S223 Env203Geo205 S09 04 Map TimeZone GIS RS

ENV 203 / GEOL 205
Elements, Scale, Time Zone,

Geographic Information System,
and Remote Sensing
North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

Maps are a representation of the Earth's surface.
include certain basic elements that provide the reader with critical information.

History
Projections
Elements
Time Zone
GIS and RS

History

oldest map of the world?
the Imago Mundi

More commonly known as the Babylonian Map of the World
• It is considered the oldest surviving

world map.
• It is currently on display at the British
Museum in London.
• It dates back to between 700 and 500
BC and was found in a town called
Sippar in Iraq.

Hecataeus 550 BC
Herodotus 440 BC
Eratosthene 1883
Pomponius Melas 43 BC
Han Dynasty 202 BC - 9 AD
Tabula Peutingeriana 13th century
Al-Khwārizmī 15th Century
Al-Idrisi 1154
• The first of the logographers to attempt a serious prose

history and to employ critical method to distinguish myth
from historical fact
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus

Hecataeus 550 BC
Herodotus 440 BC
Eratosthene 1883
Al-Idrisi 1154
• A modern depiction of ancient Greek historian

Herodotus' view of the Ecumene (or oecumene), literally
the the known or the inhabited world, in the 5th Century
BC.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus
• While obviously far from fully accurate it clearly shows
Europe, Africa and Asia.

Hecataeus 550 BC
Herodotus 440 BC
Eratosthene 276
Al-Idrisi 1154
• In his three-volume work Geography, he described and

mapped his entire known world, even dividing the Earth
into five climate zones: two freezing zones around the
poles, two temperate zones, and a zone encompassing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes the equator and the tropics.

Hecataeus 550 BC
Herodotus 440 BC
Eratosthene 276
Al-Idrisi 1154
• Pomponius Mela, who wrote around AD 43, was the

earliest Roman geographer.
• He was born in Tingentera and died c. AD 45.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomponius_Mela

Hecataeus 550 BC
Herodotus 440 BC
Eratosthene 276
Al-Idrisi 1154
• An early Western Han dynasty silk map found in tomb 3

of Mawangdui, depicting the Kingdom of Changsha and
Kingdom of Nanyue in southern China (note: the south
direction is oriented at the top).
• Cartography existed in China before the Han. Some of
the earliest Han maps ink-penned silk maps
• The general Ma Yuan created the world's first known
raised-relief map from rice in the 1st century.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomponius_Mela
• Cartographer Zhang Heng was the first to use scales and
grids for maps

Hecataeus 550 BC
Herodotus 440 BC
Eratosthene 276
Al-Idrisi 1154
• 13th-century parchment copy of a possible Roman

original. It covers Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia,
including the Middle East, Persia, and India.
• According to one hypothesis, the existing map is based
on a document of the 4th or 5th century world map
originally prepared by Agrippa during the reign of the
emperor Augustus (27 BC – AD 14).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana • Named after the 16th-century German antiquarian
Konrad Peutinger

Hecataeus 550 BC
Herodotus 440 BC
Eratosthene 276
Al-Idrisi 1154
• Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

• Contributions to mathematics, geography, astronomy,
and cartography established the basis for innovation in
algebra and trigonometry.
• In addition to his best-known works, he revised
Ptolemy's Geography, listing the longitudes and latitudes
of various cities and localities.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Musa_al-Khwarizmi • Earliest extant map of the Nile, in al-Khwārazmī’s Kitāb
ṣūrat al- arḍ

Hecataeus 550 BC
Herodotus 440 BC
Eratosthene 276
Al-Idrisi 1154
• Muhammad al-Idrisi
• Al-Idrisi's world map from 'Alî ibn Hasan al-Hûfî al-
Qâsimî's 1456 copy. According to the French National
Library.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi

Projections

Cartographers (map
makers) have developed
different ways of projecting
our three-dimensional
world onto a flat map, and
each approach is called a
map projection.

preserve
worse for maps
shapes but
conformal that show larger
areas are
areas
distorted
Compass
Areas are directions cannot
equal-area preserved but be shown
projections shape is correctly, should
distorted not be used for
navigation

MAP Projections
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJ5r4HJMrfo

Projections
Goode
Cylindrical
Robinson
Conical
Planar

Projections
Goode
Cylindrical
Robinson
Conical
Planar shape distortion problem

Projections
Goode
Cylindrical
Robinson
Conical
high-latitude distortion increases to such
Planar an extent that the poles cannot be shown

Projections
Goode
Cylindrical
Robinson
Conical • robinson projections are not equivalent
• the amount of area distortion is generally
Planar low within about 45° of the equator.
• shapes are distorted.

