptidases Cleave the peptide bonds of dipeptides to release free amino acids. Hydrolyzes pairs of amino acids.
Functions in the duodenum. Produced in the intestinal glands. Their nutrient is proteins.
464. Diploid (2n) Contain two copies of each chromosomes. Ex: Autosomal cells
465. Direct Benefits Provides material advantages, protection, or emotional support
466. Direct Hormones Are secreted and then act directly on a target tissue
467. Directional Leads to the emergence and dominance of an initially extreme phenotype
Selection
468. Direct Therapy Treatment that acts directly on the individual, such as medication
469. Disaccharidases Digest dissacharides
470. Disconfirmation When a potential solution to a problem fails during testing, this solution should be discarded
Principle
471. Discrimination Occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from
others. Behavior.
472. Discrimination Organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimuli. Opposite of generalization.
(Psych)
473. Dishabituation Recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred usually occurs after a different
stimulus has been presented
474. Disjunction Homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell. Accounts for Mendel's first law
(Segregation) which is displayed in anaphase I. Chromosome of paternal origin disjoins from its
homologue of maternal origin and either chromosome can end up in the daughter cell.
475. Disorganized No clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver's absence or presence, but can show a mix of
Attachment different behaviors. Including avoidance, seeming dazed, or rocking. Red flag for abuse.
476. Disorganized Inability to carry out activities of daily living, such as paying bills, maintaining hygiene, and keeping
Behavior appointments.
477. Disorganized Characterized by loosening of associations. May be exhibited as speech in which ideas shift from one
Thought subject to another in such a way that a listener would be unable to follow the train of thought
478. Displacement Transference of an undesired urge from one person or object to another.
479. Display Rules Cultural expectations of emotions
480. Dispositional Behavior is determined by an individual's personality
Approach

481. Dispositional Those that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including his or her beliefs,
(Internal) attitudes, and personality characteristics
Attributions
482. Disruptive Two extreme phenotypes are selected over the norm
Selection
483. Dissociative Inability to recall past experiences. Linked to trauma.
Amnesia
484. Dissociative Person avoids stress by escaping from his idenity
Disorders
485. Dissociative Sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one's home or location of usual daily
Fugue activities
486. Dissociative Two or more personalities recurrently take control of a person's behavior. Results when components of
Identity identity fail to integrate.
Disorder (DID)
487. Distal Responds to aldosterone, promotes sodium reabsorption.
Convoluted
Tubule
488. Distant Looser and contain weaker ties. May include acquaintances
Networks
489. Distinctiveness Refer to the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios
Cues
490. Distress Occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors
491. Disturbance of Negative symptom. Lack of normal emotion
Affect
492. Divergent Independent development of dissimilar characteristics in two or more lineages sharing a common
Evolution ancestor
493. Divided Ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time.
Attention
494. Division of Specific components of a larger task are separated and assigned to skilled and trained individuals.
Labor Promotes specialization and efficiency.
495. Dizygotic Form from fertilization of two different eggs released during one ovulatory cycle by two different sperm.
(Fraternal) Each zygote will implant in the uterine wall, and each develops its own placenta, chorion, and amnion. No
Twins more genetically similar than other siblings
496. Domestic Spousal abuse. Seen across all social classes and can include not only physical violence, but sexual abuse,
Violence emotional abuse, and financial abuse
497. Dominant Only one copy of an allele is needed to express a given phenotype
498. Dominant Usually the left. Primarily analytic in function
Hemisphere
499. Door-in-the- Large request is made at first and, if refused, a second, smaller request is made.
face Technique
500. Dopamine Catecholamine that plays a role in smooth movement and posture.
501. Dopamine Argues that delusions, hallucination, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from either too
Hypothesis of much dopamine or from an oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain
Schizophrenia
502. Dorsal Associated with attention and cognition
Prefrontal
Cortex
503. Dorsal Root Where the cell bodies of sensory neurons are found
Ganglia

504. Downward Drift Schizophrenia results in a decline of socioeconomic status which leads to worsening symptoms
Hypothesis
505. Dramaturgical Goffman. Using the metaphor of a theatrical performance to describe how individuals create images of
Approach themselves in various situations.
506. Drive Motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states
Reduction
Theory
507. Drives Internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals. Thought to originate within
an individual without requiring any external factors
508. Drug Addiction Highly related to the mesolimbic reward pathway.
509. Ductility Ability to be pulled or drawn into wires
510. Ductus Shunts leftover blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta. Due to the pressure differential.
Arteriosus
511. Ductus Bypasses the liver which prevents blood returning from the placenta via the umbilical vein directly to the
Venosus inferior vena cava
512. Duodenum Where the majority of the chemical digestion occurs. Contains brush-border enzymes, and secretes
enteropeptidase which activates digestive enzymes.
513. Duplexity States that the retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors: those specialized for light-and-dark
(Duplicity) detection, and those specialized for color
Theory of
Vision
514. Duplication Occur when a segment of DNA is copied multiple times in the genome.
Mutations
515. Dyads Two member groups
516. Dysfunctions Harmful consequences of people's actions as they undermine a social system's equilirium
517. Dysomnias Disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep
518. Dysthymia Depressed mood that isn't severe enough to meet the criteria of a major depressive episode.
519. Eardrum Vibrates in phase with incoming sound waves. Divides the outer ear from the middle ear.
(Tympanic
membrane)
520. Echolalia Repeating another's words
521. Echopraxia Imitating another's actions
522. Ecstasy Stimulant that acts as a hallucinogen and amphetamine. Causes increased heart rate, increased blood
pressure, blurry vision, sweating, nausea, and hyperthermia. Causes feelings of euphoria, increased
alertness, and sense of well-being
523. Ectoderm Outermost layer. Gives rise to the epidermis, hair, nails, and the epithelia of the nose, mouth, and lower
anal canal. Also the lens of the eye, nervous system, and inner ear. Adrenal medulla (contains nervous
tissue)
524. Education Aims to arm the population with information in the form of facts, figures, and mental processes. It also
emphasizes the social role of statuses within society, and stimulates learners to add to their knowledge
base. Includes the hidden curriculum
525. Effective Electrostatic attraction between the valence shell electrons and the nucleus. Measure of the net positive
Nuclear charge experienced by the outermost electrons. Increases from left to right in the same period.
Charge (Zeff)
526. Effector When a neuron signals to a gland or muscle rather than another neuron
527. Ego Operates according to the reality principle, taking into account objective reality as it guides or
inhibits the activity of the id. This is referred to as the secondary process. The aim of the reality
principle is to postpone the pleasure principle until satisfaction can actually be obtained.
Organizer of the mind. Receives it powers from the id.
528. Egocentrism Inability to imagine what another person may think or feel
529. Ego-Defensive Protect our self-esteem or justify wrong actions
530. Ego-Dystonic Individual sees the illness as something thrust upon them that is intrusive
531. Ego-Expressive Allows us to communicate and solidify our self-identity
532. Ego-Ideal Consists of proper actions for which a child is rewarded. Part of the superego
533. Ego-Syntonic The individual perceives her behavior as correct with their goals
534. Ejaculation Sperm travels through the vas deferens to the ejaculatory duct at the posterior edge of the
prostate gland
535. Elaboration Likelihood Separates individual on a continuum based on their processing of persuasive information. At one
Model extreme are those who elaborate extensively: those who think deeply about information,
scrutinize its meaning and purpose, and draw conclusions or make decisions based on this
thought (Central Route Processing) . At the other extreme are those who don not elaborate and
focus on superficial details (Peripheral Route Processing).
536. Elaborative Rehearsal Association of the information to knowledge already stored in long-term memory
537. Elder Abuse Seen across all socioeconomic classes, and most commonly manifests as neglect of an older
reative
538. Electrochemical Promotes the migration of sodium into the cell. Interior is more negative than the exterior which
Gradient favors the movement of Na+ into the cell
539. Electroencephalogram Involves placing several electrodes on the scalp. Helps determine electrical activity patterns
(EEG)
540. Electroencephalography Records an average of the electrical patterns within different portions of the brain.
(EEG)
541. Electromagnetic Energy E=(hc)/λ where h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light in a vacuum (3E8 m/s) and λ is the
of Photons wavelength
542. Electron Affinity Energy dissipated by a gaseous species when it gains an electron. Opposite of ionization energy.
Occurs with a high Zeff. Increases from left to right. Decreases from top to bottom
543. Electron Configuration Use spectroscopic notation, wherein the first number denotes the principal energy level, the
letter designates the subshell, and the subscript gives the number of electrons in that subshell.
Exceptions include Chromium which becomes [Ar]4s¹3d⁵ and Copper [Ar]4s¹3d¹⁰
544. Electronegativity Measure of the attractive force that an atom will exert on an electron in a chemical bond. The
higher the electronegativity the more it attracts electrons within a bond. Lower the ionization
energy the lower the electronegativity. Increases from left to right and decreases from top to
bottom
545. Electrons Move through the space surrounding the nucleus and are associated with varying levels of
energy. Has a charge of e=-1.6E-19. Its mass is 1/2000 that of a proton
546. A Elements Include groups I A through VIIIA. Have their valence electrons in the orbitals of either s or p
(Representative subshells
Elements)
547. Emigration Movement away from a geographic space
548. Emotion Subjective experience of a person in a certain situation. Often influences how a person thinks
and makes decisions. Natural instinctive state of mind derived from one's circumstances, mood,
or relationships with others. Has three elements:
-Physiological Response
-Behavioral Response
-Cognitive Response
549. Emotional Storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event.
Memory
(Unconscious
(Implicit)
memory)
550. Emotional Listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone's feelings
Support
551. Empathy Ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another, and it is thought by some social psychologists
to be a strong influence on helping behavior
552. Empathy- Explanation for the relationship between empathy and helping behavior. One individual helps another
Altruism person when he feels empathy for the other person, regardless of the cost
Hypothesis
553. Encoding Process of putting new information into memory.
554. Endochondral Hardening of cartilage into bone. Responsible for the formation of most of the long bones of the body.
Ossification
555. Endocrine Involve secreted hormones that travel through the bloodstream to a distant target tissue
Signals
556. Endoderm Innermost layer. Forms the epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts, including the lungs.
Also the pancreas, thyroid, bladder, and distal urinary tracts, as well as parts of the liver, are derived
from endoderm.
557. Endogenous Binds antigens from inside the cell
Pathway
558. Endoplasmic Membrane bound channels in the cytoplasm that transport proteins and lipids to various parts of the
Reticulum (ER) cell. Series of interconnected membranes that are actually contiguous with the nuclear envelope.
559. Endorphins Decrease the perception of pain. Comes from Anterior Pituitary. Peptide.
560. Endoskeletons Internal but are not able to protect the soft tissue structures as well as exoskeletons. Handle growth well
561. Endothelial Lines blood vessels. Aids in vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Release certain chemicals when damaged
Cells that are necessary in the formation of blood clots to repair the vessel and stop bleeding
562. Endothermic Requires an input of heat
Process
563. Energy of the E=-Rh/(n²) where Rh is the Rydberg unit of energy, equal to 2.18E-18 J/electron. Energy increases the
Electron further out from the nucleus. Becoming less negative
564. Enteric Nervous Collection of one hundred million neurons that govern the function of the gastrointestinal system
System
565. Enterogastrone Hormone that slows motility through the digestive tract. Allows increased time for digestive enzymes to
act on chyme
566. Enteropeptidase Enzyme critical for the activation of trypsinogen to trypsin and procarboxypeptidases A and B to
carboxypeptidases A and B. Function in the duodenum and is produced by intestinal glands. Their
nutrient is proteins.
567. Envelope The cell wall and the cell membrane
568. Envelope of Surrounds the capsid and is composed of phospholipids and virus-specific proteins. It is very sensitive
Viruses to heat, detergents, and desiccation; thus, enveloped viruses are easier to kill. Viruses with an envelope
are more resistant to sterilization and are more likely to persist on surfaces for an extended period of
time
569. Envious Those in which the group is viewed with jealousy, bitterness, or distrust. Low warmth and high
Stereotypes competence
570. Eosinophils Involved in allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infection
571. Ependymal Line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid, which physically supports the brain and
Cells serves as a shock absorber

572. Epidermis Subdivided into layers called strata. Deepest to outward: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum
granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum
573. Epididymis Where sperm are passed on to and where the sperm flagella gain motility and are stored until ejaculation.
574. Epiglottis Prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing. It is a cartilaginous structure that folds down
to cover the laryngeal inlet.
575. Epinephrine Involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness. Promote the fight-or-flight response. Norepinephrine
(Adrenaline) is more local while Epinephrine is more widespread.
and
Norepinephrine
(Noradrenaline)
576. Epiphyseal At the internal edge of the epiphysis. It is a cartilagenous structure and the site of longitudinal growth.
Plate
577. Episomes Subset of plasmids capable of integrating into the genome of the bacterium.
578. Epithelial Covers the body and lines its cavities providing a means for protection against pathogen invasion and
Tissue desiccation. Involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation. Tightly joined with a connective tissue
called basement membrane. Epithelial cells are highly diverse and serve numerous function depending on
the identity of the organ. Constitute the parenchyma. They are often polarized. Ex: Endothelial cells and
alpha cels
579. Erikson Failure at given stages of development are possible but it is not required to pass all the stages to move to
the next.
580. Eros Life instincts. Promote an individual's quest for survival through thirst, hunger, and sexual need.
581. Errors of Child applies a grammatical rule in a situation where it does not apply
Growth
582. Erythrocytes Red blood cells. Specialized cell designed for oxygen transport. Contains 250 million molecules of
hemoglobin which can bind to four molecules of oxygen. Bioconcave structure that helps them travel in
tiny capillaries and increases the cell's surface area for greater gas exchange. They lose all membrane-
bound organelles when they mature. They rely entirely on glycolysis for ATP. They can't divide and live for
120 days before cells in the liver and spleen recycle them for parts
583. Erythropoietin Secreted by the kidney and stimulates mainly red blood cell development
584. Erythropoitetin Stimulates bone marrow to increase production of erythrocytes (red blood cells). Secreted in response to
low oxygen levels.Comes from kidneys. Peptide.
585. Escape Role of the behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists
Learning
586. Esophagus Muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. Top third is composed of skeletal muscle and is
under somatic motor control, the bottom third is composed of smooth muscle is under autonomic
nervous control, and the middle third is a mix of both.
587. Esteem Support Touches more directly on affirming the qualities and skills of a person
588. Estrogens Secreted in response to Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and result in the development and
maintenance of the female reproductive system and female secondary sexual characteristics. Stimulate
development of the reproductive tract in the embryo. Lead to the thickening of the lining of the uterus
(endometrium) each month in preparation for the implantation of a zygote. Originates in ovary. Steriod.
589. Ethnic Enclaves Slows assimilation. Locations with a high concentration of one specific ethnicity.
590. Ethnic Identity Refers to one's ethnic group in which members typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage, and
language.
591. Ethnicity Social construct, which sorts people by cultural factors, including language, nationality, religion, and
other factors
592. Ethnocentrism Practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own culture,
especially when it comes to language, customs, and religion.

593. Eukaryotic Encloses a semifluid cytosol in which organelles are suspended. Consists of a phospholipid bilayer. Surface
Cell is hydrophilic. It electrostatically interacts with the aqueous environments inside and outside of the cell. The
Membranes inner portion is hydrophobic. This helps provide a highly selective barrier between the interior of the cell
and the external environment.
594. Eukaryotic Can be unicellular or multi-cellular. They contain a true nucleus and are enclosed in a membrane.
Cells
595. Eukaryotic Eukaryotic flagella contain microtubules composed of tubulin, organized in a 9+2 arrangement. Bacterial
Flagella vs. flagella are made of flagellin and consist of a filament, basal body, and a hook.
Bacterial
Flagella
596. Eustachian Connects the middle ear to the nasal cavity
Tube
597. Eustress Result of positive conditions such as graduating from college. Despite being positive any event requiring a
change leads to stress
598. Evolutionary Natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising when an ESS is adopted by a given
Stable population.
Strategy
(ESS)
599. Excessive Construction of stereotypes against outside opinions
Stereotyping
600. Exchange Extension of rational choice theory. Focuses on interactions in groups. Individual will carry out certain
Theory behaviors because of anticipated rewards and will avoid certain behaviors because of anticipated
punishments
601. Excited State At least one electron has moved to a subshell of higher than normal energy
602. Excretory Regulates blood pressure, blood osmolarity, acid-base balance, and the removal of nitrogenous wastes.
System Consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
603. Exhalation Does not have to be an active process. Relaxation of the external intercostal muscles reverse the processes
of inhalation. Relaxation causes the chest cavity to decrease in volume. This causes the pressure to go up
and air to be pushed out. Internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles speed the process up.
604. Exhaustion Body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous system activity. Individuals
become susceptible to illness.
605. Exogenous Antigens originated from outside the cell
Pathway
606. Exoskeletons Encase whole organisms and are usually found in arthropods. Must be shed and regrown to accommodate
growth.
607. Exothermic Expels energy in the form of heat
608. Expanded Elements in period 3 and greater can hold more than eight electrons, including phosphorus, sulfur, and
Octet chlorine
609. Expectancy- The amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual's expectation of
Value success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he or she values succeeding at the goal
Theory
610. Explicit Consists of those memories that require conscious recall. Further divided into semantic (the facts we know)
(declarative) and episodic (experiences)
Memory
611. Exponential As the bacteria adapt, growth increases, causing an exponential increase in the number of bacteria in the
Phase or log colony
Phase
612. Expressivity Varying phenotypes despite identical genotypes
613. Extensor Increases or straightens this angle

614. External Auditory Directs the sound waves to the eardrum

Canal
615. Extinction When the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus enough times, the
organism becomes habituated to the conditioned stimulus
616. Extirpation Various parts of the brain are surgically removed and the consequences are observed
617. Extracellular The process by which these nutrients are obtained from food occurs within the lumen of the alimentary
Digestion canal and is
618. Extrapyramidal Gathers information about body position and carries this information to the central nervous system.
Motor System
619. Extraversion Measure of tolerance for social interaction
620. Extremophiles They were most commonly isolated from harsh environments with extremely high temperatures, high
salinity, or no light
621. Extrinsic Include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not
Motivation achieved.
622. Fad Behavior that is transiently viewed as popular and desirable by a large community.
623. False Alarms The subject seems to perceive a signal when none was given
624. False Misperception of one's actual position within society
Consciousness
625. Family Influenced by a number of different factors including culture, value systems, beliefs, practices, gender,
age, race, ethnicity, and others.
626. Family Group Not self-selected but determined by birth, adoption, and marriage. Joins members of various ages,
sexes, and generations through emotional ties
627. Family Studies Rely on the assumption that genetically related individuals are more similar genotypically than
unrelated individuals.
628. Fat-Soluble (A, D, E, and K). Dissolve directly into chylomicrons to enter the body.
Vitamns
629. Feminist Theory Attempts to explain social inequalities that exist on the basis of gender. Focuses on the subordination
of women through social structure and institutional discrimination
630. Fertility Rate Refers to the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population
631. Fertilization Depolarized and impenetrable membrane
Membrane
632. Fetal Hemoglobin Has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin. Has a left-shifted curve
633. Fetal Hemoglobin Exhibits a greater affinity for oxygen than does maternal hemoglobin. Assists with the transfer of
(HbF) oxygen into the fetal circulatory system
634. Fetal vs Adult Lungs and liver do not serve significant function prior to birth.
Circulation
635. F (Fertility) Best-studied sex factor present in E. coli. F factor in one can be replicated and given to a new plasmid
Factor
636. F Generation Offspring
637. Fictional Finalism Notion that an individual is motivated more by his expectations of the future than by past experiences.
638. Filtrate Similar in composition to blood but does not contain cells or proteins
639. Fingernails and Formed from keratin and are produced by specialized skin cells.
Hair
640. First Ionization Energy necessary to remove the first electron
Energy
641. First Messenger Peptide hormone. Binds to the receptor and triggers the transmission of a second messenger
642. First Trimester of First weeks, the major organs begin to develop. Heart beats at 22 days and then the eyes, gonads,
Gestation limbs, and liver start to form. By five weeks embryo is 10 mm. By week six is is 15 mm. Cartilaginous
skeleton begins to harden into bone by the seventh week. By the end of eight weeks most organs have
formed, the brain is fairly developed, and the embryo becomes a fetus. At the end of the third month,
the fetus is 9 cm long
643. Fisherian Positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect on survival becomes more
(Runaway and more exaggerated over time.
Selection)
644. Five Ethnicities Used by Census Bureau. White, black, Asian, Latino, and Native American
Model
645. Fixation Occurs when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development. In response to
the anxiety the child forms a personality patter based on that particular stage
646. Fixed-Interval Reinforce the first instance of a behavior after a specific time period has elapsed
(FI) Schedules
647. Fixed-Ratio (FR) Reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior.
Schedules
648. Flat Affect No signs of emotional expression
649. Flexor Decreases the angle across a joint
650. Fluid Intelligence Consists of problem-solving skills. Peaks in early adulthood.
651. Folkways Norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions
652. Follicles Multilayered sacs that contain, nourish, and protect immature ova
653. Follicle In males: stimulates the Sertoli cells and triggers sperm maturation. In females: stimulates the growth
Stimulating of ovarian follicles in the ovary. Comes from Anterior Pituitary. Peptide
Hormone (FSH)
654. Follicular Phase Begins when the menstrual flow which sheds the uterine lining of the previous cycle, begins. GnRH
secretion from the hypothalamus increases in response to the decreased concentrations of estrogen
and progesterone which fall off toward the end of each cycle. Higher concentrations of GnRH cause
increased secretions of both Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). Develop
several ovarian follicles. Begin to produce estrogen which has negative feedback effects and causes the
GnRH, LH, and FSH concentrations to level off. Egg develops, endometrial lining becomes vascularized
and glandularized. FSH Up, LH Same, Estrogen down then up, Progesterone down.
655. Foot-in-the-door Small request is made, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made.
Technique
656. Foraging Seeking out and eating food, driven by biological, psychological, and social influences.
657. Foramen Ovale One-way valve that connects the right atrium to the left atrium. Allows blood entering the right atrium
from the inferior vena cava to flow into the left atrium instead of the right so it could be pumped from
the aorta directly. Right side is higher pressure in the fetus. The pressure reverses after birth.
658. Force Field Kurt Lewin. Puts very little stock in constraints on personalities such as fixed traits, habits, or structures
Theory such as the id. Focused little on the past or future. Focused on the present. Field is one's current state
of mind which is simply the sum of the forces on the individual at the time.
659. Forebrain Associated with complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes. Associated with emotion and
(Prosencephalon) memory. Has the greatest influence on human behavior. Divides to form the cerebral cortex, basal
ganglia, and limbic system, as well as the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal
gland
660. Form Determined through parallel processing and feature detection
661. Formal Starts around 11 years of age and is marked by the ability to think logically about abstract ideas.
Operational Marked by the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problem-solve.
Stage

