Professional Documents
Culture Documents
$75$9e6'(/7($75275È*,&2
-8/,È1*$//(*2
8QLYHUVLGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHVă&21,&(7ă3URJUDPD3()6&($
MXOLDQDOHMDQGURJDOOHJR#JPDLOFRP
(ODUWtFXORDQDOL]DWUHVWUDJHGLDVGHILQDOHVGHOVLJOR9D&(GLSR
HQ &RORQR 2UHVWHV \ %DFDQWHV SRVWXODQGR TXH HO GLVFXUVR
WUiJLFR LPSOLFD XQ PRGR GH SHQVDPLHQWR GH OD SROtWLFD
GHPRFUiWLFD(QHOPDUFRGHODFULVLVVXIULGDSRU$WHQDVGXUDQWH
HVH SHUtRGR VH H[SORUD FyPR GLFKDV WUDJHGLDV SODQWHDQ HO
SUREOHPD GH OD VWiVLV FRPR XQ DVSHFWR FHQWUDO GH OD VLWXDFLyQ
SROtWLFDTXHFDUDFWHUL]DODWUDPDSXHVWDHQHVFHQDHQFDGDFDVR
6H DVXPH TXH ODV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV WUiJLFDV GHO FRQIOLFWR
VHGLFLRVR SRQHQ D GLVSRVLFLyQ GH OD DXGLHQFLD UHFXUVRV GH
SHQVDPLHQWR OLJDGRV D OD FR\XQWXUD HQ TXH ODV REUDV IXHURQ
H[KLELGDV
$WHQDVGHPRFUDFLDVWiVLVWUDJHGLD
SHQVDPLHQWR
7+($7+(1,$1'(02&5$&<&5,6,67+528*+7+(
75$*('<
7KH DUWLFOH DQDO\]HV WKUHH WUDJHGLHV IURP WKH HQG RI WKH ILIWK
FHQWXU\ %& 2HGLSXV DW &RORQXV 2UHVWHV DQG %DFFKDH
SURSRVLQJ WKDW WUDJLF GLVFRXUVH LPSOLHV D ZD\ RI WKLQNLQJ RI
GHPRFUDWLFSROLWLFV,QWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHFULVLVVXIIHUHGE\$WKHQV
GXULQJWKLVSHULRGLWLVH[DPLQHGKRZVXFKWUDJHGLHVH[SORUHWKH
SUREOHPRI VWDVLVDVDPDLQDVSHFWRIWKHSROLWLFDOVLWXDWLRQWKDW
FKDUDFWHUL]HVWKHVWDJLQJIUDPHLQHDFKFDVH,WLVDVVXPHGWKDW
WUDJLF UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI VHGLWLRXV VWULIH PDGH DYDLODEOH WR WKH
DXGLHQFHWKLQNLQJUHVRXUFHVOLQNHGWRWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVLQZKLFK
WKHSOD\VZHUHSHUIRUPHG
$WKHQVGHPRFUDF\VWDVLV7UDJHG\WKLQNLQJ
16(
D HPRFUDFLDDWHQLHQVH\WHDWURWUiJLFRFRQVWLWX\HQGRVFRQMXQWRV
FX\DV DUWLFXODFLRQHV UHFLSURFDV KDQ JHQHUDGR LPSRUWDQWHV
LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV \ GHEDWHV GDQGR OXJDU D UHQRYDGDV
HOXFLGDFLRQHV /DVLWXDFLyQTXHQRVRFXSDVHHQFXDGUDHQOD$WHQDV
,&2 GHORV~OWLPRVDxRVGHOVLJOR9D&XQRGHORVSHUtRGRVPiVYLROHQWRV
GHVXKLVWRULDFRQFRQVWDQWHVOODPDGRVDODXQLGDGTXHSRQHQGHUHOLHYH
HQUHDOLGDGVXUHYHUVROD VWiVLVTXHVLQXQGLVSRVLWLYRSROtWLFRHILFD]
SDUDRSHUDUVREUHODPLVPDDPHQD]DHQWRQFHVFRQGHVJDUUDUHOWHMLGR
VRFLDO /D H[DFHUEDFLyQ GH OD VWiVLV QR VH UHVWULQJH VRODPHQWH D ORV
HYHQWRVLPSOLFDGRVHQORVFDPELRVGHODGHPRFUDFLDDODROLJDUTXtD\
YLFHYHUVDHQORVDxRV\ /RTXHVHYHULILFDHVXQD
VLWXDFLyQ GH YLROHQFLD SHUPDQHQWH XQD KDELOLWDFLyQ \D QR VROR D
(GLSR GHFUHWDUHOH[LOLRVLQRDODHOLPLQDFLyQGHOTXHVLQPiVVHFRQYLHUWHHQ
FXUVR XQHQHPLJRSROtWLFRDOTXHVHWLHQHTXHH[WHUPLQDU
ROtWLFD
(QHVWHFRQWH[WRQRVLQWHUHVDSODQWHDUXQDOHFWXUDSROtWLFDGH
UDQWH
DQ HO
ODV WUDJHGLDV TXH VH SURGXFHQ GXUDQWH GLFKR SHUtRGR D SDUWLU GH XQD
DFLyQ LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ FHQWUDGD HQ OD VWiVLV FRPR SUREOHPD UHFXUUHQWH \ VLQ
FDVR VROXFLyQ$VXPLPRVFRPRSXQWRGHSDUWLGDTXHDOH[SORUDUHOHPHQWRV
QIOLFWR LQKHUHQWHV D OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ VXEMHWLYD GH XQ DJHQWH UHVSRQVDEOH HO
RV GH GLVFXUVR WUiJLFR HVWDEOHFH XQ ³SHQVDPLHQWR HQ LQWHULRULGDG´ GH OD
XHURQ GHFLVLyQ SROtWLFD HQ OD GHPRFUDFLD DWHQLHQVH &RQ OD FULVLV GH OD
GHPRFUDFLDODWUDJHGLDDERUGDUiHQWRQFHVHVWDVLWXDFLyQSRQLHQGRHQ
HVFHQDHODJRWDPLHQWRTXHDWUDYLHVDODILJXUDGHOFXHUSRSROtWLFR3DUD
GHVDUUROODUHVWHSODQWHRDQDOL]DUHPRVWUHVWUDJHGLDVTXHRUGHQDUHPRV
QR D SDUWLU GH ORV DxRV GH VX UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ VLQR GH ORV PRPHQWRV
FRQIOLFWLYRV GH ILQDOHV GHO VLJOR 9 D& TXH VHJ~Q QRV SDUHFH HOODV
SHUPLWHQSHQVDU/DVHOHFFLyQGHOFRUSXVWUiJLFR\ODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHO
DQiOLVLV GHO PLVPR VH IXQGDPHQWDQ SXHV HQ HO PRGR HQ TXH FDGD
WUDJHGLD SODQWHD HO SUREOHPD GH OD VWiVLV HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ FDGD
FR\XQWXUD GHQWUR GH OD VHFXHQFLD KLVWyULFD TXH VH SUHWHQGH DQDOL]DU
H ILIWK
FKDH
(GLSRHQ&RORQRFRQHOJROSHROLJiUTXLFRGHORV&XDWURFLHQWRV
QJ RI D& 2UHVWHVFRQORVHIHFWRVGHODUHVWDXUDFLyQGHPRFUiWLFDTXHOH
WKHQV VLJXHYLJHQWHVD~QFXDQGRVHUHSUHVHQWDODWUDJHGLD D&
UHWKH
QWKDW
GWKDW &IUHFLHQWHPHQWH&$57(5 0$5.$1721$726\=,00(50$11
R WKH &I*$//(*2 D
ZKLFK /D LGHD GH XQ ³SHQVDPLHQWR HQ LQWHULRULGDG´ GH OD SROtWLFD HV XQD QRFLyQ
SODQWHDGDHQIXQFLyQGHDQDOL]DUODSROtWLFDVLQUHPLWLUODDXQDLQVWDQFLDH[WHUQD
DHOODPLVPD'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDWHyULFR%$',28 /$=$586
QNLQJ 3DUD VX DSOLFDFLyQ DODQiOLVLV KLVWyULFR GH OD GHPRFUDFLD DWHQLHQVH *$//(*2
%DFDQWHV FRQ OD GLYLVLyQ IDWDO GHO FXHUSR GH FLXGDGDQRV TXH VH
YLVOXPEUD HQ ORV DxRV SUHYLRV DO ILQDO GH OD *XHUUD GHO 3HORSRQHVR
D&
,
(GLSRHQ&RORQRGH6yIRFOHVREUDUHSUHVHQWDGDWUDVVXPXHUWH
HQ HO DxR D& SHUR HVFULWD HQ ORV DxRV GHVWDFD HO
FRQWUDVWHHQWUHXQLGDG\GLYLVLyQFRPRSUREOHPDGHODGHPRFUDFLDD
SDUWLU GH OD SXHVWD HQ HVFHQD GH DWHQLHQVHV \ WHEDQRV /D
HVFHQLILFDFLyQ GH DPERV FRQMXQWRV VH GD HQ HO GHPR GH &RORQR XQ
OXJDU HQ HO TXH OD XQLGDG \ OD GLYLVLyQ VH KLFLHURQ YLVLEOHV GXUDQWH HO
JROSH ROLJiUTXLFR GH SXHV DOOt OD LPSRVLFLyQ GH OD ROLJDUTXtD VH
ORJUDUtD PHGLDQWH OD VXSUHVLyQ GH OD SDUWH GHPRFUiWLFD HV GHFLU
PHGLDQWHODDQXODFLyQGHXQRGHORVWpUPLQRVGHOFRQIOLFWR\HOWULXQIR
VLQRSRVLFLyQGHXQDSDUWHVREUHODRWUDODDVDPEOHDH[FHSFLRQDOHQ
&RORQRYHUVXVODKDELWXDODVDPEOHDHQOD3Q\[ 7K
(Q(GLSRHQ&RORQRHOSUREOHPDGHODGLYLVLyQVHH[KLEHGHGRV
PDQHUDV3RUXQDSDUWHODWUDPDWUDQVFXUUHHQXQDHVFHQDiWLFDTXHVH
YDOOHQDQGRGHWHEDQRV (GLSR$QWtJRQD,VPHQH&UHRQWH3ROLQLFHV