Projections
Goode
Cylindrical
Robinson
Conical
only show areas within a single, complete
Planar hemisphere

Projections
Goode
Cylindrical
Robinson
Conical
distortion increases away from this point, only
Planar one full hemisphere can be shown

Projection Distortion
Understand distortions
• Gedymin faces
• Tissot’s indicatrix

AuthaGraph Projection
• AuthaGraph World Map is
proportionally perfect.
• It folds it into a three-
dimensional globe.
• Japanese architect Hajime
Narukawa invented this
projection in 1999
• Equally dividing a spherical
surface into 96 triangles.
• Considers the Earth a
tetrahedrons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YsQtLASlDKE

Elements

• Frame Line and
Neat Line
• Inset
• Data Source
• Title and Subtitle
• Legend
• Scale
• Orientation/North
Line
• Latitude and
Longitude
• Labels

• Frame Line and Frame Line Encloses all other map
Neat Line elements.
• Inset
Neat Line Is used to crop (limit
the extent of) the
• Data Source
mapped area.

Frame Line
• Legend
• Scale Neat Line
Line
• Latitude and
Longitude
• Labels

• Frame Line and
A smaller map included within the
Neat Line
context of a larger map
• Inset • Used to show the primary mapped
area in relation to a larger, more
• Data Source recognizable area (a locator map).
• Used to enlarge important or
• Title and Subtitle congested areas (a zoom, or blow-up
map).
• Legend
• Scale
Line
• Latitude and
Longitude
• Labels

• Frame Line and
Allows the map user to determine
Neat Line
where thematic data were obtained.
• Inset
• Data Source
• Legend
• Scale
Line
• Latitude and
Longitude
• Labels

• Frame Line and
The title and subtitle tell the map user
Neat Line
what the map is about.
• Inset
• Data Source
• Legend
• Scale
Line
• Latitude and
Longitude
• Labels

• Frame Line and
The legend defines the symbols found
Neat Line
on a map.
• Inset
• Data Source
• Legend
• Scale
Line
• Latitude and
Longitude
• Labels

• Frame Line and
Neat Line
• Inset
• Data Source
• Legend
• Scale
Line
• Latitude and
Longitude
• Labels

• Frame Line and
Neat Line
• Inset
• Data Source
• Legend
• Scale
Line
• Latitude and
Longitude
• Labels

• Frame Line and
Indicates the amount of reduction that
Neat Line
has taken place on a map, or allows the
map user to measure distances.
• Inset
• Representative Fraction (RF) 1:24,000
• Data Source
• Legend • Verbal Scale (VS) 1 Inch to 1 Mile)
• Scale
• Orientation/North • Graphical Scale (GS) / Bar Scale (BS)

Line
• Latitude and
Longitude
• Labels

• Frame Line and
Neat Line RF to Graphical Scale
• Inset
RF 1 : 100,000
• Data Source

GS ?
we know, 100 cm = 1 m
• Legend
1
so, 1 cm = m
• Scale 100
again, 1000 m = 1 km
• Orientation/North 1
so, 1 m = km
Line 1000
1 1
• Latitude and thus, 1 cm = x km
Longitude 100 1000
1
so, 1 cm = km
• Labels 100000

• Frame Line and
• Inset
RF 1 : 100,000
• Data Source

GS ?
• Legend 1
so, 1 cm = km
100000
• Scale
100000
• Orientation/North 1 cm ≈ km
100000
Line
1 cm ≈ 1 km
• Latitude and
Longitude 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
• Labels

