Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2-,(8523,
25*$1,&/,9(672&.,17+(5(38%/,&2)&52$7,$$1'(8523(
(.2/2ä.2672ÿ$5679285(38%/,&,+59$76.2-,(8523,
=$QWXQRYLþé6HQĀLþ-1RYRVHOHF'DQLMHOD6DPDFæHOMND.OLU
5HYLHZVFLHQWLILFSDSHU3UHJOHGQL]QDQVWYHQLĀODQDN
5HFHLYHG3ULPOMHQR-XO\VUSDQM
6800$5<
7KHDLPRIWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\ZDVWRDQDO\]HWKHVLWXDWLRQLQRUJDQLFOLYHVWRFN
IDUPLQJLQ&URDWLDDQG(XURSH,QWKH(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVLQWKH\HDUDURXQG
PLOOLRQFDWWOHPLOOLRQVKHHSPLOOLRQSLJVDQGPLOOLRQSRXOWU\ZHUHUH
JLVWHUHGLQRUJDQLFIDUPLQJ7KHKLJKHVWVKDUHRIRUJDQLFDOO\UHJLVWHUHGGRPHVWLF
DQLPDOV FRPSDUHG WR WKH WRWDO SRSXODWLRQ LQ (XURSH DQG WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ
ZDVLQFDWWOHDQGDQGVKHHSDQGDQGWKHORZHVWLQSLJV
DQG,Q&URDWLDWKHKLJKHVWVKDUHLVLQVKHHSDQGWKHORZHVW
LQSRXOWU\QXPEHU7KHODUJHVWLQFUHDVHLQUHFHQWWHQ\HDUVLQWKH(8KDV
EHHQLQWKHQXPEHURISRXOWU\E\DQGWKHVPDOOHVWLQWKHQXPEHURISLJVE\
ZKLOHWKHLQFUHDVHZDVWKHQXPEHURIFDWWOHDQGVKHHSZDVDURXQG
DQGUHVSHFWLYHO\,Q&URDWLDRUJDQLFVKHHSSURGXFWLRQLQFUHDVHGWKHPRVWE\
ZKLOHWKHQXPEHURIFDWWOHDQGSRXOWU\LQFUHDVHGE\DQGDQGWKH
VPDOOHVWLQFUHDVHLVLQWKHQXPEHURISLJVE\7KHPDMRULW\RIRUJDQLFPHDWRI
DOOVSHFLHVRIGRPHVWLFDQLPDOVLVSURGXFHGLQ)UDQFHDQGLQ8QLWHG.LQJGRPZKL
OHRUJDQLFPLONLVSURGXFHGPRVWO\LQ*HUPDQ\DQG)UDQFH'XULQJWKH\HDU
PRVW RUJDQLF EHHI ZDV SURGXFHG LQ WKH 8. DQG )UDQFH RUJDQLF SRUN LQ )UDQFH
DQG)LQODQGRUJDQLFVKHHSPHDWLQ6SDLQDQGWKH8.RUJDQLFJRDWPHDWLQ6SDLQ
ZKLOHPRVWRIRUJDQLFSRXOWU\ZDVSURGXFHGLQ)UDQFHDQGLQWKH8.$VLJQLILFDQW
LQFUHDVH LQ WKH QXPEHU RI OLYHVWRFN LQ RUJDQLF IDUPLQJ LQ (XURSH DQG LQ &URDWLD
LQGLFDWHVDQLQFUHDVLQJLQWHUHVWLQRUJDQLFOLYHVWRFNIDUPLQJQRWRQO\LQFUHDVHRI
IDUPHUV DQG SURFHVVRUV EXW DOVR LQFUHDVH RI FRQVXPHUV RI RUJDQLF SURGXFWV LQ
(XURSHDQFRXQWULHV
.H\ZRUGVRUJDQLFOLYHVWRFNIDUPLQJRUJDQLFDQLPDOSURGXFWV&URDWLD(XUR
SH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ
3URI GU VF =YRQNR $QWXQRYLþ HPDLO ]DQWXQRYLF#ID]RVKU L]Y SURI GU VF -RVLS 1RYRVHOHF SURI GU VF éXUR 6HQĀLþ GRF GU VF
'DQLMHOD6DPDFGUVFæHOMND.OLU)DNXOWHWDJURELRWHKQLĀNLK]QDQRVWL2VLMHN6YHXĀLOLåWH--6WURVVPD\HUDX2VLMHNX93UHORJD
2VLMHN&URDWLD
7DEOH7RWDOQXPEHURIOLYHVWRFNLQ(XURSH(8DQGWKH5HSXEOLFRI&URDWLDLQWKH\HDUDQGSHUFHQWDJH