DTXLHQHVVHFRQWUDSRQHQXQFRORQHQVHODSUHVHQFLDFROHFWLYDGHOFRUR
\ODILJXUDGHOJREHUQDQWH7HVHR3RURWUDSDUWHODWRPDWHEDQDGHOD
HVFHQDiWLFDJHQHUDGHHQWUDGDXQDVXHUWHGHLQYHUVLyQHQODUHIHUHQFLD
ORFDWLYD HQ OD PHGLGD TXH HO SULPHU KDELWDQWH GH &RORQR TXH VH
SUHVHQWD DQWH (GLSR \ $QWtJRQD HV OODPDGR ³H[WUDQMHUR´ 2&
ΒΉϧΑΉ 6HVDEHELHQTXHOD[HQtDQRVHDJRWDEDHQHVWDVRODYDOHQFLD\
TXHFRQOOHYDEDWDPELpQHOVHQWLGRGHODKRVSLWDOLGDG(OKDELWDQWHGH
&RORQRHVH[pQRVVHJ~QODGHQRPLQDFLyQHQERFDGH(GLSRQRHVXQ
VLPSOHH[WUDQMHURSXHVWRTXHVHWUDWDGHXQFLXGDGDQRDWHQLHQVHTXH
HVWiHQVXSURSLDWLHUUDFtYLFD(OWUDWRHQWUH(GLSR\HOFRORQHQVHFRPR
[pQRV LPSOLFD OD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ UHFtSURFD GH ³H[WUDQMHUR´ SHUR
³KXpVSHG´ DQWLFLSDQGR DVt HO GHVWLQR GH (GLSR \ PRVWUDQGR OD
DPELJHGDGGHOWHEDQRHQWLHUUDDWHQLHQVHODDQWLFLXGDGHQODFLXGDG
OD DQWL$WHQDV HQ $WHQDV VHJ~Q OD FRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQ \D FOiVLFD
SURSXHVWDSRU)520$=(,7/,1
/DHGLFLyQXWLOL]DGDHVODGH'$,1\0$=21
&I%/81'(// :,/621 /(528;
0$5.$1721$726
&IDVLPLVPR9,'$/1$48(7
H VH 6LHVWDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVVHDVRFLDQDODVHQWLGDGHVFRPXQLWDULDV
QHVR TXH 7HEDV \ $WHQDV HQFDUQDQ VXV FLXGDGDQRV QR GHMDQ GH VHU
HMHPSODUHVHQHOVHQWLGRHVSHFtILFRTXHGHILQHDODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV
WUiJLFDVGHODFLXGDG\ODDQWLFLXGDG(QOD$WHQDV7HVHRHOKDELWDQWH
GH&RORQR\HOFRURGHDQFLDQRVVRVWLHQHQFRQVXVSRVWXUDVODDQVLDGD
XQLGDG GH $WHQDV /D 7HEDV GH ORV VXFHVRUHV GH (GLSR (WHRFOHV
XHUWH 3ROLQLFHV\&UHRQWH SHURWDPELpQODGHDTXpOFXDQGRHMHUFtDVXSRGHU
FD HO HV OD GHO GHVJDUUDPLHQWR IDWDO TXH FRQGXFH D FRQWLQXDV FDWiVWURIHV
FLDD $KRUD ELHQ VL VREUH HO SDU DQWLWpWLFR $WHQDV \ 7HEDV ORV SHUVRQDMHV
/D VLPEROL]DQ \ DVXPHQ HQ VXV FDUDFWHUHV ODV SHFXOLDULGDGHV GH ODV
R XQ FLXGDGHVDODVTXHSHUWHQHFHQ¢TXpSXHGHVLJQLILFDUHOHQFXHQWURGH
QWH HO DWHQLHQVHV \ WHEDQRV HQ WLHUUD iWLFD" ¢&yPR VH GHEH LQWHUSUHWDU OD
tD VH SUHVHQFLD GH WDQWRV WHEDQRV HQ XQD HVFHQD WHDWUDO TXH UHSUHVHQWD DO
GHFLU GHPRDWHQLHQVHGH&RORQR"
LXQIR 3RU PRPHQWRV ORV WHEDQRV DSDUHFHQ VREUH HO HVFHQDULR HQ
DOHQ VROHGDG(GLSR\$QWtJRQDKDVWDTXHLQJUHVDHOKDELWDQWHGH&RORQR
2& \GHVGHTXHpVWHVHUHWLUD\KDVWDTXHHQWUDHOFRUR 2&
HGRV (GLSRH,VPHQH $QWtJRQDQRLQWHUYLHQHDXQTXHSHUPDQHFH
XHVH DOOt QRHQSOHQDVROHGDGSXHVWRTXHHOFRURDVLVWHDWHQWRDOUHODWRGH
FHV ,VPHQH SHUR FRQ OD HVFHQD RFXSDGD WRWDOPHQWH SRU HO WHEDQR \ VXV
FRUR KLMDV 2& 7UDVUHWLUDUVH7HVHR\DQWHODPLUDGDGHOFRURHO
GHOD LQWHUFDPELRHQWUH(GLSR\&UHRQWHGHULYDHQODFDSWXUDGH$QWtJRQDVLQ
HQFLD TXH LQWHUYHQJDQ ORV DWHQLHQVHV TXH OR KDUiQ SRVWHULRUPHQWH 2&
H VH (O LQWHUFDPELR VXEVLJXLHQWH LQFOX\H D (GLSR &UHRQWH
$QWtJRQDăTXHHVFRQGXFLGDKDFLD7HEDV\VDOHGHHVFHQDăHOFRULIHR\
FLD\ HOFRURSHURVLJXHVLHQGRXQDHVFHQDDFWXDGDSURWDJyQLFDPHQWHSRU
WHGH WHEDQRV KDVWD TXH HQWUD 7HVHR 2& $QWH OD SUHVHQFLD GH
HVXQ 7HVHR \ HO FRUR (GLSR \ &UHRQWH YXHOYHQ D RFXSDU HO FHQWUR GH OD
HTXH HVFHQD \ GHO UHODWR KDVWD TXH HO FRULIHR LQWHUYLHQH \ HO UH\ DWHQLHQVH
FRPR GHWLHQHHOGLVFXUVR 2& 7UDVODQXHYDVDOLGDGH7HVHRXQD
SHUR YH]TXHKDUHFRQGXFLGRD$QWtJRQDH,VPHQHKDFLD$WHQDV\OXHJRGHO
GR OD FDQWR FRUDO VRQ (GLSR $QWtJRQD \ HO UHFLpQ OOHJDGR 3ROLQLFHV ORV
XGDG WHEDQRVTXHUHDOL]DQHOLQWHUFDPELRGLDOyJLFRFRQHOFRULIHR\HOFRUR
iVLFD WHQLHQGRDVXFDUJRVRORGRVEUHYHVLQWHUYHQFLRQHV 2&
(VDSDUWLUGHHQWRQFHVTXHHOUHODWRVHDGHQWUDHQODKHURL]DFLyQGH
(GLSR\HOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHOFXOWRULWXDODQWHVXWXPED
+HURL]DFLyQ
HQ 2& .12;
:$//$&( %,5*(
(GLSR HQ &RORQR VH KDOOD SXHV VDWXUDGR GH WHEDQRV \ GH
FRQIOLFWRV LQKHUHQWHV D 7HEDV (PSOD]DGD OD LGHQWLGDG WHEDQD HQ HO
HVSDFLR iWLFR VX FDUiFWHU GLYLGLGR QR GHVDSDUHFH ¢6H WUDWD GH XQD
VtQWHVLVHQWUHORVDVSHFWRVSHFXOLDUHVGHODFLXGDGGH$WHQDVXQLGDSRU
GHILQLFLyQFRQORVGHODDQWLFLXGDGGH7HEDVGLYLGLGDSRUGHILQLFLyQ"
¢(VHVWDWUDJHGLDXQPRGRGHH[SRQHU\VXSHUDUOD VWiVLVFXDQGRORV
WpUPLQRV\HOOXJDUGHVXSUHVHQWDFLyQHQHVFHQDGHYLHQHQDWHQLHQVHV"
(VSUHFLVDPHQWHWRGRHOSURFHVRGHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGH(GLSRDORODUJR
GHOGUDPDTXHGHSHQGHGHXQDGHFLVLyQSROtWLFDVXSOLFDQWHKXpVSHG
UHVLGHQWH\RFLXGDGDQR
$ QXHVWUR HQWHQGHU HVWDV GLPHQVLRQHV HQWUHOD]DGDV SHUPLWHQ
FRPSUHQGHU HO VHQWLGR SROtWLFR GH (GLSR HQ &RORQR SRU XQ ODGR OD
SUHVHQFLDPDVLYDGHWHEDQRVHQHOHVSDFLRiWLFR\ODLQWHUDFFLyQTXHVH
SURGXFHFRQORVSHUVRQDMHVLQGLYLGXDOHV\FROHFWLYRVTXHHQFDUQDQOD
FLXGDGLGHDOL]DGDGH$WHQDVSRURWURODGRORVGLIHUHQWHVHVWDWXVTXHYD
DGTXLULHQGR (GLSR \ ODV GHFLVLRQHV TXH ORV DWHQLHQVHV YDQ WRPDQGR
FRQUHVSHFWRDVXSUHVHQFLDHQWLHUUDiWLFDTXHPRGLILFDQ\GLIXPLQDQ
ODVDUWLFXODFLRQHVFODUDV\GLVWLQWDVHQWUH7HEDV\$WHQDV3HURQRVROR
VH WUDWD GH OD FRQWUDSRVLFLyQ HQWUH GRV PRGHORV GH FLXGDG \ VXV
GLULJHQWHV FX\DV DFFLRQHV \ SDVLRQHV GHWHUPLQDQ ORV DVSHFWRV
PRGpOLFRV GH XQD \ RWUD $GHPiV \ UHIRU]DQGR HO ³HQWUH GRV´ TXH
DPEDV FLXGDGHV SURGXFHQ HQ VX FRH[LVWHQFLD WUiJLFD HQ GLYHUVRV
SDVDMHVGH(GLSRHQ&RORQR VVVVVV
VVV VHSODQWHDFRQLQVLVWHQFLDODLQPLQHQFLD
GH XQ HQIUHQWDPLHQWR HQWUH OD $WHQDV TXH UHFLEH DO H[LOLDGR (GLSR
PLHQWUDVGHEDWHTXpHVWDWXVGHEHGDUOH\OD7HEDVHQODTXHOD VWiVLV
SURVLJXHFRPR\DVHVDEHHQHOFRQIOLFWRHQWUH(WHRFOHV\3ROLQLFHV\
ODLQWHUFHVLyQGH&UHRQWH
&RQ (GLSR FRPR HMH GH OD GLVSXWD HO HQIUHQWDPLHQWR HQWUH
DWHQLHQVHV \ WHEDQRV TXH FRQ LQVLVWHQFLD VH DQXQFLD D OR ODUJR GH OD
REUDWHUPLQDVLHQGRXQFRQIOLFWRTXH$WHQDVLQWHUQDOL]DSHURFRQXQD