662. Formal Continue despite the departure of an individual member. Have expressed goals. Enforcement procedure
Organizations that seek to control the activities of their members. Characterized by hierarchical allotment of formal roles
or duties to members
663. Fornix Long projection that allows the hippocampus to communicate with other portions of the limbic system.
664. Founder More extreme case of genetic drift in which a small population of a species finds itself in reproductive
Effect isolation from other populations as a result of natural barriers, catastrophic events, or other bottlenecks
that drastically and suddenly reduce the size of the population available for breeding
665. Four Tissue Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
Types
666. Fovea Centermost point of the retina. Contains only cones. Where visual activity is best. Most sensitive in normal
daylight vision.
667. Frameshift Occur when nucleotides are inserted or deleted from the genome. Shift the reading frame
Mutations
668. Franz Gal Had early theory that behavior was linked to brain anatomy. Developed the doctrine of phrenology. If a
particular trait was well-developed than the part of the brain responsible will expand. Believed skull could
bulge.
669. Frederick 1920. Worked with streptococcus pneumoniae and treated mice with different strains including a rough and
Griffith smooth strain. Found a transforming principle as he theorized that nonvirulent bacteria can acquire the
ability to transform
670. Free Nerve Respond to pain and temperature
Endings
671. Frequency If a muscle fiber is exposed to frequent and prolonged stimulation it will have insufficient time to relax.
Summation The contraction will combine, become stronger and more prolonged.
672. Freud Asserted the libido is present at birth.
673. Frontal Lobe Comprised of two basic regions: the prefrontal lobes and the motor cortex.
674. Front Stage Goffman. Actor is in front of the audience, and performs according to the setting, role, and script in order
to conform to the image he wants others to see.
675. Full 100 percent of individuals with this allele show symptoms
Penetrance
676. Function Beneficial consequences of people's actions
677. Functional Attitudes serve four functions: knowledge, ego expression, adaptation, and ego defense
Attitudes
Theory
678. Functional Gordon Allport. Behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behavior.
Autonomy
679. Functional Inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner
Fixedness
680. Functionalism System of thought in psychology that studied how mental processes help individuals adapt to their
environments
681. Functionalism Study of the structure and function of each part of society
(Functional
Analysis)
682. Functions of -Bone structure and strength
Calcium -Release of neurotransmitters from neurons
-Regulation of muscle contraction
-Clotting of blood
683. Functions of the -Sensation and perception
Nervous System -Motor function
-Cognition and problem-solving
-Executive function and planning
-Language comprehension and creation
-Memory
-Emotion and emotional expression
-Balance and coordination
-Regulation of endocrine organs
-Regulation of heart rate, breathing rate, vascular resistance, temperature, and exocrine glands
684. Fundamental Posits that we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational
Attribution Error attributions, especially in negative contexts.
685. Fundamentalism Maintenance of strict adherence to religious code
686. G1/S Cell determines if the DNA is in good enough condition for synthesis. If there has been damage to the
Checkpoint DNA, the cell cycle goes into arrest until the DNA has been repaired. Main protein in control is p53
687. G1 Stage: Cells create organelles for energy and protein production while also increasing their size. Passage is
Presynthetic governed by a restriction point.
Gap
688. G2/M Cell is mainly concerned with ensuring that the cell has achieved adequate size and the organelles have
Checkpoint been properly replicated to support two daughter cells. p53 also plays a role in this checkpoint.
689. G2 Stage: The cell passes through another quality control checkpoint. Cell checks to ensure that there are enough
Postsynthetic organelles and cytoplasm to divide between two daughter cells. Cell checks to make sure that DNA
Gap replication proceeded correctly to avoid passing on an error to daughter cells that may further replicate
in progeny.
690. Gallbladder Located just beneath the liver and stores and concentrates bile. Upon release of CCK, the gallbladder
contracts and pushes bile out into the biliary tree.
691. Gametes Sperm or ovum; a cell that has half the number of chromosomes of a somatic cell and can fuse with
another gamete to form a zygote
692. Game Theory Attempts to explain decision-making behavior. Used to predict interaction based on game
characteristics, including strategy, winning and losing, rewards and punishments, and profits and cost.
Defined by its players, information and actions available to each player at decision points, and the
payoffs associated with each outcome
693. Gametocytes Germ cells
694. Gamma- Neurotransmitter that produces inhibitory post synaptic potentials and is though to play an important
Aminobutyric role in stabilizing neural activity in the brain
Acid (GABA)
695. Ganglia Collections of neuron cell bodies found outside the central nervous system
696. Ganglion Cells Group together to form the optic nerve.
697. Gap Junctions Connections between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, allowing for the flow of ions directly between cells.
Allows for rapid and coordinated muscle cell depolarization and efficient contraction of cardiac muscle.
698. Gastric Glands Respond to signals from the vagus nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system, which is activated by
the brain in response to the sight, taste, and smell of food. Has three cell types:
-Mucous
-Chief
-Parietal
699. Gastrin Induces the parietal cells in the stomach to secrete more HCl and signals the stomach to contract, mixing
its contents
700. Gastrulation Generation of three distinct cell layers.
701. Gate Theory of There is a special gating mechanism that can turn pain signals on or off
Pain

702. Gemeinschaft und Community refers to groups unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or
Gesellschaft geography. Society refers to groups that are formed because of mutual self-interests working
(Community and together toward the same goal
Society)
703. Gender Social construct that corresponds to the behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically
associated with a biological sex.
704. Gender Identity Describes a person's appraisal of him- or herself on scales of masculinity and femininity
705. Gender Inequality Intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other
706. Gender Roles Refer to the behaviors expected of a given gender
707. Gender Segregation Separation of individuals based on perceived gender
708. General Adaptation Has three stages. Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Syndrome
709. Generalization Broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditional stimulus can also produce
the conditioned response
710. Generalized Anxiety Common and is defined as a disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things.
Disorder Fatigue, muscle tension, and sleep problems may accompany
711. Generativity vs. 40 to 65. Successful resolution results in an individual capable of being a productive, caring, and
Stagnation contributing member of society. If not overcome, one acquires a sense of stagnation and may
become self-indulgent, bored, and self-centered. Can I make my life count?
712. Genes Coding regions in DNA. DNA sequences that code for heritable traits that can be passed from one
generation to the next
713. Genetic Creation of mate pairs that, when combined, have complementary genetics. Reduced frequency of
Compatibility recessive disorders
714. Genetic Drift Changes in the composition of the gene pool due to chance.
715. Genetic Map Represents the relative distance between genes on a chromosme
716. Genetic Only genetic recombination process that requires a vector. Transferred DNA can integrate into the
Transduction genome, giving the new host additional genes.
717. Genital Stage Begins in puberty and lasts through adulthood. Person should enter into healthy heterosexual
relationships if all stages proceeded correctly.
718. Genotype Genetic combination possessed by an individual
719. Gentrification Upper and middle class populations begin to purchase and renovate neighborhoods in deteriorated
areas
720. Gestalt Principles Ways to infer missing parts of an incomplete picture. Includes:
-Proximity
-Similarity
-Good continuation
-Subjective contours
-Closure
721. Gestalt Therapy Practitioners take a holistic view of the self seeing each individual as a complete person rather than
reducing him to individual behaviors or drives.
722. Gestation Approximately 280 days. Divided into three trimesters. Larger the animal the longer the gestational
period and the fewer the offspring per pregnancy.
723. Ghettoes Areas where specific racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated, usually due to social or
economic inequalities.
724. Glands Organs that secrete hormones
725. Glass Ceiling Women are less frequently promoted in the workplace and may have more difficulty attaining top-
level administrative positions

726. Glial Cells Play both structural and supportive roles

(Neuroglia)
727. Globalization Process of integrating the global economy with free trade and the tapping of foreign markets. Leads to a
decrease in geographical constraints on social and cultural exchanges and can lead to both positive and
negative effects
728. Glottis Opening of the larynx
729. Glucagon Secreted during times of fasting. Levels are high when glucose in gone. Stimulates glycogen breakdown.
Increases blood glucose concentrations. Comes from the Pancreas Alpha Cells. Peptide.
730. Glucocorticoids Steroid hormones that regulate glucose levels. Two examples are cortisol and cortisone which raise blood
glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis. Decrease protein synthesis and are anti inflammatory. Comes
from the adrenal cortex.
731. Glutamate Amino acid. Excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Brain excitation
732. Glycine Amino acid. Also an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Brain stabilization
733. Glycogen Storage form of glucose
734. Golgi plays a role in the packaging and secretion of proteins and other molecules produced intracellularly.
Apparatus Consists of stacked membrane-bound sacs. Materials from ER are transferred to Golgi apparatus in
vesicles. They are then modified by addition of various groups. May also modify cellular products through
the introduction of signal sequences which direct the delivery of the product to a specific cellular
location. They are repackaged and transferred to the correct cellular location.
735. Gonadotropin- Restricted at the beginning of puberty by the hypothalamus but one released it triggers the anterior
Releasing pituitary gland to synthesize and release follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Hormone which trigger the production of other sex hormones that develop and maintain the reproductive system
(GnRH)
736. Government Defined as systemic arrangements of political and capital relationships, activities, and social structures
and Economy that affect rule-making, representation of the individual in society, rights and privileges, division of
labor, and production of goods and services.
737. Gram Negative Envelope does not absorb the crystal violet stain, but absorbs a counterstain. Very thin. They also contain
Cell Wall peptidoglycan but in much smaller amounts. Directly connect to the cell membrane. Also have outer
membranes that contain phsopholipids and lipopolysaccharides which trigger an immune response in
humans
738. Gram Positive Envelope absorbs the crystal violet stain. Consist of a thick layer of peptidoglycan. It can aid a pathogen
Cell Wall by providing protection from a host organism's immune system. They also contain lipoteichoic acid
whose function is unknown
739. Gram-Positive Gram-positive have a thick layer of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid and contain no outer membrane.
vs. Gram- Gram-negative have a thin layer of peptidoglycan, but also have an outer membrane containing
Negative lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids
740. Granulocytes Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. They contain cytoplasmic granules. These granules are
toxic to invading microbes.
741. Grasping Occurs when the infant closes his or her fingers around an object placed in his or her hand
Reflex
742. Ground State State of lowest energy, in which all electrons are in the lowest possible orbitals
743. Group Consists of two or more people who share similar characteristics and a sense of unity.
744. Group Group holds power over its members, creating group pressure that ultimately shapes members'
Conformity behaviors. Individuals are compliant with the group's goals even when the group's goals may be in direct
contrast to the individual's goal.
745. Group Tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations
Polarization of the members within the group. Can lead to riskier or more cautious decisions. Form more extreme
opinions. Originally known as risky shift. Now known as choice shift at the group level because more
cautious opinions can evolve. Group polarization occurs to an individual.

746. Groups Columns. Contain elements that have the same electronic configuration in their valence shell and share
similar chemical properties
747. Groupthink Social phenomenon in which desire for harmony results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or
poor decision. Desire to agree with the group causes a loss of independent thinking. Janis found eight
factors
748. Growth Peptides that promote differentiation and mitosis in certain tissues. Only function on specific cell types or
Factors in certain areas. Code for particular tissues
749. Growth It promotes the growth of bone and muscle. Excess of GH causes gigantism while a deficit causes
Hormone dwarfism. Raises blood glucose levels. Comes from Anterior Pituitary. Peptide.
(GH)
750. Habituation Repeated exposure to the same stimulus that causes a decrease in response
751. Hair Cells Respond to movement of fluid in the inner ear structures (hearing, rotational and linear acceleration). Sway
back and forth within the endolymph. Opens ion channels which cause a receptor potential.
752. Hallucinations Perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality. Most common is
auditory, involving voices that the individual perceives as coming from inside or outside his or her head.
753. Hallucinogens Include drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Complex interaction between various
neurotransmitters especially serotonin. Cause distortions of reality and fantasy, enhancement of sensory
experiences, and introspection. Increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates pupils, causes sweating
and an increased body temperature
754. Halo Effect Cognitive bias in which judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one's overall
impression of the individual
755. Halogens Group 17. Highly reactive nonmetals with seven valence electrons. Easy to gain one more electron. Range
from gas to liquid to solid. Have high electronegativities and electron affinities. They are rarely found in
their elemental state but as ions or halides
756. Haploid (n) Containing only one copy of each chromosome. Ex: Germ cells
757. Hardy- Requires:
Weinberg -Very large population (no genetic drift)
Equilibrium -No mutations that affect the gene pool
-Mating between individuals in the population is random
-No migration in or out of the population
-Genes in the population are all equally successful at reproducing
758. Hardy- p+q=1
Weinberg p^2+2pq+q^2=1
Formulas
759. Haversian Longitudinal channels
Canals
760. HCl Kills microbes, denatures proteins, and converts pepsinogen into pepsin
761. Healthcare Aimed at maintaining or improving the health status of the individual family, community, and society as a
and Medicine whole. Goals include:
-Increased access to care
-Decreased costs of healthcare
-Prevention of disease before it occurs
-Association of patients with a primary care physician or a patient-centered medical home
-Increased education for the public with public health outreach
-Decreased paternalism
-Reduced economic conflicts of interest for physicians
762. Heisenberg It is impossible to simultaneously determine, with perfect accuracy, the momentum and the position of an
Uncertainty electron. In order to assess the position of an electron, it must stop thereby removing momentum. If we
Principle want to assess the momentum the electron has to be moving thus changing position.

763. Helper T-cells (Th) Coordinate the immune response by secreting chemicals known as lymphokines. Capable of
or CD4⁺ T-Cell recruiting other immune cells and increasing their activity. Most effective against bacterial, fungal,
and parasitic infections (extracellular). Responds to MHC-II
764. Hematopoiesis Production of blood cells and platelets. Triggered by a number of hormones, growth factors, and
cytokines
765. Hemizygous Only have one copy. Will always express if it has the disease-causing allele because that is the only
active copy
766. Hemoglobin Carries oxygen in the blood. Protein composed of four cooperative subunits each of which has a
group that binds to an oxygen molecule. Once one oxygen leaves a hemoglobin it creates a spiral of
loss. This process is called cooperative binding
767. Hepatic Portal Blood leaving capillary beds in the walls of the gut pass through the hepatic portal vein before
System reaching the capillary beds in the liver
768. Hermann von First to measure the speed of a nerve impulse.
Helmholtz
769. Heroin Opioid. Body metabolizes it to morphine.
770. Hershey and Chase Radiolabeled DNA and protein from bacteriophages. Found radiotraced DNA but not radiotraced
protein in offspring
771. Heterosexual Attraction to individuals of the opposite sex
772. Heterozygous Alleles are different for a given gene
773. Heuristics Simplified principles used to make decisions. Can lead us astray but are speedy and effective
774. Hidden Curriculum Transmitting social norms, attitudes, and beliefs to students
775. Hierarchy of Way of organizing our identities. We let the situation dictate which identity holds the most
Salience importance for us at any given moment.
776. Higher Shells Higher energy
777. High Penetrance Most but not all of those with the allele show symptoms of the disease
778. Hilum Deep slit in the center of its medial surface
779. Hindbrain Located where the brain meets the spinal cord. Controls balance, motor coordination, breathing,
(Rhombencephalon) digestion, and general arousal processes such as sleeping and waking. In charge of vital functions
necessary for survival. Divides to form the medulla oblongata and the pons and cerebellum
780. Hippocampus Within the temporal lobe. Vital role in learning and memory processes. Helps consolidate information
to form long-term memories. Where short-term memories are housed. Helps aid in creating context
for stimuli to lead to an emotional experience.
781. Histamine Inflammatory mediator by inducing vasodilation and the movement of fluid and cells from the
bloodstream into tissues
782. Histones Organizing proteins in which linear DNA is wound around. These are then further wound into linear
strands called chromosomes.
783. Histrionic Cluster B. Characterized by constant attention-seeking behavior. Extremely extroverted.
Personality
Disorder
784. Hits The subject correctly perceives the signal
785. Homeostasis Regulation of the internal environment to maintain an optimal, stable set of conditions. Controlled by
negative feedback loops.
786. Homologous Pairs Considered separate chromosomes
787. Homosexual Attraction to individuals of the same sex
788. Homozygous Both alleles are the same for a given gene
789. Hook Connects the filament and the basal body so that, as the basal body rotates, it exerts torque on the
filament, which can thereby spin and propel the bacterium forward.

