IMPLICATION OF COGNITIVE

DEVELOPMENT IN TEACHING
AND LEARNING
PIAGET’S
THEORIES
 Pre-operational children (2-7 years
old)
The teacher should. . .
• Use concrete examples (mathematics using sticks
and stones)
• Make directions explicit and precise, short
instructions and using action
• Provide opportunity for student interactions
• Give opportunity to children to do hands-on
practice
• Provide a wide range of experiences (visit
interesting places)
 Concrete operational children (7-11
years old)

The teacher should. . .

• Continue to use concrete materials (use 3D models)
• Give opportunities for children to manipulate the objects
• Use technology to engage students in practicing classroom
skills
• Presentations and readings are brief and well organized
(short stories>longer>complex stories)
• Use familiar examples that are related to children’s
experience
• Present problem solving that require logical and analytical
thinking. (discuss open-ended questions that stimulate
thinking)
Formal operational children (11 years
old and above)
The teacher should. . .
• Continue to use concrete materials (use 3D
models)
• Give opportunities for children to explore
alternative answers and develop hypothesis
• Give opportunities for children to solve problems
and provide reasons scientifically
• Do not concentrate on facts only but also teach
broad concept
LEV VYGOTSKY’S
THEORIES
 Zone of Proximal
• Assessment should be focused on the Zone of
Proximal of a child.
• Teachers should give exercises or asks of
varying difficulties to determine the level of
which to begin instruction
• Use Zone of Proximal Development in
teaching .
• Teaching should begin at lower limit, so that
the child can reach the goal with help.
• Teachers offer help only when needed.
• Give support and motivation for the children
to try and apply the skills to achieve the goals.
• Encourage help from skilled peers.
• Children can get the support and help from
peers who already understood the skills
• Monitor and encourage children’s use of
private speech.
• Guide the children to apply theirs ideas in
self-talking to the appropriate situation that
needs a solution.
• Give meaningful instructions.
• Relate the lesson to the daily experiences.
• Reduce memorizing
• Guide the children to apply knowledge in real
situation.
• Daily read aloud sessions
• Ask an open-ended question
• Encourage student to describe the event or
retell stories.
• Discuss words meaning
 THAT’S ALL!
GAMBATTEE IN S.B.E
AND
HAPPY HOLIDAY~!