FRQYHQLHQWH SHUVRQLILFDFLyQ GHO PLVPR FRQIRUPH D XQD SDXWD
\ GH UHSUHVHQWDWLYDTXHORFRORFDIXHUDGHODVIURQWHUDViWLFDVHQWDQWRTXH
HQ HO VH WUDWD GH XQD HVFHQD TXH VH YD SREODQGR GH WHEDQRV GH VX FDVD
XQD JREHUQDQWH FRQWUDSXHVWRV DO FROHFWLYR DWHQLHQVH \ 7HVHR /D VWiVLV
DSRU URQGD OD VLWXDFLyQ SHUR FRPR GLUtD 1,&2/( /25$8; VH OD
FLyQ" REOLWHUD KDFLpQGROD DSDUHFHU FRPR JXHUUD H[WHUQD GiQGROH D VXV
RORV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV VREUH OD HVFHQD XQD ORFDOL]DFLyQ \ XQD SHUWHQHQFLD
QVHV" pWQLFDGLIHUHQWHVGHOD DWHQLHQVHJHQHUDOPHQWHWHEDQDFRPRHQHVWH
ODUJR FDVRSDUDTXH $WHQDVVLJDVLHQGRODUHIHUHQFLDSROtWLFDGHODFLXGDG
VSHG XQLGD\VLQFRQIOLFWR
$Vt OD OXFKD JLUD HQ WRUQR D (GLSR XQ WHEDQR H[SXOVDGR GH
PLWHQ 7HEDVSHURTXHORVWHEDQRVTXLHUHQUHSDWULDUDXQTXHDTXpOVHGHILQD
R OD VLHPSUH FRPR VLQ FLXGDG 2& &XDQGR $WHQDV TXHGH
XHVH LPSOLFDGD HQ OD GLVSXWD \ GHFLGD OD QDWXUDOL]DFLyQ GH (GLSR
DQOD FRQFHGLpQGROH OD UHVLGHQFLD HQ VXHOR iWLFR \ WDO YH] OD FLXGDGDQtD
XHYD HQWRQFHV HO KpURH DSDUHFHUi FRPR XQ WHEDQR GH QDFLPLHQWR TXH
DQGR UHQLHJD GH HVWR \ VH FRQYLHUWH HQ XQ DWHQLHQVH SRU RSFLyQ R SRU
PLQDQ UHVLGHQFLD (GLSRVHRSRQHDKRUDDORTXHpOPLVPRKDVLGRHQ7HEDV
VROR \TXHVXVKLMRV\&UHRQWHFRQWLQ~DQVLHQGR\DGRSWDODVDFWLWXGHVTXH
VXV 7HVHR \ ORV FRORQHQVHV HQFDUQDQ HQ $WHQDV 3HUR QR OR ROYLGHPRV
HFWRV (GLSR SODQWHD TXH KD VLGR H[SXOVDGR GH 7HEDV QR TXH VH KD LGR
TXH YROXQWDULDPHQWH 2& ăDFODUDQGRTXHHOKRPLFLGLRGH/D\R
HUVRV IXHHQOHJtWLPDGHIHQVD 2& \TXH \D KDSDJDGRSRUVXV
VV FUtPHQHVăFXDQGRVHOHSURSRQHYROYHUVRORHVSDUDLQVWDODUORHQODV
HQFLD IURQWHUDV QR HQ HO FHQWUR GH OD FLXGDG 2& 6L
(GLSR ILQDOPHQWH UHQXQFLD D 7HEDV HV SRUTXH DOOt ORV WHEDQRV QR OR
WiVLV UHFRQGXFLUiQDOOXJDU\DORVKRQRUHVSUHWHQGLGRV
FHV\ 6LHQWpUPLQRVIRUPDOHVHOHQIUHQWDPLHQWRHQWUH$WHQDV\7HEDV
DSDUHFH FRPR HVD JXHUUD H[WHULRU TXH SDUHFH JORULILFDU (VTXLOR (X
HQWUH VLQ HPEDUJR HQ (GLSR HQ &RORQR VH SODQWHD FRPR XQD
GH OD [HQyVWDVLVTXHHVXQDFRQWUDGLFFLyQHQVtPLVPD8QDYH]TXH(GLSRKD
QXQD SDUODPHQWDGRFRQHOFRORQHQVH\VHKDOODFRPRVXSOLFDQWHHQHOUHFLQWR
SDXWD
HQVHV FRQWUDULR OR LQVWDODUp HQ HVWH SDtV´ D SDUWLU GH OD HQPLHQGD GH 086*5$9(
IDYRU DGORF>Y@ ΛЏΕθ Έв σΐΔΓΏΑ Ύ΅ΘΓΎЗ ³ORLQVWDODUpHQHVWHSDtV
DTXHV FRPR FLXGDGDQR ´ (VWD FRUUHFFLyQ KD WHQLGR JUDQ DFHSWDFLyQ HQWUH ORV
$VtOD HVWXGLRVRV -(%% DG ORF 67255 DG ORF .12;
WHQDV FI9,'$/1$48(7 FRQWUD'$,1\0$=21 DG
RQHV ORF:,/621 UHYLVDGHWDOODGDPHQWHORVDQiOLVLVSUHYLRV\SURSRQH
RUVXV UHSRQHU σΐΔ΅ΏΑ SHUR UHFLHQWHPHQWH 7=$1(728
SUHVHQWDQXHYRVDUJXPHQWRVDIDYRUGH σΐΔΓΏΑ.
VDJUDGR GH ODV (XPpQLGHV HVSHUDQGR OD GHFLVLyQ GH ORV DQFLDQRV
KDFHVDEHUTXHIXH$SRORTXLHQOHDQXQFLyTXHHQFRQWUDUtDXQUHIXJLR
SDUDKXpVSHGHV (ΒΉΑϱΗΘ΅ΗΑ; 2& (VFLHUWRFRPRVHVDEH
TXH VWiVLV LPSOLFD OD LGHD GH SHUPDQHFHU HQ XQ OXJDU SHUR HVWD
GHILQLFLyQ GHULYDGD GHO VHQWLGR SULPHUR GHO YHUER ϣΗΘΐ QR GHEH
RFXOWDUQRVODVDPELJHGDGHVTXHLPSOLFDODLGHDGHVWiVLVHQWDQWRTXH
VHGLFLyQRJXHUUDFLYLO /DFXHVWLyQSDUHFHQRUHGXFLUVHHQWRQFHVVROR
DODTXLHWXGTXHEULQGDHOKRVSHGDMHFRPRVHREVHUYDDSDUWLUGHOXVR
GHOYHUER ϣΗΘΐ \VXVFRJQDGRVDORODUJRGHODREUDSDUDFRQQRWDU
WDQWRHOPRYLPLHQWRFRPRODGHWHQFLyQ -XJDQGRFRQHOFRPSXHVWR
GLUHPRV TXH HO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GHO [pQRV HV SUHFLVDPHQWH OR TXH
SURYRFDUiOD VWiVLVHOPRYLPLHQWRGHOFRQIOLFWRWUiJLFRHQODPHGLGD
TXH DFHSWDUOR HQ $WHQDV R OOHYDUOR GH YXHOWD D 7HEDV LPSOLFDUi HO
GHVSOLHJXH GH OD DFFLyQ GUDPiWLFD FRQ ODV VXFHVLYDV OOHJDGDV GH
WHEDQRVODVLGDV\YXHOWDVGHOUH\HQWUHHOiVWXHOGHPRGH&RORQR\HO
VDQWXDULRGH3RVHLGyQODPRYLOL]DFLyQGHODVIXHU]DVGHFDGDSyOLV\HQ
GHILQLWLYDHODQXQFLRGHODJXHUUDHQWUHDWHQLHQVHV\WHEDQRV
6HWUDWDSXHVGHXQDJXHUUDFLYLOH[WUDQMHUDHQODPHGLGDTXH
HVWHEDQDSHURHVXQDVHGLFLyQKRVSHGDGDHQHOLQWHULRUHQODPHGLGD
TXHVHKDSUHVHQWDGRHQ$WHQDVFRQODOOHJDGDGH(GLSRSDUDLQVWDODUVH
DOOt$VtHVHH[WUDQMHURHQWLHUUDH[WUDxDFRPROROODPDHOFRURD(GLSR
2& TXHOHGLFHD$QWtJRQDTXHQRGHEHQKDFHUODJXHUUDFRQWUD
ODQHFHVLGDG 2& ΐχ ΛΕΉϟθ ΔΓΏΉΐЗΐΉΑ VRORSDUHFHHYLWDUHVWD
JXHUUDDFRQGLFLyQGHLQVWDODUVHHQXQOXJDUTXHPRYLOL]DHOFRQIOLFWRHQ
WRUQRVX\RGHQWURGH$WHQDV(QHVWHVHQWLGRVL(GLSRHVWiHQWUHGRV
ΐΉΘ΅Α΅ΗΘΣΖ; 276: ΦΑΉΗΘφΗ΅ΘΉ; 399: ΗΘφΗΝΗ; 491: Δ΅Ε΅ΗΘ΅ϟΑ; 558: πΔνΗΘΖ; 561:
πΒ΅ΚΗΘ΅ϟΐΑ; 733: πΔϟΗΘ΅ΐ΅; 916: Δ΅ΕϟΗΘ΅Η΅; 1017: οΗΘΣΐΉΑ; 1286: ΦΑνΗΘΗΉΑ;
1340: ΒΙΐΔ΅Ε΅ΗΘφΗϙ; 1342: ΗΘφΗΝ; 1343: ΗΘφΗΝ; 1592: σΗΘ; 1595: ΗΘΣΖ.
3RUTXHXQDYH]TXHVHKDGHMDGRDWUiVODMXYHQWXGFRQVXVOLJHUDV
ORFXUDV¢TXpGXURVXIULPLHQWRHVWRWDOPHQWHDMHQR"¢&XiOGHODV
$/.(5
DIOLFFLRQHVQRVHKDOODSUHVHQWH"0XHUWHVVHGLFLRQHVGLVFRUGLD
FRPEDWHV\HQYLGLD (ΚϱΑΓǰ ΗΘΣΗΉΖǰ σΕΖǰ ΐΣΛ΅ Ύ΅Ϡ ΚΌϱΑΓΖ SRU
~OWLPR OH OOHJD GHVSXpV DO ORWH OD DERUUHFLGD LPSRWHQWH
&TXH
LQVRFLDEOH YHMH] VLQ DPLJRV (·ϛΕ΅Ζ ΩΚΏΓΑ), GRQGH FRQYLYHQ
~OWLPR
WRGRVORVPDOHVHQWUHORVPDOHV(QHVWRHVWiHVWHPLVHUDEOHQR
RQOD
VROR\R (πΑ С ΘΏΣΐΝΑ ϵΈв, ΓЁΎ π·А ΐϱΑΓΖ) 2&>WUDG
75$9,6 GHODXWRU@
RU\HO /D YHMH] FRPSDUWLGD HQWUH (GLSR \ HO FRUR GH DQFLDQRV
DWHQLHQVHV JHQHUD XQD LGHQWLGDG TXH KD VLGR UHPDUFDGD GHVGH
Ζ
ΘΗΉΑ
GLIHUHQWHViQJXORV PRVWUDQGRWDPELpQTXHFRPSDUWHQGHVGHDQWHV
ORVPDOHVTXHHOWHEDQRSDUHFHWUDHU\TXHVHSUHWHQGHQH[WHULRUHVD
$WHQDV52*(5 75$9,6 VHxDODTXHHO~OWLPRGHORV
YHUVRVGHOSDVDMHFLWDGRGHQRWDTXHHOFRURYHHQ(GLSRXQDPHWiIRUD
GH Vt PLVPR (VWD UHODFLyQ PHWDIyULFD DWUDYLHVD WRGR HO GUDPD SHUR
DGHPiVQRVHGHEHSHUGHUGHYLVWDTXH³WKHVDPHFKRUXVLQWKLVVDPH
VWDVLPRQDOVRPDNHWKHPVHOYHVDQDOOHJRU\RIWKHDXGLHQFHZDWFKLQJ
WKHWUDJHG\´ S
