EC2208C3G2

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ECC584 – INTEGRATED DESIGN PROJECT
CADANGAN MEREKABENTUK, MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN

5 TINGKAT BANGUNAN PAMERAN KERETA DAN PEJABAT
SEPANG, SELANGOR.
GROUP: EC2208C3
GROUP MEMBERS:
1. FARAH HANIS BINTI MUSTAFA 2017677682
2. NASRIN NUR QASDINA BINTI AMALUDDIN 2017677844
3. NORSYAZANA NAZURAH BINTI RIZUAN 2017677754
4. NUR DIYANAH IZZATI BINTI JAFRI 2017677702
SUBMITTED TO:
IR. DR. OH CHAI LIAN
EC2208C3
FARAH HANIS BINTI MUSTAFA 2017677682

NASRIN NUR QASDINA BINTI AMALUDDIN 2017677844
NORSYAZANA NAZURAH BINTI RIZUAN 2017677754
NUR DIYANAH IZZATI BINTI JAFRI 2017677702
EC2208C3

EC2208C3

EC2208C3

PROJECT TITLE: CADANGAN MEREKABENTUK,
MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN PAMERAN
KERETA & PEJABAT, SEPANG, SELANGOR
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TABLE CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................iii
PRELIMINARIES ......................................................................................................................... iv
OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................. v
CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Company Background ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Project Description .......................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Scope of Works ............................................................................................................... 9
1.4 Architectural Plans ........................................................................................................... 9
1.5 Design Criteria ............................................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................. 23
STRUCTURAL DESIGN REPORT ............................................................................................ 23
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 23
2.2 Design Standard ............................................................................................................ 24
2.3 Design Parameters ......................................................................................................... 42
2.4 Selection Criteria of Foundation ................................................................................... 43
2.5 Structural Key Plan ....................................................................................................... 45
2.6 Summary or Sample of Calculation .............................................................................. 53
2.7 Detailing ........................................................................................................................ 57
2.8 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 57
CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................. 58
INFRASTRUCTURAL DESIGN REPORTS .............................................................................. 58
3.1 Earthwork Design Report .............................................................................................. 58
3.2 Road and Drainage Design Report ................................................................................. 76
3.3 Sewerage Design Report ................................................................................................ 96
3.4 Water Supply Design Report ....................................................................................... 106
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................... 112
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................... 112
4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 112
4.2 Bill of Quantity............................................................................................................. 113
4.3 Project Planning ........................................................................................................... 159
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................... 162
CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................... 162
APPENDIX A – SITE PLAN ..................................................................................................... 163
APPENDIX B – BORELOG ...................................................................................................... 165
APPENDIX C – MANUAL CALCULATION .......................................................................... 169
APPENDIX D – DESIGN REPORT & DETAILING SOFTWARE ........................................ 333
APPENDIX E - INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................... 342
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful. Alhamdulillah, all
praises to Allah for the strengths and His blessing in completing this project. Second, our
group would like to express our gratitude to our Integrated Design Project (IDP) lecturer,
Dr.Oh Chai Lian (Ir.) for always professionally giving us corrective actions in
implementing this project. Her tirelessly cooperation and availability help us especially in
obtaining accurate data from reliable resources during this time-constraint project and
with the pandemic Covid-19 situation.
Next, we would like to give a token of appreciation towards our friends and
support from everyone around us for taking their time and constantly share with us on the
information regarding this study without any hesitations in completing this project.
Having this project completed on time is already a crowning achievement for us. A
special thank goes to our teammates for providing great teamwork and endless
commitment throughout this project.
Last but not least, not forgotten but highly appreciated are our parents who
continuously support us in terms of motivation, financial and were always there for us
when we needed them the most. Their thoughts and prayers truly motivate us during
tough days until the completion of our IDP.
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PRELIMINARIES
Integrated Design Project (IDP) introduces students to theory, tools and techniques of
engineering design and creative problem solving as well as design issues and
practices in civil engineering. It is meant to expose students to real world
environmental engineering projects through capstone design projects. This IDP
course covers the design of the superstructure, substructure, infrastructure, and
preparation of the project management.
Within this semester, we were given a crucial task to design the five (5) stories of
car exhibitions building, and offices located. Within the period, we were instructed to
provide a superstructure design, substructure design, infra-structure design and
project management. Students were expected to use the design standards with
consideration of real-world constraint in particular to the environmental
responsibilities of a professional engineer and matters related to economic,
legislation, safety, and health, ethical, cultural, and societal.
IDP helps us as students to practice effective engineering management in the
project design. We were able to demonstrate knowledge learned from classes and
apply it through decision-making and economic design in completing this project. We
also were able to develop our leadership skills, ability to work independently and in a
team through project design, presentation and defines of project findings. Each of us
managed to function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
teams and in multi-disciplinary settings.
Most importantly, IDP enhances our ability to provide professional reasoning and
considerations in solving engineering issues regarding societal, health, safety, legal
and cultural context. The combination of all these knowledges is beneficial and vital
for the students to adapt and as a preparation for them before they enter and being
exposed to the construction industry in the real working environment.
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OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project are:

1. To compare manual calculation of structural designs with software analysis using Staad. Pro.
2. To design substructure based on selected foundation and foundation design of the project.
3. To provide infrastructure facilities consist of Earthwork, Retaining Wall. Water Supply
System, Sewerage and Road & Drainage design of this project.
4. To prepare Bill of Quantities and project planning under project management
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Company Background
Name of Company : FNND Consultant Sdn. Bhd.

Address : 62, Jalan Opera, Taman TTDI Jaya,
40150, Shah Alam, Selangor.
Email : fnndconsultant@gmail.com
Telephone no.: 03-3010282
Fax no: 03-4691825
Form of business: Consultancy
Date of Business Registration: 1 January 2018
Initial Capital: RM 20,505,300.84
1.1.1 Vision
To be recognized as the most competitive and most productive consultancy company

in the world.
1.1.2 Mission
• To undertake the engineering and construction business with focus and
becoming the best and excellence in every aspect to meet customers’
satisfaction.
• To provide our customers with good products and services of high quality.
• Create learning opportunities and a conducive working environment that
promote teamwork and providing balanced working environment for
employees.
• To practice sustainable and environmental aspect in order to preserve the
environment for the future generation.
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1.1.3 Core Values
We will accomplish all of tasks given, learn and coach effectively with our
own knowledge and experience. We also will commit ourselves at all times
fulfilling our responsibilities as a consultant to the communities in which we
operate with.
We are proud of our FNND Consultant brand and will keep our brand
improve in order to contribute more to our clients. We also will be more
thoughtful in all aspects so that we can fulfil our Vision and Mission.
Other than that, we also will always innovate and create a new idea for our
brand to achieve world class recognition and treat everyone in FNND
Consultant as a family member and pool our abilities to accomplish our shared
goals. We also will cooperate together in order to become a very productive
and excellence company in engineering field.
1.1.4 Organizational Chart
FNND CONSULTANT ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
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1.1.5 Background of Partnership
i. PROJECT MANAGER
NAME : Nasrin Nur Qasdina Amaluddin

EMAIL : nasrinqasdina@gmail.com
Nasrin is appointed as a Project Manager in FNND Consultant and one of the

people that contribute a lot to the growth of company since the early start of
company growth. She has vast experience especially in the specialist
engineering business and project management for almost 6 years in engineering
field. She also has contributed significantly in elevating the group to the one of
the most establish engineering company in Malaysia and China. She was
appointed to the Board and has been Project Manager for 3 years.
ii. C&S ENGINEER
NAME : Nur Diyanah Izzati Jafri

EMAIL : dyanaizzati@gmail.com
Diyanah Izzati is one of the engineers in FNND Consultant and she is

appointed as C&S Engineer since the early engagement with FNND
Consultant. She is one of the engineers that has a lot of experience in
construction industry and contributed a lot with the company’s performance
in business. She is also graduated from UiTM Shah Alam with Bachelor of
Civil Engineering. She is appointed to the Board as a Group Managing
Director
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iii. INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEER
NAME : Norsyazana Nazurah Rizuan

EMAIL : syazananazurah@gmail.com
Syazana Nazurah was appointed as an Executive Director and the re-

designated as Group Managing Director. She is also graduated from UiTM
Shah Alam with Bachelor of Civil Engineering and joined the FNND
Consultant for almost 3 years. Before working as Infrastructure Engineer in
FNND Consultant, she worked with one of consulting company in Malaysia
in geotechnical division and contributed a lot in some big projects in
Malaysia and Taiwan.
iv. SOFTWARE ENGINEER
NAME : Farah Hanis Mustafa

EMAIL : farahhanis@gmail.com
Farah Hanis was appointed as the Executive Director in FNND Consultant

and she is graduated from UiTM Shah Alam with a Bachelor of Civil
Engineering. She is commenced her career working with one of a consultant
company in Malaysia. She is also contributed a lot in this company as a
Software Engineer and has a lot of experience especially in engineering field
in Malaysia and Singapore.
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1.2 Project Description
CADANGAN MEREKABENTUK, MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN

PAMERAN KERETA & PEJABAT, SEPANG, SELANGOR YANG MENGANDUNGI:
1. LIMA (5) ARAS DAN MEMPUNYAI 28 BILIK UNTUK PELBAGAI FUNGSI

SEPERTI PEJABAT, SURAU, TANDAS, DAN SEBAGAINYA
2. SATU (1) PONDOK PENGAWAL
DI ATAS LOT PA 204079, SEPANG, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN, UNTUK TETUAN

TOYOTA MOTOR SDN BHD
JENIS PREMIS: KOMERSIAL
DATE OF COMMENCEMENT 1/7/2020
DATE COMPLETION 1/4/2022
CONTRACT SUM RM 22,874,288.94
L.A.D RM100,000
CONTRACT PERIOD 30 MONTHS
DEFECTS LIABILITY PERIOD 24 MONTHS
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1.2.1 Parties Involved
PARTIES DETAIL INFORMATION
CLIENTS
TOYOTA MOTOR SDN. BHD.
PERUNDING
UTAMA ARKITEK
DBA Arkitek
W Design Associates Sdn

ARCHITECT Bhd (WDA)
INTERIOR LMC Consult Sdn Bhd

DESIGN
CONSULTANT
CIVIL AND
STRUCTURE BN Consult Sdn Bhd
CONSULTANT
MECHANICAL
AND
ELECTRICAL Ranhill Holdings Berhad
CONSULTANT
QUANTIY HSE Surveyor Sdn Bhd

SURVEYOR
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1.2.2 Location of Company
Figure 1.1: Location of company
1.2.3 Location of Project
Building Location
Figure 1.2: Site location of showroom and office

building
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1.2.4 Rear view of building
Figure 1.3: Rear view of building
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1.3 Scope of Works
1
PROPOSED OF CONSTRUCTING THAT INCLUDES:
I. Lower ground floor – Upper ground floor
II. First – third floor
III. Roof level
IV. Infrastructure
Manual StaadPro for Infrastructure Project

calculations for structural design design Management
structural design
• Beam • Beam • Earthwork • Taking off

design design design • Bill of
• Slab • Slab • Drainage Quantities
design design design • Estimations
• Staircase • Column • Water • Project
design design reticulatio planning
• Column • Foundation n design (S-Curve)
design design • Sewerage
• Foundation design
design • Road
design
• Retaining
wall
design
Compare both
calculations (Manual
vs Software)
Conclusion
1.4 Architectural Plans
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LIFT
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LIFT
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LIFT
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LIFT
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LIFT
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\
6100mm
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6100mm DRIVEWAY
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6100mm DROP OFF
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7400mm DRIVEWAY
4800mm CARPARK
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1.5 Design Criteria
Design criteria used for structural design.
Concrete strength, fck = 25N/mm
Steel strength, fyk = 460N/mm
Mesh/bar in slab: Mesh Type A
Load factored: 1.35 gk + 1.5 qk
No. Load type Value References
1. Permanent load:
- Concrete 25 kN/m3 Table 2.14 (Eurocode 2)
- Lightweight brick 4.9 kN/m3 http://www.leichtbric-malaysia.com/product.html
- Ceiling + services 0.45 kN/m2 Table 2.14 (Eurocode 2)
- Finishes 1.0 kN Table 2.14 (Eurocode 2)
- Tile + cement 1.13 kN/m2 Table 2.14 (Eurocode 2)
- Glass wall 25 kN/m3 Table A.5 (Eurocode 2)
2. Variable action
- toilet 2.0 kN/m2 UBBL
- pantry 1.5 kN/m2 UBBL
- showroom 5.0 kN/m2 Table 6.2 (Eurocode 2)
- office + partition wall 3.5 kN/m2 UBBL
- meeting room 2.5 kN/m2 UBBL
- prayer room 2.0 kN/m2 Table 6.2 (Eurocode 2)
- file room 5.0 kN/m2 UBBL
- lobby 3.0 kN/m2 Table 6.2 (Eurocode 2)
- stairs 3.0 kN/m2 UBBL
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CHAPTER 2
STRUCTURAL DESIGN REPORT
2.1 Introduction
Determination of the general shape and all the different dimensions of a particular
structure so as to fulfil its purpose and to withstand the forces it has in its entirety.
Design is influenced by:
I. Mechanical concepts, structural analysis, compartmental expertise of structures and
materials.
II. Engineering experience and intuition skills.
III. Structures can differ in function and strength with safety requirements.
• Beam
• Column
• Slab
• Staircase
• Wall
▪ Loads ▪ Failure mode

▪ Corrosion ▪ Compression
▪ Environmental effects ▪ Tension
▪ Earthquakes ▪ Deformations
▪ Temperature ▪ Cracking
▪ fluctuations ▪ Torsional
▪ Foundation settlements ▪ Stresses
▪ Time effects ▪ Motion
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2.2 Design Standard
2.2.1 Main Code of Practice and Standard
The Code of Practice is a document on an engineering and experienced researchers'
best practice. Therefore, Eurocode 2 is the best current practice code used.
Figure 2.1 Eurocodes required for building
The guiding principle of design to Eurocode 2:

• Eurocode 2 deals with phenomena e.g. flexure (with or without axial force), shear,
crack control, deflection control etc. rather than types of element e.g. beams, slabs,
columns, etc.
• Eurocode 2 does not contain derived formulae. For example, only the details of the
stress block are given, not the flexural design formulae. Users are expected to derive
their own formulae or use published guidance - such as that provided by The Concrete
Centre.
• Eurocode 2 gives specific rules dealing with:
➢ The detailing of beams, slabs, flat slabs, columns, walls, deep beams, foundations,
tying systems and
➢ The design of precast, lightweight and plain concrete.
➢ The design of bridges and water retaining structures in Parts 2 and 3 (whose
clauses work by exception to Part -1-1).
• Load combinations are given in EN 1990.
• Unit of stress is MPa.
• Design is based on characteristic cylinder strength of concrete.
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• Eurocode 2 allows for the high strength concrete (C90/105)
• Neither plain nor mild steel is covered.
• Durability requirements are explicit: cmin + Δc,dev, where cmin depends on
environmental conditions (and bar bond) and Δc,dev is allowance made in design
for deviation (in placement).
• Notional horizontal loads are considered in addition to lateral loads.
Generally, the design process also ensures that the elements and structure proposed
fulfil the criteria for the final and serviceability limits.
Eurocode 2 and related British Standards:

Eurocode 2 is based for design, action, geotechnical and seismically design,
execution and material properties as well as for specialist applications, a range of other
European standards. The BS 8500 is used for concrete specification in the UK and BS
4449 is used for steel reinforcement in the absence of EN 10080.
2.2.2 Design Criteria

A. Action
In addition to the material properties, the designer needs to know the type and magnitude
of the loading to which the structure may be subject during its design life. The loads
acting on a structure are divided into three basic types:
• Permanent (dead), Gk
Action which are normally constant during the structure’s life include the
weight of the structure itself and all static component such as self-weight of all
parameter structures such as beams, columns, flows, walls, roofs, finishes and
partitions
• Variable (imposed), Qk
These actions are more difficult to determine accurately. Therefore, estimation
is based on standard codes of practice or past experiences. The value adopted
are based on observations and measurements and it is less accurate than the
assessment of dead loads. Example of variable load are weights of building,
furniture, machinery and retained earth or water.
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• Wind, Wk
Although wind is variable action. It is kept in separate category since the factor
of safety for load combination are already specified.
Associated with each type of loading there are characteristic and design values which
must be assessed before the individual elements of the structure can be designed.
B. Partial Factor of Safety

EN 1990 provides comprehensive information and guidance for all the Eurocodes, on
the principles and requirements for safety and serviceability. It gives the partial safety
factors for actions and combinations of action for the verification of both ultimate and
serviceability limit states.
C. Limit State Design

Limit states are conditions beyond which some design criterion is violated. Generally,
the structure shall be verified at:
• Ultimate Limit State
Any condition that concerns the safety of people or structure
• Serviceability Limit State
Corresponds to conditions in use of the structure. The limit state could be
related to cracking, deformation, or vibration.
Include: -
i. the functioning of the structure or structural members under normal use
ii. the comfort of people
iii. the appearance of the construction works,
Generally:
a) Deformations that affect the appearance, the comfort of users, or the
functioning of the structure (including the functioning of machines or
services), or that cause damage to finish or non-structural members
b) Vibrations that cause discomfort to people, or – that limit the functional
effectiveness of the structure
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c) Damage that is likely to adversely affect the appearance, the durability, or the
functioning of the structure.
Table 2.1: Design values of action
D. Concrete cover protection

The function of concrete cover to cover the reinforcement of:
i. Fire resistance
Fire protection of reinforced concrete members is largely achieved by
specifying limits for cover to reinforcement and minimum dimensions for
section
ii. Durability
Durability can be defining as its ability to resist weathering action, chemical
attack, abrasion, or any other process of deterioration. Durable concrete will
retain its original from, quality and serviceability when exposed to its
environment. Deterioration of reinforced concrete may be due to corrosion of
reinforcement, disruption due to sulphates or aggressive chemicals, disruption
due to frost attack, disruption due to alkali-silica reaction, shrinkage of
aggregates, fire and etc.
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Sufficient cover is necessary to ensure that:
• Adequate bond develops between the bar surfaces and the concrete.
• There is adequate protection against corrosion of the reinforcement
• There is adequate fire resistance of the concrete
iii. Bond
Further recommended that in order to transmit bond forces safely and to ensure
adequate compaction of the concrete
Table 2.2: Exposure Classes (abridged from Table A.1 in BS