790. Horizontal Change in occupation or lifestyle that remains within the same social class
Mobility
791. Hormones Signaling molecules that are secreted directly into the bloodstream to travel to a distant target tissue.
Can be peptides, steroids, or amino acid derivatives. Chemical messengers
792. Human Genome Composed of 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes (homologues). Each homolog contains one
chromosome inherited from each parent. After the S phase there are 92 chromatids organized into 46
chromosomes which are organized into 23 homologous pairs
793. Humanistic or Focus on the value of individuals and take a more person-centered approach. Personality is the result
Phenomenological of the conscious feelings we have for ourselves as we attempt to attain our needs and goals
Theorists
794. Humoral Immunity Driven by B-Cells. Involves the production of antibodies.
795. Humors Body fluids. Greeks believed an imbalance could lead to various personality disorders.
796. Hund's Rule Within a given subshell, orbitals are filled such that there are a maximum number of half-filled orbitals
with parallel spin
797. Hybrid Offspring Formed when different but similar species reproduce
798. Hydrostatic Force per unit area that the blood exerts against the vessel walls. Generated by the contraction of the
Pressure heart and the elasticity of the arteries. Pushes fluid out of the bloodstream and into the interstitium
through the capillary walls
799. Hyperglycemia Low blood glucose concentration.
800. Hypersensitivity Allergies and autoimmunity are examples
Reactions
801. Hypnagogic and Hallucinations when going to sleep or awakening respectively
Hypnopompic
Hallucinations
802. Hypnosis Can be defined as a state in which a person appears to be in control of his or her functions, but is in a
highly suggestible state.
803. Hypnotic Hypnotist seeks to relax the subject and increase the subject's level of concentration
Induction
804. Hypodermis Layer of connective tissue that connects the skin to the rest of the body. Contains fat and fibrous
tissue.
805. Hypomania Does not significantly impair functioning, nor are there psychotic features, but the individual may be
more energetic and optimistic.
806. Hypophyseal Blood vessel system that directly connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary. Allows for
Portal System paracrine secretion of releasing hormones.
807. Hypophysis Alternate term for the pituitary
808. Hypothalamus Forebrain. Subdivided into the lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, and anterior
hypothalamus. Serves homeostatic functions. Restricts production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH) at the start of puberty. Bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems. Located in the
forebrain above the pituitary gland and below the thalamus. Its release of hormones is regulated by
negative feedback. Hunger and thirst;emotion. Primary regulator of the autonomic nervous system.
Feeding, fighting, flighting, sexual functioning. Releases a variety of neurotransmitters,
809. Hypothyroidism Deficiency of iodine or inflammation of the thyroid. Thyroid hormones are secreted in insufficient
amounts.
810. Hypoxemia Low oxygen concentration in the blood
811. H-zone Contains only thick filaments (H is a thick letter)
812. I-band Region containing exclusively thin filaments (I is a thin letter)

813. id Consists of all the basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce. Functions according to the
pleasure principle in which the aim is to achieve immediate gratification. Primary process is the id's
response to frustration. Mental imagery that fulfills this need for satisfaction is termed wish fulfillment.
814. Ideal Self Person we would like to be under optimal circumstances
815. Identification Outward acceptance of others' ideas without personally taking on these ideas.
816. Identity Individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong
817. Identity Shift When an individual's state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will often
Effect conform to the norms. This causes internal conflict because their behavior is outside the normal
character of the individual.
818. Identity vs. Role 12 to 20 years. Encompasses physiological revolution. Favorable outcome is fidelity, the ability to see
Confusion oneself as a unique and integrated person with sustained loyalties. Unfavorable outcomes are confusion
about one's identity and a personality that shifts from day to day. Who am I? What can I be?
819. Ileum Involved in the absorption of nutrients
820. Illness Anxiety Being consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition. Individuals are
Disorder quick to become alarmed about their health, and either excessively check for signs of illness or avoid
medical appointments.
821. Illusion of The creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-taking
Invulnerability
822. Illusion of Belief that the group's decisions are morally correct
Morality
823. Illusion of False sense of agreement within the group
Unanimity
824. Immediate Dense with strong ties. May be composed of friends
Networks
825. Immigration Movement into a new geographic space
826. Immovable Consist of bones that are fused together to form sutures. Found primarily in the head
Joints
827. Immunoglobins Antibodies. Carry out many different jobs. Y-shaped molecules that are made up of two identical heavy
(IG) chains and two identical light chains
828. Implantation Occurs during the blastula stage
829. Implicit Long-term memories that consists of our skills and conditioned responses
(nondeclarative
or procedural)
Memory
830. Implicit There are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their
Personality behavior are related
Theory
831. Impression Our attempts to influence how others perceives us. Done through regulation or controlling of information
Management in social interactions.
832. Impulse Used to convey a signal to another neuron. It is the movement of an action potential from an axon that
Propagation initiates a neurotransmitter release
833. Inactive Sodium From approximately +35mV to the resting potential
Channels
834. Inappropriate Affect is clearly discordant with the content of the individual's speech
Affect
835. Inborn Errors of Class of Deleterious Mutations. Defects in genes required for metabolism.
Metabolism
836. Inbreeding Loss of genetic variation which causes reduced fitness
Depression

837. Incentive Behavior is motivated not by need or arousal, but desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments
Theory
838. Incidence Number of new cases of an illness per population at risk in a given amount of time
839. Inclusive Measure of an organism's success in the population. Based on the number of offspring, success in
Fitness offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others. Includes altruistic values
840. Incomplete Heterozygote expresses a phenotype that is intermediate between two homozygous genotypes
Dominance
841. Incomplete Elements are stable with fewer than eight electrons in their valence shell and include hydrogen, helium,
Octet lithium, beryllium, and boron
842. Incomplete Newly formed tissue is not identical in structure or function to the tissue that has been injured or lost
Regeneration
843. Incus (Anvil) Is acted on by the malleus and acts on the stapes
844. Indeterminate Results in cells that can still develop into complete organisms. Must remain together or die. Deuterostomes
Cleavage
845. Indicator Signify good overall health and well-being of an organism
Traits
846. Indirect Promotes better survival in offspring
Benefits
847. Indirect Aims to increase social support by educating and empowering family and friends
Therapy
848. Individual One person discriminating against a person or group
Discrimination
849. Inducers Chemical substances which diffuse from the organizing cells to the responsive cells.
850. Inductive Seeks to create a theory via generalization. Starts with specific instances.
(bottom-up)
Reasoning
851. Industry vs. 6 to 12 years. If resolved favorably the child will feel competent, be able to exercise his or her abilities and
Inferiority intelligence in the world, and be able to affect the world in the way that the child desires. Unfavorable
resolution results in a sense of inadequacy or sense of inability to act in a competent manner. Can I make
it in the world of people and things?
852. Infection Can only infect a specific set of cells. Virus has to bind to specific receptors such as CD4 and CCR5 on the
host cell. After binding to the receptor the virus and the cell are brought into close enough proximity to
permit additional interactions. Viruses fuse with the plasma membrane of a cell, allowing entry of the virion
into the host cell. Sometimes the host cell may misinterpret the binding of a virus as useful and allow it to
go into the cytoplasm. Bacteriophages use tail fibers to anchor themselves to the cell membrane and inject
their viral genome into the host bacterium using the tail sheath.
853. Inferior and Midbrain. Sensorimotor reflexes
Superior
Colliculi
854. Inferior Receives sensory information from the auditory system.
Colliculus
855. Inferiority Created by Adler. It is an individual's sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically
Complex and socially.
856. Inferior Vena Returns blood from portions of the body below the heart
Cava (IVC)
857. Informational Providing information that will help someone
Support

858. Information Has four key components:

Processing -Thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of stimuli
Model -Stimuli must be analyzed by the brain to be useful in decision-making
-Decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new problems
-Problem-solving is dependent not only on the person's cognitive level, but also on the context and
complexity of the problem
859. Ingratiation Using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over
860. In-Group Social with a person experiences a sense of belonging
861. In-Groups Groups to which an individual belongs
862. Inhalation Active process. Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are used to expand the thoracic cavity. The
diaphragm flattens and the chest wall expands outward and the intrathoracic volume increases. As a result
according to Boyle's law the pressure decreases. Air will then be sucked in from a higher-pressure
environment. This mechanism is referred to as negative-pressure breathing.
863. Initiative vs. 3 to 6 years. Favorable outcomes include a sense of purpose, the ability to initiate activities, and the ability
Guilt to enjoy accomplishment. If guilt wins the child will be overcome by the fear of punishment that the child
may either unduly restrict himself or overcompensate by showing off. Is it okay for me to do, move, and
act?
864. Innate Genetically programmed as a result of evolution and is seen in all individuals regardless of environment or
Behavior experience.
865. Innate Composed of defenses that are always active against infection, but lack the ability to target specific
Immunity invaders over others
(Nonspecific
Immunity)
866. Inner Cell Protrudes into the blastocoel and gives rise to the organism itself
Mass
867. Inner Contains the molecules and enzymes necessary for the electron transport chain
Membrane of
the
Mitochondria
868. Insertion End with the smaller attachment to bone
869. Insertion Occur when a segment of DNA is moved from one chromosome to another.
Mutations
870. Insomnia Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
871. Instinct Innate physiological representation of a biological need. Propelling aspects of Freud's theory of personality.
(Freud) Fall into life and death instincts.
872. Instinctive Difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviors
Drift
873. Instincts Innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli
874. Instinct People are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts
Theory
875. Institutional Discrimination against a person or group by an entire institution
Discrimination
876. Insulin Antagonistic to glucagon and is therefore secreted when blood glucose levels are high. Induces muscle and
liver cells to take up glucose and store it as glycogen for later use. Lowers blood glucose. Increases
anabolic processes. Peptide. Comes from Pancreas Beta Cells.
877. Integrity vs. Above 65. If favorably resolved we will see wisdom defined as detached concern with life itself, with
Despair assurance in the meaning of life, dignity, and an acceptance of the fact that one's life has been worthwhile,
along with a readiness to face death. If not resolved favorably there will be feelings of bitterness and fear of
death. Is it okay to have been me?

878. Intelligence Standardized test to measure intelligence

Quotient (IQ)
879. Intensity Corresponds to an increased amplitude of the vibration of the eardrum
880. Interaction Technique for observing, classifying, and measuring interactions within small groups
Process Analysis
881. Intercalated Contain many gap junctions directly connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, thereby allowing for
Disks coordinated ventricular contraction
882. Interference Retrieval error caused by the existence of other information.
883. Interferons Proteins that prevent viral replication and dispersion. Cause nearby cells to decrease production of both
viral and cellular proteins. Also decrease the permeability of nearby cells.
884. Intergenerational From parents to children
Changes
885. Interkinesis Short rest period between cell divisions during which the chromosomes partially uncoil
886. Intermediate Diverse group of filamentous proteins including keratin, desmin, vimentin, and lamins. Involved in cell-
Filaments cell adhesion or maintenance of the integrity of the cytoskeleton. Able to withstand a tremendous
amount of tension which makes the cell structure more rigid. Help anchor other organelles, including
the nucleus.
887. Intermembrane Space between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria
Space
888. Internalization Changing one's behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group
889. Internal Urethral Consists of smooth muscle. Is contracted in its normal state. Involuntary control
Sphincter
890. Internal Urethral Consists of smooth muscle. Is contracted in its normal state.
Sphincter
891. Interneurons Found between other neurons and are the most numerous of the three types. Located predominately in
the brain and spinal cord and are often linked to reflexive behavior
892. Interpersonal Phenomenon of individuals liking each other. Some factors include similarity, self-disclosure,
Attraction reciprocity, and proximity. Physical appearance and the golden ratio (1.618:1) plays a factor
893. Interphase G1, S, and G2. The longest part of the cell cycle. Stage between successive nuclear divisions.
894. Intersectionality Interplay between multiple demographic factors-especially when it leads to discrimination or
oppression. Compounding of disadvantage seen in individuals who belong to more than one oppressed
group
895. Interstitium Connective tissue surround the nephron
896. Intertitial Cells of Secrete testosterone and other male sex hormones.
Leydig
897. Intimacy vs. 20 to 40 years. Favorable outcomes are love, the ability to have intimate relationships with others, and
Isolation the ability to commit oneself to another person and to one's own goals. If not favorably resolved there
will be an avoidance of commitment, alienation, and distancing of oneself from others and one's ideals.
Can I love?
898. Intracellular Involves the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids for energy
Digestion
899. Intragenerational Happen within a person's lifetime
Changes
900. Intramembranous Undifferentiated embryonic connective tissue is transformed into and and replaced by bone. Occurs in
Ossification bones of the skull.
901. Intrapleural Contains a thin layer of fluid. Creates a pressure differential that can be created across the pleura
Space ultimately driving breathing
902. Intrinsic Factor Required for normal absorption of vitamin B₁₂

903. Intrinsic Motivation that comes from within oneself

Motivation
904. Intrusion Include recurrent reliving of the event, flashbacks, nightmares, and prolonged distress
Symptoms
905. Intuition Ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by available evidence
906. Inversion Occur when a segment of DNA is reversed within the chromosome.
Mutations
907. Ionic One or more electrons from an atom with a low ionization energy, typically a metal, are transferred to an
Bomding atom with a high electron affinity, typically a nonmetal. The resulting electrostatic attraction between
opposite charges is what holds the ions together
908. Ionic Bonds Form between atoms that have significantly different electronegativities. Rely on the force of electrostatic
attraction between oppositely charged particles
909. Ionic Radii Metals lose electrons and become positive, while nonmetals gain electrons and become negative. Metalloids
can go in either direction but follow the trend base on which side of the metalloid line they fall on.
Nonmetals close to the metalloid line possess a large ionic radius. Metals close to the metalloid line have a
smaller ionic radius.
910. Ionization Energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous species. Increases from left to right and from
Energy (IE) bottom to top.
or Ionization
Potential
911. Ipsilaterally Cerebral hemispheres communicate with the same side of the body.
912. Iris Colored part of the eye, composed of two muscles: the dilator pupillae, which opens the pupil under
sympathetic stimulation; and the constrictor pupillae which opens the pupil under sympathetic stimulation
913. Iron Law of Democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group. Due to factors such as
Oligarchy the necessity of a core body of individuals and leadership characteristics of certain members
914. Islets of Small groups of hormone-producing cells grouped together throughout the pancreas. Have three types of
Langerhans cells: alpha, beta, and delta.
915. Isolation Populations can no longer interbreed
916. Isomaltase Digests isomaltose to two glucose molecules. Produced by intestinal glands. Function in the duodenum.
Their nutrient is carbohydrates.
917. Isotopes Atoms that share an atomic number but have different mass numbers
918. Isotype Cells change which isotype of antibody they produce when stimulated by specific cytokines
Switching
919. James-Lange A stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion
Theory of is labeled. Action then emotion. Nervous system arousal -> Conscious emotion
Emotion
920. Jean Piaget One of the most influential figures in developmental psychology. Believed infants learn mainly through
instinctual interaction with the environment. Divided life into fours stage:
-Sensorimotor
-Preoperational
-Concrete Operational
-Formal Operational.
921. John Dewey Helped create functionalism with one of his articles that summarized the reflex arc.
922. Jujunum Involved in the absorption of nutrients
923. Jung's three -Extraversion (external world) vs. introversion (inner world)
dichotomies -Sensing (obtaining objective information) vs. intuiting (working with information abstractly)
of -Thinking (logic an reason) vs. feeling (personal beliefs)
personality

924. Justice Physician has a responsibility to treat similar patients with similar care, and to distribute healthcare
resources fairly
925. Just-World Good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people
Hypothesis
926. Juxtacrine Do not usually involve diffusion, but rather feature a cell directly stimulating receptors of the adjacent
Signals cells
927. Keratinocytes The predominant cells of the skin that produce keratin
928. Kinesthetic Refers to the ability to tell where one's body is in space
Sense
(Proprioception)
929. Kinetic Energy K=(1/2)mv²
930. Kinetochores Protein structures located on the centromeres that serve as attachment points for specific fibers of the
spindle apparatus appropriately called kinetochore fibers.
931. Knee-Jerk When the patellar tendon is stretched, information travels up the sensory neuron to the spinal cord
Reflex
932. Knowledge Provides consistency and stability. Help provide organization to experiences
933. Kohlberg Focuses on the development of moral thinking. As our cognitive abilities grow, we are able to think
about the world in more complex and nuanced ways, and this directly affects the way in which we resolve
moral dilemmas.
934. Korsakoff's Form of memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain. Marked by retrograde amnesia and
Syndrome anterograde amnesia. Another symptom is confabulation
935. Labeling Theory Labels given to people affect not only how others respond to that person, but also the person's self-
image
936. La belle Person is surprisingly unconcerned by the symptom
indifference
937. Lactase Digests lactose to glucose and galactose. Produced by intestinal glands. Function in the duodenum. Their
nutrient is carbohydrates
938. Lacteal Lymphatic channel that takes up fats for transport into the lymphatic system
939. Lacteals Small lymphatic vessels, located at the center of each villus in the small intestine.
940. Lacunae Small spaces between the lamellar rings
941. Lag Phase Occurs in new environments. Adapt to the new local conditions.
942. Langerhans Monocytes in the skin. Special microphages that reside within stratum spinosum. Capable of presenting
Cells antigens to T-cells in order to activate the immune system
943. Language Has five basic components:
-Phonology
-Morphology
-Semantics
-Syntax
-Pragmatics
944. Language Innate ability to effortlessly understand transformations
Acquisition
Device (LAD)
945. Language and Dominant: Speech, reading, writing, arithmetic
the Brain Nondominant: Emotions
946. Large Intestine Final part of the gastrointestinal tract. Primarily involved in water absorption. Larger diameter than the
small intestine but is shorter in length. Has three major sections:
-cecum
-colon
-rectum

947. Larynx Lies below the pharynx and is only a pathway for air. Contains two vocal cords
948. Latency Stage when libido is sublimated. Lasts until puberty
949. Latent Unintended positive consequences on other parts of society. Often unrecognized
Function
950. Latent Learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced.
Learning
951. Latent period Time between reaching threshold and the onset of contraction. Action potential spreads along the muscle
and allows for calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. After this period the twitch is
completed when the muscle then contracts and relaxes once calcium is cleared from the sarcoplasm.
952. Lateral Referred to as the hunger center. Detects when body needs more food or fluids. When destroyed one lacks
Hypothalamus hunger.
(LH)
953. Law of When a space is enclosed by a contour it tends to be perceived as more complete than they really are
Closure
954. Law of Good Elements that appear to follow in the same pathway tend to be grouped together
Continuation
955. Law of Says that perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible.
Pragnanz
956. Law of Elements close to one another are perceived as a unit
Proximity
957. Law of Objects that are similar tend to be grouped together
Simiarity
958. L-Dopa Precursor that is converted to dopamine once in the brain
959. Leakage Flow of genes between species
960. Learned Not based on heredity but experience and environment.
Behavior
961. Learned A condition in which a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness, arising from a traumatic event or
Helplessness persistent failure to succeed. It is thought to be one of the underlying causes of depression.
962. Learning The way in which we acquire new behaviors
963. Learning Proposed by B.F. Skinner. Explained language acquisition by operant conditioning.
(Behaviorist)
Theory
964. Learning Posits that attitudes are developed through different forms of learning
Theory
965. Lens Lies right behind the iris and helps control the refraction of the incoming light.
966. Les Vygotsky Prominent educational psychologist, proposed that the engine driving cognitive development is the child's
internalization of his or her culture, including interpersonal and societal rules symbols, and language.
967. Leukocytes White Blood Cells. Comprise less than 1 percent of total blood volume. Increases during periods of
infection. They are the defenders against pathogens, foreign cells, cancer, and other foreign materials.
There are five types of leukocytes categorized into two classes: granulocytes and agranulocytes
968. Libido Sex drive
969. Ligaments Hold bones together at joints. Pieces of fibrous tissue that connect bones to one another and consist of a
synovial capsule which encloses the actual joint cavity
970. Limbic System Forebrain. Group of neural structures primarily associated with emotion and memory. Composed of the
septal nuclei, amygdala, fornix, hypothalamus, thalamus and hippocampus. Resides below the cerebrum.
971. Line Spectrum Light at specified frequencies. Each line on the emission spectrum corresponds to a specific electron
transition

972. Linkage Tendency for genes to be inherited together and are more likely to under crossing over relative to each other.
973. Lipase Catalyzes the hydrolysis of lipids. Functions in the duodenum. Produced in the pancreas by acinar cells. Their
nutrient is lipids.
974. Lipoteichoic Function is unknown but the human immune system may be activated by exposure to these chemicals. Major
Acid component of gram positive cell walls
975. Liver Located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen and contains two unique structures for communicating
with the digestive system. Processes nutrients, produces urea, detoxifies chemicals, produces bile, and
synthisizes albumin and clotting factors
976. Lobes of F-POT
the Brain -Frontal
-Parietal
-Occipital
-Temporal
977. Locus Location on a specific chromosome
978. Locus of Refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives. Those with an internal locus of control view
Control themselves controlling their own fate while those with an external locus of control feel that events are caused
by luck or outside influences.
979. Long Bones Characterized by cylindrical shafts called diaphyses that swell at each end to form metaphyses and terminate
in epiphyses.
980. Long-Term Knowledge that we are able to recall on demand
Memory
981. Long-Term When the stimulus is repeated the stimulated neurons become more efficient at releasing their
Potentiation neurotransmitters and at the same time receptor sites on the other side of the synapse increase, increasing
receptor density
982. Looking- Our reactions to how others perceive us is reliant on others reflecting our selves back to ourselves.
Glass Self
983. Lowball Requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, and then raise the cost of the commitment.
Technique
984. Lower Muscular ring that relaxes and opens to allow the passage of food to the stomach
Esophageal
Sphincter
985. Lustrous Shiny
986. Luteal Luteinizing Hormones (LH) causes the ruptured follicle to form the corpus luteum which secretes
Phase progesterone. Levels of progesterone begin to rise which cause negative feedback on GnRH, FSH, and LH
which prevents the ovulation of multiple eggs. Progesterone maintains the endometrium. FSH down, LH
same, Estrogen up, Progesterone up
987. Luteinizing In males it causes the interstitial cells to produces testosterone. In females it triggers ovulation and the
Hormone development of the corpus luteum. Comes from Anterior Pituitary. Peptide
(LH)
988. Lyman Group of hydrogen emission lines corresponding to transitions from energy levels n≥2 to n=1. Has larger
Series energy transitions. Shorter photon wavelengths
989. Lymphatic Circulatory system made up of one-way vessels that become larger as they move toward the center of the
System body. Has functions such as equalization of fluid distribution and transportation of biomolecules. Transports
fats from the digestive system into the bloodstream.
990. Lymph Major component of the lymphatic system. Provide a place for immune cells to communicate and mount an
Nodes attack. Filter lymph. Small bean-shaped structures along the lymphatic vessels. Contain a lymphatic channel
as well as an artery and a vein.