%DMR HVWDV FRQGLFLRQHV SXHV (GLSR HV KHURL]DGR \ VH
WUDQVIRUPDHQSURWHFWRU GH$WHQDVFRQWUD7HEDVFRQIRUPH DORV UROHV
WUiJLFRVUHVSHFWLYRVGHDPEDVFLXGDGHV¢3RUTXpHOVtPERORPLVPRGH
OD K~EULV \ OD VWiVLV WHEDQDV GHYLHQH HQ SUHQGD GH XQLGDG \ EHQHILFLR
SDUDORVDWHQLHQVHV"¢3RUTXpWUDHUD(GLSRD$WHQDVPiVSUHFLVDPHQWH
D &RORQR HQ OD FR\XQWXUD GH ILQHV GHO VLJOR 9 D& FRQ XQ FRUR GH
DQFLDQRVFRORQHQVHVTXHHVWDEOHFHXQFRQWUDVWHHQWUHHOiVWX\HOGHPR"
/D SUHVHQFLD GH (GLSR LQWURGXFH HO SDUDGLJPD GH OD GHVPHVXUD \ HO
FRQIOLFWRHQODFLXGDGGH$WHQDVDQWHXQDDXGLHQFLDTXHORKDYLVWRFDHU
HQGHVJUDFLDFRPRWLUDQRHQPDVFDUDQGRDKRUDVXFDSDFLGDGGLVUXSWLYD
WUDV ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH OD FLXGDG LGHDO 1R SDUHFH FDVXDO OD
XELFDFLyQ GH OD DFFLyQ HQ &RORQR HV SODXVLEOH TXH OD HOHFFLyQ GHO
HVSDFLR WHDWUDO QR KD\D HVWDGR GHVOLJDGD GH ORV VXFHVRV GH TXH
FXOPLQDQFRQHOJROSHROLJiUTXLFRGHORV&XDWURFLHQWRVFRQVXPDGRHQ
XQDDVDPEOHDOOHYDGDDFDERSUHFLVDPHQWHHQ&RORQR6HUHFRUGDUiHQ
HVWHFRQWH[WRODSDUWLFLSDFLyQSROtWLFDGH6yIRFOHVFRPRSUyERXORVHQHO
SURFHVRSUHYLR
3HURYHDPRVRWURVDVSHFWRV('081'6 VHxDOD
ODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOFXOWRD3RVHLGyQHQ&RORQRGHPRTXHVHDVRFLDFRQ
ODpOLWHGHORVFDEDOOHURV)XHSUHFLVDPHQWHHQODDVDPEOHDGHVDUUROODGD
HQ&RORQRQRHQVXOXJDUKDELWXDOHQODFLXGDG GRQGHODpOLWHORJUy
TXHEUDQWDU OD GHPRFUDFLD PHGLDQWH HO JROSH GH FXDQGR OD IORWD
LQWHJUDGDSRUORVUHPHURVSREUHVSURYHQLHQWHVGHOSXHEOROODQRTXHGy
DQFODGDHQ6DPRVLPSHGLGDGHUHJUHVDUD$WHQDV FI7$</25
DQWHV (Q HIHFWR OD GLYLVLyQ HQWUH XQ VHFWRU \ RWUR SDUHFH
UHVD PDQLIHVWDUVHWDPELpQDSDUWLUGHGLIHUHQFLDVFXOWXDOHV\ORFDWLYDV3HUR
HORV HQODWUDJHGLD GH6yIRFOHVHOFXOWRD3RVHLGyQHQ &RORQRQR DSDUHFH
iIRUD FRPR XQ DWULEXWR H[FOXVLYR GH ORV FDEDOOHURV VLQR TXH WDPELpQ VH OR
SHUR DVRFLDFRQORVPDULQRV&RORQRHVSURSXHVWRDVtFRPRXQVtPERORGHOD
VDPH SUHWHQGLGD XQLGDG GH $WHQDV FDSD] GH XQLILFDU D OD pOLWH \ HO SXHEOR
FKLQJ OODQR HQIUHQWDGRV HQ OD VWiVLV H[WUHPD TXH DWUDYLHVD D OD VRFLHGDG
DWHQLHQVH HQ HVRV PRPHQWRV 6LQ HPEDUJR SDUD UHFRUGDU OR TXH VH
\ VH HVFRQGHGHWUiVGHODXQLGDG6yIRFOHVKDFHSUHVHQWHD(GLSR7HEDV\
UROHV ORVWHEDQRVHQODHVFHQDDWHQLHQVH(Q&RORQRORVDQFLDQRVWHUPLQDQ
PRGH SRUUHFRQRFHUTXHVXYHMH]HVVHPHMDQWHDODGH(GLSRTXHORVPLVPRV
HILFLR PDOHVHVWiQSUHVHQWHVHQXQRV\HQRWUR\WDOYH]HQ6yIRFOHVPLVPR
PHQWH QDFLGRHQ&RORQRSDUWtFLSHGHORVVXFHVRVTXHGHULYDURQHQHOJROSHGH
R GH DQFLDQR \D FRPR HO FRUR \ (GLSR WRGRV DWUDYHVDGRV
HPR" LQHYLWDEOHPHQWH SRU OD HQYLGLD ODV VHGLFLRQHV OD GLVFRUGLD ORV
\ HO FRPEDWHV\ODVPXHUWHV
FDHU 'XUDQWH HO JROSH ROLJiUTXLFR GH SXHV OD DVDPEOHD
SWLYD DEDQGRQD ItVLFD \ VLPEyOLFDPHQWH OD 3Q\[ HQ HO iVWX GH $WHQDV \ VH
DO OD GHVDUUROOD HQ &RORQR 7DO YH] KD\D TXH LQWHUSUHWDU HQ HVWD OtQHD ODV
Q GHO GLVWLQFLRQHVHQWUHHOiPELWRSURSLRGHORVGHPyWDLFRORQHQVHV\HOTXH
TXH VHHQFDUQDHQ7HVHRLGHQWLILFDGRFRQHOHMHUFLFLRGHOSRGHU NDW¶iVWX
GRHQ 2& (QHVWHPLVPRVHQWLGRVHHQWLHQGHODFRH[LVWHQFLDGHOFXOWRD
UiHQ 3RVHLGyQ+tSLFRSURSLRGHOGHPRGH&RORQRFRQHOVDFULILFLRTXH7HVHR
HQHO RIUHFH DO 3RVHLGyQ GHO PDU 2& < HQ HVWD OtQHD
GHEHPRVLQWHUSUHWDUHQERFDGH7HVHRODFRH[LVWHQFLDDODYH]TXHOD
HxDOD GLVWLQFLyQ GH ORV KRPEUHV GH D FDEDOOR \ GH D SLH TXH VH KDQ GH
DFRQ HQIUHQWDUD&UHRQWH\VXVVROGDGRVDWHQLHQVHVTXHDSDUHFHQDVRFLDGRV
OODGD D$WHQHD+tSLFD\D3RVHLGyQPDULQRHQODVLQYRFDFLRQHVSRVWHULRUHV
ORJUy GHOFRUR 2& 6L7HVHRHOUH\HNNOHVtDFRPROR
IORWD KDGHILQLGR9,'$/1$48(7 DSDUHFHFRPRODHQFDUQDFLyQGH
XHGy OD XQLGDG \ OD HFXDQLPLGDG HV SRUTXH VX GHFLVLyQ HQ HO iVWX VH
UHFRQRFH FRPR VREHUDQD \ VLPEyOLFDPHQWH VXSHULRU D FXDOTXLHU
GHFLVLyQ TXH SXHGD WRPDUVH HQ &RORQR SHUR D FRQGLFLyQ GH TXH OD
FLXGDG ROYLGH OD VWiVLV 6LQ HPEDUJR DKt HVWi (GLSR HQWUH 7HEDV \
DXQD $WHQDV SDUD UHFRUGDUOHV D ORV DWHQLHQVHV TXH OD VLWXDFLyQ QR HVWi
FRUR URGHDGDSRUXQDIURQWHUDSUtVWLQDTXHGHOLPLWHORH[WHULRU\ORLQWHULRU
HQFLD VLQR TXH VH KDOOD DWUDYHVDGD SRU HO VXUFR P~OWLSOH GH OD VWiVLV TXH
LQVWLWX\H\GHVWLWX\HORVOXJDUHVHVWDEOHFLGRV
,,
2UHVWHV GH (XUtSLGHV D& QR SXHGH GHVOLJDUVH GH OD
DJXGD FRQIOLFWLYLGDG DWUDYHVDGD SRU $WHQDV WUDV HO JROSH GH ORV
&XDWURFLHQWRV OD UHVWDXUDFLyQ GHPRFUiWLFD \ HO FDVWLJR GH ORV
ROLJDUFDV (QHOUHWRUQRDOPLWRDERUGDGRH[DFWDPHQWHPHGLRVLJOR
DQWHVSRU(VTXLORHQOD2UHVWtDSDUDSHQVDUORVHIHFWRVGHOQDFLPLHQWR
GH OD GHPRFUDFLD (XUtSLGHV SUHVHQWD XQD PLUDGD GLIHUHQWH (O
FRQWUDVWHQRWDEOHUDGLFDHQORVHQXQFLDGRVVREUHODFLXGDGHPSH]DQGR
SRUHOOXJDUGRQGHODVLWXDFLyQMXGLFLDOHVHPSOD]DGD$WHQDV\$UJRV
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH$PEDVWUDJHGLDVUHVHUYDQSDUD$WHQDVHOVLWLRGHOD
H[FXOSDFLyQ ILQDO GH 2UHVWHV XWLOL]DQGR XQ HQXQFLDGR UHSHWLGR D OR
ODUJRGHODSURGXFFLyQWUiJLFDHOQRPEUHGH$WHQDVGHVLJQDHOOXJDUGHO
FRQVHQVRGRQGHLPSHUDXQGHUHFKRHFXiQLPH3HURHQ2UHVWHV
HO Q~FOHR PtWLFR HV GLUHFWDPHQWH XELFDGR HQ HO PDUFR GHO DFFLRQDU
SROtWLFR GH XQD FLXGDG GH $UJRV TXH PXHVWUD XQ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR
GHPRFUiWLFRSHUWXUEDGR ODGHFLVLyQVREUHHO PDWULFLGDHVDVXPLGD
SRUODDVDPEOHDSRSXODU\ODYROXQWDGGHORVFLXGDGDQRVGHWHUPLQDUi
VXVXHUWH
2UHVWHVGH(XUtSLGHVWDPELpQSDUHFHHVWDEOHFHUXQDVXHUWHGH
EDODQFHFRQUHVSHFWRDODV 6XSOLFDQWHVGH(VTXLORSUREDEOHPHQWHGH
D& (QDPERVFDVRVVHWUDWDGHODDVDPEOHDGHPRFUiWLFDFRPR
HOHPHQWR FHQWUDO GH OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ SROtWLFD GH OD FLXGDG SHUR FRQ
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRVRSXHVWRVHQODV6XSOLFDQWHVVHSUHVHQWDXQDUHXQLyQ