8500-1)
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Table 2.3 Exposure Classes (abridged from Table A.1 in BS 8500-1)
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Table 2.4: Recommendations for normal weight concrete quality for XC and XD exposure
classes and cover to reinforcement or a 50-year intended working life and 20mm maximum
aggregate size
A guide to selecting the appropriate method for the design of elements in the fire condition is
given in Figure below.
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Figure 2.2: Procedure Design of Elements in Fire Condition
E. Strength Class
The design of most concrete elements to EC2 requires knowledge of the characteristic
strength of the concrete, fck. This is based upon cylinder strength. It therefore differs from
the concrete cube strength, fcu, which is familiar to users of BS 8110.
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Table 2.3 Compressive strength classes for normal strength concrete
F. Bending
The assumptions for calculating flexural reinforcement in EC2 are to those of BS 8110,
i.e.
• Plane sections remain plane
• Strain in the reinforcing steel is equal to that of the surrounding concrete
• The tensile strength in the concrete is ignored
• The stresses in the concrete are derived from design curves
• Stresses in the reinforcement are derived from design curves
However, a number of differences that do occur are that when using EC2:
• There is no limit on lever arm depth
• The factor of safety for steel is 1.15 (for ultimate limit state)
• The actual shape of the compression block may follow that of the stress-strain
curve shown on the previous page. This is suitable for computers. For hand
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calculations, a simplified block may be used as in BS 8110, however the
depth of this block is limited to 0.8x (rather than 0.9x).
Figure 2.3: Procedure for Determining Flexural Reinforcement

where compression steel is not required
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Figure 2.4: Procedure for Determining Flexural Reinforcement
where Compression Steel is required
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G. Shear
Eurocode 2 introduces the strut inclination method for shear capacity checks. In this
method the shear is resisted by concrete struts acting in compression and shear
reinforcement acting in tension. The angle of the concrete strut varies, depending on the
shear force applied (see Figure below).
Figure 2.5: Shear Force react to the Shear Reinforcement
Below shows the procedure of how to design shear reinforcement according to

Eurocode 2. The method be able to determine shear capacity of reinforced concrete
without shear link which to determine whether shear reinforcement is actually
necessary.
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Figure 2.6: Procedure for Designing Shear Reinforcement
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H. Deflection
EC2 states that limits to span/effective depth ratio may be formulated which will be
adequate for avoiding deflection problems under normal circumstances. The basic ratios
for span/effective depth ratio to be used in the UK are given in the National Annex to
EC2 and are shown below. Rigorous checks are only necessary for members which lie
outside such limits, or where deflection limits other than those implicit in simplified
methods are appropriate.
Table 2.6: Basic ratio of span/effective depth for reinforced concrete

members without axial compression
To calculate specific limits on span/effective depth ratio the following equations are
given in EC2, with K taken from Table NA.5
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Figure 2.7: Formula of limit span/depth
I. Detailing
i. Cover
The nominal cover should be shown on the drawings and should refer to the
reinforcement nearest to the surface of the concrete e.g. the links in a beam. The cover
to the main bar should be at least equal to the size of that bar, plus the allowance for
deviations, Cdev which is usually 10 mm depending on the quality assurance. In high
exposures nominal covers will be greater.
ii. Anchorage and lap lengths

Eurocode 2 introduces a range of factors (1 to 6) for use when calculating the
appropriate anchorage and lap lengths. A number of assumptions can be made that
enable the Table 2 (below) to be developed for anchorage and lap lengths. If the
conditions noted in the table are not met, then reference should be made to Eurocode
2. Lap lengths for unequal size bars may be based on the smaller bar. The top of
sections > 250 mm thick and the top 300 mm of sections deeper than 600 mm is
considered to provide poor bond conditions. In these locations, bond strengths are
reduced, and anchorage and lap lengths are increased accordingly. Eurocode 2 states
that where possible laps in a member should be staggered and not located in areas of
high stress.
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Table 2.7: Anchorage and lap lengths for concrete class C25/30 (mm)
iii. Tension laps

Transverse tensile stresses occur at the ends of lapped bars. Where the diameter, d, of
the lapped bars needs to be more than 20 mm diameter transverse bars (i.e. links)
should be provided close to the ends of the lapped bars.
2.2.3 Design Constraints

A constraint is a condition, agency or force that impedes progress towards an objective
or goal. There are a number of different types of constraint that can affect construction
projects. Constraints should be identified and described in as much detail as possible
during the early stages of a project, so that any potential impact can be managed. This
includes understanding the dynamics of this project and how different constraints
interrelate, as well as being clear about any potential risks.
i) Structure
Requires buildings to be designed, constructed, or altered so as to be structurally safe
and robust, and so as not to impair the structural stability of other buildings. It
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stipulates design standards for use on all buildings and gives simple design rules. It
includes diagrams of structures such as roof frames and brick walls, and tables of
material strengths.
ii) Fire safety

Covers all precautionary measures necessary to provide safety from fires for building
occupants, persons in the vicinity of buildings, and firefighters. Requirements and
guidance cover mean of escape in cases of fire, fire detection and warning systems, the
fire resistance of structural elements, fire separation, protection, compartmentation,
and isolation to prevent fire spread, control of flammable materials, and access and
facilities for firefighting.
iii) Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture

Includes the weather-tightness and water-tightness of buildings, subsoil drainage, site
preparation, and measures to deal with contaminated land, radon, methane, and all
other site related hazardous and dangerous substances.
iv) Resistance to the passage of sound

Deals with requirements for sound insulation between buildings, including both new
dwellings and the conversion of buildings to form dwellings. These cover sound
reduction between rooms for residential purposes and designated rooms in dwellings,
and acoustic conditions for common areas in flats and schools.
v) Drainage and waste disposal

Requires that adequate drainage is provided, and also deals with pollution prevention,
sewage infrastructure and maintenance. Technical design standards cover sanitary
pipework, foul drainage, rainwater drainage and disposal, wastewater treatment, and
discharges and cesspools.
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vi) Protection from falling, collision and impact
Set standards for the safety of stairways, ramps and ladders, together with
requirements for balustrading, windows, and vehicle barriers to prevent falling. Also
included are requirements for guarding against and warning of, hazards from the use
and position of doors and windows.
vii) Economic constraint

Economic constraints relate to the project budget and the allocation of resources. If the
budget is inadequate, or is allocated inappropriately, then it can have a negative impact
on the success of the project in terms of quality, safety, functionality and performance.
Construction projects are generally a balance between time, cost and quality. A change
in one will impact on the other two.
viii) Time constraint

These include key dates on the project schedule or project milestones. This project
required to complete within 11 months. Conforming with these dates is generally very
important in terms of the overall project completion date, and penalties may be applied
for failure to meet agreed dates.
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2.3 Design Parameters
⚫ Concrete strength, fck = 25N/mm
⚫ Steel strength, fyk = 460N/mm
⚫ Mesh/bar in slab: Mesh Type A
⚫ Load factored: 1.35 gk + 1.5 qk
No. Load type Value References
2. Permanent load:
- Concrete 25 kN/m3 Table 2.14 (eurocode 2)
- Light-weight brick 4.9 kN/m3 http://www.leichtbric-malaysia.com/product.html
- Ceiling + services 0.45 kN/m2 Table 2.14 (eurocode 2)
- Finishes 1.0 kN Table 2.14 (eurocode 2)
- Tile + cement 1.13 kN/m2 Table 2.14 (eurocode 2)
- Glass wall 25 kN/m3 Table A.5 ( Eurocode 2)
2. Variable action
- toilet 2.0 kN/m2 UBBL
- pantry 1.5 kN/m2 UBBL
- showroom 5.0 kN/m2 Table 6.2 (eurocode 2)
- office + partition wall 3.5 kN/m2 UBBL
- meeting room 2.5 kN/m2 UBBL
- prayer room 2.0 kN/m2 Table 6.2 (eurocode 2)
- file room 5.0 kN/m2 UBBL
- lobby 3.0 kN/m2 Table 6.2 (eurocode 2)
- stairs 3.0 kN/m2 UBBL
Table 2.8: Design Parameters for the Permanent Load and Variable Load
42 | P a g e
2.4 Selection Criteria of Foundation
For this project, which is Cadangan Merekabentuk, Membina dan Menyiapkan 5 Tingkat
Bangunan Pameran Kereta & Pejabat, Sepang, Selangor, the pile foundation is chose as
foundation instead of pad footing. The factors affecting the selection of pile foundation
is:
i. Ground Conditions
• Depends on the nature and the type of soil, depth of different layers, bearing
capacity of the soil at each levels of soil.
• For most of fine-grained soils which is silt and clays, it might be sufficient to
use simple spread footings and basically it is depending on the load itself too.
The location of foundation also is important as the hydrostatic pressure as
moisture is present in the soil.
• Pile foundation is one of the type of foundation that can be used if the soil at
site has low bearing capacity and the structure load is heavy and it is required
where the soil type is fine cohesive silt and clay soil.
• Based on the site exploration at site and all the SI report, engineer will
recommend the most suitable type of foundation to be used at site and the other
aspects such as depth of foundation and bearing capacity of soil.
• The allowable bearing capacity will be calculated for every depth based on SI
report which the ultimate bearing capacity is divided by safety factor. Ultimate
bearing capacity is the maximum unit pressure that soil can sustain without
permitting large amounts of settlements.
ii. Location and type of structure
• Load also is affecting the selection of foundation which the type of structure
for the project.
• On land, driven piles and cast in-place are usually the cheapest for moderate
loading and unhampered site conditions.
• The other types of foundations also can be used when different constraints
exist at site.
43 | P a g e
iii. Cost
• Cost of piling work would include the contractor’s resources, experience, and
the ability to overcome difficult problems which may be encountered
• Cost would also include the engineer’s supervision of pile installation, load test
and other related work.
Types of piles based on Carrying Capacity of Pile

For this project, the classification of carrying capacity of piles the combined end
bearing and friction is choosing and the classification of carrying capacity of piles is
divided into three types which is:
i. End bearing
ii. Friction
iii. Combined end bearing and friction
Figure 2.8: Types of piles: Classification based on Carrying Capacity
44 | P a g e
Combined end bearing and friction is commonly used in construction as it is
considered both which is from the base of pile and the shaft of the piles. The advantages by
choosing this type of piles is that it can cater the load from structures through the end bearing
at the base of pile and the friction resistance at the shaft of the piles. Formula related to the
combined end bearing and friction is as follows Eq 1.
Qu = Qs + Qb
Where Qu = ultimate load capacity of pile foundation
Qs = load carried by the friction pile or pile group
Qb = load carried by the end bearing pile or pile group
Types of piles based on Classification of Material

Based on the classification of materials of pile, the precast concrete which is spun pile
is chose as the pile. The spun pile is choosing because it is low cost and easily to re-driven.
Spun pile is classified as displacement pile and it is in hollow section. It is commonly used in
construction industry as it can provide support for structure and helps to transfer the load to
the layers of soil or rock that have sufficient bearing capacity and control settlements.
2.5 Structural Key Plan
In this section there are several structural key plans that is used in this project. The list
of structural key plan is:
i. Foundation layout plan
ii. Lower Ground Floor layout plan
iii. Upper Ground Floor layout plan
iv. First Floor layout plan
v. Second Floor layout plan
vi. Third Floor layout plan
vii. Roof Floor layout plan
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LIFT
LIFT
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LIFT
LIFT
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FNND CONSULTANT SDN BHD
62, JALAN OPERA,

TAMAN TTDI JAYA
40150 SHAH ALAM
SELANGOR
TOYOTA MOTOR SDN BHD
CADANGAN MEREKABENTUK,
MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN
5 TINGKAT BANGUNAN PAMERAN
KERETA DAN PEJABAT,
SEPANG SELANGOR
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52 | P a g e
2.6 Summary or Sample of Calculation
In this chapter is shown the summary of calculation for structures such as beam,
slab column and pile cap. All of the structures are designed according to Eurocode 2
and the same parameters. The size of dimension of the structures and size of bar are
shown in this chapter.
2.6.1 Beam
i. Simply Supported Beam

BEAM SIZE OF BEAM MAIN BAR MAIN BAR
LOCATION (MIDSPAN)
(SUPPORT)
LGFB29 200x400 2T20 T8-300
UGFB15 200x400 4T8 T8-300
SFB29 200x400 4T10 T8-300
TFB32 200x400 2T16 T8-275
ii. Continuous Beam

BEAM SIZE OF MAIN BAR MAIN BAR SHEAR
LOCATION BEAM (MIDSPAN) LINK
(SUPPORT)
LGFB6/7 225x500 4T20 5T20 T8-175
UGFB23/28/35 280x450 4T12 2T20 T8-300
SFB10/11 200x400 4T20 4T20 T8-175
TFB21/26/27 200x500 11T20 6T20 T6-200
53 | P a g e
2.6.2 Slab
i. One-way Slab
SLAB LOCATION THICKNESS OF MAIN BAR TRANSVERSE
SLAB (MM) BAR
LGFS 150 T10-300 T8-175
LGFS12 150 T8-200 T8-200
SFS12 150 T8-250 T8-175
TFS5 150 T8-250 T8-250
ii. Two-way Slab

SLAB THICKNESS X-DIRECTION Y-DIRECTION
LOCATION OF SLAB
MIDSPAN SUPPORT MIDSPAN SUPPORT
LGFS14 150 T10-250 T10-250 T10-250 T10-250
UGFS8 150 T8-300 T8-200 T8-300 T8-300
SFS13 150 H8-300 H8-300 H8-250 H8-300
TFS8 150 T10-300 T10-300 T10-300 T10-300
54 | P a g e
2.6.3 Column
COLUMN SIZE MAIN BAR SHEAR LINK
LOCATION
C9 (3i/Ci) 300x300 6T12 T8-300
C10 (Di/3i) 300x300 5T25 T8-300
C4 (4i/ci) 300x300 4T16 T8-300
C8 (3i/Bi) 300x300 6T12 T8-300
2.6.4 Pile Cap

PILE CAP SIZE MAIN REINFORCEMENT
LOCATION
X-DIRECTION Y-DIRECTION
F9 (3i/Ci) 1300x1300x600 7T20 7T20
F10 (Di/3i) 1300x1300x600 7T20 7T20
F4 (4i/ci) 1300x1300x600 7T20 7T20
F8 (3i/Bi) 1300x1300x600 6T20 6T20
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2.6.5 PILING ANALYSIS
Diameter of spun pile = 250mm
DEPTH TYPE OF SOIL N-Value DIAMETER ALPHA Cu As Qs Total Qs Coefficient Cu Ab Qb FOS Qs FOS Qb Qs/F Qb/F Qu Qa
0 TOP SOIL 0 0.25 0 0 1.1775 0 0 0.9 0 0.049063 0 2 3 0 0 0 0
1.5 CLAY 8 0.25 0.414 80 1.1775 38.9988 38.9988 0.9 80 0.049063 3.5325 2 3 19.4994 1.1775 42.5313 20.6769
3 CLAY 7 0.25 0.414 70 1.1775 34.12395 73.12275 0.9 70 0.049063 3.090938 2 3 36.56138 1.030313 76.21369 37.59169
4.5 CLAY 11 0.25 0.46 110 1.1775 59.5815 132.7043 0.9 110 0.049063 4.857188 2 3 66.35213 1.619063 137.5614 67.97119
6 CLAY 15 0.25 0.46 150 1.1775 81.2475 213.9518 0.9 150 0.049063 6.623438 2 3 106.9759 2.207813 220.5752 109.1837
DEPTH TYPE OF SOIL N-Value DIAMETER Coefficient Naverage As Qs Total Qs Coefficient N Ab Qb FOS Qs FOS Qb Qs/F Qb/F Qu Qa
7.5 SILT 15 0.25 1.7 15 1.1775 30.02625 243.978 250 15 0.049063 183.9844 2 3 121.989 61.32813 427.9624 183.3171
9 SILT 15 0.25 1.7 15 1.1775 30.02625 274.0043 250 15 0.049063 183.9844 2 3 137.0021 61.32813 457.9886 198.3303
10.5 SILT 13 0.25 1.7 14 1.1775 28.0245 302.0288 250 13 0.049063 159.4531 2 3 151.0144 53.15104 461.4819 204.1654
12 SILT 43 0.25 1.7 28 1.1775 56.049 358.0778 250 43 0.049063 527.4219 2 3 179.0389 175.8073 885.4996 354.8462
13.5 SILT 33 0.25 1.7 38 1.1775 76.0665 434.1443 250 33 0.049063 404.7656 2 3 217.0721 134.9219 838.9099 351.994
15 SILT 30 0.25 1.7 31.5 1.1775 63.05513 497.1994 250 30 0.049063 367.9688 2 3 248.5997 122.6563 865.1681 371.2559
16.5 SILT 32 0.25 1.7 31 1.1775 62.05425 559.2536 250 32 0.049063 392.5 2 3 279.6268 130.8333 951.7536 410.4601
18 SILT 32 0.25 1.7 32 1.1775 64.056 623.3096 250 32 0.049063 392.5 2 3 311.6548 130.8333 1015.81 442.4881
19.5 SILT 50 0.25 1.7 41 1.1775 82.07175 705.3814 250 50 0.049063 613.2813 2 3 352.6907 204.4271 1318.663 557.1178
21 SILT 50 0.25 1.7 50 1.1775 100.0875 805.4689 250 50 0.049063 613.2813 2 3 402.7344 204.4271 1418.75 607.1615
22.5 SILT 50 0.25 1.7 50 1.1775 100.0875 905.5564 250 50 0.049063 613.2813 2 3 452.7782 204.4271 1518.838 657.2053
24 SILT 50 0.25 1.7 50 1.1775 100.0875 1005.644 250 50 0.049063 613.2813 2 3 502.8219 204.4271 1618.925 707.249
56 | P a g e
2.7 Detailing
All the sample detailing has been included in Appendix C.
2.8 Conclusion
As a conclusion, structural element is one of the important and crucial part in

this project. Students need to know and able to understand and applying the basic of
structural design. Then, this is one of the projects that can test student’s ability in order
to apply those knowledges to solve problem as well produce design based on their own
consideration following the specifications. In this project, students do the manual
calculation for the structure part and StaadPro software for the design analysis. All the
manual calculation is used in order to design based on the student’s knowledge whereas
StaadPro is used so that students is expose to the real life job situation where they have
to engage in designing using software instead of manual calculation.
57 | P a g e
CHAPTER 3
INFRASTRUCTURAL DESIGN REPORTS
3.1 Earthwork Design Report

3.1.1 Introduction
TITLE OF PROJECT: Cadangan Merekabentuk, Membina dan Menyiapkan 5

Tingkat Bangunan Pameran Kereta & Pejabat, Sepang, Selangor.
The site location is located in Sepang, Selangor and it is a showroom and office
building. The aim of this report is to study and list out all the aspects that need to
follow, its primary objectives and details including what design codes used,
assumptions made in calculation and calculating the cut and fill amount.
Based on the project, the most accurate way in order to calculate volumes of cut
and fill of site is when the true scale drawing is available. In this project, the
manual calculation is used in order to determine the volume of cut and fill which
is grid method.
Then, earthworks policies is to minimize sediment run-off into water bodies

from earthworks activities through the adoption of sediment control techniques
and the other is to avoid the location of earthworks near any water bodies or
where it could be avoided. It needs to be considered in order to make sure that
sediment control measures are put in place to minimize run-off and to protect the
existing form of existing development areas by restricting the magnitude of
filling and excavation.
The objective of this earthwork report is to explain some information about

earthwork provision seek to achieve such as to avoid, remedy or mitigate the
adverse effects from earthworks on nearby water bodies and flood potential in
site and the neighboring properties. Earthworks is defined as the disturbance of
land surfaces by the removal or depositing of material, excavation, filling or the
formation of roads, banks and tracks.
58 | P a g e
3.1.2 Design Consideration and Constraints
References design codes:
i. JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA Standard Specifications for