991. Lymphocytes Important to the specific immune response or the body's targeted fight against particular pathogens.
Help our body learn from experience. Its development occurs in either B-cells (bone marrow) or T-cells
(thymus)
992. Lysosomes Membrane-bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down many
different substrates.
993. Lysozyme Able to attack the peptidoglycan walls of gram positive bacteria. Nonspecific bacterial enzyme.
994. Macrophages Can engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader.
Type of agranulocyte that is part of the innate immune system. Derived from blood-borne monocytes.
When invader enters the macrophage first phagocytizes the invader. Then it digests the invader with
enzymes. Finally it brings tiny pieces of the invader to other cells using a protein called major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) and carries it to the cel surface
995. Macrosociology Focuses on large groups and social structure
996. Magnetic Specifies the particular orbital within a subshell where an electron is most likely to be found at a given
Quantum moment in time. Can hold a max of two electrons per orbital. Value is -1,0, or 1 if l=1.
Number (ml)
997. Maintenance Repetition of a piece of information to either keep it within working memory or to store it in short-term
Rehearsal and eventually long-term memory
998. Major Mood disorder characterized by at least one major depressive episode
Depressive
Disorder
999. Major Period of at least two weeks with at least five of the following symptoms: prominent and relatively
Depressive persistent depressed mood, loss of interest in all or almost all formerly enjoyable activities (anhedonia),
Episode appetite disturbances, substantial weight changes, sleep disturbances, decreased energy, feelings of
worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, psychomotor symptoms, and thoughts of death or suicide. SIG E.
CAPS
-Sadness +
-Sleep
-Interest
-Guilt
-Energy
-Concentration
-Appetite
-Psychomotor
-Suicide
1000. Male Sexual During the fetal period the presence of the Y chromosome allows for the production of androgens which
Development results in male sexual differentiation. Testosterone levels increase dramatically during puberty and
sperm production begins. LH and FSH help bring about this change.
1001. Mallaeability Ability to be hammered into shapes
1002. Malleus Affixed to the tympanic membrane and acts on the incus
(Hammer)
1003. Maltase Digests maltose to two glucose molecules. Function in the duodenum. They are produced by the
intestinal glands. Their nutrient is carbohydrates.
1004. Malthusian Focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead
Theory to social degradation and disorder
1005. Managing Using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations with others to create a positive image
Appearances
1006. Mandala Promoter of unity, balance, and harmony between the conscious mind, personal unconscious, and
collective unconscious
1007. Mandated Legally required to report suspected cases of elder or child abuse
Reporter
1008. Manic Characterized by abnormal and persistently elevated mood lasting at least one week with at least three of
Episodes the following: increased distractability, decreased need for sleep, inflated self-esteem, racing thoughts,
increased goal-directed activity, pressured speech, and involvement in high-risk behavior. DIG FAST
-Distractible
-Insomnia
-Grandiosity
-Flight of Ideas
-Agitation
-Speech
-Thoughtlessness
1009. Manifest Action is intended to help some part of a system
Function
1010. Map Unit 1 percent chance of recombination occurring between two genes
(Centimorgan)
1011. Marijuana Active chemical is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Exerts its effects by acting at cannabinoid receptors,
glycine receptors, and opioid receptors. Increases GABA activity and dopamine activity. Causes eye
redness, dry mouth, fatigue, impairment of short-term memory, increased heart rate, increased appetite,
and lowered blood pressure.
1012. Maslow's Five groups at different levels. From bottom up:
Hierarchy of -Physiological: Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion
Needs -Safety: Security of: body, employment, resources, morality, the family, health, property
-Love/belonging: Friendship, family, sexual intimacy
-Esteem: Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
-Self-actualization: Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem-solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of
facts
1013. Mass Hysteria Shared, intense concern about the treats to society. Shared delusion that is augmented by distrust, rumors,
propaganda, and fear mongering
1014. Mass Number Sum of protons and neutrons
1015. Mass Number Sum of the protons and neutrons in the atom's nucleus
(A)
1016. Mast Cells Populate the lungs. Have antibodies on their surfaces. Release inflammatory chemicals into the
surrounding area to promote an immune response when the right substrate is attached. Contain tiny
granule.
1017. Master Status Status by which a person is most identified. Most important status the individual holds and affects all
aspects of that person's life. Pervasive
1018. Mate Bias How choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate
1019. Mate Choice Selection of a mate based on attraction
(Intersexual
Selection)
1020. Material Sociologists explore the meaning of objects of a given society
Culture
1021. Material Any type of financial or material contribution to another person
Support
(Tangible
Support)
1022. Mating Organization of a group's sexual behavior. Include monogamy, polygamy, and promiscuity
System
1023. Mature Sperm Spermatogonium -> 1st degree spermatocyte -> 2nd degree spermatocyte -> spermatid ->
Development spermatozoan
1024. Maximum Number of 2n²
Electrons Within a
Shell
1025. McDonaldization Shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in societies.
1026. Mechanical Digestion Physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particles, but does not involve breaking
chemical bonds
1027. Medial and Lateral Describe motions that occur in limbs. Medial rotates the axis of the limb toward the midline,
Rotation whereas a lateral rotator rotates the axis of the limb away from the midline
1028. Medicaid Covers patients who are in significant financial need
1029. Medicalized Defined and treated as medical conditions
1030. Medicare Covers patients over the age of 65, those with end-stage renal disease, and those with ALS
1031. Meditation Central practice in religions of Buddhism, Hinduism and others. Quieting of the mind for some
purpose.
1032. Medulla Oblongata Hindbrain. Vital functioning . Lower brain structure that is responsible for regulating vital functions
such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
1033. Megakaryocytes Shards released from cells in bone marrow. Their function is to assist in blood clotting
1034. Meiosis I Results in homologous chromosomes being separated, generating haploid daughter cells; also
known as reductional division.
1035. Meiosis II Similar to mitosis in that it results in the separation of sister chromatids; also known as equational
division.
1036. Meissner Corpuscles Respond to light touch
1037. Meissner's Sensory organ in the skin that responds to light touch
Corpuscles
1038. Melanin Pigment that serves to protect the skin from DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation.
1039. Melanocytes Cell type derived from neural crest cells and found in the stratum basale. Produce melanin
1040. Melatonin Involved in circadian rhythms. Comes from the pineal gland. Peptide. Serotonin-derived hormone.
1041. Memory B-Cells Stay in the lymph node, awaiting reexposure to the same antigen
1042. Memory T-Cells Wait until the next exposure to the same antigen
1043. Menarche First menstrual cycle where one primary oocyte per month will complete meiosis I producing a
secondary oocyte and a polar body. Ample cytoplasm given to one cell.
1044. Mendel's First Law Law of Segregation:
-Genes exist in alternative forms (alleles)
-An organism has two alleles for each gene, one inherited from each parent
-The two alleles segregate during meiosis, resulting in gametes that carry only one allele for any
inherited trait
-If two alleles of an organism are different, only one will be fully expressed and the other will be
silent. The expressed allele is said to be dominant, the silent allele recessive
1045. Mendel's Second Law Law of Independent Assortment:
-The inheritance of one gene does not affect the inheritance of another gene.
1046. Mendel's Second Law States that the inheritance of one allele has no effect on the likelihood of inheriting certain alleles
(Independent for other genes. Displayed in prophase I
Assortment)
1047. Menopause As a woman ages her ovaries become less sensitive to FSH and LH. Estrogen and progesterone
levels drop and the endometrium also atrophies and menstruation stops. Blood levels of
progesterone and estrogen rise.
1048. Menstrual Estrogen and progesterone levels rise and fall in cyclic pattern. The endometrial lining will be grown and be
Cycle shed. Has four events:
-Follicular phase
-Ovulation
-Luteal Phase
-Menstruation
Key Topics:
-Follicles mature during the follicular phase (FSH, LH)
-LH surge at midcycle triggers ovulation
-Ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum, which secretes estrogen and progesterone to build up uterine
lining in preparation for implantation; LH and FSH are inhibited
-If fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum atrophies, progesterone and estrogen levels decrease,
menses occurs, and LH and FSH levels begin to rise again
1049. Menstruation Corpus luteum loses its stimulation form LH, progesterone levels decline, and the uterine lining is sloughed
off. This removes the block on GnRH so the next cycle can begin. FSH down, LH down, Estrogen down,
Progesterone down
1050. Mental Set Tendency to approach similar problems in the same way
1051. Mere People prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently
Exposure
Effect
(Familiarity
Effect)
1052. Meritocracy Based on intellectual talent and achievement, and is a means for a person to advance up the social ladder
1053. Merkel Cells Sensory receptors present at the epidermal-dermal junction. Connected to sensory neurons and are
(Disks) responsible for deep pressure and texture sensation within the skin
1054. Merkle Cells Respond to deep pressure and texture
1055. Mesoderm Middle layer. Develops into several different systems including the musculoskeletal, circulatory, and most of
the excretory systems. Also gives rise to the gonads as well as the muscular and connective tissue layers of
the digestive and respiratory systems and the adrenal cortex. Adrenal cortex
1056. Mesolimbic Includes the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the connection between them
Reward called the medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
Pathway
1057. Metalloids Share characteristics with both metals and nonmetals. Electronegativities and ionization energies lie
(Semimetals) between those of metals and nonmetals. Their physical properties of density, melting point, and boiling
point vary widely. They form a staircase on the periodic table
1058. Metals Found on the left side and the middle of the periodic table. Include active metals, the transition metals, and
the lanthanide and actinide series of elements. They are lustrous solids (except for mercury). Generally have
high melting points and densities. Have characteristics of malleability and ductility. Has a low effective
nuclear charge, low electronegativity, a large atomic radius, a small ionic radius, low ionization energy, and
low electron affinity. Good conductors.
1059. Metaphase Centriole pairs are now at opposite ends of the cell. Chromosomes align at the metaphase (equatorial) plate
which is equidistant to the two poles. Single chromosomes or tetrads line up on the central axis of the
dividing cell and become attached to spindle fibers
1060. Metaphase I Homologous pairs (tetrads) align at the metaphase plate, and each pair attaches to a separate spindle fiber
by its kinetochore. Homologous chromosomes are lined up across from each other at the metaphase plate
and are held by one spindle fiber.
1061. Metaphase II Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate
1062. Method of Involves associating each item in the list with a location along a route through a building that has already
Loci been memorized
1063. MHC-I Endogenous. In all nucleated cells
1064. MHC-II Exogenous. In antigen-producing cells
1065. Michelangelo Ideal self can be sculpted with the help from others
Phenomenon
1066. Microfilaments Made of solid polymerized rods of actin. Play a role in cytokinesis. Forms cleavage furrow in mitosis.
1067. Microglia Phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in the central nervous
system. Monocytes in the central nervous system
1068. Microsociology Focuses on small groups and the individual
1069. Microtubule Includes the centrosome and the basal body of a flagellum or cillium
Organizing
Centers
1070. Microtubules Hollow polymers of tubulin proteins. Provide the primary pathways along which motor proteins like
kinesin and dyenin carry vesicles.
1071. Microvilli Present on all villus. They drastically increase the surface area available for absorption
1072. Midbrain Receives sensory and motor information from the rest of the body. Associated with involuntary reflex
(Mesencephalon) responses triggered by visual or auditory stimuli.
1073. Migration Contributor to population growth
1074. Migration Rate Immigration rate minus emigration rate
1075. Mindguards Appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views
1076. Mineralocorticoids Used in salt and water homeostasis; most profound effects are on the kidneys. An example is
aldosterone which increases sodium reabsorption. Promote potassium and hydrogen excretion.
Steroid. Comes from the adrenal cortex.
1077. Mirror Neurons Located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex and fire both when an individual
performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action
1078. Misinformation Recalling false infromation
Effect
1079. Missense Occur when the change in nucleotide results in substituting one amino acid for another in the final
Mutations protein
1080. Misses The subject fails to perceive a given signal
1081. Mitochondria Has outer and inner membranes. They are semi autonomous. Contain some of their own genes and
replicate independently of the nucleus via binary fission. Keeps cell alive by providing energy and is
capable of killing the cell by release of enzymes from the electron transport chain. Where aerobic
respiration and ATP synthesis occur.
1082. Mitochondrial Space inside the inner membrane. The pumping of proteins from the mitochondrial matrix to the
Matrix intermembrane space establishes the proton-motive force; ultimately, these protons flow through ATP
synthase to generate ATP during oxidative phosphorylation.
1083. Mitral or Bicuspid Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle. LAB
Valve
1084. M-line Runs down the center of the sarcomere, through the middle of the myosin filaments. (Middle of the
myosin)
1085. Mnemonic for Estrogen establishes and progesterone protects the endometrium
Female Sexual
Development

1086. Mnemonic for Male SEVE(N) UP

Reproductive System
-Seminiferous tubules
-Epididymis
-Vas Deferens
-Ejaculatory duct
-Nothing
-Urethra
-Penis
1087. Mnemonics Common way to memorize information. Acronyms or rhyming phrases that provide a vivid
organization of the information we are trying to remember.
1088. Modeling People learn what behaviors are acceptable by watching others perform them
1089. Modern Synthesis Model Adds knowledge of genetic inheritance and changes in the gene pool to Darwin's original
theory
1090. Molecular Model Clock More similar the genomes, the more recently the two species separated from each other
1091. Monarchies Include a royal ruler, although the ruler's powers may be significantly limited by the presence
of a constitution and parliamentary system
1092. Monoamine or Holds that too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse leads to mania, while too
Catecholamine Theory of little leads to depression
Depression
1093. Monochorionic/ Diamniotic Own amnion same chorion
1094. Monocular Cues Include relative size of objects, partial obscuring of one object by another, convergence of
parallel lines at a distance, position of an object in the visual field, and lighting.
1095. Monocytes Phagocytize foreign matter such as bacteria. Become known as macrophages once they enter
an organ.
1096. Monogamy Exclusive mating relationship
1097. Monohybrid Cross One one trait is being studied. Crossing two heterozygotes produces a 1:2:1 ratio of
genotypes and a 3:1 ratio of phenotypes assuming complete dominance
1098. Monosynaptic Reflex Arc There is a single synapse between the sensory neuron that receives the stimulus and the
motor neuron that responds to it
1099. Monozygotic (Identical) Single zygote splits into two. Three types:
Twins -Monochorionic/monoamniotic
-Mnochorionic/diamniotic
-Dichorionic/ diamniotic
1100. Morbidity Burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease
1101. Mores Widely observed social norms
1102. Morphemes Building blocks of words that contain a meaning.
1103. Morphology Structure of words.
1104. Mortality Deaths caused by a given disease
1105. Mortality Rates Refer to the number of deaths in a population per unit time.
1106. Morula Solid mass of cells that forms after several divisions. Undergoes blastulation to form the
blastula
1107. Motion Detected by magnocellular cells because they have very high temporal resolution. They have
low spatial resolution so rich detail con no longer be seen once in motion.
1108. Motivation Purpose or driving force, behind our actions.
1109. Motor (Efferent) Neurons Transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands. Exit the
cord on the way to the rest of the body.

1110. Motor Neurons Transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands. Exit the spinal cord
(Efferent on their way to the rest of the body
Neurons)
1111. Movable Joints Include hinge joints, ball-and-socket joints, and others. Permit bones to shift relative to one another.
Strengthened by ligaments
1112. Movement Dominant: Complex voluntary movement
1113. M Stage: Mitosis Consists of Mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is divided into four stages prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
and telophase.
1114. Mucociliary Mucus traps particulate matter and larger invaders. Underlying cilia then propel the mucus up the
Escalator respiratory tract to the oral cavity where it can be expelled or swallowed.
1115. Mucous Cells Produce the bicarbonate-rich mucus that protects the muscular wall from the harshly acidic conditions
of the stomach
1116. Mucus Protects mucosa
1117. Multiculturalism Communities of societies containing multiple cultures. Encourages, respects, and celebrates cultural
differences.
1118. Multiple Howard Gardner's Theory. Seven defined types of intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical,
Intelligences visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal
1119. Multipotent Most specialized stem cells. Can differentiate into multiple types of cells within a particular group.
1120. Muscle Divided into three different subtypes: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. All are capable of contraction
which is dependent on calcium ions. All are also innervated. Made up of parallel muscle fibers.
1121. Mutagens Substances that can cause mutations
1122. Mutualistic Both humans and bacteria benefit from the relationship
Symbiotes
1123. Myers-Briggs Personality test based on Jung's three dichotomies
Type Inventory
(MBTI)
1124. Myocyte (Muscle Contains many myofibrils arranged in parallel and can also be called a muscle fiber.
Fiber/Cell)
1125. Myocytes Long, tubular cells that develop from myoblasts to form muscles in a process known as myogenesis
1126. Myofibrils Formed of sacromeres which are attached end-to-end
1127. Myogenic Contraction of smooth muscle without nervous system input. Muscle cells contract directly in response
Activity to stretch or other stimuli
1128. Myoglobin Oxygen carrier that uses iron in a heme group to bind oxygen. It imparts a red color.
1129. Na+/K+ ATPase Maintains the negative internal environment. Outside the cell: Na+ >>> K+. Net positive charge
Inside the Cell: K+>>>Na+. Net negative charge.
Important for restoring this gradient after action potentials have been fired. Transports three Na+ out
for every two K+ at the cost of one ATP. Cell becomes relatively more negative.
1130. Narcissistic Cluster B. Grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success,
Personality need for constant admiration, and disturbances in interpersonal relationships. Very fragile self-esteem.
Disorder
1131. Narcolepsy Condition characterized by lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep
1132. Nares Where air enters the respiratory tract and passes through the nasal cavity
1133. Nationality Based on political borders. Result of shared history, media, cuisine, and national symbols.
1134. Nativist Credited to Naom Chomsky. Advocates for the existence of some innate capacity for language. Believe
(Biological) in a critical period
Theory
1135. Natural Killer Nonspecific lymphocyte that can detect the downregulation of MHC and induce apoptosis. Kills body's
(NK) Cells own cells infected with pathogens.