TXHHPLWHXQYRWRXQiQLPHWUDVXQDMXVWDGRMXHJRLQVWLWXFLRQDOHQWUH
OtGHU\SXHEORGDQGRDVtODLPDJHQGHXQFRQVHQVRTXHDSDUHFHFRPR
HO LGHDO EXVFDGR SRU HO SHQVDPLHQWR SROtWLFR JULHJR HQ FDPELR HQ
2UHVWHVVHDVLVWHDXQGHEDWHDWUDYHVDGRSRUHOFRQIOLFWRHQWUHSRVWXUDV
DQWDJyQLFDV FRQ HO GHPDJRJR FRPR HMH GHO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR
LQVWLWXFLRQDO\FRQGLIHUHQWHVVHFWRUHVGHODFLXGDGDQtDSXJQDQGRSRUOD
/D GLPHQVLyQ SROtWLFD GHO 2UHVWHV KD VLGR KDELWXDOPHQWH VHxDODGD SRU ORV
HVWXGLRVRV (8%(1 +$// 3257(5 :5,*+7
6HJXLPRVODHGLFLyQGH',**/(
*$//(*2
6REUH HO FDUiFWHU GH HVWD SHUWXUEDFLyQ SROtWLFD TXH HV WDPELpQ PRUDO \
DIHFWDHQEXHQDPHGLGDDODDULVWRFUDFLD\VXFDSDFLGDGGHOLGHUD]JR3$55<
(8%(1 3(//,1*
6200(567(,1 KDSURSXHVWRYDULRVDUJXPHQWRVSDUDIHFKDUODV
6XSOLFDQWHVGH(VTXLORHQ
VXSUHPDFtD (OLGHDOGHODFLXGDGXQLGD\VLQFRQIOLFWRVHQFRQWUDVWH
FRQ OD DQWLFLXGDG DWUDYHVDGD SRU GHVJDUUDPLHQWRV IDWDOHV VH KDFH
GH OD SUHVHQWHHQHVWDVGRVFDUDVGH$UJRV
H ORV /DFLXGDGGLYLGLGDVHPDQLILHVWDHQ2UHVWHV DWUDYpV
ORV GH OD PXOWLSOLFLGDG GH YRFHV HQWHUDPHQWH FRQWUDGLFWRULDV
VLJOR LUUHFRQFLOLDEOHV TXH GLVSXWDQ HQ OD DVDPEOHD \ TXH WHUPLQDQ GDQGR
LHQWR FRPR UHVXOWDGR XQD GHFLVLyQ HQ H[WUHPR HVFLQGLGD \ VXUFDGD SRU OD
H (O DPHQD]D GH OD OXFKD VHGLFLRVD /D RSRVLFLyQ HQWUH ORV NKUHVWRt \ HO
DQGR GHPDJRJR VHJXLGR SRU OD PDVD LPSOLFD XQD VWiVLV TXH SURGXFH XQD
UJRV GLYLVLyQVLQVXWXUDHQODDFWLYLGDGGHXQDDVDPEOHDTXHWRPDDVXFDUJR
GHOD WRGRV ORV DVXQWRV LQFOX\HQGR HO MX]JDPLHQWR GH FUtPHQHV GH VDQJUH
D OR 2U
DUGHO $Vt SXHV QDGD HV DMHQR D OD FDSDFLGDG GHFLVRULD GHO SXHEOR
DUJLYR(OHQXQFLDGRFHQWUDOGH2UHVWHVUHILHUHDODDVDPEOHDGHWRGRV
LRQDU ORV FLXGDGDQRV \ DVt VH SHUFLEH UHFXUUHQWHPHQWH D OR ODUJR GHO
LHQWR GUDPD SRUXQODGRDSDUWLUGHODVDFFLRQHVTXHODDVDPEOHDUHDOL]D
PLGD HQWDQWRTXHGHFUHWDGHFLGHRUHVXHOYH \ORVHIHFWRVTXHSURGXFH
LQDUi PHGLDQWHODYRWDFLyQ SRURWURODGRDSDUWLUGHORVGLYHUVRVWpUPLQRV
FRQTXHVHGHVLJQDDOVXMHWRDJHQWHDOTXHFDGDSHUVRQDMHDWULEX\HOD
WHGH WRPD GH OD GHFLVLyQ HQ OD DVDPEOHD HQWLGDG D OD TXH VH PHQFLRQD
WHGH GLUHFWDPHQWH pNNOHWRVV~OORJRVHVNRLQiV RFRQIRUPHDOHVSDFLRHQ
FRPR TXHVHUH~QH iNUD DJRUi REDMRHOQRPEUHSURSLRGHODFRPXQLGDG
FRQ $UJRV R FRPR OD WtSLFD HQWLGDG FRPXQLWDULD JULHJD SyOLV iVWX D
XQLyQ YHFHV HVSHFLILFDGD FRQ OD GHVLJQDFLyQ pWQLFD DUJLYRV R FRPR HO
HQWUH FXHUSR SROtWLFR GH ORV FLXGDGDQRV SROvWDL DVWRt R HQ VX DVSHFWR
FRPR PLOLWDU KRSOLWDV R EDMR VX FDUiFWHU QXPpULFR SRSXODU HVWR HV OD
R HQ PXOWLWXG yNKORVSROORtSOrWKRVKyPLORV ILQDOPHQWHFRPRHOSXHEOR
WXUDV GrPRV OHyV TXH SXHGH VLJQLILFDU WDQWR OD SDUWH SRSXODU FRPR HO
LHQWR FRQMXQWRGHODFRPXQLGDG
SRUOD
&I3(//,1* VREUH HO PRGR HQ TXH HO 2UHVWHV DOXGH DO
IXQFLRQDPLHQWRSROtWLFRDWHQLHQVH
&I6$Í' VREUHODFLXGDGGH$UJRVTXHODVWUDJHGLDVUHSUHVHQWDQ
RU ORV 8WLOL]R OD QRFLyQ GH HQXQFLDGR D SDUWLU GH OD SHUVSHFWLYD HVWDEOHFLGD SRU
5,*+7
)28&$8/7
(2UĒΓΒΉ2U ΎΕΑΉϧ; 2U ΆΓΙΏΉϾΓΙΗΑ.
(2U ΜϛΚΓΖ.
RUDO \
(QERFDGH(OHFWUD 2U$UJRVODSyOLVGHORVDUJLYRV(QHOGLiORJR
3$55<
HQWUH 2UHVWHV \ 0HQHODR 2U OD SyOLV ORV FLXGDGDQRV ΔΓΏΘЗΑ o
DUODV ΦΗΘЗΑ ORV KRSOLWDV (Q ERFD GH 7tQGDUR 2U OD PXOWLWXG GH ORV
DUJLYRVHQDVDPEOHD σΎΎΏΘΓΑ ̝Ε·ΉϟΝΑ ϷΛΏΓΑ ORVFLXGDGDQRV (ΦΗΘЗΑ (Q
(VWDSUROLIHUDFLyQGHWpUPLQRVFRQGHQVDDORODUJRGH2UHVWHVHO
HQXQFLDGR TXH OR RUJDQL]D HO SXHEOR GH OD FLXGDG GH $UJRV R OD
PXOWLWXG GH FLXGDGDQRV DUJLYRV GHFLGH PHGLDQWH VX YRWR UHXQLGR HQ
DVDPEOHD (VWR HVWDEOHFH XQD UHODFLyQ HVSHFtILFD FRQ OD VLWXDFLyQ
DWHQLHQVH HQ OD TXH VH LQVFULEH WUD]DQGR XQ SHQVDPLHQWR HQ
LQWHULRULGDG GH OD FULVLV GH OD GHPRFUDFLD TXH UHVXOWD WDQ DUWLFXODGR
FRPR HO GH 7XFtGLGHV HQ HO OLEUR 9,,, GH VX +LVWRULD 9,1&(1=2 ',
%(1('(772 FDUDFWHUL]DHOFRQWH[WRFRPRXQPRPHQWRGH
HQRUPH HVFHSWLFLVPR SDUD OD YLGD GHPRFUiWLFD \ OD IXQFLyQ GH OD
DVDPEOHDHQ$WHQDV3,(55(9,'$/1$48(7 DFRWD
TXHHVWDDVDPEOHDGH$UJRVHVHQWRGRVVXVDWULEXWRVVLPLODUDODGH
$WHQDVFRQIRUPHDODPLUDGDGHORVFUtWLFRVGHODGHPRFUDFLD /RV
HQXQFLDGRV GH 2UHVWHV QR SXHGHQ SXHV GHVOLJDUVH QL GH OD DJXGD
FRQIOLFWLYLGDGQLGHOHQDUGHFLPLHQWR\TXHEUDQWDPLHQWRSROtWLFRVQLGHO
IXQFLRQDPLHQWRDGTXLULGRHQHVDFR\XQWXUDSRUODDVDPEOHDGHILQLGD
GHPRGRFXDVLLQVWLWXFLRQDOHQYDULRVSDVDMHVGHODWUDJHGLD 2U
$XQTXH2UHVWHVVLW~DHOFRQIOLFWRHQ$UJRVTXHHQHVWDRFDVLyQ
RSHUD FRPR XQD DQWL$WHQDV VHJ~Q OD \D FLWDGD IyUPXOD GH =(,7/,1
HVHYLGHQWHTXHODGHVFULSFLyQGHODDVDPEOHD\ODV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVTXHVHOHDVLJQDQFRQYRFDQHQODHVFHQDWHDWUDOHOPRGR
HQ TXH HO SURFHGLPLHQWR DVDPEOHDULR HQFDUQD HO HQIUHQWDPLHQWR GH
$WHQDV FRQWUD Vt PLVPD 7RGR HVWR QR SXHGH GHVOLJDUVH GH OD
DFWXDFLyQ GHVDUUROODGD SRU OD DVDPEOHD HQ OD FR\XQWXUD SROtWLFD
DWHQLHQVH HQ TXH OD WUDJHGLD VH UHSUHVHQWy /R FHQWUDO HQ 2UHVWHV GH
(XUtSLGHV FRQVLVWH HQWRQFHV HQ H[KLELU HO FRQIOLFWR GHVJDUUDGRU TXH
DWUDYLHVDODDFWLYLGDGDVDPEOHDULD
ERFDGH0HQHODR2U$UJRVSHOiVJLFDHOSXHEOR (ΈϛΐΓΖ)ODSyOLVORV
FLXGDGDQRV ΦΗΘΓϟ (Q HO GLiORJR HQWUH 3tODGHV \ 2UHVWHV 2U OD
DVDPEOHD (ΗϾΏΏΓ·ΓΑ ORVFLXGDGDQRV (ΦΗΘЗΑ/ΦΗΘΓϧΗΑ o ΔΓΏϟΘ΅Ζ/ΔΓΏϟΘ΅Ζ);
ODFLXGDG (ΩΗΘΉΝΖ o ΔϱΏΉΝΖ/ΔϱΏΖ $UJRVODVPDVDV\ORVOtGHUHV (ΔΓΏΏΓϟ y
ΔΕΓΗΘΣΘ΅Ζ ORV DUJLYRV OD PXOWLWXG (ϷΛΏΓΙ (Q ERFD GHO FRUR 2U HO
SXHEOR(ΏΉЏΑ DUJLYR(QHOUHODWRGHOPHQVDMHUR 2UORVSHODVJRV
ORV DUJLYRV OD PXOWLWXG (ϷΛΏΓΑ OD FROLQD (ΩΎΕ΅Α OD UHXQLyQ S~EOLFD GHO
SXHEOR (Ώ΅ϲΑ πΖ ΎΓΑΣΖ ODSyOLVORV'DQDLGHVODPXOWLWXG (ΔΏϛΌΓΖ/ΔΏφΌΉ HO
iJRUDODPXFKHGXPEUH(ϵΐΏΓΑ ORVFLXGDGDQRVHQDVDPEOHD(πΎΎΏφΘΝΑ).