Building Works (2005): Excavation and Earthworks.
ii. Malaysian Standard: Earthworks – Code of Practice
Design Criteria of Earthwork
Basically, the design of earthwork is based on the guideline of JKR standard in

Excavation and Earthwork.
i. Authority requirement (Municipal Council/City Hall) requirements

a. Development Order (DO) is one of the approval documents
need from local authority before the development process.
There are importance of the Development Order (DO) in terms
of societal, health, safety legal and cultural and how the
sustainable design can be practiced for a new project.
b. Any related requirements from Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB),
Telekom Malaysia (TM), SYABAS and etc.
ii. Existing Survey Plan
All the related plan is prepared by licensed surveyor and include all
information such as key plan, location plan and other information such
as existing level, existing manhole, existing drainage system and
boundary.
iii. Architectural Plan

• Orientation of the building
• Building layout plan
• Dimension of building
• Type of building
59 | P a g e
Determination of Cut and Fill
Calculation of cut and fill is to show whether the project have to import earth or
export earth, and, in this project, grid method is used in order to determine the
volume of cut and fill. These are method used in order to determine the volume
of excavation for cut and fill:
a. Cross section method

b. Contour method
c. Grid method
Procedure of Grid Method:
i. Draw a uniform grid onto a plan of the earthwork project.

ii. Determine the existing level at each node of the grid and the suitable
proposed level based on the plan.
iii. With the values, the average depth of cut and fill for each cell of grid is
calculated.
iv. The volume of cut and fill can be obtained by multiplying the depth by
cell area.
v. Then, total up all the volume of cut and fill and find the difference of cut
and fill.
60 | P a g e
3.1.3 Design Parameters
Area of grid : 10m 10m
Contour level and existing level : Based on the drawing
Thickness of lower ground floor slab : 150mm
Grid method
Example of calculation:
a =
b =
c =
d =
61 | P a g e
Graph 3.1: Cut and Fill
Therefore, the total volume for cut and fill are:
Total volume of cut = 67 335.55m3
Total volume of fill = 13 292.50m3
Difference of cut and fill = 54 043.05m3
Difference in percentage =
= 134.1%
The percentage difference between the volume of cut and fill is big and there
will be additional works required in export the remaining soils and earthwork.
This is because we need to consider the other infrastructure work such as
sewerage in order to determine the most suitable proposed work. Other than
that, the proposed level also is determined based on the existing road around
it.
Layout plan, Calculation, Detail drawings /Detailing
• Sample calculation of earthwork has been included in appendix E
62 | P a g e
CALCULATION
1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10
A E 31.35 31.28 31.28 31.41 31.41 31.8 0 00 00 00 00 00 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 00 00 00 00 00 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F -178.3 -172.5 -148 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 31.13 31.11 31.11 31.3 31.3 31.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B E 31.13 31.11 31.11 31.3 31.3 31.56 31.56 31.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F -133.3 -171 -166 -149 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 32.74 31.69 31.69 31.06 31.06 31.44 31.44 31.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C E 32.74 31.69 31.69 31.06 31.06 31.44 31.44 31.3 31.3 31.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F -54.75 -140.5 -187 -179 -182 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 32.87 32.51 32.51 31.12 31.12 30.92 30.92 31.18 31.18 31.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
D E 32.87 32.51 32.51 31.12 31.12 30.92 30.92 31.18 31.18 31.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F -32.25 -80 -176 -228 -380 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 32.65 32.68 32.68 32.49 32.49 30.45 30.45 30.32 30.32 30.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E E 32.65 32.68 32.68 32.49 32.49 30.45 30.45 30.32 30.32 30.25 30.25 30.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F -26 -68.25 -163 -230 -238 -240 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 00 00 0
F E 33.03 32.6 32.6 31.5 31.5 31.05 31.05 30.97 30.97 30.93 30.93 30.71 0 00 00 0
Total Area = 50.02 Acres
Total Cut = 0.00 CuM
Spoil @ 20% = 0.00 CuM
Available Fill = 0.00 CuM
Total Fill = 3,722.75 CuM
To import Fill = 3,722.75 CuM
Access Cut = Nil CuM
63 | P a g e
1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10
A E 33.03 32.6 32.6 31.5 31.5 31.05 31.05 30.97 30.97 30.93 30.93 30.71 0 00 00 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 00 00 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F -29.75 -93.5 -168 -205 -223 -242 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 32.67 32.51 32.51 31.65 31.65 31.1 31.1 30.68 30.68 30.5 30.5 30.18 0 0 0 0 0 0
B E 32.67 32.51 32.51 31.65 31.65 31.1 31.1 30.68 30.68 30.5 30.5 30.18 30.18 30.12 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F -39.75 -87.75 -143 -174 -217 -257 -279 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0
E 32.73 32.5 32.5 31.83 31.83 31.72 31.72 31.56 31.56 30.58 30.58 30.45 30.45 30.1 0 0 0 0
C E 32.73 32.5 32.5 31.83 31.83 31.72 31.72 31.56 31.56 30.58 30.58 30.45 30.45 30.1 30.1 30 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F -33.75 -76.75 -124 -176 -232 -265 -285 -298 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0
E 32.97 32.45 32.45 32.15 32.15 31.35 31.35 30.34 30.34 30.25 30.25 30.12 30.12 29.95 29.95 30.05 0 0
D E 32.97 32.45 32.45 32.15 32.15 31.35 31.35 30.34 30.34 30.25 30.25 30.12 30.12 29.95 29.95 30.05 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0
10 C 73.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 -66.25 -147 -179 -228 -275 -296 -300 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0
E 36.02 33.5 33.5 31.25 31.25 31.37 31.37 31.8 31.8 30.5 30.5 30.15 30.15 29.94 29.94 30.05 0 0
E E 36.02 33.5 33.5 31.25 31.25 31.37 31.37 31.8 31.8 30.5 30.5 30.15 30.15 29.94 29.94 30.05 30.05 30.1
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 39 33 33
10 C 220 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 -92.3 -157 -194 -243 -264 -438 -292
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
F E 37.41 33.87 33.87 34.3 34.3 31.39 31.39 31.17 31.17 30.79 30.79 30.85 30.85 30.5 30.5 29.99 29.99 30.2

Spoil @ 20% = 63.30 CuM
64 | P a g e
1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10
A E 37.41 33.87 33.87 34.3 34.3 31.39 31.39 31.17 31.17 30.79 30.79 30.85 30.85 30.5 30.5 29.99 29.99 30.2
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
10 C 360.5 85 0 0 0 39.5 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 -91 0 39.5 0 -254 -307
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
E 39.41 35.73 35.73 31.5 31.5 31.6 31.6 34.2 34.2 35.84 35.84 36.1 36.1 31.5 31.5 29.85 29.85 29.7
B E 39.41 35.73 35.73 31.5 31.5 31.6 31.6 34.2 34.2 35.84 35.84 36.1 36.1 31.5 31.5 29.85 29.85 29.7
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
10 C 421.25 209.8 76.5 108.8 209.3 289.5 192.8 0 0
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -110 -277
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
E 37.21 36.5 36.5 36.66 36.66 35.3 35.3 35.25 35.25 35.08 35.08 36.56 36.56 35.55 35.55 30.72 30.72 30.65
C E 37.21 36.5 36.5 36.66 36.66 35.3 35.3 35.25 35.25 35.08 35.08 36.56 36.56 35.55 35.55 30.72 30.72 30.65
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
10 C 470.25 432.8 396.5 353.8 339.5 348.5 285.3 39 0
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -160
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
E 39 38.1 38.1 38.05 38.05 37.85 37.85 37.75 37.75 37.5 37.5 36.8 36.8 34.5 34.5 32.79 32.79 31.45
D E 39 38.1 38.1 38.05 38.05 37.85 37.85 37.75 37.75 37.5 37.5 36.8 36.8 34.5 34.5 32.79 32.79 31.45
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
10 C 723.75 545 530 505 481 451 345.8 220.5 13.5
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
E 44.95 38.9 38.9 38.75 38.75 38.55 38.55 38.05 38.05 37.94 37.94 37.8 37.8 36.73 36.73 36.8 36.8 31.5
E E 44.95 38.9 38.9 38.75 38.75 38.55 38.55 38.05 38.05 37.94 37.94 37.8 37.8 36.73 36.73 36.8 36.8 31.5
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
10 C 932.75 571 559.8 530 502.3 479.8 432 391 171.3
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
F E 46.86 38.6 38.6 38.59 38.59 38.5 38.5 38.1 38.1 38 38 37.45 37.45 37.3 37.3 36.81 36.81 33.74

Total Cut = 13,043.50 CuM
Spoil @ 20% = 2,608.70 CuM
Available Fill = 10,434.80 CuM
To import Fill = Nil CuM
Access Cut = 9,276.55 CuM
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1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10
A E0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0
P 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B E 29.7 30.35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F -270 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 30.65 30.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C E 30.65 30.5 30.5 30.49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F -199.5 -202.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 31.45 31.42 31.42 31.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
D E 31.45 31.42 31.42 31.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F -145 -137.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 31.5 31.83 31.83 31.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E E 31.5 31.83 31.83 31.75 31.75 31.85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F -68.5 -104.5 -111 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 00 00 00 00 00 0
F E 33.74 32.19 32.19 32.05 32.05 31.9 0 00 00 00 00 00 0

Spoil @ 20% = 0.00 CuM
66 | P a g e
1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10
A E 46.86 38.6 38.6 38.59 38.59 38.5 38.5 38.1 38.1 38 38 37.45 37.45 37.3 37.3 36.81 36.81 33.74
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
10 C 1084 706.5 563.3 533.8 510.8 477.5 453.5 420.8 306.8
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
E 45.77 44.13 44.13 38.94 38.94 38.5 38.5 38.25 38.25 38.08 38.08 37.57 37.57 37.82 37.82 36.9 36.9 36.82
B E 45.77 44.13 44.13 38.94 38.94 38.5 38.5 38.25 38.25 38.08 38.08 37.57 37.57 37.82 37.82 36.9 36.9 36.82
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
10 C 1065.5 648 593.5 637.3 709.3 740.3 612.5 433.8 385.5
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
E 48.97 35.75 35.75 39.1 39.1 39.2 39.2 41.54 41.54 42.5 42.5 43.46 43.46 37.65 37.65 36.98 36.98 36.72
C E 48.97 35.75 35.75 39.1 39.1 39.2 39.2 41.54 41.54 42.5 42.5 43.46 43.46 37.65 37.65 36.98 36.98 36.72
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
10 C 1167 660.3 627.5 789.5 1041 949.5 611.5 438.3 401.3
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
E 49.77 44.19 44.19 39.37 39.37 39.43 39.43 43.41 43.41 46.17 46.17 37.85 37.85 37.5 37.5 37.4 37.4 36.95
D E 49.77 44.19 44.19 39.37 39.37 39.43 39.43 43.41 43.41 46.17 46.17 37.85 37.85 37.5 37.5 37.4 37.4 36.95
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
10 C 1408.8 880.8 647.8 908.3 1219 903 517.8 485.5 451
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
E 50.18 44.21 44.21 39.46 39.46 39.65 39.65 45.84 45.84 45.34 45.34 38.76 38.76 38.6 38.6 37.92 37.92 37.77
E E 50.18 44.21 44.21 39.46 39.46 39.65 39.65 45.84 45.84 45.34 45.34 38.76 38.76 38.6 38.6 37.92 37.92 37.77
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
10 C 1358.8 874.5 710.5 973 1260 910.5 566.5 530.5 485.8
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
F E 50.23 41.73 41.73 41.58 41.58 39.73 39.73 45.7 45.7 45.52 45.52 38.8 38.8 38.5 38.5 38.2 38.2 37.54

Spoil @ 20% = 6,531.85 CuM
Total Fill = 0.00 CuM
67 | P a g e
1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10
A E 33.74 32.19 32.19 32.05 32.05 31.9 0 00 00 00 00 00 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 00 00 00 00 00 0
10 C 113.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 -83.8 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 36.82 33.79 33.79 32.4 32.4 32.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B E 36.82 33.79 33.79 32.4 32.4 32.3 32.3 32.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 303.25 312.3 170 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 -52.5 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 36.72 36.8 36.8 41.5 41.5 32.6 32.6 32.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C E 36.72 36.8 36.8 41.5 41.5 32.6 32.6 32.5 32.5 32.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 380.25 458.5 251.3 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 -41 -44.8 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 36.95 36.74 36.74 35.3 35.3 32.65 32.65 32.61 32.61 32.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
D E 36.95 36.74 36.74 35.3 35.3 32.65 32.65 32.61 32.61 32.5 32.5 32 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 405.25 269.5 97.75 18 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 0 -16.7 -57 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 37.77 36.75 36.74 34 34 33.96 33.96 33.5 33.5 32.72 32.72 32.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
E E 37.77 36.75 36.74 34 34 33.96 33.96 33.5 33.5 32.72 32.72 32.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 433.5 314.8 236 144.3 19.5 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 0 0 -53.3 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 00 00 0
F E 37.64 37.18 37.18 36.67 36.67 36.81 36.81 33.5 33.5 33.06 33.06 31.59 0 00 00 0

Spoil @ 20% = 785.50 CuM
68 | P a g e
1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10
A E 50.23 41.73 41.73 41.58 41.58 39.73 39.73 45.7 45.7 45.52 45.52 38.8 38.8 38.5 38.5 38.2 38.2 37.54
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
10 C 1116.3 631.3 710.3 816.5 970 792 585.8 523 462.3
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
E 50.25 34.44 34.44 39.5 39.5 39.6 39.6 39.63 39.63 39.95 39.95 39.41 39.41 38.72 38.72 37.5 37.5 37.25
B E 50.25 34.44 34.44 39.5 39.5 39.6 39.6 39.63 39.63 39.95 39.95 39.41 39.41 38.72 38.72 37.5 37.5 37.25
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
10 C 1242.5 873.5 917.3 892 886 844.8 752.3 655 590.5
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
E 49.3 47.71 47.71 45.29 45.29 44.3 44.3 44.15 44.15 43.71 43.71 42.72 42.72 41.24 41.24 40.74 40.74 40.13
C E 0 00 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 0 00 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 0 00 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 0 00 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
D E 0 00 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 0 00 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 0 00 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 0 00 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E E 0 00 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 0 00 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0
F E0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0
Spoil @ 20% = 2,852.20 CuM
69 | P a g e
1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10
A E 37.54 37.18 37.18 36.67 36.67 33.5 33.5 36.81 36.81 33.5 33.5 33.06 33.06 31.59 0 00 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 00 0
10 C 424.75 407.8 273.3 197.8 144.8 18.75 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0
E 37.25 37.02 37.02 37.44 37.44 35.32 35.32 34.28 34.28 33.2 33.2 32.99 32.99 32.3 0 0 0 0
B E 37.25 37.02 37.02 37.44 37.44 35.32 35.32 34.28 34.28 33.2 33.2 32.99 32.99 32.3 0 0 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0
10 C 515.25 451.3 367.3 215.8 86.5 24.75 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 -9 0 0
P 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 0 0 0 0
E 40.13 38.21 38.21 37.38 37.38 36.55 36.55 34.48 34.48 33.5 33.5 33.3 33.3 33.05 0 0 0 0
C E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
D E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0
F E0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0

Spoil @ 20% = 625.55 CuM
70 | P a g e
LAYOUT PLAN FOR EARTHWORK
71 | P a g e
3.1.5 Retaining Wall Design
3.1.5.1 Introduction
Retaining walls are structures used to retain mainly earth but also other
materials which are not able to stand vertically unsupported. Such walls are
usually required to resist a combination of earth and hydrostatic loadings. The
fundamental requirement is that the wall is capable of holding the retained
material in place without undue movement arising from deflection,
overturning, or sliding. The decision to select a particular retaining wall system
for a specific project requires a determination of both technical feasibility and
comparative economy. For this project, a cantilevered retaining wall has been
proposed. The structural design consists of the following part:
a) Wall design
b) Base design
3.1.5.2 Design Considerations and constraints for the proposed retaining wall
In the design of retaining walls, a number of possible modes of failure
must be considered that are either ultimate or serviceability limit states. Under
the actions of the loads corresponding to the ultimate limit states, a retaining
wall must be stable in terms of resistance towards overturning and sliding
including the allowable soil bearing that must be within acceptable values. The
limit states considered in this project are as follows.
a) Minimum factor of safety for sliding = 1.5
b) Minimum factor of safety for overturning = 2.0
The use of safety factor as above is the traditional approach to design. For
convenience, the forces acting on a retaining wall are calculated in terms of
vertical and horizontal components. Vertical forces included are the weight of
soil, weight of base and weight of the wall. As for horizontal loads, the force
included is the resultant of earth pressure distribution. Other considerations are:
i. Characteristic strength of steel, fyk = 500 N/mm²
ii. Concrete strength, fck : 30 kN/m3
iii. Concrete cover = 40 mm
iv. Water table is assumed to be far beyond the base of retaining wall
v. Surcharge is not considered in this project as the location of this
retaining wall is far from road
vi. Angle of friction, ∅ = 30°
vii. Unit weight of soil, = 18 kN/m3
72 | P a g e
3.1.5.3 Design parameter
The design parameters of this project are focusing on the overturning,
sliding and the bearing pressure beneath the base of retaining wall. Usually, the
overturning moment is assumed to exist about the toe of the retaining wall due
to the lateral earth pressure against the back of the wall. To resist the
overturning moment, retaining wall must have sufficient weight, such that the
resisting moments are greater than the overturning moments.
By convention, resisting forces are all vertical loads applied to the
footing. These forces include the stem weight, footing weight, the weight of
the soil over the toe and heel, and a surcharge if applicable and any axial load
applied to the top of the wall. The total resisting moment is the summation of
these loads multiplied by the moment arm of each measured from the front
bottom edge of the footing. The generally accepted factor of safety against
overturning is 2 although some agencies require more or less.
Derived from a triangular pressure diagram, its point of application is
one-third the height above the bottom of the footing. The height used to
compute over-turning is on the virtual plane at the back of the footing (i.e.,
where this plane intersects the ground surface).
Wind pressure on the stem projecting above the soil or on a fence
sitting on top a wall can also cause overturning. Our recommendation is to
disregard this concept because it may not remain in place during the design life
of the wall. Only consider the depth of soil on toe below the top of the footing
when computing passive resistance.
Resistance to sliding is provided by the friction between the underside
of the base and the ground. To resist sliding, the total of friction resisting force
must be greater than the total lateral force acting on the wall due to backfill.
The resistivity towards both overturning and sliding must exceed the safety
factor to prove whether the proposed section of retaining wall is sufficient.
The foundation of the wall must be designed to satisfy the ultimate
limit state in terms of bearing. The distribution of ground bearing pressure
beneath the base may be either trapezoidal or triangular. The maximum ground
pressure usually occurs at the toe of the wall while the minimum ground
pressure occurs at the heel of the wall. This value maximum must not exceed
73 | P a g e
the allowable bearing capacity of the soil, otherwise settlement or yielding
may occur. The allowable soil bearing value assumed for the worst case in this
project is as mentioned in the design consideration section.
3.1.5.4 Proposed design concept

