Chapter 11: Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism

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1. Mechanical Mouth and stomach 18. What does CETP do? Catalyzes the transition of
digestion of lipids IDL to LDL by transferring
occurs primarily cholesteryl esters from
where? HDL
2. Chemical Small intestine 19. Define a fatty acid. Carboxylic acids, typically
digestion of lipids with a single long chain,
occurs where? although can be branched
3. What is the Bile, pancreatic lipid, colipase, and 20. What are saturated fatty Have no double bonds
chemical cholesterol esterase acids? between carbons
digestion of lipids 21. What are unsaturated fatty Have one or more double
facilitated by? acids? bonds
4. Digested lipids Absorption or are absorbed directly 22. How are fatty acids In the cytoplasm from
may form micelles synthesized? acetyl-CoA transported out
for what? of the mitochondria
5. How are short- Across the intestine into the blood 23. What are the steps of fatty Activation, bond formation,
chain fatty acids acid synthesis reduction, dehydration,
absorbed? second reduction
6. How are long As micelles and assemble into 24. The synthesis steps are Palmitic acid, the only fatty
chain fatty acids chylomicrons for release into the repeated 8 times to form acid that humans can
absorbed? lymphatic system what? synthesize
7. How are lipids Hormone-sensitive lipase 25. How does fatty acid oxidation Occurs in the mitochondria
mobilized from begin? following the transport by
adipocytes? the carnitine shuttle
8. How are lipids Lipoprotein lipase 26. What are the steps involved in Oxidation, hydration,
mobilized from the cycle of B-oxidation? oxidation, and cleavage
lipoproteins?
27. What do branched and Isomerase and an
9. What are Transport mechanism for dietary unsaturated fatty acids require additional reductase during
chylomicrons? triacylglycerol molecules and are for B-oxidation? cleavage
transported via the lymphatic system
28. What is ketogenesis? Ketone bodies form during
10. What are VLDL's? Transport newly synthesized a prolonged starvation
triacylglycerol molecules from the liver state due to excess acetyl-
to peripheral tissues in the bloodstream CoA in the liver
11. What are IDL's? A VLDL remnant in transition between 29. What is ketolysis? Regenerates acetyl-CoA
triacylglycerol and cholesterol for use as an energy source
transport; also picks up cholesteryl in peripheral tissues
esters from HDL
30. The brain can derive up to how two-thirds
12. What are LDL's? Primarily transports cholesterol for use much of its energy from
by tissues ketone bodies during a
13. What are HDL's? Involved in the reverse transport of prolonged starvation?
cholesterol 31. Where does protein digestion Small intestine
14. What are control interactions between primarily occur?
apoproteins? lipoproteins 32. When does catabolism of Conditions of starvation
15. Cholesterol may Dietary sources or through de novo cellular proteins occur?
be obtained synthesis in the liver 33. During protein processing Transported to the liver for
through what? what is the fate of the carbon processing into glucose or
16. What is the key HMG-CoA reductase skeleton of an amino acid? ketone bodies
enzyme in 34. During protein processing Feeds into the urea cycle
cholesterol's what is the fate of the amino for excretion
biosynthesis? group of an amino acid?
17. What does LCAT Catalyzes the formation of cholesteryl
do? esters for transport with HDL
35. During protein Depends on the composition. Basic 46. Palmitic acid (16:0)
processing what is side chains feed into urea cycle, others
the fate of the side act like the carbon skeleton
chains of an amino
acid?
36. What are Can be converted into glucose
glucogenic amino through gluconeogenesis (all except
acids? leucine and lysine)
37. What are ketogenic Can be converted into acetyl-CoA and
amino acids? ketone bodies (leucine, lysine,
isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, 47. alpha-linoleic acid:
tryptophan, and tyrosine) 18:3 (all-cis-9,12,15)
38. Digestion of Stomach with pepsin and continues or w-3
proteins starts with the pancreatic proteases trypsin,
where? chmotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases A
and B, all of which are secreted as
zymogens
39. Why are fatty acids Fatty acid degradation results in large
used to create amounts of acetyl-CoA which can't
ketone bodies enter glucogenic pathway to create 48. Linoleic acid: 18:2
instead of creating glucose. (cis, cis-9, 12) or w-
glucose? 6

40. What is the except Only odd # fatty acids can act as a
for fatty acids source of carbon for gluconeogenesis;
being turned into event then only the final malonyl-CoA
glucose? can be used
41. What conditions By a prolonged fast and is stimulated
favor Ketogenesis? by an increase in the concentration of
acetyl-CoA
42. What condition By a prolonged fast and is stimulated
favor ketolysis? by a low energy state in the brain and 49. What are the 2 acetyl-CoA
muscle tissues products of B-
43. What are the HMG-CoA synthase forms HMG-CoA oxidation on an
enzymes used in and HMG-CoA lyase breaks down even numbered
ketogenesis? HMG-CoA into acetoacetate which saturated FA?
can be reduced into 3- 50. What are the 1 acetyl-CoA and 1 propionyl-CoA
hydroxybutyrate products of B-
44. What enzyme is Acetoacetate picked up from the oxidation on an
used in ketolysis? blood is activated in the mitochondria odd numbered
by succinyl-CoA acetoacetyl-CoA saturated FA?
transferase (commonly called 51. In muscle and Citric Acid Cycle
thiophorase) adipose tissues
45. Fatty acids are Smooth endoplasmic reticulum acetyl-CoA enters
modified by what?
enzymes located 52. In the liver, acetyl- Gluconeogenesis by activating
where? CoA stimulates pyruvate carboxylase
what?
53. What is the rate Carnitine acyltransferase I
limiting enzyme of
fatty acid
oxidation?
54. What is the primary method of transporting
free fatty acids in the blood?
55. Order the lipoproteins from greatest
percentage of protein to least
56. What lipoproteins are primarily involved in
triacylglycerol transport?
57. Lipoproteins are synthesized by what
organs?
58. What conditions and hormones promote lipid
mobilization from fat stores?
59. What is the hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)?
60. What is the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) used for?
They will remain in the blood bonded to albuim and other carrier proteins. Much
smaller amount will remain unbonded
HDL, LDL, IDL, VLDL, Chylomicrons
VLDL & chylomicrons
Liver & intestine
A decrease in insulin levels or increased epinephrine or cortisol
Hydrolyzes triacylglycerols, yielding fatty acids and glycerol. Activated by a fall in
insulin levels (Adipose tissues)
Necessary for the metabolism of chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoproteins
(VLDL). Releases free fatty acids from triacylglycerols.