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Source: Analele Universității de Vest din Timișoara. Seria Teologie

Annals of West University of Timisoara. Theology Series

Location: Romania
Author(s): Gavril Trifa
Title: Experiența mistică a Cuviosului Părinte Sofronie Saharov
The mystical experience of the Most Holy Father Sofronie Saharov
Issue: 25/2019
Citation Gavril Trifa. "Experiența mistică a Cuviosului Părinte Sofronie Saharov". Analele Universității
style: de Vest din Timișoara. Seria Teologie 25:61-67.

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