The design calculations for the proposed retaining wall are obtained as
shown.
i. Establish all design criteria based upon applicable building codes and
practices.
ii. Propose suitable size for retaining wall.
iii. Check for sliding by calculating the total frictional resisting force and
vertical total lateral force acting on the wall. The value of vertical total
lateral force acting on the wall must be larger than total frictional
resisting force to be considered sufficient.
iv. Compute overturning moments by taking moment at the toe of the
retaining wall and determine the sum of restraining moments. The
value of restraining moment should be larger than overturning moment
to prevent overturn of retaining wall.
v. The last part for wall design is to design its main reinforcement for
both near face and far face of the wall followed by base design.
vi. As for base design, ground bearing pressure is calculated by
identifying the moment about centre line of base and maximum ground
pressure at both toe and heel of retaining wall.

o Sample calculation of retaining wall has been include in appendix C.
o Detailing of retaining wall has been include in appendix C.
74 | P a g e
Layout Plan of location of Retaining Wall
The green line is the retaining wall, both at left and right side of building.
The total length of retaining wall is 49m
75 | P a g e
3.2 Road and Drainage Design Report
3.2.1 Drainage Design
• Major/Minor System Concept: An urban area will have two separate storm
drainage systems, the minor system and the major system. The minor system
consists of the pipe network, plus gutters and inlets which provide a convenience
system to rapidly carry away storm runoff from road surfaces for minor rainfall
events. The major system conveys runoff rates and volumes for a 1 in 100-year
rainfall event which exceed the capacity of the minor system. The major
drainage system consists mainly of overland drainage conveyance elements.
• Minor System Level of Service: Storm mains which service areas of 30

hectares or less are to be designated to convey runoff from 1 in 10 year and more
frequent rainfall events. Mains servicing areas greater than 30 hectares are to be
designed to convey 1.25 times the rate of runoff which would occur in a 1 in 10-
year rainfall event. For this project, the service area is 40 hectares, so this minor
system was applied.
• Ponding Depths: The minor system should be designed such that the depth of
ponding in the street does not exceed 0.15 metres in a 1 in 10-year rainfall event.
The major system should be designed to limit the depth of ponding in the street
to 0.35 metres in a 1 in 100-year rainfall event.
• Rational Method: Design flows for storm systems may be determined by the
Rational Formula for areas not exceeding 65 hectares. The Rational Formula is
as follows:
Q = CIA / 360
where:
Q = Flow in cubic metres per second (design flow rate)
C = Dimensionless runoff coefficient
I = The average intensity of rainfall in millimetres per hour
A = Drainage areas in hectares
76 | P a g e
For typical residential subdivision: C = 0.9, and I = 278.06 mm/hr (based on a time of
concentration = 5 minutes).
• Minimum Size: No storm sewer shall be less than 300 mm in diameter with the
exception that catch basin leads may be minimum of 250 mm in diameter.
• Velocity: All storm sewers shall be designed and constructed to give mean velocities,
when flowing full, of greater than 0.6 m/sec based on Manning’s Formula. Flow
velocities of 0.9 to 1.0 m/sec are recommended and designs based on the lower
velocities are to be justified on the basis of feasibility or unwarranted cost impacts.
Where design velocities exceed 3.0 m/sec, special provisions shall be made to protect
against displacement of sewers by erosions or shock. However, the designer shall
ensure that supercritical flow does not occur where steep grades are utilized.
• Minimum Slopes: All storm sewers should be designed with a minimum slope of
0.33 % or greater. Where it is not practical to do so, the following minimum slopes
will be permitted for various sewer sizes:
• Catch basin leads: Must be installed at a minimum grade of 1.0 %
• Depth: A minimum of 2.2 m of cover, measured to the invert, is to be provided for all
storm sewer main lines smaller than 610 mm in diameter. A minimum of cover to
crown is required for storm lines equal to or larger than 610 mm in diameter. Where
storm sewer services are to be provided to properties, the storm mains must be
installed at adequate depth to permit the storm sewer services to be 2.74 m deep (to
invert) at the property line separating private and city land.
• Manhole: Manholes must be installed at the end of each sewer, at all changes in
sewer size, grade or alignment and at all junctions. The maximum permitted manhole
spacing for all sewers less than 1200 mm in diameter is 150 metres.
• Maximum Spacing of Inlets: Runoff shall not be required to flow a distance greater
than 120 metres along roadway gutter without reaching a catch basin. In lanes and
walkways, runoff shall not be required to flow on the surface a distance greater than
180 metres to a point of interception.
• Pipe Materials: Approved materials for pipe construction of storm sewer mains are
non-reinforced concrete pipe, and reinforced concrete pipe. Some limited use of PVC
(polyvinyl chloride) pipe is also permitted on a case-by-case basis.
77 | P a g e
3.2.1.1 Design Consideration and Constraint
This chapter shows about the data obtained from the Manual Saliran
Mesra Alam (MSMA) in order to design the drainage.
a) Peak flow, 𝑄
𝑄=𝐶𝑖𝐴
𝑄 = Peak flow (m³/hr)
𝐶 = dimensionless runoff coefficient
𝑖 = Average rainfall intensity over time of concentration (mm/hr)
𝐴= Proposed area (hectare)
b) Rainfall intensity, 𝑖
𝑖=(𝛌+𝑘)/(𝑑+θ) 𝑛
𝑖 = Average rainfall intensity (mm/hr) for selected ARI (T) and storm
duration (d) (mm/hr)
𝑇= Average recurrence interval
𝑑= Storm duration (hours)
𝛌, 𝑘, 𝑑, θ= fitting constant based on rain gauge location
c) Average flow, 𝑄
𝑄=𝐴𝑉
𝑄 = Average flow (m³/hr)
𝐴 = Area of drainage (m²)
𝑉 = Velocity (m/s)
d) Velocity, 𝑉
𝑉=𝑅2/3𝑆1/2(1/𝑛)
𝑅= Hydraulic radius (m)
𝑆= slope
𝑛= Manning’s roughness
78 | P a g e
e) Hydraulic radius, 𝑅
𝑅=𝐴𝑃
𝐴= Area of drainage (m²)
𝑃= Wetted parameter (m)
3.2.2.2 Design Parameter

a) Dimensionless runoff coefficient, 𝐶
From Table 2.5, the dimensionless runoff coefficient can be determined to be

used in calculation Q=CiA. The type of development chose for this project is
Commercial and Business Centre for minor system with minimum ARI (< 10
year). The minor system is intended to collect, control and convey runoff from
buildings, infrastructures and utilities in relatively frequently storm events (up
to 10 years ARI) to minimize inconvenience and nuisance flooding.
From MSMA, Table 2.5
Thus, use 0.90 for C value.
79 | P a g e
b) IDF constant
The average rainfall intensity can be obtained from table 2.B1. The selected
station name for this project is.
From MSMA, Table 2.B1: Fitting Constant for the IDF Empirical Equation for
the Different Location in Malaysia for High ARIs between 2- and 100-Years
Storm Duration from 5 minutes to 72 hours.
State No. Station Station Constant

ID name λ k θ ᶯ
Selangor 1 2815001 JPS 56.052 0.152 0.194 0.857

Sungai
Manggis
Table 2.B1: Fitting Constant for the IDF Empirical Equation
c) Time of concentration, 𝑡𝑐
Time of concentration, (tc) that use for this drainage design is 5 minutes because
the recommended minimum time of concentration for a catchment is 5 minutes.
Thus, tc = 5 minutes
d) Manning’s Roughness
In this project, the Manning’s roughness used is 0.015 where concrete with
smooth finish for lined drain is selected.
From MSMA,Table 2.3: Values of Manning’s Roughness Coefficient (n) for

open drains and pipes.
80 | P a g e
MSMA,Table 2.3: Values of Manning’s Roughness Coefficient (n)
e) Side slope, 𝑆
Proposed side slope for this project: 1:200

• Sample calculation of drainage has been included in appendix E.
81 | P a g e
Soil Area:
DRAINAGE LENGTH H1 H2 AREA TOTAL
AREA
D1 28200 17820 18145 507106500 507106500
D2 85800 19650 19085 1661731500 1661731500
D3 3900 19800 19650 76927500 76927500
D4 3000 107830 107500 322995000 322995000
D5 20400 16660 16530 338538000 338538000
D6 19200 71250 23150 906240000 906240000
D7 22800 12147 24133 413592000 413592000
D8 16800 45300 25000 590520000 590520000
D9 33900 13520 31160 757326000 2366485500

51900 31160 30850 1609159500
D10 71250 16100 16530 1162443750 2615943750

9500 31300 1453500000
82 | P a g e
Roof Area:
DRAINAGE LENGTH H1 AREA TOTAL
AREA
D1 13500 13500 91125000 182250000

13500 13500 91125000
D2 58800 13500 793800000 976050000

13500 13500 91125000
13500 13500 91125000
D3 1200 1200 720000 1440000

1200 1200 720000
D4 8850 8850 39161250 78322500

8850 8850 39161250
D5 1200 8850 10620000 88942500

8850 8850 39161250
8850 8850 39161250
D6 8850 8850 39161250 78322500

8850 8850 39161250
D7 1200 8850 10620000 90382500

8850 8850 39161250
8850 8850 39161250
1200 1200 720000
1200 1200 720000
D8 13500 13500 91125000 198450000

13500 13500 91125000
12300 1200 14760000
1200 1200 720000
1200 1200 720000
D9 58800 13500 793800000 976050000

13500 13500 91125000
13500 13500 91125000
D10 8850 8850 39161250 260572500

8850 8850 39161250
13500 13500 91125000
13500 13500 91125000
83 | P a g e
Calculation from excel:
84 | P a g e
Layout plan drainage
85 | P a g e
3.2.2 Road Pavement Design
3.2.2.1 Introduction
The structural design of a pavement system must be done with a clear

understanding of the factors that can affect the life and serviceability of the pavement.
There are several factors need to be considered in designing and construction of a road
pavement. The purpose of having design criteria manual is to attain the best quality
pavement system considering a lot of factors such as sub grade, traffic load, material,
maintenance and others. The design manual assumes that all elements on the
pavement, subgrade and others are constructed in accordance with the City
Engineering Standard Engineering Specifications and the Pikes Peak Region Asphalt
Paving Specifications.
Basically, in this road design, it represents the minimum requirements of a

design. The objective is to provide a design system that is easy to understand and use,
and allow the Design Engineer flexibility to investigate alternatives. The proposed
road pavement must meet minimum design requirements and have sufficient data and
analysis. The design basis presented in this document is based upon the 1993
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
Design Guide. The purpose is to provide design parameters for local materials and
conditions and to provide guidance on the use of AASHTO equations.
The pavement design obtained from this procedure should have equal life and
met all the serviceability provided the minimum material specifications, construction
recommendation and proper maintenance.
i. Subgrade
Subgrade is the uppermost part of soil, natural or imported, supporting the load
transmitted from the overlying layers.
ii. Subbase course
This is the layer (or layers) under the base layer. A subbase is not always
needed
iii. Base course
This is the layer directly below the surface course and generally consists of
aggregate (either stabilized or un-stabilized) or HMA.
86 | P a g e
iv. Surface course
This is the top layer and the layer that comes in contact with traffic. It may be
composed of one or several different HMA sublayers.
v. Binder course
The bounded layer that overlying on the base course. Apart from supporting
and dispersing the traffic load, it also resists shear.
vi. Wearing layer
The topmost layer of the surface course. It is in direct contact with the traffic
and consequently, it must resist abrasion and prevent skidding.
3.2.2.2 Design Considerations and Constraints
This chapter show the data obtained from Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) new design
standard of road pavement design for Bangunan Pameran Kereta dan Pejabat in
Sepang, Selangor.
i. Design Traffic
Design Traffic (Number of ESALs) for the Design Lane and Base Year Y1 (First
Year of Design Period)
ESALY1 = ADT x 365 x PCV x 3.7 x L x T

Where:
ESALY1 = Number of ESALs for the Base Year (Design Lane)
ADT = Average Daily Traffic
PCV = Percentage of CV (Un-Laden Weight > 1.5 tons)
VLF = Vehicle Load (Equivalence) Factor (including Tire Factor)
L = Lane Distribution Factor (Table 1c)
T = Terrain Factor (Table 1d)
Design Traffic (Number of ESALs) for the Design Period (Design Life in Years)
Design Traffic ESALDES = ESALY1 x [(1 + r)n – 1]/r
Where;
ESALDES = Design Traffic for the Design Lane in one Direction

ESALY1 = Number of ESALs for the Base Year
r = Annual Traffic Growth Factor for Design Period
n = Number of Years in Design Period
87 | P a g e
For the design constrains, negative impacts can be constraints to the
project. These negative impacts should be reduced as possible as can in order
to comply with the EIA regulations. Based on large infrastructure work,
numerous impacts are identified within the EIA report and the elements are:
• Road Drainage and Water Environment

During construction of a new road there is a potential risk of changes
to the quality of water from sediment run-off. An increase in exposed
surfaces, construction works, and vegetation clearance may
potentially contribute to water quality changes and river
sedimentation. Vegetation removal may result in nutrient rich run-off
to the river, but other suspended sediment may contain contaminated
particulates and deteriorate water quality.
• Air Quality
Potential emissions of dust to air can occur during the preparation of
land for new road. Emissions can vary from day to day because it is
depending on the level of activity, the specific operations being
undertaken and the weather conditions. There are three separate dust
impacts which can arise from the construction of a large infrastructure
project including annoyance due to dust soiling, the risk of health
effects due to an increase of exposure to PM10.
• Community and Private Assets

Some of land might be owned by local residents and must be bought
from them. Some landowners willing to sell their lands even though it
is valuable to them.
• Effects on All Travelers

There are also potential for existing routes to be altered if there is a
new road construction in some area. The new road may impact on the
journey time of an existing route. The new road also may impact on
the amenity of the route.
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3.2.2.3 Design Parameters
1. Average Daily Traffic in one direction (ADT)

Regional referral traffic information has been referred to as the basic support for the
growth of traffic on Sepang. Traffic information from the study area through the
following model has been referred Traffic
• Highway Network Development Plan (HNDP)
Based upon the existing traffic data, an average daily traffic (ADT) is estimated
around 200 vehicles.
2. Percentage of Commercial Vehicles
In the absence of an axle load study, Table 1a below shall be used as a guide.
Table 1: Guide for Load Equivalence Factor without Axle Load Study
3. Annual Growth Rate, r (%)
For Traffic Category T 3 through T 5, a design life of 20 years is recommended.

For low volume roads and other rural roads (T 1 and T 2), a design life of 10 years
may be adequate. Traffic Category T 1 represents low traffic volume; Traffic
Category T2 for traffic between 1.0 and 2.0 million ESAL and so on; T5 represent
design traffic of more than 30 million ESAL.
89 | P a g e
Table 2: Total Growth Factors (TGF)
Thus, use r= -0.60% and design period is, n= 20 years for urban road.
Table 3: Traffic Categories used in this Manual
4. Number of Lane
Number of lanes must be determined and decided to confirm the lane

distribution factor which to be used in the next step in designing road
pavement.
90 | P a g e
Table 4: Lane Distribution Factors
Thus, take L=1.0 (on lane in one direction)
5. Terrain Factor, T
The Terrain Factor, T that shall be used in the determination of the design
traffic volume (ESAL) is shown in Table 1d below. For this project, the type
of terrain is flat which is 1.0.
Table 5: Terrain Factors
ESALY (base year) = ADT x 365 x Pcv x 3.7 x Lef x T x L
= 200 x 0.1 x 3.7 x 365 x 1.0 x 1.0
= 0.027 million
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Design Traffic over 10 Years; ESALDES
= (ESALY1 x [(1+r)n - 1]) / r
= [0.027 x (1-0.60)20 – 1)] / - 0.60
= 0.044 million (Traffic category T1) (refer table 3)
6. California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
For pavement design purposes, several parameters shall be used to

categorise sub-grade support. Traditionally, the California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
has been widely used for this purpose. Mechanistic pavement design procedures
require elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio as input for all pavement layers,
including the sub-grade which is usually treated as an isotropic semi-infinite
elastic medium. In this case, the subgrade CBR: Mean = 17%
Table 6: Classes of Sub-Grade Strength (based on CBR)
used as Input in the Pavement Catalogue.
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CBR Mean = 17%
CBR Standard Deviation = 4.4%
Since T1, probability 60% (Normal Deviate = 0.253)
Characteristic CBR value:
= 17% - (0.253 x 4.4%)
=17% - 1.11%
= 15.9% (sub grade category SG2) refer table 6
Table 7: T1: < 1 million ESALs
Conventional Flexible Granular Base
• Bituminous Surface Course (AC 10 or AC 14) = 50mm

• Crushed Aggregate Road Base = 200mm
• Granular Sub-Base = 150mm
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3.2.2.4 Design Concept
Proposed design for this project:
Bituminous Surface Course (AC 10 or AC 14): 50mm
Crushed Aggregate Road Base: 200mm
Granular Sub-Base: 150mm
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LAYOUT PLAN FOR ROAD
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3.3 Sewerage Design Report
3.3.1 General Design of Sewer
▪ Economic in the design – while sewers should generally be kept as

short as possible and unproductive lengths avoided, care should be
taken not to restrict potential development. The route and depth of a
new sewer should always take account of land where there is the
possibility of future development.
▪ Where sewers are laid at considerable depths or under highways
having expensive foundations and surfaces, it may be cheaper or more
convenient to lay shallow rider sewers to receive the local house
connections, and to connect the riders at convenient point into the
main sewers.
▪ The sewerage system shall be suitably designed to carry all
wastewater flows including sludge to the approval disposal point.
Unauthorised connections of surface water or excessive infiltration to
the foul water system will not be accepted.
▪ Generally, all sewers and manholes shall be sited in highways and
public land where access can be gained for maintenance purposes.
▪ Design sewers shall be designed and installed to collect and convey all
waste flows both domestic (municipal) wastes and industrial wastes
(should be approved by the approving authority) as well as an
unavoidable amount of the ground water infiltration to a point of
acceptable treatment and ultimate discharge. Rainwater from roof,
streets and other areas and ground water from foundation drains shall
be excluded.
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3.3.2 Design Consideration and Constraints for Gravity Sewer
ii. Location of sewers
• Adequate access to a sewer for maintenance should be allowed. The

following factors should also be considered:
• Location of sewers within streets or alleys right of way.
• If topography dictates, the sewer to be located within the private
properties, the adequate access should be provided for maintenance
purposes.
• The position of other existing or proposed services, building
foundation, etc. In relation to water main, a minimum at 3 m
horizontal and 1 m vertical separation respectively to be provided.
No sewer line should be above water main unless the pipe is
adequately protected.
• The impact of the construction of the sewer and subsequent
maintenance activities upon road users.
iii. Depth of soil cover over the sewer
• The minimum depth of soil cover over the sewer shall be 1.2 meter.
• Sewers are not to be constructed under buildings.
iv. Size of public gravity sewer
• The minimum size of public sewers shall be 225 mm in diameter.

• The minimum size of domestic connections to the public sewer shall
be 150 mm in diameter.
v. Minimum and maximum design velocity at peak flow
• The minimum design velocity at peak flow shall be 0.8 m/sec.