• Frame Line and
• Inset
RF 1 : 100,000
• Data Source
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GS
• Legend
• Scale
Line EXAMPLE
Mr. Jabbar is preparing a map and was
• Latitude and provided an RF value for the working
Longitude area as 1:200,000 by his client. Draw a
graphical scale for Mr. Jabbar.
• Labels

• Frame Line and
Neat Line The indication of North on a map. It can
be indicated by…
• Inset
• North Arrow
• Data Source
• Graticule/Grid Lines/Lat. & Long.
• Legend
• Scale
Line
• Latitude and
Longitude
• Labels

• Frame Line and
Represents Grid lines with different
Neat Line
types of projection. It can be
represented as;
• Inset
• Degree, Minutes and Seconds.
• Data Source
• Degree Decimal
• Legend
• Scale
Line
• Latitude and
Longitude
• Labels

• Frame Line and Latitude and longitude, coordinate
Neat Line system by means of which the position or
location of any place on Earth’s surface can
• Inset be determined and described.
• Data Source
• Legend
• Scale
Line
• Latitude and
Longitude
• Labels

• Frame Line and Latitude and longitude, coordinate
Neat Line system by means of which the position or
location of any place on Earth’s surface can
• Inset be determined and described.
• Data Source
• Legend
• Scale
Line
• Latitude and
Longitude
• Labels

Longitude (shown as a vertical line) is the angular Latitude (shown as a horizontal line) is the angular
distance, in degrees, minutes, and seconds, of a point east distance, in degrees, minutes, and seconds of a point
or west of the Prime (Greenwich) Meridian. Lines of north or south of the Equator. Lines of latitude are often
longitude are often referred to as meridians. referred to as parallels
North-South Run in direction East-West

Meridians Known as Parallels
East or west from prime North or south from
Measure distance
meridian equator
Equator Farthest apart Parallel to one another
At the poles Meet each other Never
The Equator Cross at Right angle The Prime Meridian
Equal in length lenght Get shorter towards poles

• Frame Line and
the craft of placing text on a map in
Neat Line
relation to the map symbols, together
representing features and properties of
• Inset the real world.
• Data Source • Alphanumerical way of marking a

spot on a map
• Title and Subtitle • Font size should be taken into
account.
• Legend • Water bodies should be written in
Italics.
• Scale
• Hierarchy of places should be
reflected by text size.
Line
• Latitude and
Longitude
• Labels

Convert 15o 10’ 05””

Longitude / Latitude
1 degree = 60 minute 1 Minute = 60 seconds
15o 10’ 05” = 15 + (10 / 60) + (5 / (60 * 60))
= 15 + (10 / 60) + (5 / 3600)
= 15 + 0.1667 + 0.001389
= 15.168089
= 15.168 Degree Decimal

Time Zone

Greenwitch Mean Time
• The Royal observatory, Greenwich, is the home of the
prime meridian of the world. Longitude 0hr 0min 0sec.
• GMT- Solar time (time measured by Earth's rotation

relative to the Sun) at the 0 degree longitude (Prime
Meridian)
• UTC (Coordinated universal time)
• Replaced GMT in 1972 as the time standard
• Time Zones- region on Earth that use the same local

time/ standard time

Understanding Time Zones
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-j-SWKtWEcU

1 complete rotation = 1 day
Calculating Time
1 complete rotation = 360o
Thus, 1 day = 360o
Thus, 24 hours = 360o
360o
Now 1 hour = = 15o
24
So, 60 mins = 15o
15o
Thus, 1 mins = = 0.25 mins
60
• Earth moves West to East
60
Or, 1o = = 4 mins • It takes 24 hrs to complete the spin
15

EXAMPLE
Abdul Hayer shaheb traveled 110o from his house to

visit his aunt at Fatikchari. Mr Hayer lives at lauchara
next to the sorbohara lake. How far is the lake from
Fatikchari?

GIS and RS

Geographic Information System (GIS)
GIS is a system of hardware and software used for storage,
retrieval, mapping, and analysis of geographic data.
• A map connected to a database

Information System
• GIS is a spatial decision support system.
• A GIS is a computerized tool for solving geographic problems.
• GIS Combines Physical/Spatial Data and Attribute Data.
• Physical Data Road, Area, Building, Lake, etc.
• Attribute Data Width, Population, # of Plot Boundary, Depth, etc.