&I6$Í' VREUHHOUROGHOSXHEORHQHO2UHVWHV
&I'(520,//< +$// *5,)),7+
&I3257(5 $1'5$'( :5,*+7
6REUHODILJXUDGHOGHPDJRJRHQ2UHVWHV025:22'
&I1,6(7,&+
&I *5,)),7+ VREUH OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ GH ODV UHODFLRQHV
LQWUDDULVWRFUiWLFDVHQHO2UHVWHV
HQGR GHPDJRJR\ODPDVDDWUDYpVGHOGLVSRVLWLYRDVDPEOHDULR\PHQRVD~Q
GH OD MXVWLFLD GLUHFWD TXH OD DVDPEOHD KDEtD KDELOLWDGR DO GHFUHWDU OD
rPRV SRVLELOLGDGGHGDUPXHUWHDORVRSRVLWRUHVDOJRELHUQRGHPRFUiWLFRVLQ
/D MXLFLRSUHYLR FRPRORVHUtDQ2UHVWHV(OHFWUD\3tODGHVVLKHPRVGH
R\HO DFHSWDU OD LGHD TXH SURSRQH FDUDFWHUL]DUORV FRPR DULVWyFUDWDV
WRGH DQWLGHPRFUiWLFRVUDGLFDOHV
GH OD 1LQJXQD GH WRGDV HVWDV FDUDFWHUL]DFLRQHV \ FDWHJRUL]DFLRQHV
SDUD HPHUJHFRPRODH[SUHVLyQDXWRUL]DGDGHODSRVLFLyQHXULSLGHDDQWHHO
D GH FRQIOLFWRGHIRQGRTXHODUHXQLyQGHODDVDPEOHDFRQQRWD5HFRUGHPRV
HQ OD TXHHOSHUVRQDMHHQFX\DERFDVHSRQHHOUHODWRGHORVXFHGLGRHVHO
HQOD PHQVDMHURXQYLHMRODEUDGRUDOTXHVHGHVFULEHFRPRXQFOLHQWHDWDGR
VHOH SRU XQD UHODFLyQ GH ILGHOLGDG \ VXERUGLQDFLyQ FRQ OD FDVD GH
HDQR $JDPHQyQ³3XHVVLHPSUHKDEtDWHQLGRDIHFWRDWXSDGUH\WXFDVDPH
UD OD PDQWHQtD SREUH Vt SHUR QREOH HQ HO WUDWR FRQ ORV DPLJRV´ 2U
VHQ ¢&XiOSRGUtDVHUHOUHODWRGHXQFOLHQWHTXHVHLGHQWLILFD
HQ HO FRQ VX DQWLJXR SDWURQR \ SRU HQGH FRQ HO GHO KLMR GH pVWH \ VXV
VHFXDFHVHQWDQWRTXHDULVWyFUDWDVVLPLODUHVDORVGHODVKHWHUtDV\TXH
SLGHV SUHVHQWDUDVJRVDQiORJRVDORVGHODXWRXUJyVTXHUHFLEHHODSR\RGHORV
SLGHV NKUHVWRt VHPHMDQWHV WDPELpQ D ORV LQWHJUDQWHV GH ODV KHWHUtDV" &RQ
9 QR WRGDOyJLFDVXDODEDQ]DVHGLULJHKDFLDHODFFLRQDUGHpVWRV\VXFUtWLFD
R VH VLQPLUDPLHQWRVUHFDHVREUHHOGHPDJRJR\ODPXOWLWXGTXHORDSR\D
QWD D (VWR HV OR TXH VH HVSHUDUtD 3HUR GHVSRMDQGR DO UHODWR GH ORV
UROD FDOLILFDWLYRVORTXH(XUtSLGHVWUDQVPLWHHVODOtQHDGLYLVRULDHQODOXFKD
DXQD SROtWLFDTXHUHSHUFXWHHQHOGLVSRVLWLYRDVDPEOHDULRODUHS~EOLFDGHORV
QWXUD KRSOLWDVDSR\DGDSRUODDULVWRFUDFLDTXHDSHQDVVLOOHJDDHQFDUQDUVH
DQ HO HQODFR\XQWXUDDWHQLHQVHFRQHOLQWHQWRGHRWRUJDUHOSRGHUDORV&LQFR
XHVWD PLO 7K ODGHPRFUDFLDGHODPXOWLWXG\ORVGHPDJRJRV
U ORV FRQILJXUDGDFRPRHOPRGRUDGLFDOGHODSROtWLFDGHOGrPRV1RVHWUDWD
TXH SXHVGHXQDH[SOtFLWDWRPDGHSRVLFLyQSRUSDUWHGH(XUtSLGHV HVROH
DORV DWDxHDOPHQVDMHUR VLQRGHXQSHQVDPLHQWRGHOFRQIOLFWRH[WUHPRHQWUH
SOLFD ODVIXHU]DVSROtWLFDVTXHRUJDQL]DQODVLWXDFLyQ(QFXDOTXLHUFDVROD
VDOOi FXHVWLyQ GH ODV SUHIHUHQFLDV SROtWLFDV GH (XUtSLGHV SHUPDQHFH
D ORV LQGHFLGLEOH\ORTXHQRVPXHVWUD2UHVWHVHVHOFDUiFWHUGHVJDUUDGRUGHO
GH OD FRQIOLFWR TXH DWUDYLHVD OD pSRFD GH OD FULVLV GH OD GHPRFUDFLD /D
D XQ FXHVWLyQSXHVQRUDGLFDHQODH[SOLFLWDFLyQGHXQDWRPDGHSDUWLGRSRU
VGHO
(VWR HUD OR TXH SURSRQtD HO 'HFUHWR GH 'HPRIDQWR GH D& WUDV OD
UHVWDXUDFLyQGHODGHPRFUDFLDXQDYH]FRQFOXLGRHOJRELHUQRROLJiUTXLFRGHORV
&XDWURFLHQWRV$QGFI6+($5 :,/621
LRQHV &LWR OD WUDGXFFLyQ GH 2UHVWHV HVWDEOHFLGD SRU *$5&Ë$ *8$/ \ '( &8(1&$<
35$'2
SDUWHGHOSRHWDVLQRHQODIRUPDHQTXHODWUDJHGLDDVXPHHOSUREOHPD
GHOFRQIOLFWRSROtWLFRFRQWHPSRUiQHR\ORFRQVWLWX\HHQHOFRQWH[WRHQHO
TXH VRQ FRORFDGRV ORV ³REMHWRV´ PtWLFRV WUDEDMDGRV SRU HO GLVFXUVR
WUiJLFR HQ IXQFLyQ GH SURGXFLU VHQWLGR HQ HO S~EOLFR DWHQLHQVH
FRQYRFiQGRORDSHQVDUVREUHODGHPRFUDFLD
,,,
/D UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GH %DFDQWHV D& QRV VLW~D HQ XQ
FRQWH[WRGHFRQWLQXLGDGHQFXDQWRDORVHIHFWRVGLVROYHQWHVGHODVWiVLV
SDUWLHQGRGHOSUREOHPDGHOGHVGREODPLHQWRTXHQRVH]DQMDUiDWUDYpV
GH XQ SURFHGLPLHQWR GHVWLQDGR D RSHUDU VREUH OD GLYLVLyQ GHO VXMHWR
WUiJLFR VLQR TXH FRQGXFLUi D VX GHVWUXFFLyQ (Q HIHFWR SRU HO
FDPLQR GH OD VWiVLV TXH DWUDYLHVD OD FLXGDG %DFDQWHV QRV OOHYD DO
GHVWUR]RGHOKpURHFRPRDJHQWHUHVSRQVDEOH
/DWUDJHGLDFRPLHQ]DFRQ'LRQLVRGHUHJUHVRHQVX7HEDVQDWDO
FXDQGRJRELHUQDHOUH\3HQWHRKLMRGHÈJDYH\VREULQRGH6pPHOHFRQ
TXLHQ=HXVKDEtDHQJHQGUDGRSUHFLVDPHQWHD'LRQLVR(OGLRVYLHQHD
UHFODPDU TXH OH ULQGDQ FXOWR SHUR DSDUHFH DQWH ORV WHEDQRV FRPR XQ
PRUWDO $QWH HO UHFKD]R GH 3HQWHR \ ORV WHEDQRV 'LRQLVR KDFH
HQORTXHFHUDODVPXMHUHVTXHVHUHWLUDQDOPRQWH&LWHUyQFRPRPpQDGHV
GHGLFDGDVDRILFLDUGHVpTXLWRGHOGLRV
/DWUDQVILJXUDFLyQKXPDQDGH'LRQLVRPDUFDGHDOWHUDFLyQGHO
RUGHQGDGRHVDVXPLGDSRU3HQWHRFRPRODSUHVHQFLDGHXQH[WUDQMHUR
TXH KD YHQLGR D UHYROXFLRQDU OD FLXGDG FRQ XQD VHULH GH PDOHV %D
ΑΉΓΛΐΤ ΘφΑΈв ΦΑΤ ΔΘϱΏΑ Ύ΅ΎΣ 2WUD PDUFD UHIXHU]D HVWD
SULPHUDQRLGHQWLGDGGH'LRQLVRFRQVLJRPLVPRXQWHEDQRTXHSDVD
SRU H[WUDQMHUR LQFOXVR EiUEDUR $ OR FXDO VH VXPD VX FDUiFWHU GH
PDFKRTXHSUHWHQGHDSDUHDUVHFRQODVPXMHUHVWHEDQDV)LQDOPHQWHHO
SURSLR DVSHFWR ItVLFR GH 'LRQLVR \ HO WUDYHVWLVPR GH JpQHUR TXH pO
PLVPR UHDOL]D H LQGXFH SRQHQ HQ HVFHQD XQD ILJXUD IHPLQL]DGD %D
ΌΏϾΐΓΕΚΓΑ ΒνΑΓΑ) 41.