• The maximum design velocity at peak flow shall be 4 m/sec.
iii. Flow rate estimation
Clause 2.1.14, page 35, and volume 3 “Guidelines for Developers’: Sewer
Networks & Pump Stations Volume 3, 2nd Edition, Ministry of Housing &
Local Government, Sewerage Services Department. Consideration when
selecting the diameter and gradient of a sewer line are:
97 | P a g e
• To cater for peak flow
• To ensure that there will be a sufficient velocity during each day
to sufficiently cleanse the sewer of slime and sediment.
• To limit the velocity to avoid scouring of sewer.
iv. Average Flow:

The volume of sewage that needs to be per day is based on an
assumed contribution per person of 225 litres.
Another assumption is made as to the contribution for various
types of premises where the contribution from each premise type is
defined in terms of an equivalent population. The recommended
minimum population equivalent values are given in Table 1.1 page
6-7 of “Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guidelines” 3rd Edition,
Volume IV by Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN).
For the development area that is contributing sewage, the

population equivalent should be totalled and then multiplied by the
sewage production value of 225 litres/head/day to give the average
flow. (Average Wet Weather Flow).
v. Peak Flow
The flow used to determine the diameter and gradient of the pipeline
is the peak flow. Peak flow is the most severe flow that could occur
on any day when considering daily flow fluctuations and infiltrations.
The peak flow is derived from the average flow by applying a peak
factor for daily flow fluctuations. The peak factor shall be estimated
from the following formula:
Peak Factor = 4.7 (PE/1000) -0.11
where PE = assumed population equivalent
Clause 3.7 MS 1228:1991 “Code of Practice for Design and

Installation of Sewerage Systems” Malaysian Standard, MS
1228:1991 by SIRIM.
98 | P a g e
v. Infiltration
While the sewerage system shall be designed cater for unavoidable
amount of infiltration, which arises from faulty joints, cracked
sewer pipes and manholes, it is absolutely important that the
infiltration into the sewerage system be minimized through proper
selection of construction technology and materials, proper
supervision of construction and field testing of the components of
system for water-tightness.
For guidance, the sewerage system may be designed to cater for a
maximum infiltration rate of 50 litres per mm, diameter per km of
sewer per day (50 litre /diameter of pipe (mm)/km pipe/day).
vi. Manhole
Maximum spacing of manhole shall be 76m (250 feet). Unless restraint

by site conditions or alignment of sewer, the spacing of manholes could
be increased to 87 m, but in no case should exceed 91m.
Manhole location shall be provided at:
▪ The starting and end of all gravity sewers

▪ Every change in direction or alignment of sewer
▪ Every change in gradient
▪ Every change in size of sewer
▪ All intersections and junctions of two or more sewers
3.3.3 Design Parameter
The design calculation is based on the Manning’s’ Equation:
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3. Table for manning coefficient (n) used from SPAN guideline:
I. Table used to estimate the population equivalent from SPAN guideline:
100 | P a g e
3.3.4 Design Concept
Sewerage system for this office building is design based on peak flow where
the location of main hole is proposed according on existing main hole. Total
area covered is 1567.8m2 where the population equivalent is 3 per 100 m2
gross area. Therefore, the total population equivalent for this building is
approximately 147 PE. From this total population equivalent we can design
peak flow. Peak flow can be obtained from average flow on line multiply by
peak flow factor which is peak flow for this hospital is 48.3 L/min. The
objective of this design is to make sure propose of main hole with its invert
level, slope and size is adequate to cater the peak flow.
Propose sewerage parameter.
II. Size of public sewer is 225mm (diameter).

JJ. Depth of soil cover over the sewer is between 1.5m to 3m.
KK. Total length of sewerage approximate 138 m.
LL. 3 numbers of main hole.
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3.3.5 Layout plan and calculation
• Sample calculation of sewerage has been included in appendix E
FNND Consultant Sdn Bhd

CADANGAN MEREKABENTUK, MEMBINA DAN
Project: MENYIAPKAN 5 TINGKAT BANGUNAN Date:
PAMERAN KERETA & PEJABAT, 1/7/2020
SEPANG, SELANGOR Designer:
Block: SEWER DESIGN FNND
Estimation of Equivalent Population
Gross Design flow per person= 225 lit/day

Floor
Building Area Unit PE PE Crimp & Bruges' Formula
(m²)
3 PE Sewer Pipe Capacity at full bore
Commercial Per
Building 1567.80 100 m2 47 A = area of pipe in m²
R = hydraulic radius in m
s = gradient in decimal
n = Manning’s coefficient 0.010
(Good Condition)
TOTAL 47 n = Manning’s coefficient 0.017
(Bad Condition)
Capacity, A x R2/3 x S1/2

Q= n m³/sec
Velocity, V= Q/A m/sec
0.8 m/sec < V < 4.0
Criteria m/sec
102 | P a g e
SEWER DESIGN
• All design shall be accordance with principles set out in the Malaysia
Standard MS 1228 " Code of Practice for Design and Installation of Sewerage
Service " and " Guidelines for Developers on the Design and Installation of
Sewerage Service".
• Gravity pipelines used in this project are vitrified clay pipe (VCP) of
minimum diameter 225mm with flexible points and laid on either granular or
concrete bedding.
• All sewers and manholes shall be sited where access can be gained for the
purpose of maintenance.
• Manholes shall be constructed at not more than 100m interval and where
there is a change in direction. Minimum depth to invert of manhole shall be
1.2m.
• The minimum design velocity at full sewer flow shall be 0.8m/s to allow self-
cleansing and maximum design velocity shall be 4m/s to prevent scouring.
• A copy of sewer design calculation is attached for reference.
103 | P a g e
FNND Consultant Sdn Bhd
Project: CADANGAN MEREKABENTUK, MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN 5 Date:
TINGKAT BANGUNAN PAMERAN KERETA & PEJABAT, SEPANG, SELANGOR 1-Jul-20
Designer:
Title:SEWER DESIGN FNND
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12A) (12B) (13A) (13B) (14A) (14B) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20)
Population on line
Invert level of upper

Cumulative Peak
Diameter of Pipe
Cumulative flow
Lower manhole
Upper manhole
Capacity (Good
Depth of upper
Velocity (Good
Cumulative PE
Manning's Coefficient
Design Flow (Dry
Manning's Coefficient
Capacity (Bad
Velocity (Bad
Gradient 1: x
Weather Flow)
Peak Factor
upper manhole
Ground level of
(Good Condition)
Condition)
Condition)
Condition)
Condition)
(Bad Condition)
manhole
Remarks
Building
manhole
Length
Flow
Fall
(l/min) (l/min) (l/min) (m) (n) (n) (m/sec) (m/sec) (l/min) (l/min) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
MH1 MH2 47 7.3 7.3 47 6.6 48 0.225 15 0.010 0.017 3.79 2.23 9034 5314 40.00 2.67 33.00 31.50 1.50
Commercial
MH2 MH3 7.3 47 6.6 48 0.225 100 0.010 0.017 1.47 0.86 3499 2058 50.00 0.50 30.15 28.83 1.32
Existing
MH
Exist
MH3 7.3 47 6.6 48 0.225 100 0.010 0.017 1.47 0.86 3499 2058 47.96 0.48 31.20 28.33 2.87 MH
104 | P a g e
Layout Plan of Sewerage
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3.4 Water Supply Design Report
3.4.1 Design Consideration and Constraints
i) The design of a supply mains shall comply with the following

boundary conditions:
• Convey peak flows in supply mains (i.e. 1.2 times the average daily
demand flow) without incurring head losses greater than 2m/1000m
for gravity flow.
• Convey a combination of average and fire flows without incurring
head losses of greater than 15 m/1000m within external reticulation
networks.
• Convey flows with a velocity of not less than 0.3 m/sec in order to
reduce deposition of sediments; if this condition cannot be met
justifications for lower flow velocities and related implication on
maintenance to be submitted to Commission / Certifying Agency
for consideration.
• Maximum flow velocities not to exceed 2.0 m/sec. However, flow
velocities along pumping mains located within a pump station (i.e.
header system) may exceed this value.
• The minimum pipe size in supply main system shall be 150mm.
• The following residual pressures shall be maintained within an
external reticulation system:
▪ During peak flow conditions the minimum residual pressure at
each node shall be of such magnitude as to enable water to flow
directly into a storage cistern located up to 15 metres above a
building platform level without the need for pumping. The
discharge residual pressure at the highest supply level (HSL)
shall not be lower than 7.5 metres. This shall be applicable to a
development area where the source of water is drawn directly
from a supply main or from a service reservoir with the
hydraulic calculations based on the bottom water level (BWL).
106 | P a g e
▪ During combined average flow and fire flow conditions the
minimum residual pressure at each node shall be maintained at
7.5 meters above the building platform level.
▪ All pipelines within an external reticulation system shall
operate within a static pressure not exceeding 30m at all flow
conditions. Subject to the approval of the Commission
/Certifying Agency, pressure reducing valves shall be
provided where the static pressure exceeds 30m in a pipeline.
▪ the static pressure at any point along a supply main shall not
exceed 50 meters head.
▪ Both the Hazen Williams and Colebrook White hydraulic
formulae may be employed to assist in determining the size
of a pipeline.
ii) Design constraints:
• Head loss ≤ 2m/km for domestic suction tank

• Head loss ≤ 15m/km for fire hydrant tank
• Minimum velocity = 0.3 m/sec
• Maximum velocity = 2.0 m/sec
3.4.2 Design parameter
Hazen-William equation using Hardy-Cross analysis is used for

hydraulic calculation and simplified as follow:
107 | P a g e
Below are the table used to determine the value of peak factor, pipe
coefficient, average daily water demand and the fire flow
requirement:
Peak factor
Area In distribution/ In gravity/transmission
reticulation network Pipelines
Urban and rural areas 2.5 1.2
excluding Felda schemes
Felda schemes 30 1.2
Table 3.4.1 Value of peak factor
Table 3.4.3 Roughness values and coefficients
108 | P a g e
Table 3.3.4 Average daily water demand
109 | P a g e
3.4.3 Design Concept
Main water supply system for this office building is design based on peak flow
from the tap-off point to the suction tank. Total area covered is 1567.8m2
where the total daily water demand is 1000 litre per 100 m2 gross area.
Therefore, the total daily water demand for this office building is
approximately 15678l/day. From this total daily water demand, we can design
peak flow. Peak flow can be obtained from average flow rate multiply by peak
factor which is peak flow for main water supply is 1.2. The objective of this
design is to make sure the proposed diameter size and suction tank size is
adequate to cater the peak flow. Our scope is only up to the suction tank.
Propose main water supply parameter:

• Size of pipe is 200mm (diameter).
• Type of size is mild steel pipe
• Total length of pipe approximate 164 m.
• 2 numbers of fire hydrants based on fire flow requirements.
Calculation of main water supply has been included in appendix E
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3.4.4 Layout plan and calculation
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CHAPTER 4
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
4.1 Introduction
Building or project management is one of several fields in civil engineering which

focuses on the business aspects of building. It is a methodology for the architecture of project
design, planning and construction from the beginning to the end. Constructing management is
aimed at managing the time, expense and quality of a project, or also called the "triple
constraint" of a project. Project management concept involves bill of quantities, cost estimate
and project preparation.
One of the many reasons to provide bill of quantities is to show a detailed
measurement of materials and labour needed to complete a construction project. The project
costs should be measured on the basis of determined materials so that construction plans are
easier to prepare. The estimate provision indicates that the work to be completed at rates is
extensive and clear. In project planning, S-Curve acts as a tool for tracking the progress of the
construction over time and provides quick views on the project status. It also shows the vital
operations which cannot be delayed.
As for this project, the total estimated cost is RM 3, 013,000.00 based the bill of
quantity provided in section 4.1. Referring to the project planning attached in section 4.2, the
project is expected to complete in 11 months duration. From the graph, it can be seen that the
cost is low at the beginning of project. As the project continues and the S-curve grows,
resources are added and the project is in execution so there is a rise in the cumulative cost.
There is a steep rise at when the project is about to reach the end showing that the work in
progress is completed in shorter time.
112 | P a g e
4.2 Bill of Quantity
4.2.1 Preliminaries
BILL A: PRELIMINARIES
BIL DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE AMOUNT

(RM)
PREAMBLES
GENERALLY
Preliminary Item
The preliminary items as set out hereunder are L/Sump 5,000.00

deemed to apply to the whole of the works all
as shown on the drawings and/or described in
this Bills of Quantities and the Contractor shall
allow for complying with same and for any cost
incurred in connection therewith. The
Contractor shall note that any clause or item
listed in this section which has not been
priced, it shall be deemed that the cost of
such clause or item has been included
elsewhere in this section or in the Bills of
Quantities section and those unpriced clause
or items shall be considered as free of charge
and no claim will be entertained
Scope of Works
The works covered in this contract comprises L/Sump 300,000.00

the provision to the contractor at his own risk
and cost of all materials, scaffolding, tools,
plant, labour, transport, water, light and
everything else necessary for the execution and
completion of :-
Examination of Tender Documents And

Visit to Site
The Contractor is deemed to have fully L/Sump 5,000.00

examined the Tender Documents and had full
opportunity to consider the details therein and
make every investigations in relation there to.
Any discrepancies in the Tender Documents
shall be referred in writing, as soon as possible
and before submitting the tender to the
Engineer who shall, if necessary, amend or
clarify the matter by means of the formal
Addendum to the Specifications. A copy of the
Addendum will be issued to every Tenderer
113 | P a g e
and shall become part of the Tender
Documents. Receipt of the Addendum must be
acknowledged on the form issued with the
Addendum.
DOCUMENTATION
Tendering Procedure
These conditions are supplementary to or L/Sump 7,000.00

amplify those stated in the Instructions to
Tenderers and on the Form of Tender.
The Bills of Quantities are numbered in
sequence and the Contractor shall check his
copy. He shall notify the Engineer/Quantity
Surveyor in writing and at once of any mistakes
and have them rectified. No claim for loss
consequent upon failure to comply with this
clause will be later entertained.
No alteration shall be made by the Contractor
to the Tender Documents. The printed text shall
be rigidly adhered to. Except where expressly
stated, any offers of alternatives will render the
tender liable to disqualification. The Contractor
shall be deemed to have fully understood the
work to be carried out under the Contract.
Refer any query in writing to the
Engineer/Quantity Surveyor and have it settled
prior to the submission of the tender. No
consideration will be given to any query raised
by the Contractor after the closing date of
tender owing to lack of comprehension of the
work to be done on the part of the Contractor.
Pricing The BQ
The Bills of Quantities are to be priced in INK L/Sump 7,000.00

and the sum of the amounts of all items of the
Bills of Quantities priced by the tenderer shall
truly represent the amount shown in his tender.
The rates set down by the Tenderer against
each item in the Bills of Quantities shall be the
full inclusive rates and prices for the finished
work (unless expressly provided to the
contrary) and shall be held to include providing
and delivering all materials, unloading, cutting
and waste on materials, storage, packing
carriage and cartage, hoisting all labour,
setting, fitting and fixing in position, use of
plant, providing suspension, establishment
charges, profit and all other labour and
everything else necessary for the due and
proper completion of each item. The rates shall
be also inclusive of all ancillary work and
expenditure whether separately or specifically
114 | P a g e
mentioned or described in the Contract
Documents or not, which are either
indispensably necessary to carry out and bring
to completion the Works, or which may
contingently become necessary to overcome
difficulties before completion. Items shall be
realistically priced. The Contractor shall
substantiate any rates required by the Engineer,
prior to the signing of the Contract.
All like items shall be priced at the same rate. L/Sump 5,000.00
In valuing variations, the lowest rate for any
individual item will be applied if unit rates vary
from Bill to Bill or Section to Section. The
value of any item unpriced (or with a dash
against it) either in the Preliminaries or Bills of
Quantities shall be deemed to be included in
the prices or rates of other items therein. No
unauthorised alteration, addition or note
entered in these Bills of Quantities shall modify
the printed text. Headings are not
comprehensive and do not modify meaning of
the clause and items in these Bills of
Quantities. Any rates found to be overpriced,
inconsistently priced, under-priced or
erroneously priced shall be subjected to
adjustment and rectification before the signing
of the contract and the authority to fix a
reasonable rate shall be with the S.O and the
amended rates shall be used for computing the
various monthly progress payments and the
measuring of variations.
Adjustment of Errors Etc.
Any error or omission in rates and/or

calculations in the Contractor's priced Bills of
Quantities discovered before the signing of the
Contract shall be so rectified and adjusted that,
when correctly calculated, the total amount
represents the amount stated on the Form of
Tender submitted by the Contractor.
Errors in Pricing
Before the signing of the Contract any sums or L/Sump 2,000.00

unit rates inserted by the Tenderer in the tender
which are obviously erroneous shall be
adjusted so as to form a fair and reasonable
basis for the valuation of variations in
accordance with Clause 24 of the Conditions of
Contract, but the totals of the General
Summaries shall represent the same amount as
that tendered by the Contractor in the Form of
Tender. The nett aggregate amount of such
115 | P a g e
errors will be calculated as a percentage
adjustment in the General Summaries hereof
Discrepancy in Tender/Contract Document
The Contractor shall be responsible for L/Sump 5,000.00

checking the documents issued to him and if he
finds any discrepancy between any two or more
of the contract documents, he shall, before
proceeding with the works, inform the S.O of
such discrepancies. No claims by the contractor
for any extra costs incurred as a result of the
discrepancies will be entertained if he fails to
inform the S.O. of such discrepancies before
proceeding with the works.
TO COLLECTION RM 336,000.00
BILL A : PRELIMINARIES (Cont'd)

(RM)
PRELIMINARIES
LAW, REGULATION AND

REQUIREMENTS
Insurance of The Works
A.1 Provide for Insurance Policy and Guarantee as L/Sump 200,000.00

per IEM Conditions of Contract. All insurances
shall be purchased from FELDA Trading Sdn
Bhd
a) Provide for Insurance Policy to cover a total

cost of Construction in joint names of
Employer and Contractor including Material
Damage and Third-Party Liability for RM1
million in any one incident.
b) SOCSO and Workmen's Compensation

Policy minimum adequately 20% of Contract
Price (including Common Law Unlimited) and
endorsement A & B
116 | P a g e
c) The contractor shall insure all the foreign
workers employed by him under an insurance
scheme known as "Foreign Workers
Compensation Scheme (FWCS)" with
approved insurance company in respect of any
Liability he may incur under the Workmen's
Compensation Act
Performance Bond
A.2 Allow for Performance Bond of 5% Contract L/Sump 250,000.00

Value in the form of Bank Guarantee for the
whole duration of the contract and valid and
effective until the expiration of the Defects
Liability Period named in the appendix to
Conditions of Contract.
Payment Levi to CIDB
(Construction Industry Development Board)
A.3 The contractor shall comply to Part VIII of the L/Sump 10,000.00
Lembaga Pembangunan Industry Pembinaan
Malaysia Act 1994 and the Construction
Industry (Levy Collection) Regulations 1996
and shall submit a notification on Form CIDB
L1/96 to the Lembaga not later than 14 days
the issuance of the Letter Of Acceptance/Letter
of Award/of any document that constitutes
acceptance of contract works, or not less than
14 days before the commencement of the
works, whichever date is earlier.
Prevention of Pollution and Nuisance
A.4 The Contractor shall take all proper measure to L.Sum 7,000.00
the satisfaction of the Engineer to minimize the
spread of dust, noise etc and to prevent any
nuisance arising from the carrying out the
works
Liason With Local Authorities
A.5 Allow cost incurred fees or charges for deposit L/Sump 20,000.00
to comply local authority e.g Majlis Daerah,
JKR, JPP, JPS etc.
117 | P a g e

(RM)
PRELIMINARIES (Cont'd)
LAW, REGULATION AND

REQUIREMENTS (Cont'd)
Protection of Public and Private Services
A.6 The contractor shall provide all things L/Sump

necessary for the protection of all pipes, ducts, 20,000.00
sewers, service mains, overhead cables, etc.,
unless the foregoing are to be removed or
diverted, during the execution of the Works.
Before commencing any excavations for the
purposes of this contract, the Contractor shall
accompany the Engineer on a site inspection in
order to consider any circumstances which may
indicate the presence of underground service
pipes or cables in vicinity of such excavations.
Thereafter the contractor shall carry out

excavations in such manner as the Engineer
directs. If during excavations the Contractor's
workmen uncover any service pipes or cables,
work to be stopped immediately any it is not to
be resumed until this matter has been reported
to the Engineer who will issue whatever
directions he deems appropriate. The contractor
shall make good any damage due to any cause
within his control, or pay any costs and
changes in connection therewith. In cases
where the services are to be temporarily
terminated or diverted the contractor to give the
necessary notices to the appropriate Authorities
and arrange for the work to be carried out and
pay all charges in connection therewith.