Geographic Position

Point
Attributes
Point Line Polygon
• Area in Acre • Road type • Name
• Village • Length • Population
Line
Features
• Union • Width • Population Density
• Upazila • Surface quality • Number of village
• District • Soil type • Number of ward
• Country • Height • Number of school
• Capacity • Existence of Tunnel • Number of cyclone
• Year of establishment forestry shelter
• Number of room • Presence of • Number of tubewell
Polygon • Building type unauthorized structure • Length of protection
• Number of tubewell • Year of Establishment embankment
• Number of toilet • Year of • Total Area in acre
repair/maintenance • Water body in acre
• Disaster affected • Forest area in acre,
• Number of Bridges etc.

Vector Data Model Raster Data Model
Data Representation
Raster and Vector are two methods
of
representing geographic data in GIS
GPS (Global Positioning System)

GPS is a to show exact position on Earth
anytime, in any weather, anywhere. • A spatial data model that uses a • A data model that uses points
grid and cells to represent the and their x-, y- coordinates to
The three parts of GPS are spatial variation of a feature. construct spatial features.
• Satellite • The vector data model is based • The raster data model is a widely
• Receiver on the assumption that the used method of storing
• Software earth's surface is composed of geographic data.
The accuracy of data & discrete objects such as trees,
rivers, lakes, etc. ...
information depends on the
quality or the error levels of • The vector data model • The model most commonly
the device. represents real-world features as takes the form of a grid-like
points, lines, and polygons structure that holds values at
whose boundaries are defined by regularly spaced intervals over
x,y coordinate pairs. the extent of the raster.

Data Representation
Raster and Vector are two methods
of
representing geographic data in GIS

Remote Sensing (RS)
GIS is a system of hardware and software used for storage,
retrieval, mapping, and analysis of geographic data.
• acquiring information about an object
• without entering in contact with it
• by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing,

analyzing, and applying that information.
Progress of Remote Sensing

1609 1859 1862 1890 1908 1947
Invention of the First Aerial US Army Baloon Corp Kite photography, First photos from an Space
telescope Photographer (Nadar) Pegion Camera, etc Airplane

GIS RS
• allows people to see the world in a different • educe the need for manual labor
way by mapping the position and quantity of by automating manual, repetitive
things, storage and retrieval tasks
Advantage • mapping the density of people and objects • automating tasks increases
• mapping any changes that occur. accuracy and efficiency
• find out what is happening inside a specific area • freeing up human workers to focus
or nearby to a specific area. on higher-value activities.
• its technical nature may portray results as being • fairly expensive method of
more reliable than they actually are and the analysis.
errors • requires a special kind of training
Disadvantage
• the assumptions can be hidden to analyze the images
• leading to a lack of questioning into the results . • expensive to analyze repetitive
photographs

Thank You

S223 Env203Geo205 S09 04 Map TimeZone GIS RS

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

S223 Env203Geo205 S09 04 Map TimeZone GIS RS

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ENV 203 / GEOL 205

Elements, Scale, Time Zone,

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

the Imago Mundi

• It is considered the oldest surviving

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

• The first of the logographers to attempt a serious prose

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

• A modern depiction of ancient Greek historian

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

• In his three-volume work Geography, he described and

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

• Pomponius Mela, who wrote around AD 43, was the

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

• An early Western Han dynasty silk map found in tomb 3

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

• 13th-century parchment copy of a possible Roman

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

• Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

• Title and Subtitle

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

• Title and Subtitle

• Scale Neat Line

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

• Title and Subtitle

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

• Title and Subtitle

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

• Title and Subtitle

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

• Title and Subtitle

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

• Title and Subtitle

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

• Title and Subtitle

• Legend • Verbal Scale (VS) 1 Inch to 1 Mile)

• Orientation/North • Graphical Scale (GS) / Bar Scale (BS)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

• Title and Subtitle

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

• Title and Subtitle

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)

North South University ENV203 / GEO205 (JWR)