1136. Natural Selection Theory that certain characteristics or traits possessed by individuals within a species may help those
individuals to have greater reproductive success, thus passing on those traits
1137. Nature Heredity or the influence of inherited characteristics on behavior
1138. Necrosis Process of cell death where the cell dies due to injury. Substances can be leaked.
1139. Needs Motivators that influence human behavior
1140. Negative Inability to recall key features of the event, negative mood or emotions, feeling distanced from others,
Cognitive and a persistent negative view of the world
Symptoms
1141. Negative Reduction of a behavior when a stimulus is removed. Ex. Forbidding
Punishment
1142. Negative They increase the frequency of a behavior but do so by removing something unpleasant. Ex. Aspirin
Reinforcers
1143. Negative Refers to causing apoptosis in cells that are self-reactive
Selection
1144. Negative Sense More complicated. Require synthesis of an RNA strand complementary to the negative-sense RNA
Single-Stranded strand, which can then be used as a template for protein synthesis. Must carry an RNA replicase in the
RNA Viruses virion to ensure that the complementary strand is synthesized
1145. Negative Involve the absence of normal or desired behavior
Symptoms
1146. Neologisms Invention of new words
1147. Nerve Multiple neurons bundled together
1148. Nerve Terminal At the end of the axon. An enlarged and flattened structure used to maximize neurotransmission to the
(Synaptic next neuron and ensure proper release of neurotransmitters
Bouton/Knob)
1149. Network Used to describe the observable pattern of social relationships among individuals or groups.
1150. Network Support Type of social support that gives a person a sense of belonging
1151. Neural Crest Exist at the tip of each neural fold. These cells migrate outward to form the peripheral nervous system
Cells as well as specific cell types in other tissues.
1152. Neurocognitive Seek to unify biological and psychological perspective on dreaming by correlating the subjective,
Models of cognitive experience of dreaming with measurable physiological changes
Dreaming
1153. Neuromodulators Relatively slow and have longer effects on the postsynaptic cell than neurotransmitters.
(Neuropeptides)
1154. Neurons

Specialized cells capable of transmitting electrical impulses and then translating those impulses to
chemical signals
1155. Neuroplasticity Neural connections form rapidly in response to stimuli
1156. Neuropsychology Study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain.
1157. Neurosis Functional mental disorder that persists into adulthood in response to the anxiety caused by fixation
1158. Neuroticism Measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations
1159. Neurotic Needs Proposed by Horney. Each of these needs is directed toward making life and interactions bearable.

1160. Neurotransmitters Chemicals that transmit information between neurons. Traverse the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors
on the postsynaptic neuron
1161. Neurulation Development of the nervous system. Occurs when the ectoderm overlying the notochord begins to
furrow forming a neural groove surrounded by two neural folds
1162. Neutral Stimuli Stimuli that do not produce a reflexive response
1163. Neutrons Neutral. No charge. Mass is slightly larger than that of the proton.
1164. Neutrophils Most populous leukocyte in blood and are very short-lived. They are phagocytic and target bacteria.
Use chemotaxis to follow bacteria.
1165. Niches Specific ways of life, including habitat location and utilization of resources
1166. Night Terrors Periods of intense anxiety that occur during slow-wave sleep
1167. Noble Gases Group 18. Have minimal chemical reactivity due to their filled valence shells. Have high ionization
(Inert Gases) energies, little or no tendency to gain or lose electrons, and no measurable electronegativites.
Extremely low boiling points and are gases at room temperature.
1168. Nociceptors Respond to painful or noxious stimuli (somatosensation)
1169. Noise Trials Trials in which the signal is not presented
1170. Nondominant Usually the right. Associated with intuition, creativity, music cognition, and spatial processing
Hemisphere
1171. Nonmaleficence Do no harm; the physician has a responsibility to avoid treatments or interventions in which the
potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit
1172. Nonmetals Found predominantly on the upper right side of the periodic table. Generally brittle in the solid state
and show little or no metallic luster. Have high ionization energies, electron affinities, and
electronegativities, as well as small atomic radii and large ionic radii. Poor conductors of heat and
electricity
1173. Non-rapid Eye Stages 1 through 4
Movement
(NREM) Sleep
1174. Nonsense Occur when the change in nucleotide results in substituting a stop codon for an amino acid
Mutations
1175. Nonspecific Cells can carry out without learning
Immune Response
1176. Nonverbal Refers to how people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words. Examples include
Communication facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, and body position
1177. Normative Desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection
Conformity
1178. Norms Societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Not laws but do provide a mechanism
for regulating the behavior of individuals and groups and serve as a means of social control. Provides
us with a sense of what is appropriate
1179. Notochord Rod of mesodermal cells formed along the long axis of the organism. Induces a group of overlying
ectodermal cells to slide inward to form neural folds, which surround a neural groove. The neural folds
grow towards one another until they fuse into a neural tube which becomes the central nervous system.
1180. Nuclear A double membrane which envelops the nucleus, interrupted periodically by pores; found in eukaryotes
Membrane only. Maintains a nuclear environment separate and distinct from the cytoplasm.
1181. Nuclei Cell bodies of neurons in the same tract grouped together
1182. Nucleoid Region Location in prokaryotic cells where the chromosome is found
1183. Nucleolus Where Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized. 25% of the volume of the nucleus.
1184. Nucleus Eukaryotic membrane bound organelle. Genetic material is encoded in DNA which is further organized
into chromosomes. Control center of the cell. Contains all genetic material necessary for replication of
the cell. Surrounded by nuclear membrane.

1185. Nurture Influence of environment and physical surroundings on behavior

1186. Obedience Changing one's behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure.
1187. Objectified Being viewed as a sexual object rather than a person
1188. Object Permanance Key milestone that ends the sensorimotor stage. Understanding that objects continue to exist even
when out of view.
1189. Object Relations Object refers to the representation of parents based on subjective experiences during early infancy.
Theory They persist into adulthood and impact our interactions with others
1190. Obligate Aerobes Require oxygen for metabolism
1191. Obligate Anaerobes Presence of oxygen leads to the production of reactive oxygen-containing radicals in these species,
which leads to cell death
1192. Observational Process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others.
Learning
1193. Obsessive- Characterized by obsessions (persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses) which produce tension,
Compulsive and compulsions (repetitive tasks) that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person's
Disorder (OCD) life
1194. Obsessive- Individual is perfectionistic and inflexible tending to like rules and order.
Compulsive
Personality Disorder
(OCPD)
1195. Occipital Lobes Located at the very rear of the brain. Contain the visual cortex also known as the striate cortex.
1196. Octet Rule States that an atom tends to bond with other atoms so that it has eight electrons in its outermost
shell, thereby forming a stable electron configuration
1197. Odd Numbers of Any molecule with an odd number of valence electrons cannot distribute those electrons to give
Electrons eight to each atom
1198. Olfactory Located in olfactory epithelium in the upper part of the nasal cavity. Stimuli must bind to their
Chemoreceptors respective chemoreceptor to cause a signal.
(Olfactory Nerves)
1199. Olfactory Pathway Odor inhaled into the nasal passages and then contact the olfactory nerves in the olfactory
epithelium. Receptor cells are activated and signals are sent to the olfactory bulb. They are then
relayed to the olfactory tract to higher regions of the brain.
1200. Olfactory Receptors Respond to volatile compounds (smell)
1201. Oncotic Pressure Osmotic pressure that is attributable to dissolved proteins specifically
1202. Oogenesis Production of female gametes. All oogonia a woman will ever have are formed during fetal
development.
1203. Open Sodium From threshold to approximately +35mV
Channels
1204. Operant Links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors
Conditioning
1205. Opium Includes opiates and opioids. These compounds bind to opioid receptors in the PNS and CNS causing
a decreased reaction to pain and a sense of euphoria.
1206. Opponent-Process When a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by
Theory changing its physiology.
1207. Oral Stage 0 to 1 year. Gratification is obtained primarily through putting objects into the mouth, biting, an
sucking. An orally fixated adult would exhibit excessive dependency
1208. Orbitals Regions of space around the nucleus
1209. Organizations Entities that are set up to achieve specific goals are characterized by having a structure and a
culture.
1210. Organ of Corti Actual hearing apparatus that rests on the basilar membrane.

1211. Origin End of the muscle with a larger attachment to bone

1212. Osmoreceptors Respond to the osmolarity of the blood (water homeostasis)
1213. Osmotic Sucking pressure generated by solutes as they attempt to draw water into the bloodstream. Dependent
Pressure on the number of particles dissolved in the plasma
1214. Osponized Marked with an antibody from a B-cell
1215. Ossicles Smallest bones in the body that help transmit and amplify the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to
the inner ear. They are the malleus, incus, and stapes.
1216. Osteoblasts Build bone
1217. Osteoclasts Monocytes in bone. Chew bone
1218. Osteocytes Mature bone cells
1219. Osteons Structural units that contain concentric circles of bony matrix called lamellae surrounding a central
microscopic channel.
1220. Ought Self Our representation of the way others think we should be
1221. Outbreeding Introduction of unrelated individuals into a breeding group. Could increase variation and fitness
(Outcrossing)
1222. Outer Serves as a barrier between the cytosol and the inner environment of the mitochondrion.
Membrane of
the
Mitochondria
1223. Out-Group Social group with which an individual does not identify
1224. Out-Groups Groups with which an individual competes or is in opposition
1225. Ova Eggs. A mature ovum is a very large cell consisting of large quantities of cytoplasm and organelles.
Contributes nearly everything to the zygote.
1226. Ovarian Cycle
Graph

1227. Ovaries Gonads of females. Produce estrogen and progesterone.

1228. Overconfidence Tendency to erroneously interpret one's decisions, knowledge, and beliefs as infallible. Lead us to take
on tasks for which we are not ready, leading to frustration, humiliation, or sometimes even personal
injury.
1229. Ovulation One egg per month is ovulated into the peritoneal sac which lines the abdominal cavity. It is then drawn
into the Fallopian tube or oviduct which is lined with cilia to propel the egg forward. Estrogen level
reaches a threshold that paradoxically results in positive feedback. As a result GnRH, LH, and FSH levels
spike. The surge in LH induces ovulation. FSH up, LH up, Estrogen up, Progesterone down
1230. Oxidation Charges when forming bonds with other elements
States
1231. Oxygen Debt The difference between the amount of oxygen needed by the muscles and the actual amount present

1232. Oxytocin Hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during labor, as well as milk during lactation. Has a
positive feedback loop. Comes from the hypothalamus though is released by the posterior pituitary.
Peptide.
1233. Pacinian Sensory organ in the skin that responds to deep pressure and vibration
Corpuscles
1234. Pancreas Has endocrine and exocrine functions.
Endocrine Functions:
-Release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin which are necessary for proper blood sugar levels
Exocrine Functions:
-Controlled by acinar cells
1235. Pancreatic Breaks down large polysaccharides into small disacharides and is responsible for carbohydrate digestion.
Amylase Produced in the pancreas by acinar cells. Function in the duodenum. Their nutrient is carbohydrates.
1236. Pancreatic A complex mixture of several enzymes in a bicarbonate-rich alkaline solution. Helps neutralize acidic
Juices chyme, as well as provide an ideal working environment for digestive enzymes
1237. Pancreatic Capable of breaking down fats into free fatty acids and glycerol
Lipase
1238. Panic Attack Include fear and apprehension, trembling, sweating, hyperventilation, and a sense of unreality. Sense of
impending doom.
1239. Panic Disorder Anxiety disorder. Consists of repeated panic attacks.
1240. Panting Cooling mechanism where heat is transferred to the environment through evaporation of water in
mucous secretions
1241. Papillary Layer Upper layer right below the epidermis. Consists of loose connective tissue.
1242. Parallel Play Children play alongside each other without influencing each other's behavior
1243. Parallel Ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape, and motion.
Processing
1244. Parallel Spins Occurs when electrons in different orbitals with the same ms
1245. Paramagnetic Atoms with unpaired electrons that orient their spins in alignment with a magnetic field and is thus
weakly attracted
1246. Paranoid Cluster A. Marked by a pervasive distrust of others and suspicion in their motives.
Personality
Disorder
1247. Parasomnias Abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep
1248. Parasympathetic Involved in stimulation of digestive, activities, increasing secretions from exocrine glands and
Division and promoting peristalsis
Digestion
1249. Parasympathetic Main role is to conserve energy. Associated with resting and sleeping states and acts to reduces heart
Nervous System rate and constrict the bronchi. Also responsible for managing digestion increasing peristalsis and
exocrine secretions. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter responsible for parasympathetic responses.
Rest and digest
1250. Parasympathetic Slow down the heart rate. Provided by the vagus nerve
Signals
1251. Parathyroid Peptide hormone released by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium, promotes
Hormone resorption of bone, increasing the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the blood.
1252. Parathyroid Produced by the parathyroid glands. Serves as an antagonistic hormone to calcitonin, raising blood
Hormone (PTH) calcium levels; decreases excretion of calcium by the kidneys, increases absorption of calcium in the gut
and increases bone resorption. Results in a significant increase in blood calcium levels with little effect
on phosphate. Peptide.
1253. Parenchyma Functional parts of the organ
1254. Parietal Cells Secrete Hydrogen ions as hydrochloric acid, cleave pepsinogen to pepsin

1255. Parietal Lobe Located to the rear of the frontal lobe

1256. Parietal Pleura Outer part of the pleura
1257. Parkinson's Associated with destruction of portions of the basal ganglia. Characterized by bradykinesia (slowness in
Disease movement), resting tremor (tremor that appears when muscles are not used), pilli-rolling tremor
(flexing and extending the fingers while moving the thumb back and forth), masklike facies (facial
expression consisting of static and expressionless facial features, staring eyes, and a partially open
mouth), cogwheel rigidity (muscle tension that intermittently halts movement), and a shuffling gait with
stooped posture. Dementia is also common. Caused by decreased dopamine production in the
substantia nigra which is a layer of cells in the brain that function to produce dopamine to permit
proper functioning of the basal ganglia.
1258. Paschen Series Corresponds to transitions from n≥4 to n=3.
1259. Passive Imunity Results from the transfer of antibodies to an individual.
1260. Paternalistic Those in which the group is looked down upon as inferior, dismissed or ignored. High warmth and low
Stereotypes competence
1261. Pattern Able to recognize the category of the invader. Allows for the production of appropriate cytokines
Recognition
Receptors (PRR)
1262. Patterns of Words to describe family members
Kinship
1263. Paul Broca Examined the behavioral deficits of people with brain damage.
1264. Pauli Exclusion No two electrons in a given atom can possess the same set of four quantum numbers.
Principle
1265. Pauling .7 for cesium, the least electronegative to 4 for fluorine the most electronegative
Electronegativity
Scale
1266. Peak Profound and deeply moving experiences in a person's life that have important and lasting effects on
Experiences the individual.
1267. Peer Group Defined by association of self-selected equals around similar interests, ages, and statuses.
1268. Peer Pressure Social influence placed on an individual by a group of people or another individual. Can cause changes
in behavior, attitudes, or beliefs.
1269. Peers Individuals who are equals within a social group. Play an extremely important role in determining
lifestyle, appearance, and social activities.
1270. Peg-Word Associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers.
1271. Penetrance Population measure defined as the proportion of individuals in the population carrying the allele who
actually expresses the phenotype
1272. Pepsin Digests proteins by cleaving peptide bonds near aromatic amino acids. Most active at low pH. Activated
by HCl. Produced by gastric glands. Function in the stomach. Nutrient is proteins.
1273. Pepsinogen Cleaved to pepsin in the stomach; an enzyme that partially digests proteins
1274. Peptidases Break down proteins
1275. Peptide Made up of amino acids, ranging in size from quite small to relatively large. They are all derived from
Hormones larger precursor polypeptides that are cleaved during posttranslational modification.
1276. Peptidoglycan Polymeric substance made from amino acids and sugars. It can aid a pathogen by providing protection
from a host organism's immune system. They also contain lipoteichoic acid
1277. Perceiver Influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state
1278. Perception Refers to the processing of the information of sensation to make sense of its significance. Helps us to
make sense of the world. Linked to experience and internal and external biases.
1279. Perceptual Ability to use bottom-up and top-down processing to create a complete picture
Organization

1280. Perilymph Suspends the membranous labyrinth within the bony labyrinth
1281. Periodic Law The chemical and physical properties of the elements are dependent, in a periodic way, upon their atomic
numbers
1282. Periodic Table Created by Dmitri Mendeleev. Showed that ordering the known elements according to atomic weight
of the Elements revealed a pattern of periodically recurring physical and chemical properties
1283. Periods Rows. Seven in total
1284. Periosteum Fibrous sheath that surrounds the long bone to protect it and serve as a site for muscle attachment
1285. Peripheral Made up of nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord, including all 31 pairs of spinal
Nervous nerves and 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Connects the CNS to the rest of the body. Can be divided
System (PNS) into into somatic and autonomic nervous systems
1286. Peristalsis Rhythmic contractions of the gut tube, in order to move materials through the system. Squeezes, pushes,
and propels the bolus toward the stomach.
1287. Peroxisomes Contain Hydrogen Peroxide. Breakdown very long chains of fatty acids via Beta Oxidation. Participate in
the synthesis of phospholipids.
1288. Persistent Given to those who suffer from dysthymia
Depressive
Disorder
1289. Persona Mask that we wear in public. Way we present ourselves to the world. Adaptive to our social interactions.
1290. Personal Kelly thought of the individual as a scientist, who devises and test predictions about the behavior of
Construct significant people in his or her life. Anxious people are those who have difficulty constructing and
Psychology understanding the variables in the environment.
1291. Personality Describes the set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual across
time and different locations
1292. Personality Patter of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive causing distress or impaired functioning in at least
Disorder two of: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control. They are ego-syntonic.
1293. Phallic or 3 to 5 years. Centers on resolution of the Oedipal conflict for males or the Electra conflict for females.
Oedipal Stage Male envies his father's intimate relationship with his mother and fears castration at his father's hands.
Wishes to eliminate his father and possess his mother. This causes guilt in the child which is resolved by
identifying with his father, establishing his sexual identity, and internalizing moral values. Girls were
thought to have penis envy
1294. Pharynx Resides behind the nasal cavity and at the back of the mouth; it is a common pathway for both air
destined for the lungs and food destined for the esophagus. Also connects to the larynx. Has three parts
the nasopharynx (behind the nasal cavity), oropharynx (at the back of the mouth), and the
laryngopharynx (above the vocal cords).
1295. Phenotype Manifestation of a given genotype as an observable trait
1296. Phenotypic Observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex.
Benefits
1297. Pheromone Once bonded with, compel or urge another to behave in a specific way
1298. Phobia Irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid it
1299. Phonemes Distinct units of sound
1300. Phonology Actual sound of the language
1301. Photoreceptors Respond to electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum (sight)
1302. Physiological Change in heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature, and blood pressure that occurs when a feeling is
Response first experienced.
1303. Physiological Normal temperature of the skin. Used to judge temperature.
Zero
1304. Pierre Flourens First person to study the functions of the major sections of the brain. Did extirpation on rabbits and
pigeons. Asserted that the brain had specific parts for specific functions.