(RM)
118 | P a g e
LAW, REGULATION AND
Damage to Existing Adjacent Buildings,

Roads or Properties
A.7 The Contractor shall be responsible for any L/Sump 30,000.00

damage caused by his vehicles, plants or
workmen including his Nominated
Subcontractors or Suppliers and his own
Subcontractors or Suppliers to any existing
buildings, roads, or other properties from what
so ever cause arising and shall maintain, repair
and reinstate same to their original condition to
the satisfaction of the Engineer or alternatively
shall bear the cost of such maintenance and
restoration as a deduction from money due or
become due to the contractor under this
Contractor.
The Contractor shall carry out the works in

such a manner, so as to avoid causing damage
to adjoin, adjacent and subjacent properties.
The contractor shall make good to satisfaction
of the Engineer any damaged caused.
The Contractor shall be liable for any damage

caused to existing adjacent buildings or other
properties due to negligence of the Contractor
in carrying out the works. The issue of the
Certificate shall not be taken to relieve the
Contractor from such liabilities for damages.
The Contractor shall be liable for and must

indemnify the Employer against any claims,
proceedings and damages arising out of his
neglect in this respect. The contractor is to take
photograph of the adjacent buildings and
confirm with the owners if there are existing
cracks or the like.
Temporary Construction Entrance and

Wash Trough
A.8 Allow for the construction of temporary wash L/Sump 15,000.00

trough overall size approximately 7.0m x
15.30m comprising of wash bay and brick
sump, complete with 300mm thick coarse or
crushed rock and including all necessary
excavation, pipe outlet , all constructed strictly
in accordance with the Engineer's drawing. The
rate shall include for demolition of temporary
wash trough and remove all debris from site on
completion of the works.
119 | P a g e
Hoarding
A.9 Provide and construct hoarding to fence the m 850 100.00 85,000.00
whole construction site including provision of
main gate entrance and 2 nos side gates as
required and instructed by the relevant Local
Authorities all per detail drawing.

(RM)
LAW, REGULATION AND

Mosquito Prevention
A.10 All excavation and portions of site where water L/Sump 5,000.00
stagnates or accumulates shall be kept dry by
pumping or other operations Allow for such
precautions as may be necessary or desirable
for the prevention of breeding of mosquito and
pay all charges as may be required by the local
Authority concerned for any anti-malarial
measure taken The Contractor must refrain
from dumping or depositing rubbish, spoil
unused materials, empty bottles, cans and other
containers capable of collecting liquids which
afford breeding places for mosquitoes. He will
be held responsible for mosquito nuisance at
the site and surroundings arising from non-
observance of the provisions of this clause and
will be required to employ whatever mosquito
destructive measure as necessary entirely at his
own cost expense
Safety and Health
A.11 Provide safety precautions to ensure the health L/Sump 10,000.00

and safety of the Contractor's staff and labour.
The Contractor shall, in collaboration with and
to the requirements of The Local Health
Authorities, ensure that the medical staff, first
aids facilities, sick bay and ambulance service
are available at the accommodations and on the
site at all times, and that suitable arrangement
120 | P a g e
are made for all necessary welfare and hygiene
requirement and for the prevention of
epidemics. The Contractor shall maintain
records and make reports concerning health,
safety and welfare of persons, and damage to
property, as the Employer's Representative may
reasonably require.
The Contractor shall appoint a member of his

staff at the site to be responsible for
maintaining the safety, and protection against
accident of personnel on the site. The person
shall be qualified for his work and shall have
the Authority to issue instruction and take
protective measures to prevent accident. The
Contractor shall send to the Employer's
representative, detail of any accident as soon as
possible after its occurrence.
Penalty / Compound
a) Workers delinquency on site - RM50 /

person
b) Open burning - RM1,000 / case
c) Delinquency on Safety and Health Policy -

RM50,000 / case

(RM)
LAW, REGULATION AND

Maintaining Site Cleanliness
A.12 Allow for clearing of rubbish, debris, and L/Sump 8,000.00

unused construction materials during and upon
completion of works and also allow for
maintaining cleanliness to site including the
temporary toilet and septic tank, dewatering,
removal of sludge/earth for disposal at
Contractor's EXTERNAL APPROVED
DUMPING GROUND as and when instructed
by Engineer to conform to hygiene
requirements of the Employer and maintaining
site cleanliness during the Contract period and
any approved extension of time thereof. Rate
121 | P a g e
shall also include maintaining the hoarding and
including all fees and obtaining the necessary
permits from respective local Authorities. The
employer reserves the right to engage cleaners
and/or other Contractor if the contractor does
not comply with the above after notice being
issued and all costs shall be deducted from the
contract sum.
PLANT, MATERIALS AND SAMPLES
Mobilisation and Demobilisation
A.13 Allow for transport to and from site of all plant, L/Sump 70,000.00
equipment’s and labour necessary for the
execution of the works including all duties and
insurances, etc, and providing for the
temporary crossing and drainage necessary for
proper execution of works. The plant,
equipment and labour included in this item
shall be sufficient to execute the whole of the
works in the most workmanlike and
expeditious manner. No claim for extra
payment for the labour as may be required and
directed by Engineer to complete the works
(including variation works) in the Contract
Period or any Extension of Time approved
thereof will be entertained. The cost of plant,
wages, depreciation, maintenance, servicing,
fuel, etc and the maintenance of temporary
works shall be deemed to be included in the
several rates as shown in the Bills of Quantities
relating to and requiring the employment of the
plant, equipment, labour and temporary works

(RM)
PLANT, MATERIALS AND SAMPLES

(Cont'd)
Testing
A.14 Provide for testing of material, concrete test- L/Sump 10,000.00

cubes (including making of test-cubes), etc.
122 | P a g e
Rate shall include all preparation of samples,
handling, transporting, laboratory charges and
etc.
A.15 Standard Insitu California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Hole 25 90 2,250.00

Test
A.16 Premix Road Coring Test & Core Sample: - No 10 75 750.00
a) Bitumen Content
b) "Compaction control density Test

ACBC/ACWC "- Asphaltic Concrete
c) "Marshall Test" - Asphaltic Concrete
d) Centrifuge Extraction ASTM D2172 method

A 'Bitumen Content'
e) Sieve analysis -Crusher run, Asphaltic

Concrete
Note:
All the above testing should be carried out by

approved independent laboratory as directed by
Engineer. The original copy of test report/result
to be submitted to the Engineer.
A.17 Supply labours, equipment to carry out JKR Point 50 20 1,000.00

prob and submit the report as instructed by the
Engineer.
TEMPORARY WORKS
Watching
A.18 The Contractor shall provide all necessary L/Sump 5,000.00

watching and lighting at all times for the whole
period of the works
Temporary Perimeter Earth Bund
A.19 Construct temporary perimeter earth bund M

along the hoarding overall size 300mm x
450mm height as per drawing.
Temporary Silt Trap
A.20 Allow for construction of temporary silt trap L/Sump 3,000.00
123 | P a g e
overall size 15.0M x 15.0M with and including
perforated riser surrounded with coarse gravel
filter and 200mm diameter precast concrete
outlet pipe (Class X) gradient 1:25 length to be
suit on site (Class X) gradient 1:25 length to be
suit on site, with and including trash rack and
all necessary excavation and connection outlet
pipe to existing sump, all constructed strictly in
accordance with Engineer's drawing. The rate
shall include for desilting and maintenance
during construction period and for demolition
of the temporary silt trap on completion of the
works.

(RM)
TEMPORARY WORKS (Cont’d)
Temporary Water and Electricity
A.21 Allow for temporary water supply and L/Sump 30,000.00

electricity supply for construction purpose
during contract period and any approved
extension of time thereof. The rate shall
include all necessary pipings, fittings and
metering and pay all related charges, bills and
to conform to Local Authorities requirement.
Sign Board
A.22 Supply, construct and complete 1 No. of sign L/Sump 5,000.00

board c/w lettering, logo signs, concrete
footings, 100mm x 50mm tantalised post and
bracing, framing, 12mm thk waterproof
plywood and etc as per drawing.
Traffic Control
A.23 The Contractor shall provide all necessary L/Sump 5,000.00

watching and lighting at all times for the whole
period of the works. The rates shall include
provision for signage and traffic flow as
required by local authority.
Contractor's Site Office, Workers

Accomodation and Store
124 | P a g e
A.24 Allow for contractor's site office, toilets, stores, L/Sump 20,000.00
and worker's accommodation including paying
all fees with respect to their application and
erection to the relevant Local Authority. All
temporary buildings constructed must confirm
to all By-Laws of the Local Authority. Rate
shall include for telephone and other facilities
for Contractor's own use, temporary septic tank
& maintenance, etc.
Site Vehicle
A.25 Upon the date of possession of the site, provide L/Sump 15,000.00
the sole use of the S.O., his supervisory staff
and consultants until the issuance of the
Certificate of Making Good Defect, one (1) no.
new petrol four wheel drive passenger vehicle
of Perodua Kembara or other equal and
approved. The contractor shall register the
vehicle under the name of contractor,
comprehensively insured for all driver and shall
have valid road taxes. The contractor also shall
provide fuel for the daily running of the vehicle
and maintain the vehicle in good working
condition. The said vehicle shall become the
property of the contractor upon completion of
the works.

(RM)
TEMPORARY WORKS (Cont'd)
Site Office
A.26 Allow for ten (10) unit portable cabin size 6.1m L/Sump 500,000.00
x 2.44m as site office comprising with: -
a) 10 no. 1.5 HP split unit air conditioning
b) All electrical wiring fuse-boxes, ELCB, D/B

and light-fittings and connections.
c) Complete Furnitures and stationeries. (To

preliminaries and specification)
125 | P a g e
d) Toilet with necessary fittings c/w water
supply
e) Minimum of 30 nos of approved safety

helmet
f) Minimum of 15 pair of Red Wings approved

safety boots
g) Minimum of 15 nos of raincoats
h) 1 no. fax machine with telephone
j) Two (2) no. Nokia handphone series N95 or

other equivalent c/w with line untill completion
the works
k) One (1) unit digital camera 6.0 mega pixel
l) four (4) unit lap top computer to the latest

specification
m) Printer colour A3
n) Photocopy machine to specification
o) Others as per specification
Note: Contractor shall at his own cost provide

for furniture and additional fittings to
contractor's office. The said above). item shall
become the property of the contractor upon
completion of the works. Rate shall be
inclusive of daily
cleaning and maintenance for the duration of

contract or any approved extension of time, site
trimming and clearing for site.
Temporary Accessway
A.27 The contractor shall provide and maintain all L/Sump 20,000.00
necessary temporary accessway and road to the
site and within the site as long as required to
the approval of the engineer. The position
where the site access is to be made shall be as
indicated on site plan or as approved by the
Engineer and the contractor shall make all
arrangements and obtain all approvals and
permission required at his own cost. The
contractor shall also provide interlocking
pavement to avoid damage the existing roads or
other existing services access to the site.
126 | P a g e

(RM)
TEMPORARY WORKS (Cont'd)
Temporary Earth Drain
A.28 Allow for construction of Trapezoidal L/Sump 10,000.00

Temporary earth drain of 500mm and 300mm
depth with sediment basin including pipe
culvert 500mm with riser pipe in accordance
with Engineer's drawing and backfilled with
excavated material, compact to required level
as directed by the S.O. on completion of the
works. The rate shall include for periodical
desilting and clearance of the temporary earth
drain and the existing monsoon drains to ensure
that no flooding within the site or to any
neighbour properties and public utilities during
contract period.
SITE SURVEY
Setting Out
A.29 Allow for setting out, verify existing L/Sump 50,000.00

Benchmarks and levelling survey works for
building and structure platform and all related
works by licensed surveyor. Rate shall include
provision of all necessary equipment, material
and labour, submission of all records and
sketches and providing assistance for checking
as required by the Engineer.
Rate shall also include for all assistance to the

Engineer for checking and witnessing of setting
out, levels, quantities etc and maintenance of
the equipment, materials and labour for the
whole duration of the contract and any
approved extension of time thereof as pre-com
plan.
CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION
Progress Meeting
A.30 A responsible representative of the contractor L/Sump 10,000.00

shall attend without fail the progress meetings
as and when called for by the Engineer at site
and keenly participate in the discussions with
the sole purpose of the executing the works in a
127 | P a g e
satisfactory manner and within the contract
schedule. Such meetings will be jointly
recorded, and due action will be taken by the
contractor on the decisions reached during the
meetings

(RM)
CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION (Cont'd)
Photographs
A.31 The contractor shall take progress photographs L/Sump 10,000.00

(in digital format) of the works at monthly
interval as directed by the Engineer. The
average number of different photographs to be
taken shall be sufficient enough to show the
progress of the works but any case the average
number per month shall not be less than five
set. The digital quality photographs in 4R size
shall be all titled and dated and keep in album
for safe keeping
Progress Report
A.32 The contractor shall submit to the Engineer's L/Sump 8,000.00

Representative five (5) copies of monthly
Report of the works he has carried out during
the period. The contractor should highlight in
his report of any problem faced or anticipated
and his proposed solution to the problem. The
works which the contractor plans to carry out
during the subsequent report period should also
be reported
Programme of Work and Monthly Report
128 | P a g e
A.33 Within 14 days after the receipt of the Letter of L.Sum
Acceptance of Tender, the contractor shall 7,000.00
submit to the Engineer for his approval a
programme of works showing the order or
procedure and method in which the contractor
proposes to carry out the works and shall
whenever required by the Engineer or the
Engineer's representative furnish for his
information particulars in writing of the
contractor's arrangements for carrying out of
the works and of the constructional plants and
temporary works, if any which the contractor
intends to supply use or construct as the case
may be. The submission to and approval by the
Engineer or the Engineer's representative of
such programme or the furnishing of such
particulars shall not relieve the contractor of
any of this duties or responsibilities under this
contract.
The programme shall be in critical path method

using project planning software which enable
weekly and monthly progress tracking.
If at any time it should appear to the Engineer

that the actual progress of works does not
conform to the approved programme referred to
herein before the contractor shall produce at the
request of the Engineer a revised programme
showing the modification to the approved
programme necessary to ensure completion
provided for in clause 39 thereof

(RM)
ON COMPLETION
Clearing, Cleaning and Making Good on

Completion
A.34 a) The contractor shall ensure that the existing L/Sump 120,000.00
roadside drains bounding the site are clear of
any building debris, earth etc at all the time
b) The contractor shall remove and clear away

from site all temporary buildings, temporary
works and installation before handing over of
the works to the Engineer upon completion,
unless otherwise instruction from the Engineer
129 | P a g e
c) The contractor shall gather up and clear
away all rubbish as it accumulates during the
progress of the works and leave the site clean
and tidy upon completion
d) In the event of the contractor not cleaning

away the above-mentioned material and plant
within a stipulated time, the Engineer and the
Client will be empowered to perform such
work, either by employing a third party for
such purposes or dealing with such direct and
the cost of such clearing away will be deducted
from the contractor. The Engineer and the
client will not be held responsible or liable for
any material or plant left upon the site.
Defects After Completion
A.35 Allow for inspecting the works at the end of L/Sump 30,000.00
Defect Liability Period and making good all
defects in accordance with clause45 of the
Conditions of Contracts. Allow also for
inspecting and making good such defects that
may be of an urgent nature during the defect
Liability Period
As-Built Drawings
A.36 The contractor shall allow for the preparation L/Sump 20,000.00
of any as-built drawings required by the
Contract Document. During the course of the
contract, prepare and keep up to date the as-
built drawingto show each change from the
Contract Drawing. The drawing shall kept on
site and used only for record purposes. The
contractor shall provide six (6) sets of quality
as-built binded drawing not later than one (1)
month after completion of the works
Note:
(Contractors are required to visit the site to

fully understand the scope of works, site
conditions and fully responsible to liase with
Relevant Local Authority)
COLLECTION FOR BILL 'A'
130 | P a g e
PAGE ………………….. A - 1/15 RM 310,000.00
PAGE ………………….. A - 2/15 RM 14,000.00
PAGE ………………….. A - 3/15 RM 12,000.00
PAGE ………………….. A - 4/15 RM 487,000.00
PAGE ………………….. A - 5/15 RM 20,000.00
PAGE ………………….. A - 6/15 RM 130,000.00
PAGE ………………….. A - 7/15 RM 15,000.00
PAGE ………………….. A - 8/15 RM 78,000.00
PAGE ………………….. A - 9/15 RM 22,000.00
PAGE ………………….. A - 10/15 RM 75,000.00
PAGE ………………….. A - 11/15 RM 520,000.00
PAGE ………………….. A - 12/15 RM 70,000.00
PAGE ………………….. A - 13/15 RM 25,000.00
PAGE ………………….. A - 14/15 RM 170,000.00
TOTAL FOR BILL 'A' CARRIED TO RM 1,948,000.00

GENERAL SUMMARY OF TENDER
131 | P a g e
4.2.2 BUILDING
4.2.2.1 Beam taking off
QUANTITY DIMENSION
TOTAL DESCRIPTION
BEAM FLOOR (m)
Beam (200 mm x 400 mm)
Concrete Work
25 5 6.6 Lower Ground Floor to Third Floor
0.08 66
6 5 3
0.08 7.2
19 1 6.6 Roof Floor

