Complied by Hamilton Sikwana & Jelutheni Fillipus

 APAstands for American Psychological

Association.
 Chicago manual style (16th edition)--- commonly used by
those working in literature, history, and the arts.
 Harvard referencing style
 MLA (Modern Language Association)
 AMA (American Medical Association)
 It is important (morally & legally) to acknowledge
someone else‟s ideas or words you have used.
 Academic writing encourages paraphrasing
 Paraphrasing means re-wording something you have
read in to your own words.
 If you don‟t acknowledge someone‟s work you be
accused of plagiarism or copyright infringement.
 Referencing correctly enables the marker or reader of your
assignment to locate the source of the information.
 Referencing also allows for you to retrace your steps and
locate information you have used for assignments and
discover further views or ideas discussed by the author.
 By referencing clearly and correctly, it demonstrates you have
undertaken research on the assignment topic and located
relevant information.
 citing in text, in text citations or text citations--
--this demonstrates support for your ideas,
arguments and views.

 The reference list--- this shows the complete

details of everything you cited and appears in an
alphabetical list on a separate page, at the end of
your assignment.
 Babbie (2010) defined a questionnaire as a
communication medium that contains a list of
questions that respondents answer for data
collection.

A questionnaire is a communication medium that

contains a list of questions that respondents
answer for data collection (Babbie, 2010).
 Item/source with 3 authors and more, cite only the only
the last name of the first author followed by the words et
al. („et al.‟ is Latin for „and others‟)

 Mangan, et al. (2012) state that companies outsource

certain activities to other companies.
 Companies outsource certain activities to other
companies (Mangan, et al., 2012) .
 First citation
E.g Ministry of education (MOE, 2020)
(Ministry of Education [MoE],2020)
 second

(MoE, 2020)

WITHOUT
University of California (2019)
(University of California, 2019)
Note: APA requires that any quotation over 40
words to be indented.
Direct quotation for not more than 40 words
“Industry 4.0 enables the manufacturing sector to
become digitalized with built-in sensing devices
virtually in all manufacturing components, products
and equipment” (Tay et al., 2018, p.1389).
According to Tay et al. (2018, p.1389), “Industry 4.0
enables the manufacturing sector to become
digitalized with built-in sensing devices virtually in all
manufacturing components, products and
equipment”.
 Note: Name the original work in-text and the
secondary source in the Reference List e.g.
 Cook and Campbell (as cited in McMillan &
Schumacher, 2001)
 Note: McMillan & Schumacher are cited in the
Reference List, not Cooke and Campbell.
Note: For works with an unknown author, include
the title and year of publication in the in-text citation.
If the title of the work is italicized in the reference,
also italicize it in the in-text citation. If it is not
italicized, use double quotation marks. Use title
case even though sentence case is used in the
reference. If the title is long, shorten it.
 Book with no author: (Interpersonal Skills, 2019)
Magazine article with no author: (“Understanding
Sensory Memory,” 2018)
Single book:

 Babbie, E. (2010). The practice of social science (12th ed.).

United States of America: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Two or three authors

 Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (2003). The landscape of qualitative

research: Theories issues (2nd ed.). London: Sage
Publications.

Edited Book:
 Hacker, Hughes, J. (Ed.). (2017). Military veteran psychological
health and social care: Contemporary approaches.
Routledge.
Chapter in an Edited Book:
 Weinstock, R., Leong, G. B., & Silvia, J. A. (2003).
Defining forensic psychiatry: Roles and responsibilities.
In R. Rosner (Ed.), Principles and practice of forensic
psychiatry (2nd ed., pp. 7-13). CRC Press.

 Note: use (n.d.) for items without date of publication

 Journal article:with a DOI:

Buys, C.M., & Shaw, P.L. (2015). Data management practices

across an institution: Survey and report. Journal of
Librarianship and Scholarly Communication, 3 (2),1-24.
http://.org/10.7710/2162-3309.1225

Journal Article, with a DOI, 21 or more authors:

Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven,D.,

Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu,
Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J.,
Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., . . .
Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP /NCAR 40-year reanalusis
project. Bulletin of the American Meterological Society, 77(3),
437-471. http:// doi.org/fg6rf9
Journal Article, without a DOI, with a nondatabase
URL:
 Campbell, E.G., & Bendavid, E. (2003). Data
sharing and data-withholding in genetics and the
life sciences: Results of a national
survey of technology transfer officers. Journal of
Health Care Law Policy, 6 (2), 241-255.
https://www.digitalcommons.law.umaryland
edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://w
w.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1216&
ontext=jhclp
 Printed Newspaper Articles
Method: Surname, Initials. (Year, Month Date). Title of article in
sentence case. Newspaper Title in Italics and Title Case, p. or pp.

 Nembwaya, H. (2021, August 23). The Namibian Newspaper.

Needy communities to get special N$ 600 monthly grant,
p.3.

Electronic newspaper:

 Wolf, V. (2020, September 08). The Namibian Newspaper.

Opposition rejects N$500 grant.
https://www.namibian.com.na/204692/archive
read/Opposition-rejects-N$500-grant
 Conference proceeding paper:
Blakey, N., Guinea, S., & Saghafi, F. (2017). Transforming
undergraduate nursing curriculum by aligning
models of clinical reasoning through simulation. In
R. Walker & S. Bedford (Eds.), Research and
Development in Higher Education: Vol. 40.
Curriculum Transformation (pp. 25-37). Higher
Education Research and Development Society of
Australasia. http://www.herdsa.org.au/research
and-development-higher-education-vol-40-25
Conference session:
Fistek, A., Jester, E., & Sonnenberg, K. (2017, July
12-15). Everybody's got a little music in
them: Using music therapy to connect,
engage, and motivate [Conference session].
Autism Society National Conference,
Milwaukee, WI, United States.
https://asa.confex.com/asa/2017/webpr
gramarchives/Session9517.html
Paper presentation
Ujakpa, M. (2021, August 20-21). Emergence of
4th industrial revolution in Southern Africa
[Paper presentation]. South-eastern
Technological Association 62nd Annual
Meeting, Windhoek, Namibia.
Website:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, Month, Day).
Title of work in sentence case. Site Name. URL

Oduor, M. (2021, July 06). How the prominent Nigerian

televangelist TB Joshua died. African news.
https://www.africanews.com/2021/06/07/how-the
prominent-nigerian-televangelist-tb-joshua-died//
Webpage on a Website: Group Author and no
date
Association of Massage Therapists.
(n.d.). Benefits of
massage. http://www.amt.org.au/massa
e-and-you/benefits-of-massage.html
 Theses or dissertations
Note: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis in
sentence case [Type of publication, Name of Institution
Awarding the Degree]. Database or Archive Name. URL

 Samupwa, A. N. (2019). Adopting research data management

(RDM) practices at the Cape Town. [Master’s thesis,
University of Cape Town]. Open UCT.
Available: http://hdl.handle.net/11070/ 689
Australian Psychological Society. (2020, January 9). Children cope
with trauma in different ways. Look for changes in behaviour
that suggest they are unsettled or distressed [Image with link
attached]. Facebook.
https://www.facebook.com/pg/AustralianPsychologicalSociety/
osts/?ref=page_internal