1305. Pineal Gland Located deep within the brain where it secretes the hormone melatonin. Key player in biological rhythms.
1306. Pinna (Auricle) Cartiaginous outside part of the ear where sound first reaches. Its main function is to channel sound
waves into the external auditory canal
1307. Pituitary Gland Located at the base of the brain and is divided into the anterior and posterior
1308. Placenta Organ where nutrient, gas, and waste exchanges occur. Placental barrier provides immune protection.
Produces progesterone, estrogen, and human chorionic gonadotropin. Where oxygenation occurs.
1309. Planck E=hf where h is Planck's constant (6.626E-34 JxS), E is energy, and f is the frequency of the radiation
Relation
1310. Planck's E=((hc)/λ)=-Rh[(1/ni²)-(1/nf²)]. Energy of the emitted photon corresponds to the difference in energy
Quantum between the higher-energy initial state and the lower-energy final state
Theory
1311. Plasma Liquid portion of blood, an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood
proteins.
1312. Plasma Cells Produce large amounts of antibodies
1313. Plasmids Extrachromosomal material. Carry DNA acquired from external sources. Carry DNA that is not necessary
for survival of the prokaryote and therefore is not considered part of the genome. Often carry genes that
impart some benefit to the bacterium. May also carry additional virulence factors, or traits that increase
how pathogenic a bacterium is.
1314. Plasmin Breaks clots down. Generated from plasminogen
1315. Pluripotent Totipotent stem cells that started to differentiate into three germ cell layers. Can differentiate into any
cell type except for those found in the placental structures
1316. Plutocracy Rule by the upper class
1317. Point Occur when one nucleotide in DNA is swapped for another. Include silent, missense, and nonsense
Mutations
1318. Polyandry Female having exclusive relationships with multiple males
1319. Polydipsia Increased frequency of thirst
1320. Polygyny Male having exclusive relationships with multiple females
1321. Polymorphisms Naturally occurring differences in form between members of the same population
1322. Polysynaptic At least one interneuron between the sensory and motor neurons.
Reflex Arc
1323. Polyuria Increased frequency of urination
1324. Pons Lies above the medulla and contains sensory and motor pathways between the cortex and the medulla.
1325. Population Provide a histogram of the population size of various age coherts
Pyramids
1326. Portal System Consists of two capillary beds in series through which blood must travel before returning to the heart
1327. Portal Systems Blood will pass through two capillary beds in series before returning to the heart
1328. Positive Adds an unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior to reduce that behavior. Ex. Arrest
Punishment
1329. Positive Increase a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior. Ex.
Reinforcers Money
1330. Positive Refers to maturing only cells that can respond to the presentation of antigen on MHC
Selection
1331. Positive Sense Implies that the genome may be directly translated to functional proteins by the ribosomes of the host
Single- cell
Stranded RNA
Viruses

1332. Positive Behaviors, thoughts, or feelings added to normal behavior. Ex: Delusions and hallucinations,
Symptoms disorganized thought, disorganized behavior. Can be broken into psychotic dimension and the
disorganized dimension.
1333. Postconventional Describes a level of reasoning that Kohlberg claimed that not everyone was capable of and is based on
Morality social mores, which may conflict with laws. Stage five (social contract) views moral rules as conventions
that are designed to ensure the greater good, with reasoning focused on individual rights. Stage six
(universal human ethics) reasons that decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles.
Expected in a smaller subset of adults with more advanced moral reasoning skills than the average
population.
1334. Posterior Between the iris and the lens
Chamber
1335. Posterior Contains the nerve terminals of neurons with cell bodies in the hypothalamus. Receives and stores two
Pituitary hormones: ADH and oxytocin. Does not synthesize any hormones.
1336. Posttraumatic Occurs after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. Consists of intrusion symptoms, avoidance
Stress Disorder symptoms, negative cognitive symptoms, and arousal symptoms. Present for at least one months. Less
(PTSD) than one month is acute stress disorder
1337. Postzygotic Allow for gamete fusion but yield nonviable offspring
Isolation
Mechanism
1338. Poverty Defined by low socioeconomic status and a lack of possessions or financial resources
1339. Poverty Line Derived from the government's calculation of the minimum income requirements for families to acquire
the minimum necessities of life
1340. Power Ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite and obstacles. Ability to affect others'
behavior through real or perceived rewards and punishments
1341. Power Form of influence over other people
(Sociology)
1342. Pragmatics Dependence of language on context and preexisting knowledge.
1343. Preconscious Thoughts we aren't currently aware of
1344. Preconventional First phase. Typical of preadolescent thinking and places an emphasis on the consequences of the
Morality moral choice. Stage one (obedience) is concerned with avoiding punishment, while stage two (self-
interest) is about gaining rewards. Stage two is often called the instrumental relativist stage because it
is based on reciprocity and sharing
1345. Prefrontal Manages executive function by supervising and directing the operations of other brain regions.
Cortex Supervises processes associated with perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, and long-term
planning. Regulates attention and alertness. Anterior portion of the frontal lobes. Associated with
planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions. Left is associated
with positive emotions, the right is associated with negative
1346. Pregnancy Occurs if fertilization has occurred. Zygote will develop into a blastocyst that will implant in the uterine
lining and secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). It is an analog of LH and can stimulate LH
receptors. Maintains the corpus luteum. hCG is critical during the first trimester because the estrogen
and progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum keep the uterine lining in place. hCG declines by the
second trimester because the placenta can now secrete progesterone and estrogen by itself.
1347. Prejudice Irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing, prior to an actual experience
with that entity.
1348. Preoperational Lasts from about two to seven years of age, and is characterized by symbolic thinking, egocentrism and
Stage centration.
1349. Preparedness Animals are most able to learn behaviors that coincide with their natural behaviors
1350. Pressure for Pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group
Conformity

1351. Prestige Level of respect shown to a person by others.

1352. Prevalance Measure of the number of cases of an illness overall per total population in a given amount of time
1353. Prezygotic Prevents formation of the zygote completely
Isolation
Mechanism
1354. Primacy Effect Idea that first impression are more important than subsequent impressions
1355. Primary Initial evaluation of the environment and the associated threat. Identifies stress as irrelevant or stressful
Appraisal
1356. Primary Repetition of a body movement that originally occurred by chance such as sucking the thumb. Child finds
Circular it soothing
Reactions
1357. Primary Drives The need for food, water, and warmth, motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis
1358. Primary Germ Includes the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Layers
1359. Primary Group Interactions are direct, with close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships to
members. Last a long period and may include core friends, tight family.
1360. Primary Motor Located on the precentral gyrus (just in front of the central sulcus that divides the frontal and parietal
Cortex lobes). Initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down the spinal cord toward the
muscles.
1361. Primary Oogonia that have undergone DNA replication. 2n and are arrested in prophase I
oocytes
1362. Primary Initial activation that takes approximately seven to ten days
Response
1363. Primary Occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, primarily
Socialization through observation of our parents and other proximal adults.
1364. Primary After they replicate genetic material
Spermatocytes
1365. Primitive Dissappear with age
Reflexes
1366. Principal Increases by one each time one moves down a group. This results in a reduction in the electrostatic
Quantum attraction between the valence electrons and the positively charged nucleus
Number
1367. Principal Used in Bohr's model that can theoretically take on any positive integer. The larger n the higher the energy
Quantum level and radius. Corresponds to the energy level of a given electron in an atom and is a measure of size.
Number (n)
1368. Prions Small infectious particles. Nonliving. Cause disease by triggering misfolding of other proteins. Reduces
the solubility of the protein as well as the ability of the cell to degrade the misfolded protein. Function of
the cell is eventually reduced.
1369. Privilege Inequality in opportunity
1370. Proactive Social movements that promote social change
1371. Proactive Old information interfering with new learning
Interference
1372. Problem- Trial-and-error approach.
Solving
1373. Problem First step is to have the correct mental set as demonstrated by Duncker's Candle Problem
Solving
1374. Problem- Way to solve problems while you are sleeping.
Solving Dream
Theory

1375. (Pro)carboxy Hydrolyzes terminal peptide bond at carboxy end; activated by enteropeptidase. Functions in the
peptidases A duodenum. Produced in the pancreas by acinar cells. Nutrient is proteins
and B
1376. Prodromal Before schizophrenia is diagnosed. Characterized by poor adjustment. Clear evidence of deterioration,
Phase social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual
experiences.
1377. Progeny Released in multiple ways. First viral invasion may initiate cell death, which results in spilling of the viral
Release progeny. Second the host cell may lyse as a result of being filled with extremely large numbers of
virions. Finally a virus can leave the cell by fusing with its plasma membrane in a process known as
extrusion. Allows for the survival of the host cell and continued use of the host cell by the virus. A virus
in this state is said to be in a productive cycle.
1378. Progesterone Secreted by the corpus luteum. Promotes maintenance of the endometrium. Originates in ovary. Steroid.
1379. Projection Individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others.
1380. Projection Area Perform more rudimentary or simple perceptual and motor tasks
1381. Prokaryotic Cell Composed of phospholipids. Similar to that of a eukaryote
Membrane
1382. Prokaryotic Cell lacking a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacterium. Genetic material
Cells is organized into a single circular molecule of DNA concentrated in an are of the cell called the nucleoid
region. DNA is not coiled around histones in bacteria but is in archaea. Lack key organelles. The cell
membrane is used for the electron transport chain and the generation of ATP. Contain ribosomes but are
much smaller than those of eukaryotes. Reproduce via asexual reproduction in form of binary fission.
1383. Prolactin More important in females. Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands. Comes from Anterior
Pituitary. Peptide.
1384. Prolactin- When released by the hypothalamus it causes a decrease in prolactin secretion. Also known as
inhibiting factor dopamine.
(PIF)
1385. Proletariat Have-nots
1386. Propaganda Common way by which large organizations and political groups attempt to create prejudices in others.
Often invoke fear and exaggerates.
1387. Prophase First phase in mitosis. Involves condensation of the chromatin into chromosomes. Centriole pairs
separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell which are responsible for the correct division of
DNA. Once the centrioles migrate to opposite poles they begin to form spindle fibers. Nuclear
membrane dissolves allowing the spindle fibers to contact the chromosomes. Kinetochores also appear
at the centromere. Homologous chromosomes align
1388. Prophase I Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the spindle apparatus forms, the nucleoli and nuclear
membrane disappear. Main difference with mitosis at this point is that the chromosomes come together
and intertwine in a process called synapsis. At this point, each chromosome consists of two sister
chromatids, so each synaptic pair contains four chromatids and is referred to as a tetrad.
1389. Prophase II Nuclear envelope dissolves, nucleoli disappear, the centrioles migrate to opposite poles, and the spindle
apparatus begins to form
1390. Prosody Rhythm, cadence, and inflection of our voices
1391. Prospective Remembering to perform a task at some point in the future
Memory
1392. Prostate Gland Give the fluid mildly alkaline properties so the sperm will be able to survive in the relative acidity of the
female reproductive tract
1393. Protons Found in the nucleus of an atom. Has charge of e=1.6E-19 C. Has a mass of one atomic mass unit (amu)
1394. Proximity Being physically close to someone.
1395. Pseudostratified Appear to have multiple layers due to differences in cell height but are only one layer.
Epithelia

1396. Psychoanalytic Contain some of the most widely varying perspectives on behavior, but they have in common the
(Psychodynamic) assumption of unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and
Theories or determine personality.
Personality
1397. Psychophysics Field where the relationship between the physical nature of stimuli and the sensations and
perceptions they evoke
1398. Psychotic Disorder Individuals suffer from one or more of the following conditions: delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized thought, disorganized behavior, catatonia, and negative symptoms.
1399. Psychoticism Measure of nonconformity of social deviance
1400. Pull Factors Positive attributes of the new location that attract the immigrant
1401. Pulmonary Right side of the heart accepts deoxygenated blood returning from the body and moves it to the
Circulation lungs by way of pulmonary arteries
1402. Punctuated Changes in some species occur in rapid bursts rather than evenly over time
Equilibrium
1403. Punishment Uses conditioning to reduce the occurrence of a behavior
1404. Purkinje Fibers Distribute the electrical signal through the ventricular muscle
1405. Push Factors Negative attributes of the old location that encourage the immigrant to leave
1406. Pyloric Glands Contain G-cells that secrete gastrin, a peptide hormone.
1407. Quanta Bundles of energy emitted as electromagnetic radiation
1408. Quantum Numbers n>l>ml>ms
1409. Race Social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people.
1410. Racial Formation Posits that racial identity is fluid and dependent on concurrent political, economic, and social
Theory factors
1411. Racialization Establishment of a group as a particular race
1412. Rapid Eye Movement Interspersed between cycles of the NREM sleep stages. Arousal levels reach that of wakefulness but
(REM) Sleep muscles are paralyzed. Called paradoxical sleep because one's heart rate, breathing patterns, and
EEG mimic wakefulness, but the individual is still asleep.
1413. Rational Choice Focuses on decision-making in an individual and attempts to reduce this process to a careful
Theory consideration of benefits and harms to the individual. Problematized by altruism
1414. Rationalization Justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to the self and society.
1415. Reabsorption Movement of solutes from filtrate to blood.
1416. Reaction Formation Unconscious conversion into their exact opposites.
1417. Reactive Social movements that resist social change
1418. Reappraisal Ongoing monitoring of stress
1419. Recall Retrieval and statement of previously learned information
1420. Recency Effect Most recent information is the most important in our impressions
1421. Recessive Two copies are needed to express a given phenotype
1422. Reciprocal Idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment all interact with each other to
Determinism determine our actions in a given situation.
1423. Reciprocal Liking Phenomenon whereby people like others better when they believe the other person likes them
1424. Recognition Process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned.
1425. Recognition-Primed Sorting through a wide variety of information to match a pattern
Decision Model
1426. Recombination Unlinks linked genes. Increases the variety of genetic combinations that can be produced via
gametogenesis. Small segments of genetic material are swapped between chromatids in
homologous chromosomes

1427. Recombination Likelihood that two alleles are separated from each other during crossing over. Roughly proportional to
Frequency the distance between the genes on the chromosome. Max is 50
1428. Red Fibers Also known as slow-twitch fibers. Have high myoglobin content and derive their energy aerobically.
Predominance is high in muscles that contract slowly.
1429. Red Marrow Filled with hematopoietic stem cells which are responsible for generation of all the cells in our blood
1430. Reference Self-concept often depends on whom we are comparing ourselves to.
Group
1431. Reference Groups that establish the terms by which individuals evaluate themselves
Groups
1432. Reflex Behavior that occurs in response to a given stimulus without higher cognitive input
1433. Reflex Arcs Neural circuits that control reflexive behavior
1434. Regenerative Ability of an organism to regrow certain parts of the body
Capacity
1435. Regional Mapping procedure which detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to
Cerebral different parts of the brain. Relies on assumption that using a certain part of the brain increases the
Blood Flow blood flow to that area.
(rCBF)
1436. Regression Reversion to an earlier development state.
1437. Reinforcement Parents and caregivers repeat and reinforce sounds that sound most like the language spoken by the
parents.
1438. Reinforcement Process of increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a behavior.
1439. Relative Decrease in resources, representation, or agency relative to the past or to the whole of society
Deprivation
1440. Relative One is poor in comparison to the larger population in which they live
Poverty
1441. Relative Greater than normal stimulation causes an action potential because the membrane is starting from a
Refractory potential that is more negative than its resting potential.
Period
1442. Relaxation Acetylcholine is degraded in the synapse by the enzyme known as acetylcholinesterase. This results in
termination of the signal at the neuromuscular junction and allows the sarcolemma to repolarize. As the
signal decays calcium release ceases and the SR takes up calcium from the sarcoplasm. SR tightly controls
intracellular calcium concentrations so that muscles are contracted only when necessary. ATP binds to the
myosin heads, freeing them from actin. The sarcomere can now return to its original width.
1443. Relearning Another way of demonstrating that information has been stored in long-term memory. Proves
information has been stored even though it wasn't readily available for recall
1444. Release of Results in the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the anterior pituitary
Corticotropin-
releasing
factor (CRF)
by the
hypothalamus
1445. Release of Results in the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by the anterior
Gonadotropin- pituitary
releasing
hormone
(GnRH) by the
hypothalamus

1446. Release of Growth Results in the release of Growth Hormone (GH) by the anterior pituitary
hormone-releasing
hormone (GHRH)
by the
hypothalamus
1447. Release of Results in the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by the anterior pituitary
Thyroid-releasing
hormone (TRH) by
the hypothalamus
1448. Reliance on Individuals tend to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of
Central Traits the target that are most relative to the perceiver
1449. Religion Pattern of social activities organized around a set of beliefs and practices that seek to address the
meaning of existence
1450. Religiosity How religious one considers him or herself to be, and includes strength of religious beliefs,
engagement in religious practices, and attitudes about religion itslef
1451. REM Rebound Earlier onset and greater duration of REM sleep compared to normal after sleep deprivation
1452. Renal Portal Blood leaving the glomerulus travels through an efferent arteriole before surrounding the nephron in
System a capillary network called the vasa recta
1453. Renin Cleaves angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I.
1454. Representational Marked by object permanence. Child begins to create mental representations of external objects and
Thought events
1455. Representativeness Involves categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or
Heuristic representative image of the category
1456. Repression Ego's way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious. Unconscious forgetting
1457. Resistance Based on resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. The longer a blood vessel the more resistance.
The larger the cross-sectional area the less resistance
1458. Resistance (Stress) Continuous release of hormones that allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to
fight the stressor
1459. Resocialization Process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change, and can have
positive or negative connotations
1460. Respect for Patient Physician has a responsibility to respect patients' decisions and choices about their own healthcare.
Autonomy
1461. Response Bias Tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to nonsensory
factors
1462. Resting Membrane Electrical potential difference between the inside of the neuron and the extracellular space. Usually
Potential about -70 mV. Inside is negative relative to the outside. Na high outside the cell. K is high inside.
Once the threshold is reached sodium channels open and sodium floods the cell making the inside
more positive. Potassium channels are later opened which allows Potassium to flow out allowing the
potential to become negative again.
1463. Reticular Hindbrain. Arousal and alertness. Neural structure.
Formation
1464. Reticular Layer Below the papillary layer. Dense.
1465. Retina Innermost layer of the eye which contains the actual photoreceptors that transduce light into
electrical information the brain can process. Screen consisting of neural elements and blood vessels.
Converts incoming photons of light to electrical signals. Considered part of the central nervous
system and is an outgrowth of brain tissue.
1466. Retrieval Name given to the process of demonstrating that something that has been learned has been retained.
1467. Retroactive New information causes forgetting of old information
Interference

1468. Retrograde Memory loss of events before brain injury

Amnesia
1469. Retroviruses Enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses. Contains two identical RNA molecules. Carry an enzymes known
as reverse transcriptase which synthesizes DNA from single-stranded RNA. This DNA is then integrated into
the host cell's own DNA. Allows for the cell to be infected indefinitely. Cell must die to be cured.
1470. Reuptake Bring neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic neuron. Ex: Serotonin (5-HT), Dopamine (DA), and
Carriers Norepinephrine (NE)
1471. Reverse Synthesizes DNA from single-stranded RNA
Trasncriptase
1472. Rh Factor Surface protein expressed on red blood cells. Refers to the absence or presence of a specific allele called D.
1473. Ritual Formalized ceremony that usually involves specific material objects, symbolism, and additional mandates
on acceptable behavior. Have a prescribed order of events or routine.
1474. Rods 120 million in the retina. More functional than cones in reduced illumination. Only allow sensation of light
and dark because they all contain a single pigment called rhodopsin. Low sensitivity to details and not
involved in color vision.
1475. Role Set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for those who hold the status
1476. Role Conflict Difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiple roles
1477. Role Exit Dropping of one identity for another
1478. Role Partner Person with whom one is interacting.
1479. Role Carrying out of behaviors associated with a given role
Performance
1480. Role Set Various roles associated with a status
1481. Role Strain Difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of the same role
1482. Role-Taking Practice for later in life
1483. Rooting Automatic turning of the head in the direction of a stimulus that touches the cheek
Reflex
1484. Rorschach Relies on the assumptions that the client projects his or her unconscious feelings onto the shape
Inkblot Test
1485. Rough Portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that appears rough microscopically due to the presence of ribosomes
Endoplasmic attached to the outer surface; site of protein synthesis for proteins destined to be membrane-bound or
Reticulum secreted.
(RER)
1486. Round Membrane-covered hoe in the cochlea that permits the perilymph to actually move within the cochlea.
Window
1487. Ruffini Sensory organ in the skin that responds to stretch
Endings
1488. Rugae Lining of the stomach
1489. Salivary Capable of hydrolyzing starch into smaller sugars. Produced by salivary glands. Function in the mouth.
Amylase Nutrient is carbohydrates
1490. Saltatory Hopping of a signal from node to node
Conduction
1491. Sanctions Used to maintain social control and often include fines or incarceration
1492. Sarcolemma Cell membrane of a myocyte. Capable of propagating an action potential and can distribute the action
potential to all sarcomeres in a muscle using a system of transverse tubules (T-tubules) that are oriented
perpendicularly to the myofibrils.
1493. Sarcomere Basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle. Made of thick an thin filaments. Divided into different lines, zones,
and bands.
1494. Sarcoplasm Modified cytoplasm located just outside the sarcoplasmic reticulum