0.08 10.032
4 1 3
0.08 0.96
1 6 4.2 Lower Ground Floor to Roof Floor

0.08 2.016
86.208 86.208 m3 of concrete
Formwork
Outer
10 6 6.6 (Lower Ground Floor to Roof Floor)
0.4 158.4
2 6 3
0.4 14.4
Inner
30 1 6.3 Roof Floor
0.4 6.6
75.6 -0.3
6.3
6 1 2.7 3
0.4 -0.3
6.48 2.7
132 | P a g e
36 5 6.3 Lower Ground Floor to Third Floor
0.4
453.6 6.6
-0.3
6.3
8 5 2.7 3
0.4 -0.3
43.2 2.7
Soft fit
30 1 6.3 Roof Floor
0.2 6.6
37.8 -0.3
6.3
6 1 2.7 3
0.2 -0.3
3.24 2.7
36 4 6.3 Upper Ground Floor to Third Floor

0.2
181.44 6.6
-0.3
6.3
8 4 2.7 3
0.2 -0.3
17.28 2.7
991.44 991.44 m2 of sawn timber
Reinforcement
Top (2T16)
Lower Ground Floor to Third Floor
25/2/ 5 7.026 length 6.6
(+) 2 half column 0.15 = 0.3
(-) 2 cover 0.025 = 0.05
(+) 2 bend 5.5d = 0.176
1756.5 7.026
6/2/ 5 3.426 length 3

(+) 2 half column 0.15 = 0.3
(-) 2 cover 0.025 = 0.05
133 | P a g e
(+) 2 bend 5.5d = 0.176
205.56 3.426
Roof Floor
19/2/ 1 7.026 length 6.6
(+) 2 half column 0.15 = 0.3
(-) 2 cover 0.025 = 0.05
(+) 2 bend 5.5d = 0.176
266.988 7.026
4/2/ 1 3.426 length 3

(+) 2 half column 0.15 = 0.3
(-) 2 cover 0.025 = 0.05
(+) 2 bend 5.5d = 0.176
27.408 3.426
Lower Ground Floor to Roof Floor

1/2/ 6 4.626 length 4.2
(+) 2 half column 0.15 = 0.3
(-) 2 cover 0.025 = 0.05
(+) 2 bend 5.5d = 0.176
55.512 4.626
2311.968 2311.968 m of T16
Bottom (4T16)
25/4/ 5 7.026 length 6.6
(+) 2 half column 0.15 = 0.3
(-) 2 cover 0.025 = 0.05
(+) 2 bend 5.5d = 0.176
3513 7.026
6/4/ 5 3.426 length 3

(+) 2 half column 0.15 = 0.3
(-) 2 cover 0.025 = 0.05
(+) 2 bend 5.5d = 0.176
411.12 3.426
Roof Floor
19/4/ 1 7.026 length 6.6
(+) 2 half column 0.15 = 0.3
(-) 2 cover 0.025 = 0.05
(+) 2 bend 5.5d = 0.176
134 | P a g e
533.976 7.026
4/4/ 1 3.426 length 3

(+) 2 half column 0.15 = 0.3
(-) 2 cover 0.025 = 0.05
(+) 2 bend 5.5d = 0.176
54.816 3.426

1/4/ 6 4.626 length 4.2
(+) 2 half column 0.15 = 0.3
(-) 2 cover 0.025 = 0.05
(+) 2 bend 5.5d = 0.176
111.024 4.626
4623.936 4623.936 m of T16
Stirrups (H8-175)
length 0.2
(-) 2 cover 0.025 = 0.05
(i) 0.15
length 0.4
(-) 2 cover 0.025 = 0.05
(ii) 0.35
2 (i+ii) 1
(+) anchorage 24d = 0.192
1.192

25/37/ 5 1.192 length 6.6
(-) 2 half column = 0.3
6.3
5513 (6.3/0.175) = 36
(+) 1
say, 37 37
6/17/ 5 1.192 length 3

(-) 2 half column 0.15 = 0.3
2.7
607.92 (2.7/0.175) = 15.42857
135 | P a g e
(+) 1
say, 17 16.42857
Roof Floor
19/37/ 1 1.192 length 6.6
(-) 2 half column 0.15 = 0.3
6.3
837.976 (6.3/0.175) = 36
(+) 1
say, 37 37
4/17/ 1 1.192 length 3

(-) 2 half column 0.15 = 0.3
2.7
81.056 (2.7/0.175) = 15.42857

(+) 1
say, 17 16.42857

length 4.2
(-) 2 half column 0.15 = 0.3
1/23/ 6 1.192 3.9
164.496 (3.9/0.175) = 22.28571

(+) 1
say, 23 23.28571
7204.448 7204.448 m of R8
136 | P a g e
Estimation:
BIL DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE AMOUNT (RM)
BEAM
A.1 Concrete Work
Supply labor, material, transport, tools and
everything necessary to construct and complete
beams.
Rate to include concrete G30
250.0
as per drawing according to specification. m3 86.208 0 21,552.00
A.2 Reinforcement Work

Supply labor, material, transport, tools, and
beams.
Rate to include reinforcement
as per drawing according to specification.
a) Beam Main Steel Bar
10,941.6
High yield steel (T16) kg 4 2.50 27,354.10
.
b) Beam Link Steel Bar
High yield steel (R8) kg 2,841.32 2.50 7,103.30
A.3 Form Work

beam.
Rate to include formwork
as per drawing according to specification. m2 991.44 50.00 49,572.00
137 | P a g e
4.2.2.2 Slab taking off
138 | P a g e
139 | P a g e
Estimation:
B SLAB
B.1 Concrete Work
beams. Rate to include concrete G30 as per
drawing according to specification. m3 177.9 250.00 44,475.00
B.2 Reinforcement Work

slab. Rate to include reinforcement as per
drawing according to specification. kg 13,965.15 2.50 34,912.88
B.3 Form Work

Supply labor, material, transport, tools, and
slab. Rate to include formwork as per drawing
according to specification. m2 634.65 30.00 19,039.50
A/1 RM 98,427.38
140 | P a g e
4.2.2.3 Column taking off
Roof to 1st floor:
QTT QTT
TIM DIM Y DESCRIPTION TIM DIM Y DESCRIPTION
CONCRETE WORK STIRRUPS
L = 300 H =4175
B = 300
H = 4200 Length of stirrups
B =300
18 / 0.30 cast in-situ concrete L =300
0.30 grade 25 in column
4.20 6.80 B -35
=265
FORMWORK L -35
=265
L = 300 (2*b)+(2*l) = 1060
B = 300
H = 4200 add (+) hook (12d)
18 / 2 * 96
4/ 0.3 25 mm thck sawn =192
timber for formwork
4.2 90.7 to soffit of slab =1252
REINFORCEMENT
(main) no. of stirrups
H= 4200 Height/ 150

less (-) conc. Cover =28.8
Height
-25 18 / say, 8
= 4175 8 / 1.3 180 8 mm dia. Mild steel
reinft. To stirrups of bm.
add (+) bends (5.5d)

2 * 66
= 132
= 4307
add (+) overlapping

(40d)
40 * 12
=480
=4787
18/4 4.8 345 12 mm dia. High
tensile steel reinft in
column
141 | P a g e
Upper ground to lower ground floor:
TIM DIM QTTY DESCRIPTION TIM DIM QTTY DESCRIPTION

L = 300 H =6175
B = 300
B =300
6.20 10.04 B -35
=265
FORMWORK L -35
=265
L = 300 (2*b)+(2*l) =1060
B = 300
H = 6200 add (+) hook (12d)
18 / 2 * 96
4/ 0.3 25 mm thck sawn =192
timber for formwork to
6.2 134 soffit of slab =1252
REINFORCEMENT
H= 6200 Height/ 150

Height - 25 18 / say, 8
8 mm dia. Mild steel
reinft. To stirrups of
= 6175 8/ 1.3 180 bm.

2 * 66
= 132
= 6307
add (+) overlapping

(40d)
40 * 12
=480
=6787
18 /
4/ 6.8 489 12 mm dia. High tensile
steel reinft in column
142 | P a g e
Lower ground to Stump:
` DIM QTTY DESCRIPTION TIM DIM QTTY DESCRIPTION

L = 300 H =975
B = 300
B =300
1.00 1.62 B -35
=265
FORMWORK L -35
=265
L = 300 (2*b)+(2*l) = 1060
B = 300
H = 1000 add (+) hook (12d)
18 / 2 * 96
4/ 0.3 25 mm thck sawn timber =192
for formwork to soffit of
1 21.6 slab =1252
REINFORCEMENT
H= 1000 Height/ 150

Height - 25 18 / say, 8
8 mm dia. Mild steel
reinft. To stirrups of
= 975 8/ 1.3 180 bm.

2 * 66
= 132
= 1107
add (+) overlapping

(40d)
40 * 12
=480
=1587
18 /
4/ 1.6 114 12 mm dia. High tensile
steel reinft in column
143 | P a g e
Estimation:
C COLUMN
C.1 Concrete Work
everything necessary
to construct and complete beams. Rate to
include concrete
C.2 Reinforcement Work

to construct and complete beams. Rate to
include reinforcement
as per drawing according to specification. kg 2538 2.50 6345
C.3 Form Work

to construct and complete slab. Rate to include
formwork
A/2 TO COLLECTION RM 27,191.00
144 | P a g e
4.2.2.4 Pile Cap taking off
TIM DIM QTY DESCRIPTION

Excavation work
1/ 1.3
Size of pile cap = 1300mmx1300mm
1.3
Depth = 1.85m
1.9
3.21m3 Add (+) lean concrete
0.05m
1.90m
Concrete work
1/ 1.3
1.3 Size of pile cap
0.6 Length = 1.3m

1.01m3
Breadth = 1.3m
Height = 0.6m
1/ 1,3
1.3 Lean concrete
0.05 0.085m Height = 0.05m
Formwork
4/ 1.3
0.6 3.12m2 Reinforcement
Pile cap size = 1300x1300x600
Length of one steel bar 1.3
2/6/ Add (+) height 0.6
Add (+) height 0.6

2.05 24.6m
Less (-) concrete cover 6(0.075)
2.05m
145 | P a g e
Estimation:
AMOUNT
BIL DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE
(RM)
A PILE FOOTING
A.1 Concrete Work

Supply labor, material, transport, tools and everything
necessary
to construct and complete piles. Rate to include
concrete G30

necessary
to construct and complete beams. Rate to include
reinforcement
as per drawing according to specification. kg 1,030.82 2.20 2,267.80
A.3 Form Work

necessary
formwork
as per drawing according to specification. m2 53.04 11.40 604.66
A.4 Lean Concrete Work

necessary
concrete G30
as per drawing according to specification. m3 1.44 25.00 36.00
A5 Excavation m3 54.57 78.75 4,297.39
K/1 TO COLLECTION RM 11,168.75
146 | P a g e
PILING WORKS
(RM)
ELEMENT NO.1 – PILES
A Allow for the provision of mobilisation Item 62,000.00 62,000.00

for all necessary piling equipment, plant,
tools and ancillary equipment to site and
handling, assembling and removal off site
upon completion of the work, etc.
Allow for moving and handling piling

equipment etc. about the site often and
B whenever necessary including all idling Item 32,000.00 32,000.00
times and all necessary excavation and
filling with crusher run to form a firm
working platform etc.
Supply 250mm diameter of initial pile

12.00m length
C No 70 550.00 38,500.00
Handle, transport and pitch
250mm diameter initial piles 12.00m
length
D Drive only initial and extension No 70 27.00 1,890.00

prestressed spun pile
E lin.m 920 18.00 16,560.00

Cutting off top of pile to 9.00m and
prepare concrete pile head and
reinforcement for capping
F No 70 95.00 6,650.00
TO COLLECTION (RM) 157,600.00
147 | P a g e
4.2.2.5 Retaining Wall taking off
DIMENSION
QUANTITY TOTAL DESCRIPTION
(m)
Retaining Wall
Concrete Work
49 Base (rectangle 624 mm X 4368 mm)
4.368
0.624
133.556
Wall (trapezium)
0.3
(+) 0.624
49 0.924
0.462 / 2
5.616 0.462
127.135
260.691 260.691 m3 of concrete
Formwork
Base (rectangle 624 mm X 4368 mm)
4.368
49 (+) 0.624
5.616 (+) 0.624
5.616
275.184
Wall (trapezium)
slope
49 sqrt (5.616^2 + 0.324^2)= 5.6253
11.241 (+) 5.616
11.241
550.826
826.010 826.01 m2 of sawn timber
Reinforcement
T16-125
(i) length 4.368
393 (-) 2 cover 0.04 = 0.08
(+) 2 bend 5.5d = 0.176
4.464
10.185
(ii) length slope 5.625
148 | P a g e
(-) 2 cover 0.04 = 0.08
(+) 2 bend 5.5d = 0.176
5.721
(i)+(ii) = 10.185
no of bar
length 49
/ 0.125
(+) 1
393
4002.705 4002.705 m of T16
T12-125
(i) length 4.368
393 (-) 2 cover 0.04 = 0.08
(+) 2 bend 5.5d = 0.176
4.464
10.756
(ii) length 6.24
(-) 2 cover 0.04 = 0.08
(+) 2 bend 5.5d = 0.132
6.292
(i)+(ii) = 10.756
no of bar
length 49
/ 0.125
(+) 1
393
4227.108 4227.108 m of T12
149 | P a g e
Estimation:
AMOUNT
BIL DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE (RM)
RETAINING WALL
A.1 Concrete Work
Supply labor, material, transport, tools
and everything necessary to construct and
complete retaining wall.
Rate to include concrete G30

Supply labor, material, transport, tools,
complete retaining wall
Rate to include reinforcement
as per drawing according to specification.
Beam Main Steel Bar
High yield steel (T16) kg 1,578.60 2.50 3,946.50
High yield steel (T12) kg 1,667.10 2.50 4,167.75
A.3 Form Work

Supply labor, material, transport, tools,
complete retaining wall
Rate to include formwork
150 | P a g e
4.2.3 INFRASTRUCTURE
4.2.3.1 Earthwork
BIL. DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE AMOUNT
(RM)
Earthwork
Excavate to obtain formation level, load and m3 67,335.55 9.70 653,154.84

transport excavated material to temporary
spoil heap or filling area within site (by
mechanical equipment)
Spread, level and compact excavated earth

for filling in layers as specified in filling
areas. m3 13,292.50 2.70 35,889.75
Approved imported earth fill obtainable

from the Contractor’s own source, transport,
deposit, spread, levelled, compacted, and
well consolidated in layers not exceeding m3 - - -
225mm thick including forming and grading
sides of slopes and embankment as directed
Excavation and cart away of unsuitable

material to contractor’s own dumping
source within 15km from site (by
mechanical equipment.
m3 1.868 20.40 38.11

TO COLLECTION (RM) 689,082.70
151 | P a g e
4.2.3.2 Water Reticulation
AMOUNT
(RM)
C.2 WATER SUPPLY
All plumbing works shall be done by registered
plumbing contractor with Authorities and should be
done accordance to Authorities requirement inclusive
submission for approval of forms and fees.
Underground and Aboveground Pipework

Rate for pipework are measured in metre and to include
all necessary works as per noted.
Note :
1. All pipes at road crossing shall be Mild Steel pipe
with concrete lining internally and bitumen coating
externally. Size equivalent to connect with HDPE pipe.
Rate to include supply and lay the MS pipe complete
with sand surround as per detail.
2. All pipe fittings (etc. bends, tees, reducers, etc) shall

be Mild Steel (M.S) and ready for jointing etc with
coupling or flange joint as per approved by SYABAS
3. All flange shall be accordance with BS 4504 and

suitable to a with BS 4504 and suitable to a rating of 16
bars unless otherwise specified.
4. Rate for joints to include supply of jointing materials

like nuts, bolts, washers, gaskets, collars, flanges,
welding, cuttings, couplers, mechanical coupling, flange
adaptor and etc.
5. All bend and tees shall be provided with concrete

thrust block, anchor block, saddle support etc. Rate to
include excavation, concrete works, formwork, and all
necessary works to complete as shown on drawing.
6. All pipes at culvert crossing or exposed position shall

be in Mild Steel Pipe (size equivalent with HDPE pipe)
with concrete lining internally and painted externally
and each shall be provided with 50mm ND Double
Orifice Air Valve c/w isolating valve as per drawing.
Rate to include subsequent painting with approved
SYABAS paint.
TO COLLECTION
RM -
152 | P a g e
BILL C: INFRASTRUCTURE WORKS
AMOUNT
(RM)
Laying of Straight Pipe

2.1 Supply, delivery, install and complete joint the M 344 380.00 130,720.00
water reticulation pipe of 200mm MS pipe from
approved existing SYABAS watermains (tapping
point) to elevated water tank and to distribute to all
buildings. Rate including connection to existing
pipe, all fees and charges to SYABAS, all pipe
cutting, jointing, fittings (all bends, end caps, tees,
reducers, etc) and all necessary accessories. Rate
also to include trench excavation, backfilling,
compacted carefully with selected material/ sand,
removal of surplus material, necessary r.c. thrust
block, anchor block and etc
S-Bend
2.2 Ditto 150mm M.S pipes for exposed pipe (S- No 4 1,000.00 4,000.00
bend). Rate to include 50mm ND Double Orifice
Air Valve c/w isolating valve as per drawing. Rate
to include subsequent painting with approved
SYABAS paint. Ditto.
Isolating Valve Chamber

2.3 Rate to include supply, deliver and install of No 4 464.00 1,856.00
150mm ND PN 16 flanged Sluice Valve, specials,
adaptors, fittings, jointings, pipeworks, labour,
excavation, lean concrete, Brickwall chamber,
valve marker post, as per approved by SYABAS
reinforcements, f/works, bracket, galvanised M.S
step iron, slab cover, galv. M.S extension rod and
all necessary work and material as shown on
Drawing to complete.
TO COLLECTION
RM
136,576.00
153 | P a g e
AMOUNT
(RM)
2.4 Pillar Hydrant No 2 2,500.00 5,000.00
To supply, deliver, install, paint and fixed 100mm
dia. pillar hydrant approved by Jab. Bomba with
62.5mm dia double outlets.Rate to include
excavation, Grade 25 concrete, Standard JKR Grade
25 PC chamber, cover slab, 100mm dia. flange
Sluice Valve, marker post, D.I pipeworks from
Sluice Valve to hydrant, D.I duckfoot bend, MS pipe
from tee-off to Sluice Valve (approx. 3.0m length),
bolts & nuts, testing and all sufficient works
included.
Water Meter
2.5 Supply and install one (1) set of approved SYABAS L.sum 30,000.00 30,000.00
water meter complete with 150mm ND D.I
pipeworks, strainer, 2 nos of sluice valve, coupling,
adaptors, fittings (etc bends, tee, taper), thrust block,
all accessories as detail in the drawings. Rate to
include all testing and etc.
Pipe Marker
2.6 Concrete pipe marker at every 100m interval No 10 400.00 4,000.00
complete including all excavation and backfilling as
detail shown in the drawing
2.7 Sampling Point

Make complete tapping on newly laid pipe for No
sampling water for the used of Jabatan Kesihatan.
Rate to include supply and install checking board
and lay of sampling pipe from tapping point to
checking board.
Testing, Sterilise and Flushing