(VWH WUDYHVWLVPR HV XQ DWULEXWR TXH VH WUDQVPLWH 7LUHVLDV \
&DGPR HQ SULPHU OXJDU %D SHUR VREUH WRGR 3HQWHR
OHPD DGRSWDUi HO URSDMH IHPHQLQR ·ΙΑ΅ΎΓΐϟΐУ (O WUDYHVWLVPR GH
HQHO 3HQWHR %D \ OD LUUXSFLyQ GHO PHQDGLVPR
FXUVR VXSRQHQXQDIHPLQL]DFLyQGHODFLXGDGWRGDFRPRSURPHWtD
HQVH 'LRQLVR DO SUHVHQWDU D 7HEDV FRPR XQD PXMHU YHVWLGD FRQ QpEULGH \
WLUVR &RPRLQGLFDHOSURSLRUH\DQWHVGHFDHUSUHVDGHOGLRV
³<DVHSURSDJDFRPRXQLQFHQGLRDTXtFHUFDODLQVROHQFLD (ЂΆΕΗΐ΅)
GH ODV EDFDQWHV £*UDQ DIUHQWD (Μϱ·ΓΖ SDUD ORV JULHJRV´ %D
(Op[WDVLVTXHSURYRFDHQODVEDFDQWHVSURIXQGL]DSXHV
Q XQ OD DOWHULGDG TXH 'LRQLVR YLHQH D SRQHU HQ HVFHQD 7RGDV HVWDV
VWiVLV PDUFDVORFXUDH[WUDQMHUtDEDUEDULHDIHPLQDPLHQWRQRVKDEODQGHORV
DYpV OtPLWHV D SDUWLU GH ORV FXDOHV VH SUHFLVD HQ HO SODQR GH OD LGHQWLGDG
XMHWR FtYLFDHOPXQGRGHORVYDURQHVFLXGDGDQRV3HURWDPELpQVHSRQHQHQ
RU HO HVFHQD ORV HIHFWRV TXH HVRV OtPLWHV SURGXFHQ VREUH HO FXHUSR FX\D
YD DO LGHQWLGDG VH GHILQH HQ HVD UHODFLyQ DGHQWURDIXHUD OD SRVLEOH
FRUUXSFLyQGHGLFKRFXHUSR
QDWDO (VWDVGLVWLQWDVIRUPDVGHGLVROXFLyQGHORVOtPLWHVTXH%DFDQWHV
FRQ SODQWHDQRVSHUPLWHQWHQHUXQDLGHDGHFXiOHVVRQODVWHQVLRQHVDODV
HQHD TXHTXHGDVRPHWLGDHQODHVFHQDWHDWUDOHOFRQMXQWRGHODSyOLV¢6HUtD
PR XQ SHUWLQHQWH DVXPLU TXH HVWD GLVROXFLyQ GH ORV OtPLWHV TXH VH SRQH HQ
KDFH HVFHQD PHGLDQWH DOWHUDFLRQHV TXH DIHFWDQ D OD LGHQWLGDG PDVFXOLQD
DGHV FLXGDGDQD LPSOLFD DVLPLVPR XQ PRGR GH H[SRQHU XQ SURFHVR GH
DJRWDPLHQWRGHHVWDVXEMHWLYLGDG "
QGHO 8QSUREOHPDOLJDGRDODH[WHQXDFLyQVHVLPEROL]DHQODHVFHQD
QMHUR GHO VSDUDJPyVGHOKpURH /D K~EULVGHOWHyPDFR3HQWHRFRQVLVWHHQ
%D SDUDQJRQDUVH FRQ XQ GLRV (Q XQD GLPHQVLyQ GH OD WUDPD 3HQWHR HV
HVWD WDQWRXQWLUDQRFRPRXQIiUPDFR 3HURODPiFXODGH3HQWHRFRQVX
SDVD
HU GH
WHHO 8WLOL]R D YHFHV FRQ OLJHUDV PRGLILFDFLRQHV OD WUDGXFFLyQ GH %DFDQWHV
XH pO HVWDEOHFLGDSRU*$5&Ë$*8$/\'(&8(1&$<35$'2
%D &I *2)) VREUH HO OXJDU GH OD PXMHU
UHVSHFWRGHODFLXGDGDQtDPDVFXOLQD\ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHVXSRVLFLyQDSDUWLU
LDV \ GHXQFRQMXQWRGHULWXDOHV
&I6(*$/
HQWHR
(OWpUPLQRDSDUHFHHQ(%DΗΔ΅Ε΅·ΐΓϧΖ,HQUHODFLyQFRQ3HQWHR\HQ
GREOHFDUiFWHUDODYH]SROtWLFR\UHOLJLRVRQRHVSXUJDGDDSDUWLUGHVX
H[SXOVLyQGHODFLXGDG1RHVpOTXLHQHVH[SXOVDGRVLQR&DGPR\VX
HVWLUSH %D (OGHVPHPEUDPLHQWRGH3HQWHRYDDSRQHUGH
UHOLHYHRWURSODQRGHODDFFLyQWUiJLFD/DVLWXDFLyQVHSUHVHQWDFRPRXQ
VDFULILFLRULWXDOFRQÈJDYHHQp[WDVLVRUJLiVWLFRFRPRVDFHUGRWLVDGHOD
PDWDQ]D %D ϡΉΕν΅ȱ ΚϱΑΓΙ 1R DVRPEUD SXHV HO XVR GH
WpUPLQRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO GHJHOOR ΗΚ΅·φ HQ VX GLPHQVLyQ
VDFULILFLDOFXDQGR'LRQLVRUHODWDODOXFKDLOXVRULDHQWUHHOIDQWDVPD\
3HQWHR pVWH FUHH GHJROODUOR (ΗΚΣΊΝΑ %D FI \
FXDQGR 'LRQLVR DQWLFLSD OD PXHUWH GH 3HQWHR LQYRFD VX GHJHOOR
(Ύ΅Θ΅ΗΚ΅·ΉϟΖ SRUVXPDGUH
&DEH UHFRUGDU HQ HVWH FRQWH[WR OD FRQH[LyQ HQWUH VSKDJp \
VWiVLVTXH1,&2/(/25$8; DQDOL]DHQVXVLJQLILFDFLyQGH
PXHUWH VHGLFLRVD OLJDGD D OD JXHUUD FLYLO /D VSKDJp GH 3HQWHR HV
WDPELpQ XQD PXHUWH VHGLFLRVD HQ HO PDUFR GHO FRPEDWH TXH DXJXUD
'LRQLVR %D DO IUHQWH GHO HMpUFLWR PHQiGLFR ΐ΅ΑΣΗ
ΗΘΕ΅ΘΏ΅ΘЗΑ HQFDVRGHTXHODSyOLVWHEDQDUHFKDFHFRQFyOHUDDODV
EDFDQWHVPHGLDQWHODVDUPDV ΗϿΑ ϵΔΏΓΖ) 47. 'LJDPRVWDPELpQTXHHQ
FRQWUDVWHFRQHOVRVLHJR (ΉЁΓΕ·Ηϟ΅ GHOKRPEUHVDELRTXHPHQFLRQD
'LRQLVR %D FI HVWD FyOHUD (ϴΕ·φ TXH VH SUHGLFD
DFHUFD GH 7HEDV GH 3HQWHR \ GH ORV KRSOLWDV TXH
UHFKD]DQDODVEDFDQWHV HVXQDGHODVFDXVDVTXHVHDVRFLD
FRQHOGHVHQFDGHQDPLHQWRGHODVWiVLV /DRUGHQGH3HQWHRGHUHFOXWDU
D WRGR HO HMpUFLWR %D FRQGXFH ILQDOPHQWH D GHVDWDU XQD
JXHUUD (πΔΗΘΕ΅ΘΉϾΗΓΐΉΑ) FRQWUDODVPXMHUHV
$ OR ODUJR GH %DFDQWHV HV OD JXHUUD OR TXH 'LRQLVR HO
PHQVDMHUR 3HQWHR \ HO FRUR DQXQFLDQ VLQ GHVFDQVR ¢3HUR GH TXp
JXHUUD VH WUDWD" &RQ 'LRQLVR ODV DSDULHQFLDV HQJDxDQ SRUTXH HO
H[WUDQMHUR DVLiWLFR YHQLGR GH /LGLD HV HQ UHDOLGDG XQ WHEDQR SULPR
SHQDVTXHSURSRUFLRQDHOYLQRLQYHQWDGRSRU'LRQLVR\HQYSDUDDQWLFLSDU
OD IDOWD GH UHPHGLR SDUD OD FRQGXFWD GH 3HQWHR DPEDV YHFHV HQ ERFD GH
7LUHVLDV
&I$(X
/25$8;
( %D³<WLHQHXQDFLHUWDSDUWLFLSDFLyQHQHOGRPLQLRGH$UHV$
GHVX KHUPDQR GH 3HQWHR \ SRU VXSXHVWR XQ GLRV /XFKD IUDWULFLGD
\VX HQWRQFHV TXH HQ QDGD FDPELD HO KHFKR GH TXH D 'LRQLVR OR VLJDQ
HUGH PXMHUHV EiUEDUDV SRUTXH D OR ODUJR GHO GUDPD ODV PXMHUHV
PRXQ WHEDQDVVRQODVPpQDGHVSULQFLSDOHVHQFDEH]DGDVSRUODVGHODIDPLOLD
GHOD GH3HQWHR
R GH $UHVHQODIDPLOLDVHJ~QXQDIyUPXODGH1,&2/(/25$8;
QVLyQ $UHVGHQWURGHODSyOLV TXHVHHQXQFLDFRPRQXHYRVPDOHV
PD\ %D ΑΉΓΛΐΤdz Ύ΅ΎΣ SRUTXH ODV PXMHUHV DEDQGRQDQ VXV
\ KRJDUHVQXHYDHSLGHPLD ΑϱΗΓΑ Ύ΅ΑφΑ SRUTXHORVOHFKRV
HOOR VRQXOWUDMDGRVPXMHUHVTXHLUUXPSHQFRPRHQHPLJRV ΔΓΏνΐΓ
\SURGXFHQHODUUHEDWDPLHQWRGHORVQLxRVLQVROHQFLD\DIUHQWDGHODV
Jp \ EDFDQWHV ЂΆΕΗΐ΅…, Μϱ·ΓΖ).
yQGH (VWHGHVJDUUDPLHQWRIDWDOGHODSUHWHQGLGDXQLGDGGHODSyOLVHV
R HV WDQWRPiVSURIXQGRFXDQWRTXHDQWHODGHFLVLyQGHER\HURV\SDVWRUHV
XJXUD HQDVDPEOHD FI σΈΓΒΉ SDUDGDUFD]DDÈJDYH %D ODV
ΑΣΗ PXMHUHV UHVSRQGHQ DUPDGDV БΔΏΗΐνΑ΅) FRQ ORV WLUVRV HQ VXV
DODV PDQRV FRQ XQ LQWHQWR GH GHVFXDUWL]DPLHQWR GH HVWD DYDQ]DGD
HHQ PDVFXOLQD (ΦΑΈΕЗΑ) TXH WHUPLQD GiQGRVH D OD IXJD 8QD
FLRQD VWiVLVTXHVHDJXGL]DDOSXQWRGHTXHHOFRPEDWHGHWLUVRVFRQWUDODQ]DV
HGLFD \HVFXGRVHVXQDJXHUUDHQWUHPXMHUHV ·ΙΑ΅ϧΎΉΖ) \YDURQHVTXHFRUUHQ
TXH GHVHVSHUDGRVDODVDUPDV ϵΔΏ΅ SDUDVHUILQDOPHQWHSXHVWRVHQIXJD
VRFLD %D
FOXWDU $VtSXHVWRGRVORVUDVJRVGHODHQIHUPHGDGTXHD]RWDD7HEDV
XQD TXH3HQWHRDVXPHFRPRH[WHULRUHVDOFXHUSRFtYLFRYLULOYDQDWHUPLQDU
SRUDIHFWDUGHVGHVXSURSLRLQWHULRUDOFXHUSRGHOUH\&XDQGR'LRQLVR
R HO LQGX]FDDODXWRSURFODPDGR ΎΙΕЏΘΉΕΓΖ %D 3HQWHRDWUDYHVWLUVH
TXp WHUPLQDUi GH FRQVXPDUVH OD HQRUPH SHUWXUEDFLyQ ΔΓΏϿΑ
XH HO
ULPR
&I6(*$/
LFLSDU
&I528; ,, ³/DQRXYHOOHHVWJUDYH/HURLHVWOHJDUGLHQGHOD
FD GH
FLWpLOVHIHUDGRQFXQGHYRLUGHOXWWHUFRQWUHO¶DQDUFKLHTXLODPHQDFH NΉΓΛΐΣ:
SRpWLTXHSRXUɋɚđ«FKH]+pURGRWH ,; ΑΉΓΛΐϲΑ Θ ΔΓνΉΑF¶HVWµIDLUHXQH
UpYROXWLRQ¶«´
HV$ &I528; ,, “NϱΗΓΖ (et ΑΓΗΉϧΑ ODPpWDSKRUHGpVLJQHWRXW
DUPDV SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWODµPDODGLH¶GH ODFLWpVHFRXpHSDUOHGpVRUGUH RX ODJXHUUH
GRODV FLYLOH´
&I 528; ,, D SURSyVLWR GH OD DVDPEOHD GH ER\HURV \
SDVWRUHV
Θ΅ΕΣΒ΅Ζ HQXQFLDGD SRU HO UH\ 8QD YH] TXH DGRSWD HO DVSHFWR
IHPHQLQR 3HQWHRLQWHUURJD³¢7HQJRODSRVWXUD (ΗΘΣΗΑ) GH,QR RGH
ÈJDYH PL PDGUH"´ ³&UHR HVWDU YLpQGRODV DO PLUDUWH D WL´ UHVSRQGH
'LRQLVR\DJUHJD³3HURHVWHUL]RVHKDVDOLGRGHVXVLWLR πΒνΗΘΎΉ)”
%D 6RQVLQWRPiWLFRVDTXtHOYRFDEOR VWiVLVFX\RVHQWLGR
QRVHDJRWDHQODVXSXHVWDILMH]DGHODSRVWXUDDGRSWDGD \HOYHUER
πΒϟΗΘΐ FX\RQRPEUHGHDFFLyQ σΎΗΘ΅ΗΖ VHFRQVWUX\HDSDUWLUGHO
WpUPLQRVWiVLV HQODPHGLGDHQTXHHVHUL]RTXHD3HQWHRVHOHVDOHGH
VXVLWLRSUHDQXQFLDHOPRYLPLHQWRIXWXUR1RHVSXHVLQRFHQWHHOXVR
GHDPERVWpUPLQRVHQWDQWRTXHHVD³SRVWXUD´TXHVHVDOHGHVXVLWLR
VHFRUUHVSRQGHFRQODGLYLVLyQ\ODGXSOLFLGDGHVWDEOHFHUVHHQXQOXJDU
\DOPLVPRWLHPSRVDOLUVHGHpOHVHYLGHQWHPHQWHDOWHUDUVH7DPSRFR
HVLQRFHQWHODFRPSDUDFLyQFRQ,QR\ÈJDYH %D VLODPDGUH
GHO UH\ LQLFLD HO VSDUDJPyV ,QR HV TXLHQ FRPSOHWD OD DFFLyQ
3HUR HVWD VWiVLV TXH VH VDOH GH VX VLWLR QR VH HQXQFLD FRPR
SDUWHFRQVWLWXWLYDGHODLGHQWLGDGFLXGDGDQDPDVFXOLQDVLQRFRPRXQD
H[WHULRULGDG FRQYHQLHQWHPHQWH FRORFDGD EDMR ODV IRUPDV GH OR
IHPHQLQR 0RQWDGD VREUH HVD SHUWXUEDFLyQ TXH 3HQWHR KDEtD
IRUPXODGRVXVWiVLVGHYLHQHDVtODVWiVLVGHODSURSLD7HEDVTXHFDPELD
VX SRVWXUD \ VH IHPLQL]D UHVTXHEUDMDQGR OD LGHQWLGDG PDVFXOLQD \
SRQLHQGR HQ PRYLPLHQWR FRPR HO UL]R TXH VH HVFDSD XQD
FRQWUDGLFFLyQTXHQRWDUGDUiHQHVWDOODU 3HQWHRTXHVHXIDQDEDGH
RIUHFHUHQVDFULILFLR %D ΚϱΑΓΖ) DODVEDFDQWHVWHUPLQDVXIULHQGR
pO PLVPR XQD VSKDJp VDFULILFLDO FX\R YDORU GH PXHUWH VHGLFLRVD VH
GHULYDGHHVD VWiVLVTXHVHVDOHGHVXFDXFH\GDOXJDUDO VSDUDJPyV
(QHVWHVHQWLGRODVWiVLV\ILQDOPHQWHODVSKDJpGH3HQWHRVHUtDQODVGH
3RUQXHVWUDSDUWHKHPRVVHJXLGRODVOHFWXUDVFRLQFLGHQWHVGH0855$<
DGORF\',**/( DGORFΘχΑ ̝·΅ϾΖdz ·в.