1495. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) Cover myofibrils. It is a modified endoplasmic reticulum with a high concentration of
CA²⁺ ions
1496. Schachter-Singer Theory of States that both arousal and the labeling of arousal based on environment must occur in
Emotion (Cognitive Arousal order for an emotion to be experienced. Requires an environmental reaction. Nervous
Theory) or (Two-Factor Theory) system arousal and cognitive appraisal -> Conscious emotion
1497. Schema Can include a concept, a behavior, or a sequence of events.
1498. Schizoid Personality Disorder Cluster A. Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted
range of emotional expression
1499. Schizophrenia Prototypical psychotic disorder. Must show consistent symptoms for at least six months.
Genetic. Hypoxemia is a risk factor. Associated with an excess of dopamine in the brain.
1500. Schizotypal Personality Cluster A. Pattern of odd or eccentric thinking. May have ideas of reference as well as
Disorder magical thinking, such as superstitiousness
1501. Sclera Thick structural layer that covers the exposed position of the eye. The white of the eye.
Does not cover the frontmost portion of the eye
1502. Scrotum Location of the testes. External pouch that hangs below the penis and maintains a
temperature 2 to 4 degrees Celsius lower than the body.
1503. Seasonal Affective Disorder Best categorized as major depressive disorder with seasonal onset. Present in Winter
(SAD) months. May be related to abnormal melatonin metabolism. Treated with bright light
therapy
1504. Secondary Appraisal Occurs if stress is identified in the Primary Appraisal. Evaluates as to whether the
organism can cope with the stress. Involves evaluation of harm, threat, and challenge.
1505. Secondary Circular Reactions Occur when manipulation is focused on something outside the body such as throwing
toys. Often repeated because the child gets a response from the environment
1506. Secondary Drives Additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes. Motivate us to
fulfill nonbiological desires
1507. Secondary Group Interactions are superficial with few emotional bonds. Last a short period of time.
1508. Secondary oocytes Completes meiosis I. Remains arrested in metaphase II and does not complete the
remainder of meiosis II unless fertilization occurs. Ovulated on day 14 of the menstrual
cycle. Travels into the Fallopian tube to be fertilized.
1509. Secondary Response If the same microbe is ever encountered again, the memory cells jump into action and
produce the antibodies specific to that pathogen. More rapid and robust
1510. Secondary Sexual Males: Include facial and auxiliary hair. Deepening of the voice, and changes in growth
Characteristics patterns.
Females: Breast growth, widening of the hips, changes in fat distribution
1511. Secondary Socialization Process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society.
Based on learning the rules of the specific social environments.
1512. Secondary Spermatocytes After first meiotic division
1513. Secondary Traits Gordon Allport. Personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence. Only appear
in close groups or specific situations.
1514. Second Ionization Energy Energy necessary to remove the second electrons. Much larger for Group 1 elements but
not Group 2
1515. Second Sickness Exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social justice
1516. Second Trimester of Gestation Fetus undergoes tremendous growth. Moves within the amniotic fluid and its face takes
on a human appearance, as the toes and fingers elongate. 30 to 36 cm long by end of
the sixth month.
1517. Secretin Peptide hormone that causes pancreatic enzymes to be released into the duodenum. Also
regulates the pH of the digestive tract by reducing HCl secretion.
1518. Secularizes Moving of the world dominated by religion toward rationality and science

1519. Secure Attachment Seen when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing that he or
she has a secure base to return to
1520. Segregation Separating of the two homologous chromosomes
1521. Selective Attention Focusing on one part of the sensorium while ignoring other stimuli.
1522. Selective Only the genes needed for that particular cell type are transcribed.
Transcription
1523. Self Point of intersection between the collective unconscious, the personal unconscious, and the
conscious mind. Jung saw self as a mandala
1524. Self-Antigens The proteins and carbohydrates present on the surface of every cell of the body
1525. Self-Censorship Withholding of opposing views
1526. Self-Concept Internal list of answers to the question who am I?
1527. Self-Determination Emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, the need to be in control of one's actions
Theory (SDT) and ideas; competence, the need to complete and excel at difficult tasks; and relatedness, the need
to feel accepted and wanted in relationships
1528. Self-Disclosure Giving information about oneself to establish an identity. Sharing one's fears, thoughts, and goals
with another person and being met with nonjudgmental empathy
1529. Self-Discrepancy Maintains that each of us has three selves.
Theory -Actual
-Ideal
-Ought
1530. Self-Efficacy Our belief in our ability to succeed
1531. Self-Enhancement Focuses on the need to maintain self-worth and can be done through internal attribution of
successes and external attribution of failure
1532. Self-Esteem The closer the actual, ideal, and ought self are together the higher our self worth. Those with a low
self esteem are far more critical of themselves.
1533. Self-Fulfilling Expectations that can create conditions that lead to cofirmation of those expectations
Prophecy
1534. Selfishness Donor benefits while recipient is negatively impacted
1535. Self-Presentation Also known as impression management. Process of displaying oneself to society through culturally
accepted behaviors
1536. Self-Reference We tend to recall information best when we can put it into the context of our own lives
Effect
1537. Self-Schema Self-given label that carries with it a set of qualities
1538. Self-Serving Bias Refers to the fact that individuals will view their own success based on internal factors, while viewing
(Self-Serving failures based on external factors
Attributional Bias)
1539. Self-Tolerance Cells that turn off self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent autoimmune diseases
1540. Semantic Encoding Put the information in a meaningful context to encode it. Strongest.
1541. Semantic Network Concepts are linked together based on similar meaning
1542. Semantics Association of meaning with a word
1543. Semen Combination of sperm and seminal fluid
1544. Semicircular Canals Sensitive to rotational acceleration. Arranged perpendicularly and ends in a swelling called an
ampulla where hair cells are located.
1545. Seminal Vesicles Contribute fructose to nourish sperm
1546. Sensation Aligns with transduction. Performed by receptors in the peripheral nervous system, which forward
the stimuli to the central nervous system in the form of action potentials and neurotransmitters
1547. Sensitive Period Time when environmental input has maximal effect on the development of an ability

1548. Sensorimotor First stage of life. Starts at birth and lasts until two years of age. Child learns to manipulate his or her
Stage environment in order to meet physical needs.
1549. Sensory Transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain. Ascend in the cord toward the
(Afferent) brain.
Neurons
1550. Sensory Bias Development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population
1551. Sensory First and most fleeting kind of memory storage. Consists of both iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory)
Memory memory. Lasts a very short time (less than a second). Maintained by the major projection areas of each
sensory system such as the occipital lobe and temporal lobe
1552. Sensory Transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain. Ascend the spinal cord toward
Neurons the brain
(Afferent
Neurons)
1553. Sensory Neurons that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals.
Receptors
1554. Separation Fear of being separated from the parental figure
Anxiety
1555. Septal Nuclei One of the primary pleasure centers in the brain.
1556. Serial Retrieval cue that appears when learning lists. Much higher recall for the first (primacy effect) and last
Position (recency effect) few items on the list.
Effect
1557. Serotonin Monoamine. Though to play roles in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming. Plays a role in
depression (too little) and mania (too much).
1558. Sertoli Cells Nourish sperm during their development
1559. Sex Determined by the 23rd pair of chromosomes. XX being female and XY being male. Ovum carries X
chromosome. Sperm can carry X or Y.
1560. Sex-Linked Mutations in sex cells.
1561. Sex-Linked Females have two X. Males have one. More common in males
(X-linked)
Traits
1562. Sex pili Appendages that make up the conjugation bridge. Found on the donor male
1563. Sexual Defined as the direction of one's sexual interest toward members of the same, opposite, or both sexes
Orientation
1564. Shadow Appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness.
1565. Shape Not only the 3D geometry but also our ability to discriminate an object of interest from the background by
detecting its boundaries. Detected by parvocellular cells which have very high color spatial resolution that
permits us to see very fine details. Only works with stationary or slow objects because they have low
temporal resolution
1566. Shaping Process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors.
1567. Shivering The rapid contraction of skeletal muscle. Requires a lot of ATP. Much of this ATP is converted into thermal
energy.
1568. Shortening Free globular heads of the myosin molecules move toward and bind with the exposed sites on actin. The
of the actin-myosin cross bridges then allow myosin to pull on actin, which draws thin filaments toward the M-
Sarcomere line, resulting in shortening of the sarcomere. Shortening is undone when ATP release provides energy for
the powerstroke and sliding of the actin filament over the myosin filament.
1569. Short-Term Fades quickly over the course of 30 seconds without rehearsal. Limited in capacity with the 7 plus/minus
Memory rule
1570. Sick Role He or she was not responsible for the illness, but still exempt from normal social roles. Further the patient
had the obligation to want to become well and seek out help

1571. Signal Detection Focuses on the changes in our perception of the same stimuli depending on both internal and external
Theory context.
1572. Signaling Connection between the hormone at the surface and the effect brought about by second messengers
Cascade within the cell
1573. Silent Mutations When the change in nucleotide has no effect on the final protein synthesized from the gene. Occurs due
to the degeneracy or wobble in the genetic code
1574. Simple Twitch Response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above threshold. Consists of a latent period,
contraction period, and relaxation period.
1575. Single Covalent Two atoms sharing one pair of electrons
Bond
1576. Sir Charles Inferred the existence of synapses.
Sherrington
1577. Situation Very important in developing perception
1578. Situational Behavior is determined by the environment and context
Approach
1579. Situational Those that relate to features of the surroundings, such as threats, money, social norms, and peer
(External) pressure
Attributions
1580. Skeletal Muscle Responsible for voluntary movement and is innervated by the somatic nervous system. Appears striped
(striated) due to the arrangement of actin and myosin into repeating units called sarcomeres. Many
nuclei per cell. Ca²⁺ required for contraction
1581. Skin First line of defense in the Innate Immune System. Provides a physical barrier between the outside world
(Integument) and our internal organs. Also contain defensins which are antibacterial enzymes. Largest organ in our
bodies. It is derived from the ectoderm. Has several layers: hypodermis, dermis, and epidermis
1582. Sleep Apnea Inability to breathe during sleep
1583. Sleep Cycle Single complete progression through the sleep stages.
1584. Sleep Result from as little as one night without sleep, or from multiple nights with poor-quality, short-
Deprivation duration sleep. Results in irritability, mood disturbances, decreased performance, and slowed reaction
time.
1585. Sleep Paralysis Sensation of being unable to move despite being awake
1586. Sleepwalking Occurs during slow-wave sleep. Have no recollection.
(Somnambulism)
1587. Slum Extremely densely populated area of a city with low-quality, often informal housing and poor sanitation
1588. Small Intestine Has three segments:
-Duodenum
-Jejunum
-Ileum.
It is quite long. Food leaves the stomach through the pyloric sphincter and enters the duodenum.
1589. Smooth Lacks ribosomes and is utilized primarily for lipid synthesis. Also transports proteins from the RER to the
Endoplasmic Golgi Apparatus and detoxifies drugs and poisons.
Reticulum (SER)
1590. Smooth Muscle Responsible for involuntary action. Controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Found in the
respiratory tree, digestive tract, bladder, uterus, blood vessel walls and other locations. Have a single
nucleus in the center of the cell. Contain actin and myosin but these fibers are not as well-organized so
it is nonstriated. Capable of more sustained contractions. Respond to nervous input but do not require
external signals to undergo contraction. Ca²⁺ required for contraction
1591. Social Action Actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around.
1592. Social Anxiety Characterized by anxiety that is due to social situations. Fear of embarrassment.
Disorder

1593. Social Capital Investments people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards; the greater the
investment the higher the level of social integration and inclusion.
1594. Social Class Category of people who share a similar socioeconomic position in society.
1595. Social Focuses on the ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior
Cognition
1596. Social Focuses not just on how our environment influences our behavior, but how we interact with that
Cognitive environment
1597. Social Postulates that people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others.
Cognitive Develops through direct observation and replication of the actions of others, in tandem with personal
Theory factors and the environment.
1598. Social Focuses on how individuals put together their social reality. Subject to change as social norms and
Constructionism opinions develop over time
1599. Social Assumes that there is no biological basis for emotions. Emotions are based on experiences and the
Construction situational context alone. Also suggest that certain emotions can only exist within social encounters and
Model that emotions are expressed differently across cultures
1600. Social Exclusion Arises from the sense of powerlessness when poor individuals feel segregated and isolated from society
1601. Social Tendency to perform better on simple tasks in the presence of others. People naturally exhibit a
Facilitation performance response when they know they are being watched.
1602. Social Well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are
Institutions accepted as a fundamental part of culture.
1603. Social Explores the ways in which two or more individuals can both shape each other's behavior.
Interaction
1604. Social Focuses on the interplay between biological and social processes. Language acquisition is driven by the
Interactionist child's desire to communicate and behave in a social manner
Theory
1605. Socialist Treats large industries as collective, shared businesses, and compensation is provided based on the work
contribution of each individual into the system. Profit is distributed equally to the workforce
1606. Socialization Process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
1607. Social Loafing Tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually
1608. Social Mobility Result of an economic and occupational structure that allows one to acquire higher-level employment
opportunities given proper credentials and experience requirements
1609. Social Organized either to promote or resist social change
Movements
1610. Social Provides the tools to make judgments and impressions regarding other people. Has three components:
Perception the perceiver, the target, and the situation
(Social
Cognition)
1611. Social Measures stress levels in life change units.
Readjustment
Rating Scale
1612. Social Social inequality, especially poverty, can be reproduced or passed on from one generation to the next
Reproduction
1613. Social Structure System of people within a society organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships
1614. Social Support Perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network.
1615. Socioeconomic Depends on ascribed or achieved status
Status (SES)
1616. Somatic Consists of sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles.
Nervous
System

1617. Somatic Have at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical
Symptom condition, and that is accompanied by disproportionate concerns about its seriousness, devotion of an
Disorder excessive amount of time and energy to it, or elevated levels of anxiety.
1618. Somatosensation Touch. Pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature.
1619. Somatosensory Located on the postcentral gyrus (just behind the central sulcus). Involved in somatosensory
Cortex information processing.
1620. Somatostatin Inhibitor of both insulin and glucagon secretion. Comes from Pancreas Delta cells. Peptide.
1621. Source- Confusion between semantic and episodic memory. Remembers the details but confuses the context
Monitoring Error
1622. Spacing Effect The longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater the retention of the
information later on
1623. Spatial Focuses on social stratification across territories and their populations
Inequality
1624. Spatial Nondominant: Geometry, sense of direction
Processes
1625. Species Largest group of organisms capable of breeding to form fertile offspring
1626. Specific Immune Cells learn to recognize and respond. Has two categories: humoral and cell-mediated immunity
Response
1627. Specific Phobia One in which anxiety is produced by a specific object or situation
1628. Spectroscopic Shorthand representation of the principal and azimuthal quantum numbers. l=0 is s, l=1 is p l=2 is d,
Notation and l=3 is f. Example 4p
1629. Speed of Light C=fλ
1630. Sperm Produced in highly coiled seminiferous tubules where they are nourished by Sertoli cells. Mixed with
seminal fluid as they pass through the reproductive tract. Very compact. Consists of a head (containing
genetic material), a midpiece (which generates ATP from fructose), and a flagellum (for motility). Only
contribute half of DNA
1631. Spermatids After meiosis II
1632. Spermatogenesis Formation of haploid sperm through meiosis. Occurs in the seminiferous tubules. Results in four
functional sperm
1633. Spermatogonia Diploid stem cells of males
1634. Spermatozoa Result of mutation of spermatids
1635. Sperm Midpiece Filled with mitochondria which generate the energy to be used as the sperm swims through the female
reproductive tract to reach the ovum in the Fallopian tubes
1636. Spinal Cord Extends downward from the brainstem and has four divisions:
-Cervical
-Thoracic
-Lumbar
-Sacral
It is protected by the vertebral column. It also consists of white and grey matter. White matter lies on
the outside of the cord while grey matter is deep within it. Motor neurons exit ventrally (side closest to
the front)
1637. Spin Quantum Could be +1/2 or -1/2. Two electrons in an orbital must have opposite values. They are referred to as
Number (ms) paired.
1638. Spite Both the donor and recipient are negatively impacted
1639. Spleen Location of blood storage and activation of B-cells, which turn into plasma cells
1640. Spongy Consists of bony points known as trabeculae.
(Cancellous)
Bone

1641. Spontaneous When an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again, a weak conditioned response can sometimes be
Recovery exhibited
1642. Spreading Key to priming in which recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phase that is close to the
Activation desired semantic memory
1643. SRY Sex-determining region Y which codes for a transcription factor that initiates testis differentiation and the
formation of male gonads
1644. S Stage: Cell replicates its genetic material so that each daughter cell will have identical copies. After replication,
Synthesis of each chromosome consists of two identical chromatids that are bound together at a specialized region
DNA known as the centromere. Cells entering G2 have twice as much DNA as cells in G1.
1645. Stabilizing Keeps phenotypes within a specific range by selecting against extremes
Selection
1646. Stage 1 Starts when you sleep. Appears as theta waves in EEG. Irregular waveforms with slower frequencies appear
on the EEG
1647. Stage 2 Deeper sleep. Shows theta waves and sleep spindles and K complexes.
1648. Stages 3 and Slow-wave sleep (SWS). EEG activity progresses to a few sleep waves per second. Low-frequency and high
4 voltage. Delta waves.
1649. Stages of Zygote -> 2,4,6,8,16 cell embryo -> morula -> blastula -> gastrua
Development
1650. Stanford- IQ= (Mental age/ chronological age) X 100
Binet IQ Test
1651. Stapes Acted on by the Incus
(Stirrup)
1652. Starling Account for the pressure differentials in both hydrostatic and oncotic pressures between the blood and
Forces Bowman's space
1653. State- People who learn facts or skills while intoxicated, for example, will show better recall or proficiency when
Dependent performing those same tasks in the same state
Memory
1654. Stationary As the number of bacteria in the colony grows, resources are often reduced. This reduction of resources
Phase slows reproduction.
1655. Statuses Positions in society that are used to classify individuals. There are three types of statuses: ascribed,
achieved, and master.
1656. Stem Cells Cells that have not yet differentiated, or which give rise to other cells that will differentiate. Exist in
embryonic tissues as well as adult tissues
1657. Stereotype Attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using two dimensions: warmth and
Content competence. Warmth are those that are not in direct competition with the in-group for resources.
Model Competent groups are those that have high status within society.
1658. Stereotypes Occur when attitudes and impressions are based on limited and superficial information about a person or a
group of individuals. Attributes that people believe define and characterize a group.
1659. Stereotype Concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about one's social
Threat group. Can cause reduced performance, encourage self-handicapping strategies, and lower one's personal
investment in an activity.
1660. Stereotyping Making assumptions about people based on the category in which they are placed
1661. Steroid Derived from cholesterol and are produced primarily by the gonads and adrenal cortex. Nonpolar molecule
Hormones derivatives meaning they can easily cross the cell membrane.
1662. Stigma Extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society
1663. Stimulants Increase arousal in the nervous system. Increases frequency of action potentials
1664. Stimulus Anything to which an organism can respond

1665. Stomach Highly muscular organ with a capacity of approximately two liters. Located in the upper left quadrant of
the abdominal cavity. Uses hydrochloric acid and enzymes to digest food, it has a thick mucosa to
prevent autodigestion. Has four divisions the fundus and the body contain mostly gastric glands. The
atrium and pylorus contain mostly pyloric glands. The internal curvature is called the lesser curvature
while the external curvature is called the greater curvature. Secretes six products:
-HCl
-Pepsinogen
-Mucus
-Bicarbonate
-Water
-Intrinsic Factor
1666. Strain Theory Attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social
structure.
1667. Stratum Basale Contains stem cells and is responsible for proliferation of keratinocytes.
1668. Stratum Contains several dozen layers of flattened keratinocytes, forming a barrier that prevents invasion by
Corneum pathogens and that helps to prevent loss of fluids and salts.
1669. Stratum Keratinocytes die and lose their nuclei. Thin layer of cells in the epidermis
Granulosum
1670. Stratum Present in thick, hairless skin, such as the foot or palms. Nearly transparent
Lucidum
1671. Stratum Where keratinocytes connect to each other. Site of Langerhans cells
Spinosum
1672. Stress Our response to challenging events, be they physical, emotional, cognitive, or behavioral. Elevated stress
can result in irritability, moodiness, fearfulness, and helplessness. Chronic stress can lead to mental
health disorders.
1673. Stressor Biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response. Classified as either
causing distress or eustress Can range from minimal to irritating. Include:
-Environmental Factors: Uncomfortable temperature, loud sounds, inclement weather
-Daily Events: Running late. losing items, unexpected occurrences
-Workplace or Academic Setting: Assignments, hierarchical interactions, time management
-Social Expectations: Demands placed by society, family, and friends
-Classical and Biological: Diet, alcohol, drugs, viruses, allergies, medications, medical conditions
1674. Strong Ties Peer group and kinship contacts. Low in number but high in power
1675. Style of Life Manifestation of the creative self and describes a person's unique way of achieving superiority
1676. Subcultures Groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they
belong
1677. Subjective Deal with perceiving contours and shapes that are not actually present in the stimulus
Contours
1678. Sublimates De-eroticizes libidinal energy
1679. Sublimation Transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors.
1680. Subliminal Perception of a stimulus below a given threshold. Arrives at the central nervous system, but does not
Perception reach the higher-order brain regions that control attention and consciousness
1681. Suburbanization Migration pattern of the middle classes to suburban communities
1682. Sucrase Digests sucrose to glucose and fructose. Produced by intestinal glands. Function in the duodenum. Their
nutrient is carbohydrates
1683. Summation Additive effects of multiple inhibitory and excitatory signals
1684. Sundowning Increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening
1685. Superego Focuses on the ideal self. Personality's perfectionist, judges our actions and responds with pride at our
accomplishments and guilt at our failures. Divided into the conscience and ego-ideal.