RIOLYHVWRFNQXPEHULQRUJDQLFIDUPLQJFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIOLYHVWRFNDQGLWVLQFUHDVHLQ
UHFHQW\HDUVLQ(XURSHDQGUHFHQW\HDUVLQ&URDWLD)L%/(85267$7&URDWLDQ%XUHDXRI
6WDWLVWLFV035+
7DEOLFD8NXSDQEURMVWRNHX(XURSL(8L5HSXEOLFL+UYDWVNRMXJRGLQLWHSRVWRWQLXGLREURMDVWRNHX
HNRORåNRPX]JRMXXXNXSQRPEURMXVWRNHLSRYHþDQMHEURMDX]DGQMLKJRGLQDX(XURSLWH]DGQMLK
JRGLQDX5+)L%/(85267$7'UçDYQL]DYRG]DVWDWLVWLNX5+035+
7DEOH1XPEHURIOLYHVWRFNLQRUJDQLFIDUPLQJLQ(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVDQGLWVWRWDOQXPEHULQ(8GXULQJ
(XURVWDW
7DEOLFD%URMHNRORåNLX]JDMDQLKGRPDþLKçLYRWLQMDX(XURSLSR]HPOMDPDLXNXSQR]D(8XJRGLQL
(XURVWDW
,W LV HYLGHQW WKDW LQ WKH \HDU WKH ODUJHVW 7KHDQDO\VLVRITXDQWLWLHVRIWKHPRVWUHSUHVHQ
QXPEHURIFDWWOHUHJLVWHUHGLQRUJDQLFIDUPLQJZDV WHGRUJDQLFDQLPDOSURGXFWVLQ(XURSHE\FRXQWU\
LQ*HUPDQ\)UDQFHDQG$XVWULD7KHODUJHVWQXPEHU DQGWRWDOTXDQWLW\LQ(8GXULQJVKRZVWKDW
RIRUJDQLFVKHHSZDVLQ*UHHFH)UDQFHDQG8QLWHG RUJDQLFPHDWRIDOOOLYHVWRFNVSHFLHVLVSURGXFHGLQ
.LQJGRPDQGWKHODUJHVWQXPEHURIRUJDQLFJRDWV )UDQFHDQGWKH8.ZKLOHRUJDQLFPLONLVSURGXFHG
ZDVUDLVHGLQ*UHHFH,WDO\DQG)UDQFH7KHODUJHVW PRVWO\LQ*HUPDQ\DQG)UDQFH'XULQJRUJD
QXPEHURISLJVUHJLVWHUHGLQRUJDQLFIDUPLQJZDVLQ QLFEHHIZDVPRVWO\SURGXFHGLQWKH8.DQG)UDQFH
'HQPDUN )UDQFH DQG *HUPDQ\ SRXOWU\ LQ )UDQFH ZKLOHRUJDQLFSRUNZDVPRVWO\SURGXFHGLQ)UDQFH
'HQPDUNDQG,WDO\ZKLOHWKHODUJHVWQXPEHURIKRU DQG)LQODQG7DEOHSUHVHQWVWKDWPRVWRIRUJDQLF
VHVZDVLQ$XVWULD6ZLW]HUODQGDQGWKH&]HFK5H VKHHSPHDWLQWKH\HDUZDVSURGXFHGLQ6SDLQ
SXEOLF$QDQDO\VLVRQWKHVKDUHRIRUJDQLFOLYHVWRFN DQGWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRPRUJDQLFJRDWPHDWLQ6SD
LQWKH(8DQGDFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHWRWDOQXP LQ DQG RUJDQLF SRXOWU\ PHDW LQ )UDQFH DQG LQ WKH
EHURIRUJDQLFDOO\UHJLVWHUHGOLYHVWRFNLQ(XURSHUH 8QLWHG.LQJGRP
YHDOHGDVLPLODUSHUFHQWDJHIRUPRVWOLYHVWRFNZLWK
7KH VLJQLILFDQW LQFUHDVH LQ WKH QXPEHU RI OLYH
DORZHUSURSRUWLRQIRUKRUVHV7KHDERYH
VWRFN LQ RUJDQLF IDUPLQJ LQ (XURSH DQG LQ WKH 5H
LQGLFDWHGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKH(8FRXQWULHVLQWKH
SXEOLFRI&URDWLDLQGLFDWHVDQLQFUHDVLQJLQWHUHVWLQ
RYHUDOO(XURSHDQSRSXODWLRQRIOLYHVWRFNUHJLVWHUHG