2.8 Test the pipeline for water tightness as specified. L.sum 7,000.00 7,000.00
Rate to include treated water used and necessary end
cap and all fittings to complete the test as specified
2.9 Sterilise and flush all pipework. Rate to include L.sum 7,000.00 7,000.00
treated water, chemical used and all fittings to
complete.
Miscellaneous
2.10 Supply 750mm long galv. MS tee key for operate No
valve
TO COLLECTION RM
53,000.00
154 | P a g e
4.2.3.3 Sewerage
AMOUNT
(RM)
C.3 SEWERAGE PLUMBING

3.1 Supply, install and lay underground 225mm
diameter Vitrified Clay Pipe complete with
flexible joint. Rate to include concrete
haunch, bedding, jointing material, all
necessary accessories (bend, tee), excavation,
embedded in carefully compacted 20mm
aggregate and top compacted carefully with
selected backfilling (Class 'B' bedding)
material all as per detail drawing. m 138 280.00 38,640.00
Manhole
3.2 Supply and construct the following approved
JPP sewer manhole c/w cover. Rate to
include all necessary excavation, backfilling,
precast R.C. manhole, concrete base, lean
concrete, reinforcement, heavy duty ductile
iron frame and cover, stainless steel steps and
all details as per drawing and as per
specification: -
a) Manhole depth not exceeding 2M depth No 2 8,000.00

4,000.00
b) Ditto, exceeding 2M but not exceeding No 1 5,000.00
3M depth 5,000.00
c) Ditto, exceeding 3M but not exceeding No Rate Only
4M depth
d) Ditto, exceeding 4M but not exceeding No Rate Only
5M depth
e) Ditto, exceeding 5M but not exceeding No Rate Only
6M depth
f) Ditto, exceeding 6M but not exceeding No Rate Only
7M depth
Testing & Commissioning

3.3 Testing of sewer line as per specification
(Rate to include 100% CCTV inspection) L.Sum 7,000.00 7,000.00
155 | P a g e
4.2.3.4 Drainage
AMOUNT
(RM)
C.4 SURFACE WATER DRAINAGE

Rate to include all labour, excavation, backfilling
and disposal of surplus excavated material, lean
concrete, Grade 20 concrete surround, formwork,
230mm thick brickwall and 20mm plastering on
exposed surfaces,
weepholes, filter material, forming of rebate and
all necessary materials as shown on the drawing.
Depth of drain is measured from finished ground
level to invert level.
Precast Concrete Drain

4.1 Supply 300mm diameter Precast Concrete Half m 300 400.00 120,000.00
Round
drain
Brickwall To Drain
4.2 Supply and construct 230mm thick to brickwall
to both sides of precast concrete drain to match
the ground level. Rate to include 75mm diameter
PVC weep hole with rubble packing 1525 centre
to centre (bothsides), plastering, 125mm x
125mm concrete struts 1500 centre to centre and
other necessary works as per drawing m2 900 70.00 63,000.00
Brick sump
4.3 Construct and complete varies type and size of
bricksump. Rate to include all labour,
excavation, lean concrete, Grade 25 concrete,
reinforcement, Class F2 formwork, Class U2
finish concrete, bricks, 20mm thick plastering on
exposed surfaces, galvanised M.S. step iron,
galvanised mild steel grating, forming of rebate
and all necessary materials as shown on the
drawing. no 12 250.00 3,000.00
RC Pipe Culvert
4.4 Supply, lay and joint complete 450mm diameter
rc pipe culvert class 'Y' including spigot and
socket, jointing with rubber ring to required level
gradients c/w well-compacted hardcore, 50mm
thk lean concrete, 150mm thk reinforced
concrete bedding with one layer of BRC A7,
230mm thk hunched, all including excavation
and backfilling, cement mortar plaster, jointing, m -
156 | P a g e
bends, junction, connections and etc. as per
drawing and specification
4.5 900mm diameter, ditto m L/sump 5,000.00 5,000.00
TO COLLECTION RM
191,000.00
4.2.3.5 Road Pavement

AMOUNT
(RM)
B.2 ROAD CONSTRUCTION

Road and Carpark
A Supply, lay, spread and compact (minimum
10 ton vibratory roller) for the following
layer according to specification including
cambered, rolled to fall and levelled up to
the road formation all as per drawings all in
accordance with the specification or a
a) 50mm thick binder course and 40mm M2 250 500.00 125,000.00
thick
b) 200mm thick crusher run as road base M2 250 100.00 25,000.00
material
c) 150mm thick sand blanket M2 250 100.00 25,000.00
Road Kerbs
B Supply and fix complete precast concrete M 2 90.00 180.00
G20 road as per drawings and/or approved
design by the local authorities. Rate to
include round opening at every 6m, concrete
bedding, setting, jointing, painting, etc and
including discharge pipe to nearest drain/
Road Line Marking

C Supply and lay 2 coats of approved L.S 3,000.00 3,000.00
thermoplastic reflective road line paint
including clearing surfaces from dirt, grease,
oil or others to edges and centre of road and
parking area
a) Continuity Line
b) Give-way Line
c) Centre Line
d) Edge Line
e) Stop Line
f) Pedestrian Crossing (Zebra)
g) Double Line
157 | P a g e
h) Perpendicular / Parallel Parking Line
i) Motorcycle Line
j) Bus Bay Line
k) Arrow
l) Chevron / Ghost Island
Road Traffic Signs

D Furnishing and erecting, permanent traffic L/sum 2,000.00 2,000.00
sign in accordance with specifications and as
shown in the drawings or as instructed by the
Engineer
a) Speed Limit No 5
b) Stop No 5
c) T-Junction No 5
d) No-Entry No 5
e) Others No 20
Road Sign Board

E To supply and install double sided road sign No 2 1,500.00 3,000.00
with overall height of 1500mm. Rate to
include excavation, backfilling, concrete
foundation, formwork and etc, including
M.S. hollow 62.5mm x 62.5mm Galvanised
Hot Dipped (grey finishes).
Concrete Paver Block

F Supply and lay approved pattern by Engineer L/sum 2,000.00 2,000.00
interlocking concrete paver block complete
with edge restraint. Rate to include
preparation of formation, all necessary
concrete and sand fill.
158 | P a g e
4.3 Project Planning
ITEM DESCRIPTION COST ESTIMATE (RM) WEIGHTAGE (%) Jul-20 Aug-20 Sep-20 Oct-20 Nov-20 Dec-20 Jan-21 Feb-21 Mar-21 Apr-21 May-21
A PRELIMINARIES 100,000.00 3.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
B PILING WORKS 250,000.00 8.3 8.3
C BUILDING WORKS 2,000,000.00 66.4 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6
D MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL WORKS 280,000.00 9.3 3.1 3.1 3.1
E EXTERNAL WORKS
1 SITE CLEARANCE & EARTHWORKS 80,000.00 2.7 2.7
2 ROADS & HARDSTANDING 100,000.00 3.3 1.65 1.65
3 WATER RETICULATION 75,000.00 2.5 0.83 0.83 0.83
4 SURFACE WATER DRAINAGE 50,000.00 1.7 0.57 0.57 0.57
5 SEWERAGE SYSTEM 60,000.00 2 0.67 0.67 0.67
6 REFUSE BIN 8,000.00 0.3 0.3
7 FENCING & GATE 10,000.00 0.3 0.3
TOTAL COST 3,013,000.00 100%

PROGRESS (%) PER MONTH 3 8.6 16.9 16.9 20 20 5.47 2.37 2.37 2.55 1.95
CUMULATIVE PROGRESS PER MONTH 3 11.6 28.5 45.4 65.4 85.4 90.87 93.24 95.61 98.16 100
159 | P a g e
4.3.1 Financial S – Curve:
Graph 4.1: Financial S -Curve
160 | P a g e
4.3.2 Physical S – Curve:
Graph 4.2: Physical S – Curve
161 | P a g e
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we found that there are differences between the values obtained
in the manual calculation and from the STAD PRO Software. We found that most of the
values calculated in STAD PRO are greater compared to manual calculations. This
occurs as STAD PRO is overdesigned when the parameter is limited. The comparison
between both manual calculation and numerical analysis is only for the checking
purpose to see whether both values pass the requirements. The adequacy of the section
has been checked and verified based on STAD PRO and manual calculations done by
group members. Besides, computerized calculations must be accompanied with manual
calculations to show assumptions and considerations required in the design and to
justify selection.
The concept of the structural design is achieved and understood where all loads
are transferred from superstructure to substructure. Based on the project planning and
estimation, the total cost of this project is estimated to be RM 301300000 and the
project is expected to complete within 11 months.
Generally, this project shows what engineering decisions have been made by the
students in each division under civil engineering to solve complex design issues
especially in infrastructural parts. The students can be seen to be capable of
demonstrating their expertise or experience in work areas as engineers in the theoretical
and technical analyses offered. It shows all investigations, considerations and
alternatives were undertaken to reach the conclusion. Last but not least, this project
enhances the skills on how to manage projects work in multidisciplinary environments.
162 | P a g e
APPENDIX A
- SITE PLAN -
163 | P a g e
GL : 31.00 m
IL : 27.0 m
D:4m
MH12
PREMIX
TURFING
TURFING
VISITOR BAY
CAR PARK
PREMIX
PREMIX
TURFING
PREMIX
CAR PARK
CAR PARK
Ex rop
p
isti os
ng ed
TURFING
pip tap
e pin
lin g
PREMIX
e po
TURFING
30 in
0m t (
m pre
m sur
sp e
ipe hea
LORRY PARK
. d
av
ail
ab
le
=
TURFING
60
PREMIX
TURFING
m
od
H
l)
RAMP UP
TURFING
APPENDIX B
- BORELOG -
165 | P a g e
APPENDIX C
- MANUAL
CALCULATION -
169 | P a g e
ONE WAY
SLAB
a
Name: Farah Hanis Mustafa

Structure Element: One way slab
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STRUCTURE: CONTINUOUS BEAM CHECKED BY:

STAIRCASE
COLUMN
0ESi&N 89 : FBasH HBirl s musrqFq s\GNnNeE M
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a-
Check slenderness limit
Size column
b 300 Radius of gyration, i = srqt(I/A)
h 300 86.60
area 90000
Acfcd = bh0.567fck 20ABC A = 0.7
I = bh3/12 1275750 10.78 B = 1.1
675000000 C =0.7
Floor lamda
le = 0.5l i lamda = le/i Ned (kN) Acfcd n Classify
height,l lim
4200 2100 86.60 24.25 182.37 1275750 0.14 28.51 short
4200 2100 86.60 24.25 576.5 1275750 0.45 16.04 slender
4200 2100 86.60 24.25 970.63 1275750 0.76 12.36 slender
4200 2100 86.60 24.25 1364.76 1275750 1.07 10.42 slender
6200 3100 86.60 35.80 1776.11 1275750 1.39 9.14 slender
1000 500 86.60 5.77 2141.19 1275750 1.68 8.32 short
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{cu = aE N/mrnt
h, . ,tt o rr /mmr
rfl(r\
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ilgo 1
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[k>.3?vro]
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t, '0-04
blr{cF ISooIloo
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....=- f,.4frxto
b v'-t(s ?oo 8300') c) 5)
6-.., ehav.t o-t6: ASt'gE 0. I

gvr I cC
Poor<1oo)C2S) h;po., : qfl6
Fr tubo) :0-T-O (e$rri -r,")
F:: 4rq'13 rnr'n2
thtrL : h3 r^.n 0.tnsed )z 0.crs:Ec

hÛ
o- \ ('$a' 34 yrus) = Ug.s? >/ o-aor (aov.iOo). IXP mmr

Cr.t j i {6o) -'.6lrn,a.l8O rtoz
YIS cn 9v o. o9 h c -- o'o u t. 3oo ',{aoo )

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-'. hltrn a* :]f;OO firta
+ deslgo \ql9 Somt \'nE llenqev
Co\$r.a.)
* Aeht.nl tq{re $
Ivenroui (q\cq\a+ior\ benr.rre bot't
hav'e So$€ Ar pvcv a^d \mL
flnrded.
Column design (short)
b 300 cnom 30
h 300 link 8
Area 90000 bar 16
d 254 link Max (6, 1/4dia bar)

Fck 25 spacing Least (20dia bar, 300, 400)
fyk 460
if link is less than 8, it is okay to provide 8mm
Asmin 0.002Ac = 180
Asmax 0.04Ac = 3600
Ned Mimp Ned/ Med/ Asfyk/ As As Link

Floor d/h (Kn) (kNm) bhfck bh2fck bhfck req prov Spacing
4T16 =
roof 0.85 182.37 3.6474 0.081 0.005 0.1 489.13 804 8 300
6T25 =
stump 0.85 2141.19 42.8238 0.952 0.063 0.57 2788.04 2950 8 300
Column design (slender)
First Order Moment, Mo1, Mo2 M+Ned(le/400)

if no value of M, Mo1 = MO2
MoE max (0.6Mo2 + 0.4Mo1 , 0.4Mo2)
Second Order Moment, M2 Ned.e2

e2 1*1*(1.75*10^-5)*(le^2/10)
Mmin Ned.0.02
Med max (Mo2, MoE+m2 , m01+0.5m2, Mmin)
d 46
d/h 0.15
Med/bh2fck
Asfyk/bhfck
Ned/bhfck
M01,M02
spacing
Asprov
(kNm)
(mm2)
(mm2)
(Knm)
(kNm)
(kNm)
(kNm)
Floor
Med
MoE
(kN)
Ned
Min
link
M2
As
4T16
3rd – =
2nd 576.5 3.03 3.03 4.45 11.53 11.53 0.256 0.017 0.1 489.1304 804 8 300
4T16
nd
2 - =
1st 970.63 5.10 5.10 7.49 19.41 19.41 0.431 0.029 0.1 489.1304 805 8 300
4T16
1st- =
UG 1364.76 7.16 7.16 10.53 27.30 27.30 0.607 0.040 0.12 586.9565 806 8 300
6T25
UG- =
LG 1776.11 13.76 13.76 29.87 35.52 43.63 0.789 0.065 0.38 1858.696 2950 8 300
STRUCTURE: COLUMN CHECKED BY:

PILE CAP
STRUCTURE: PILE ANALYSIS CHECKED BY:

BOREHOLE 2
Therefore, recommended working load per pile for 250mm diameter spun pile is 500kN at 18.5m length.
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6-oo\3bh : 0'oo\3 tBoot Ycotr)
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SS..,'q* 6.0..1 hc : 0.gg c1"3oo x600)

3$ oo mrn:
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Cc)
APPENDIX D
- DESIGN REPORT &
DETAILING (SOFTWARE) -
333 | P a g e
For this section, we have decided to use StaadPro software to analyze the building of our
project, and to obtained better result of reaction, displacement, reinforcement and more.
Below is the result of our building.
i. 3D
ii. Reaction
iii. Deflection
iv.
Axial Force
v. Bending Z moment
vi. Bending Y moment

vii. Shear Y force
viii. Max absolute load of plate

ix. Summary of Reaction of Beam
Comparison Software and Manual Calculation
1. Column
Location: Lower Ground Floor
Ci/3i
Property of column
Concrete Design
From the result, the main reinforcement by software is 8T12, and Asprov is 900 mm2, while
by manual calculation, we have provide 6T12, And Asprov is about 679 mm2, however, as we
calculate manual, As required for the column at Upper Ground is only 489.13 mm2. Thus, both
is okay and not considered as fail, as we provide large than required.
2. Beam
Location: Second Floor
3i/Ci-Di
Property of Beam
Concrete Design
From the result above, main reinforcement that have been provided by software are 3T12, while
from manual calculation, we provide 4T20.
Conclusion
From the above comparison, we discussed that the difference of value obtained from
our manual calculation and the software, could be because of the assumption of load, moment,
and reaction. Thus, due to the difference of our assumption and consideration of staad pro, the
result was affected. However, we have calculated and confirmed that the size and no of bar
reinforcement is okay by checking the maximum and minimum requirement, cracking check
and deflection check, thus, we concluded that the result of our manual calculation is still
eligible.
APPENDIX E
- INFRASTRUCTURE -
342 | P a g e
EARTHWORK
ROAD AND
DRAINAGE
SEWERAGE
WATER
SUPPLY

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FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ECC584 – INTEGRATED DESIGN PROJECT

CADANGAN MEREKABENTUK, MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN

FARAH HANIS BINTI MUSTAFA 2017677682

NASRIN NUR QASDINA BINTI AMALUDDIN 2017677844

NORSYAZANA NAZURAH BINTI RIZUAN 2017677754

NUR DIYANAH IZZATI BINTI JAFRI 2017677702

The objectives of this project are:

3. To provide infrastructure facilities consist of Earthwork, Retaining Wall. Water Supply

System, Sewerage and Road & Drainage design of this project.

4. To prepare Bill of Quantities and project planning under project management

1.1 Company Background

Name of Company : FNND Consultant Sdn. Bhd.

To be recognized as the most competitive and most productive consultancy company

1.1.4 Organizational Chart

FNND CONSULTANT ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

NAME : Nasrin Nur Qasdina Amaluddin

Nasrin is appointed as a Project Manager in FNND Consultant and one of the

ii. C&S ENGINEER

NAME : Nur Diyanah Izzati Jafri

Diyanah Izzati is one of the engineers in FNND Consultant and she is

NAME : Norsyazana Nazurah Rizuan

Syazana Nazurah was appointed as an Executive Director and the re-

iv. SOFTWARE ENGINEER

NAME : Farah Hanis Mustafa

Farah Hanis was appointed as the Executive Director in FNND Consultant

CADANGAN MEREKABENTUK, MEMBINA DAN MENYIAPKAN BANGUNAN

1. LIMA (5) ARAS DAN MEMPUNYAI 28 BILIK UNTUK PELBAGAI FUNGSI

DI ATAS LOT PA 204079, SEPANG, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN, UNTUK TETUAN

DATE OF COMMENCEMENT 1/7/2020

DATE COMPLETION 1/4/2022

CONTRACT SUM RM 22,874,288.94

CONTRACT PERIOD 30 MONTHS

DEFECTS LIABILITY PERIOD 24 MONTHS

PARTIES DETAIL INFORMATION

TOYOTA MOTOR SDN. BHD.

W Design Associates Sdn

INTERIOR LMC Consult Sdn Bhd

QUANTIY HSE Surveyor Sdn Bhd

Figure 1.1: Location of company

1.2.3 Location of Project

Figure 1.2: Site location of showroom and office

Figure 1.3: Rear view of building

Manual StaadPro for Infrastructure Project

• Beam • Beam • Earthwork • Taking off

1.4 Architectural Plans

Steel strength, fyk = 460N/mm

Mesh/bar in slab: Mesh Type A

Load factored: 1.35 gk + 1.5 qk

No. Load type Value References

STRUCTURAL DESIGN REPORT

▪ Loads ▪ Failure mode

Figure 2.1 Eurocodes required for building

The guiding principle of design to Eurocode 2:

Eurocode 2 and related British Standards:

2.2.2 Design Criteria

B. Partial Factor of Safety

C. Limit State Design

Table 2.1: Design values of action

D. Concrete cover protection

Table 2.2: Exposure Classes (abridged from Table A.1 in BS

Figure 2.3: Procedure for Determining Flexural Reinforcement

Figure 2.5: Shear Force react to the Shear Reinforcement