1686. Superinfection Simultaneous infection with other phages. Infection with one strain of phage makes the bacterium less
susceptible to superinfection.
1687. Superior Receives visual sensory input
Colliculus
1688. Superior Vena Returns blood from the portions of the body above the heart
Cava (SVC)
1689. Suppression More deliberate, conscious form of forgetting.
1690. Suppressor or Express CD4 and Foxp3. Help tone down the immune response. Prevent autoimmune disease
Regulatory T-
cells (Treg)
1691. Supraspinal Requires input from the brain or brainstem
Circuits
1692. Sweating Excellent cooling mechanism that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. When body temperature
rises above the set point determined by the hypothalamus then thermoregulation must occur in order to
rid the body of heat. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons that utilize acetylcholine innervate sweat glands
and promote the secretion of water with certain ions onto the skin. Heat is then absorbed from the body
as the molecules within the water undergo a phase change to evaporate. The evaporation of water from
the skin is the main mechanism off cooling.
1693. Symbolic Focuses on the ideas that represent a group of people.
Culture
(Nonmaterial
Culture)
1694. Symbolic Sepcific connection to one's ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, even when
Ethnicity ethnic identity does not play a significant role in everyday life
1695. Symbolic Study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other
Interactionism symbols.
1696. Symbolic Ability to pretend, play make-believe, and have an imagination.
Thinking
1697. Symbols Things to which we attach meaning, and are key to understanding how we view the world and
communicate with one another
1698. Sympathetic Involved in inhibition of digestive, activities, decreasing secretions from exocrine glands
Division and
Digestion
1699. Sympathetic Activated by stress. Known as fight-or-flight reactions. -Increases heart rate
Nervous -Redistributes blood to muscles of locomotion
System -Increases blood glucose concentration
-Relaxes the bronchi
-Decreases digestion and peristalsis
-Dilates the eyes to maximize light intake
-Releases epinephrine into the bloodstream
1700. Sympathetic Speed up the heart rate and increase the contractility of cardiac muscle
Signals
1701. Synapse Nerve terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane
1702. Synaptic Cleft Small space into which the terminal portion of the axon releases neurotransmitters, which bind to the
dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron
1703. Synaptic Weak neural connections are broken while strong ones are bolstered, increasing the efficiency of our
Pruning brains' ability to process information
1704. Synaptonemal Group of proteins that hold together homologous chromosomes
Complex
1705. Synergistic Muscles working together to accomplish the same function.

1706. Synovium Layer of soft tissue that secretes synovial fluid which lubricates the movement of structure in the joint
space
1707. Syntax How words are put together to form sentences
1708. System for Based on the belief that there are three fundamental dimensions of interaction: dominance vs.
Multiple Level submission, friendliness vs. unfriendliness, and instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive
Observation of
Groups
(SYMLOG)
1709. Systemic Left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs by way of the pulmonary veins and
Circulation forces it out to the body through the aorta
1710. Taboo Socially unacceptable, disgusting, or reprehensible.
1711. Tactical Self Who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others' expectations of us
1712. Tail Fibers Help the bacteriophage to recognize and connect to the correct host cell
1713. Tail Sheath Acts like a syringe, injecting genetic material into a bacterium
1714. Target Refers to the person about which the perception is made
1715. Taste Five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory). Detected by chemoreceptors that are
sensitive to dissolved compounds. Information travels from the taste bud to the brainstem, and then
ascend to the taste center in the thalamus.
1716. Taste Buds Receptors for taste. Found in little bumps on the tongue called papillae.
1717. Taste Receptors Respond to dissolved compounds (taste)
1718. T-Cells Kill virally infected cells and activate other immune cells. Mature in the thymus. Agents of cell-mediated
immunity because they coordinate the immune system and directly kill virally infected cells. Killer T-cells
destroy an infected cell in which it detects the presence of antigens. Other help coordinate the immune
response. Mature in thymus. There are three types:
-Helper T-cells (Th) or CD4⁺ T-Cells
-Cytotoxic T-cells (Tc) or CTL for Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes or CD8⁺ T-Cells
-Suppressor or Regulatory T-cells (Treg)
1719. Teacher Idea that teachers tend to get what they expect from students. A teacher who places high demands on
Expectancy students will more often see students succeed than a teacher who places the same demands but doubts
that the students can achieve them
1720. Telomerase Reverse transcriptase that is able to synthesize the ends of chromosomes preventing senescence
1721. Telophase Reverse of prophase. Final stage of mitosis or meiosis during which the chromosomes uncoil. Spindle
apparatus disappears. Nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes and the nucleoli
reappear. Chromosomes resume interphase form. Each of the two nuclei has received a complete copy of
the genome identical to the original genome. When cytokinesis occurs.
1722. Telophase I Nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus. Each chromosome still consists of two sister
chromatids joined at the centromere. Cells are now haploid. Cell divides into two daughter cells by
cytokinesis.
1723. Telophase II Nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus. Cytokinesis follows and two daughter cells are
formed. Four haploid daughter cells are produced per gametocyte.
1724. Temporal Lobes Associated with a number of functions. Auditory cortex and Wernicke's area are located here. Also
functions in memory processing, emotion, and language.
1725. Tendons Attach muscle to bone
1726. Test Cross Used to determine an unknown genotype. Organism with an unknown genotype is crossed with an
organism known to be homozygous recessive.

1727. Testes Have two functional components:

-seminiferous tubules
-interstitial cells.
They secrete testosterone in response to stimuation by gonadotropins (LH and FSH)
1728. Testosterone Secreted by cells of Leydig. Production increases dramatically during puberty and helps sperm
production begin. Develops and maintains the male reproductive system and results in the
development of secondary sexual characteristics. Production remains high through adulthood and
declines as men age. Comes from testis. Steroid.
1729. Tetanus Contractions become so frequent that the muscle is unable to relax at all
1730. Tetrads Homologous pairs of chromosomes and their sister chromatids
1731. Thalamus Sensory relay station for incoming sensory information for all senses except smell. Forebrain.
1732. Thanatos Death instincts. Unconscious wish for death and destruction.
1733. That's-not-all Individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than she
Technique expected.
1734. Thematic Consists of a series of pictures that are presented to the client, who is asked to make up a story about
Apperception each one hoping they will elucidate their own thoughts and feelings.
Test
1735. Theocracy System where power is held by religious leaders
1736. Theory of Mind Ability to sense how another's mind works. We can recognize and react to how others think of us.
1737. Thermoreceptors Respond to changes in temperature (thermosensation)
1738. Thermoregulation Regulation of body temperature. Regulated by vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Primarily regulated by
sweat glands or rapid contraction.
1739. Thin Filaments Made of actin along with troponin and tropomyosin which help to regulate the interaction between the
actin and myosin filaments. (Acthin)
1740. Third Trimester of Seventh and eighth months are characterized by continued rapid growth and further brain
Gestation development. Antibodies are transported to the fetus for protection. The growth rate eventually slows
and the fetus becomes less active
1741. Thoracic Cavity Structure which is specially designed to perform breathing
1742. Thoracic Duct Present in the base of the neck. Empties into the left subclavian vein.
1743. Thought Belief that one's thoughts are broadcast directly from one's head to the external world
Broadcasting
1744. Thought Insertion Belief that thoughts are being placed in one's head
1745. Threshold Minimum amount of stimulus that renders a difference in perception.
1746. Threshold Value In the range of -55mV to -40mV. Value where an action potential will be triggered.
1747. Thrombocytes Cell fragments or shards released from cells in bone marrow
(Platelets)
1748. Thrombopoietin Secreted by the liver and kidney and stimulates mainly platelet development
1749. Thymosin Important for proper T-cell development and differentiation. Comes from the Thymus. Peptide.
1750. Thyroid It is controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone. It is on the front surface of the trachea. It sets the
basal metabolic rate and maintains calcium homeostasis.
1751. Thyroid- Comes from the anterior pituitary. Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones. Peptide.
Stimulating
Hormone (TSH)
1752. Thyroxine and Slower onsets but longer duration
triiodothyronine

1753. Timeline of 9 to 12 months: Babbling

Language 12 to 18 months: One word per month
Acquisition 18 to 20 months: Explosion of language and combining words
2 to 3 years: Longer sentences
5 years: Language rules largely mastered
1754. Titin Acts as a spring and anchors the actin and myosin filaments together, preventing excessive stretching
of the muscle
1755. Token Positive behavior is rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges, treats, or other
Economies reinforcers
1756. Tolerance Decrease in perceived drug effect over time
1757. Tonus Constant state of low-level contraction
1758. Top-down Driven by memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize the whole object and then
Processing recognize the components based on expectations.
(Conceptually
driven)
1759. Total Lung The maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely; usually around 6 to 7 liters
Capacity (TLC)
1760. Totipotent Cells with the greatest potency. Include embryonic stem cells. Can ultimately differentiate into any cell
type.
1761. Tracts Bundles of multiple neurons. Carry one type of information
1762. Trait Theorists Prefer to describe individual personality as the sum of a person's characteristic behaviors. Use clusters
of behaviors to describe individuals.
1763. Transcription Promote transcription of genes required for the next stage of the cell cycle
Factors
1764. Transduction Conversion of physical, electromagnetic, auditory, and other information from our internal and external
environment to electrical signals in the nervous system
1765. Transformation Results from the integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome. Most frequently comes
from other bacteria that, upon lysing, spill their contents in the vicinity of a bacterium capable of
transformation. Many gram-negative rods carry out this process.
1766. Transformational Children learn to make transformations effortlessly at an early age
Grammer
1767. Transition Considered to be metals. Have low electron affinities, low ionization energies, and ow electronegativites.
Elements Very hard and have high melting and boiling points. Tend to be quite malleable and are good
conductors. Have different oxidation states because they are capable of losing different numbers of
electrons from the s and d orbitals in their valence shells. They tend to associate in solution with
molecules of water or nonmetals.
1768. Translation and Translation must occur in order for the virus to reproduce. Requires translocation of the genetic
Progeny material to the correct location in the cell. Most DNA viruses must go to the nucleus in order to be
Assembly transcribed to mRNA. mRNA then goes to the cytoplasm where it is translated to proteins. Positive-
sense RNA viruses stay in the cytoplasm where it is directly translated to protein by host cell ribosomes.
Negative-sense RNA viruses require synthesis of a complementary RNA strand via RNA replicase which
can then be translated to form proteins. DNA formed through reverse transcription can be integrated
into the host genome. Viral RNA is translated into protein using the ribosomes, tRNA, amino acids, and
enzymes of the host cell. Most of these proteins are structural capsid proteins which allow for the
creation of new virions. The viral genome can be packaged within the capsid and must be returned to its
original form before packaging. It can now invade a new cell
1769. Translocation Occur when a segment of DNA from one chromosome is swapped with a segment of DNA from another
Mutations chromosome
1770. Transposons Genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome. If inserted into a
coding region the gene may be disrupted.

1771. Triads Three member groups

1772. Trial-and-Error Less sophisticated type of problem-solving in which various solutions are tried until one is found
that seems to work
1773. Triiodothyronine Both produced by the iodination of the amino acid tyrosine in the follicular cells of the thyroid.
(T3) and Thyroxine Undergoes the maintenance of the Thyroid. Stimulates metabolic activity. Comes from the thyroid. It
(T4) is an amino acid derivative.
1774. Trophoblast Cells Surround the blastocoel and give rise to the chorion and later the placenta
1775. Tropic Hormones Require an intermediary to act. Originate in the brain and anterior pituitary gland
1776. Trust vs. Mistrust 0 to 1 year. If resolved successfully the child will come to trust his environment as well as himself. If
mistrust wins the child will often be suspicious of the world. Can I trust the world?
1777. Trypsin(ogen) Hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds; converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin; activated by
enteropeptidase. Produced by acinar cells in the pancreas. Function in the duodenum. Their key
nutrient is proteins.
1778. Two-point Refers to the minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin that the
Threshold points will be felt as two distinct stimuli
1779. Type A Characterized by behavior that tends to be competitive and compulsive
1780. Type B Laid-back and relaxed
1781. Type I Diabetes Caused by autoimmune destruction of the Beta cells of the pancreas. As a result insulin can not be
Mellitus produced. Those effected require regular injections of insulin to avoid hyperglycemia
1782. Type Theorists Attempt to create a taxonomy of personality types
1783. Umbilical Arteries Carry blood away from the fetus toward the placenta. Deoxygenated blood
1784. Umbilical Cord Connects the embryo to the placenta. Consists of two arteries and one vein encased in a gelatinous
substance. Vein carries freshly oxygenated blood rich with nutrients. Arteries carry deoxygenated
blood and waste to the placenta.
1785. Umbilical Vein Carries blood toward the fetus from the placenta. Oxygenated blood
1786. Unconditional Technique by which the therapist accepts the client completely and expresses empathy in order to
Positive Regard promote a positive therapeutic environment
1787. Unconditioned Innate or reflexive response
Response
1788. Unconditioned Any stimulus that brings about a reflexive response
Stimulus
1789. Unconscious Thoughts that we have repressed
1790. Undifferentiated Low scores on both scales of masculinity and femininity
1791. Universal Donors Type O blood.
1792. Universal Emotions -Happiness: Smile, wrinkling around eyes, raised cheeks
-Sadness: Frown, inner eyebrows pulled up and together
-Contempt: One corner of the mouth pulled upwards
-Surprise: Eyes widen, eyebrows pulled up and curved, jaw opens
-Fear: Eyes widen, eyebrows pilled up and together, lips pulled toward ears
-Disgust: Nose wrinkling and/or raising of upper lip
-Anger: Glaring, eyebrows pulled down and together, lips pressed together
1793. Universal Recipients Type AB blood.
1794. Upon ovulation, the Abdominal cavity
oocyte is released
into the?
1795. Upper Esophageal Initiates swallowing. Consists of the muscles of the oropharynx
Sphincter
1796. Urban Decay Previously functional portion of a city deteriorates and becomes decrepit over time

1797. Urbanization Dense areas of population creating a pull for migration. Cities are formed as individuals move into and
establish residency in new urban centers.
1798. Urban Renewal City land is reclaimed and renovated for public or private use
1799. Urea Neutral compound which travels to the kidney and is secreted into the nephron for excretion with the
urine
1800. Urethra Composed of two fused ejaculatory ducts and carries sperm through the penis as they exist
1801. Uterus Connected to the Fallopian tubes. It is muscular and the site of fetal development.
1802. Vagus Nerve Responsible for much of the parasympathetic innervation of the thoracic and abdominal cavity
(Cranial Nerve
X)
1803. Valence Electrons that are farthest from the nucleus and have the strongest interactions with the surrounding
Electrons environment and weakest interactions with the nucleus. Much more likely to be involve in bonds. Have the
greatest potential energy
1804. Values What a person deems important in life, which dictates one's ethical principals and standards of behavior
1805. Variable Individuals with the same genotype may have different phenotypes
Expressivity
1806. Variable- Reinforce a behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time.
Interval (VI)
Schedules
1807. Variable-Ratio Reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior, but such that the average
(VR) Schedules number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant. Have the fastest response rate. Most
resistant to extinction
1808. Vector Virus that carries genetic material from one bacterium to another
1809. Veins Formed of venules which are formed of capillaries. They are thin-walled inelastic vessels that transport
blood to the heart. They carry deoxygenated blood except for the pulmonary and umbilical veins.
1810. Ventilation Collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata that fire rhythmically to cause regular contraction of
Center respiratory muscles
1811. Ventral Connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion
Prefrontal
Cortex
1812. Ventromedial Satiety center. Provides signals to stop eating. When destroyed one is very much hungry
Hypothalamus
(VMH)
1813. Ventromedial Thought to play a substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the
Prefrontal amygdala
Cortex
1814. Venules Smaller venous structures that connect capillaries to the larger veins of the body
1815. Verbal Transmission of information via the use of words, whether spoken, written, or signed. Tied to nonverbal
Communication communication and is often dependent on nonverbal cues
1816. Vertical Upward and downward mobility. Movement from one social class to another
Mobility
1817. Vestibule Portion of the bony labyrinth that contains the utricle and saccule. Structures that are sensitive to
rotational acceleration. Used as a balancing apparatus.
1818. Vibrissae Nasal hairs. Help filter
1819. Virions Viral progeny which can be released to infect additional cells
1820. Viroids Small pathogens consisting of a very short circular single-stranded RNA that infects plants. Bind to a
large number of RNA sequences and silence genes in the plant genome. Prevents synthesis of necessary
proteins and can cause metabolic and structural derangements in the plant cell.

1821. Virulence Traits that increase how pathogenic a bacterium is, such as toxin production, projections that allow the
Factors bacterium to attach to certain kinds of cells, or evasion of the host's immune system
1822. Virus Not living. They are acellular. Lack organelles and a nucleus. Composed of genetic material, a protein coat,
and sometimes an envelope containing lipids. The genetic information may be circular or linear, single or
double stranded and composed of either DNA or RNA. Obligate intracellular parasites because they cannot
reproduce independently. Must express and replicate genetic information within a host cell because they lack
ribosomes for protein synthesis.
1823. Visceral Surface adjacent to the lung
Pleura
1824. Visual Visual information to encode it
Encoding
1825. Visual Refer to both the physical anatomical connections between the eyes and the brain and the flow of visual
Pathways information along these connections. Each eye's right visual field projects onto the left half of each eye's
retina and vice versa. The signal crosses over at the optic chiasm. In the end the reorganized pathways are
called optic tracts.
1826. Visual Dominant: Letters, words
System Nondominant: Faces
1827. Vitamin D Required for the absorption of calcium and phosphate in the gut. Promotes resorption of bone.
1828. Vitreous Behind the lens. Transparent gel that supports the retina
1829. Volkmann''s Transverse channels
Canals
1830. Vygotsky Focused on understanding cognitive development. Believed culture was imperative to cognitive activity.
1831. Waste H⁺, Urea, NH₃, and K⁺
Products
Excreted in
Urine
1832. Water Dissolves and dilutes ingested material
1833. Water- (B complex and C). Absorbed across the endothelial cells of the small intestine and pass directly into the
Soluble plasma
Vitamins
1834. Weak Ties Social connections that are superficial but are large in number
1835. Weber's There is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a just noticeable
Law difference and the magnitude of the original stimulus
1836. Wernicke- Caused by a deficiency of thiamine and characterized by severe memory impairment with changes in mental
Korsakoff status and loss of motor skills
Syndrome
1837. Wernicke's Associated with language reception and comprehension. Located in the superior temporal gyrus of the
Area temporal lobe.
1838. Wernicke's Motor production and fluency of speech is retained but comprehension is lost.
(Receptive)
Aphasia
1839. White Fat Fat that helps insulate the body
1840. White Also known as fast-twitch fibers. Contain much less myoglobin and less iron giving it a lighter color.
Fibers Predominance is high in muscles that contract rapidly, but fatigue quickly
1841. Whorfian Suggests that our preception of reality-the way we think about the world- is determined by the context of
Hypothesis language. Language affects the way we think.
(Linguistic
Relativity
Hypothesis)
1842. Wild-Type Considered natural

1843. William James Father of American psychology. Believed it was important to study how the mind functioned in
adapting to the environment.
1844. Word Salad When a patient's speech is so disorganized that it has no structure
1845. X Chromosome Carries a sizable amount of genetic information
1846. Y Chromosome Contains very little genetic information. Contains the SRY.
1847. Yellow Marrow Composed primarily of fat and is relatively inactive
1848. Yerkes-Dodson Postulates a U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance. Performance is worst at
Law low ad high levels of arousal.
1849. Yerkes-Dodson Being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform
Law of Social tasks one is already good at (simple tasks) and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks
Facilitation (complex tasks)
1850. Yolk Sac Supports the embryo. Site of early blood cell development. The remnants of the yolk sac ultimately
form the umbilical cord
1851. Z-lines Define the boundaries of each sarcomere. (Z is the end of the alphabet and the end of the sacromere)
1852. Zona Pellucida Surrounds the oocyte and is an acellular mix of glycoproteins that protect the oocyte and contain
compounds necessary for sperm cell binding
1853. Zone of Proximal Vygotsky. Referring to those skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the
Deveopment process of development. Requires a more knowledgeable other typically an adult.