RUJDQLF OLYHVWRFN IDUPLQJ QRW RQO\ E\ WKH IDUPHUV
LQRUJDQLFIDUPLQJ7KHSUHVHQFHRIUXPLQDQWVLQRU
DQGSURFHVVRUVEXWDOVRE\FRQVXPHUVRIRUJDQLF
JDQLFIDUPLQJLQ6SDLQ*HUPDQ\DQGLQWKH8QLWHG
SURGXFWV
.LQJGRPLVVLJQLILFDQWZKLFKLVDOVRDVVRFLDWHGZLWK
WKHODUJHVWUHJLVWHUHGRUJDQLFSDVWXUHVLQWKHVHFR
XQWULHVLQ(XURSH
7DEOH4XDQWLW\RIDQLPDOSURGXFWVLQ(XURSHE\FRXQWULHVDQGWRWDOTXDQWLW\LQ(8GXULQJ\HDU
(XURVWDW
7DEOLFD.ROLĀLQDHNRORåNLKDQLPDOQLKSURL]YRGDX(XURSLSR]HPOMDPDLXNXSQR]D(8XJRGLQL
(XURVWDW
0HDWW0HVRW
&RXQWU\ 0LONW
=HPOMD 7RWDO %HHI 3RUN 6KHHS *RDW &KLFNHQ 0OLMHNRW
8NXSQR *RYHāHPHVR 6YLQMVNRPHVR 2YĀMHPHVR .R]MHPHVR 0HVRSHUDGL
%XOJDULD
&]HFK5HS
'HQPDUN
*HUPDQ\
(VWRQLD
,UHODQG
*UHHFH
6SDLQ
)UDQFH
&URDWLD
&\SUXV
/DWYLD
/LWKXDQLD
/X[HPERXUJ
+XQJDU\
$XVWULD
3RODQG
5RPDQLD
6ORYHQLD
6ORYDNLD
)LQODQG
6ZHGHQ
*UHDW%ULW
,FHODQG
1RUZD\
6HUELD
7XUNH\
(XURSH
(8
(8LQ(XURSH
6$æ(7$.
&LOM MH RYRJD LVWUDçLYDQMD ELR DQDOL]LUDWL VLWXDFLMX X HNRORåNRP VWRĀDUVWYX X
5HSXEOLFL+UYDWVNRML(XURSL8HXURSVNLP]HPOMDPDXHNRORåNLPX]JRMLPD
HYLGHQWLUDQRMHRNRPLOLMXQDJRYHGDPLOLMXQDRYDFDRNRPLOLMXQVYLQMDWH
RNRPLOLMXQDSHUDGL1DMYHþLXGLRHNRORåNLUHJLVWULUDQLKGRPDþLKçLYRWLQMDXXVSR
UHGELVXNXSQRPSRSXODFLMRPX(XURSLL(8MH]DJRYHGDLLRYFH
LDQDMQLçL]DVYLQMHL1DMYLåLXGLRX5HSXEOLFL+UYDWVNRMMH
RYDFDDQDMQLçLSHUDGL1DMYHþHSRYHþDQMHX]DGQMLKGHVHWJRGLQD
X(8MHEURMDSHUDGL]DDQDMPDQMHEURMDVYLQMD]DGRNMHSRYHþDQ
MH EURMD JRYHGD L RYDFD ELOR RNR L 8 5HSXEOLFL +UYDWVNRM X HNRORåNLP
X]JRMLPDQDMYLåHMHSRYHþDQEURMRYDFD]DRNRGRNMHEURMJRYHGDLSHUDGL
SRUDVWDR]DRNRLDQDMPDQMHMHSRYHþDQEURMVYLQMD]DRNR1DMYLåH
MHHNRORåNRJPHVDVYLKGRPDþLKçLYRWLQMDSURL]YHGHQRX)UDQFXVNRML9HOLNRM%ULWD
QLMLDHNRORåNRJPOLMHNDX1MHPDĀNRML)UDQFXVNRM7LMHNRPJRGLQHSURL]YH
GHQRMHQDMYLåHHNRORåNRJJRYHāHJPHVDX9HOLNRM%ULWDQLMLL)UDQFXVNRMHNRORå
NRJVYLQMVNRJPHVDX)UDQFXVNRML)LQVNRMHNRORåNRJRYĀMHJPHVDXäSDQMROVNRML
9HOLNRM%ULWDQLMLHNRORåNRJNR]MHJPHVDXäSDQMROVNRMDHNRORåNRJPHVDSHUDGLX
)UDQFXVNRML9HOLNRM%ULWDQLML8WYUāHQR]QDĀDMQRSRYHþDQMHEURMDGRPDþLKçLYRWLQMD
X HNRORåNLP X]JRMLPD X (XURSL L X 5+ XND]XMH QD VYH YHþL LQWHUHV ]D HNRORåNLP
VWRĀDUVWYRPQHVDPRX]JDMLYDĀDLSUHUDāLYDĀDQHJRLNRQ]XPHQDWDHNRORåNLKSUR
L]YRGDXHXURSVNLP]HPOMDPD
.OMXĀQH ULMHĀL HNRORåNR VWRĀDUVWYR HNRORåNL DQLPDOQL SURL]YRGL +UYDWVND
(XURSD(XURSVNDXQLMD