&I 9,'$/1$48(7 OD VWiVLV VH LQWHUQD HQ HO UH\ 3HQWHR
GHVGREODGRHQWUHHOKRSOLWD\ODPXMHU
SHFWR XQFXHUSRTXHHVFRQGXFLGRDXQDPXHUWHVHGLFLRVDHQHOPDUFRGHOD
RGH JXHUUD TXH DWUDYLHVD OD FLXGDG 3DUD GHVWDFDU GHO PRGR PiV WUiJLFR
RQGH SRVLEOHORVDVSHFWRVGHHVWDH[WHQXDFLyQGHOFXHUSRODILJXUDGH3HQWHR
ΎΉ)” VHIHPLQL]DMXVWRDQWHVGHSHUGHUGHILQLWLYDPHQWHVXSRGHU2WDOYH]
QWLGR GHEHUtDPRVGHFLUVLJXLHQGRD$1$,5,$57( TXHHOSRGHUYLULO
YHUER VHUHSUHVHQWDEDMRXQDIRUPDIHPLQL]DGDSDUDH[SRQHUDQWHHOS~EOLFR
UGHO VXSURSLRSURFHVRGHDJRWDPLHQWR/DLGHQWLGDGGHOFXHUSRVHYHDVt
OHGH GHVERUGDGD SRU VXV RWURV DPHQD]DQWHV TXH VLQ HPEDUJR QR VRQ
OXVR H[WHULRUHVDGLFKRFXHUSRVLQRVXSURSLROtPLWHLQWHUQRHOVXUFRP~OWLSOH
VLWLR GHORVPiUJHQHVTXHORDWUDYLHVDQ
OXJDU 5HVSHFWRGHODILJXUDGH3HQWHRHVWDUXSWXUDKDFHGH%DFDQWHV
SRFR QR WDQWR ³XQD WUDJHGLD GH OD H[FOXVLyQ´ FRPR SURSRQtD 3,(55(
PDGUH 9,'$/1$48(7 VLQR GH OD GHVDSDULFLyQ GHO SURSLR DJHQWH
FFLyQ YLULOGHODGHVWUXFFLyQGHDTXHOTXHSDUDELHQRSDUDPDOHQFDUQDOD
SyOLV&+$5/(6 6(*$/ KDGLFKRTXHHQODLPDJLQHUtD\OD
FRPR DFFLyQHVFpQLFDGH%DFDQWHVKD\XQDUHODFLyQLPSOtFLWDHQWUHHOFXHUSR
RXQD GHOUH\\HOFXHUSRSROtWLFR3RUVXSDUWH3(7(5 (8%(1 FI
H OR KDVRVWHQLGRTXHHOGHVPHPEUDPLHQWRGHXQFXHUSRSROtWLFR
KDEtD HO GHVJDUUDPLHQWR YLROHQWR GHO WRGR HQ SDUWHV HYRFD LPiJHQHV GH
PELD JXHUUD FLYLO ORFXUD \ PXHUWH LGHQWLGDGHV FRQIXQGLGDV R SHUGLGDV
QD \ &RPR SODQWHD )520$ =(,7/,1 ODV PXMHUHV GHVKDFHQ HO
XQD FXHUSR OOHYDGDV D XQ HVWDGR GH UHJUHVLyQ SULPLWLYD GHVFR\XQWDQ VXV
EDGH PLHPEURV GHVKDFHQ ODV HVWUXFWXUDV TXH \D QR UHVLVWHQ HQ VX
HQVLPLVPDPLHQWRHQRSRVLFLyQDWRGRORIHPHQLQRHO\RPDVFXOLQRVH
HQGR
IUDJPHQWD \ HVWDOOD 3DUD 9,&725,$ :2+/ HO VSDUDJPyV
VD VH
IUDJPHQWDHOXQRHQPXFKRV3HQWHRHVUHGXFLGRDOQLYHOPROHFXODUHV
PyV
GHVJXD]DGR \ GHVSRMDGR GH VXV UDVJRV GH LGHQWLILFDFLyQ
DVGH
FRQYLUWLpQGRVH HQ XQ FXHUSRVLQyUJDQRV FDUHQWH GH RUJDQL]DFLyQ
(VWHGHVJDUUDPLHQWR\DQRHVODFRQFLHQFLDVLQVXWXUDQLODWHQVLyQGH
XQ GHVHQODFH VLQR OD LPSRVLELOLGDG IXWXUD GH QXHYRV GHVHQODFHV OD
LPSRVLELOLGDGGHYROYHUDGHFLGLU(OGHVFXDUWL]DPLHQWRGH3HQWHRYLHQH
GH OD D VLPEROL]DU HO TXLHEUH VLQ UHWRUQR GH HVWD ILJXUD VXEMHWLYD YLULO HO
HMDGR DJRWDPLHQWR GH XQD VXEMHWLYLGDG FRQILJXUDGD D SDUWLU GH ORV
GXFHQ SURFHGLPLHQWRV GHFLVRULRV <D QR KD\ HVFLVLyQ VXEMHWLYD QL FXHUSR
SROtWLFR\DQRKD\WDPSRFRVXMHWRDJHQWH&RPRGLFHHOPHQVDMHUR³(O
25$8;
+$5'6
855$<
HQWHR :RKO WRPD OD LGHD GH FXHUSRVLQyUJDQRV GH '(/(8=( \ *8$77$5,
FXHUSR KD TXHGDGR GLVHPLQDGR« QR HV IiFLO GH HQFRQWUDU´ %D
(O GHVPHPEUDPLHQWR GH 3HQWHR SRQH GH UHOLHYH DVt HO
GHVSHGD]DPLHQWR GH XQ FXHUSR HO HVWDOOLGR GH VXV SDUWHV 1R HV
LPSRVLEOHSHQVDUTXHDSDUWLUGHODH[DFHUEDFLyQGHORVFDUDFWHUHVGHO
FXHUSRSROtWLFRHQFDUQDGRHQHOUH\VHSRQHQGHPDQLILHVWRORVHIHFWRV
TXHHQHOVHQRGHOFXHUSRFLXGDGDQRSURGXFHODVWiVLVFXDQGRVHYXHOYH
GHVJDUUDGRUDSDUDOD SyOLV$VtHQOD$WHQDVGHILQHVGHOVLJOR9D&
DWUDYHVDGD LQWHUQDPHQWH SRU OD HQIHUPHGDG GH OD JXHUUD FLYLO HO
GHVFXDUWL]DPLHQWRGH3HQWHRYHQGUtDDVLPEROL]DUODGHJHQHUDFLyQVLQ
UHWRUQRODGLYLVLyQVLQVXWXUDGHODILJXUDVXEMHWLYDGHOUH\RORTXHHV
OR PLVPR HO HVWDOOLGR GHO FXHUSR SROtWLFR FLXGDGDQR HQ XQR GH ORV
PRPHQWRVPiVWUiJLFRVGHODKLVWRULDGHODGHPRFUDFLDDWHQLHQVH
,9
( %D ³6X FXHUSR SRU HO TXH PH KH IDWLJDGR HQ LQFRQWDEOH
E~VTXHGDORWUDLJRDTXtGHVSXpVGHHQFRQWUDUORHQORVUHSOLHJXHVGHO&LWHUyQ
GHVFXDUWL]DGR (Έ΅ΗΔ΅Ε΅ΎΘϱΑ), VLQ KDOODU GRVWUR]RV HQ XQPLVPRVLWLRVLQR
GLVHPLQDGR (ΎΉϟΐΉΑΓΑ SRUHOERVTXHGLItFLOGHUDVWUHDU(ΈΙΗΉΙΕνΘУ)”.
V GH
WDGH
D/D
QDURQ
U ODV %LEOLRJUDItD
RORV
ODURQ $1'5$'( 1 ³/DV GHVYHQWXUDV GHO OyJRV HQ HO 2UHVWHV GH
UDHV (XUtSLGHV (O UHODWR GHO PHQVDMHUR HQ OD HFRQRPtD GH OD
WH DO LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ´HQ$1'5$'(1 HG $YHQWXUDV\GHVYHQWXUDV
R HO GH OD SDODEUD SROtWLFD HQ OD $WHQDV FOiVLFD %XHQRV $LUHV SS
D VH
$9(5< +& ³6RSKRFOHV¶ 3ROLWLFDO &DUHHU´ +LVWRULD SS
HQOD
D OD %$',28$ 3HXWRQSHQVHUODSROLWLTXH"3DULV
H GH %((5 - 6RSKRFOHV DQG WKH 7UDJHG\ RI $WKHQLDQ 'HPRFUDF\
VXHOR :HVWSRUW
LVLyQ %,5*(' ³7KH*URYHRIWKH(XPHQLGHV5HIXJHDQG+HUR6KULQH
RQGH LQ2HGLSXVDW&RORQXV´&-SS
V GH %/81'(//0: +HOSLQJ)ULHQGV+DUPLQJ(QHPLHV$6WXG\LQ
6RSKRFOHVDQG*UHHN(WKLFV&DPEULGJH
QWDEOH
WHUyQ
VLQR $JUDGH]FRORVFRPHQWDULRV\VXJHUHQFLDVGHOHYDOXDGRUDQyQLPR&XDOTXLHU
HUURUUHPDQHQWHHVPLUHVSRQVDELOLGDG
)HFKDGHUHFHSFLyQ
)HFKDGHDFHSWDFLyQ