MODULE I  It should be a continuous flame of love
considering the fact that we receive the for the rights of others
GOOD CITIZENSHIP
Who are the Citizens of the Philippines?
Section 1 of the Philippine Constitution
provides that the following are citizens of the
Philippines:
 Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the
time of the adoption of this Constitution;
 Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of
the Philippines
 Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino
mothers, who elect Philippine Citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority; and
 Those who are naturalized in accordance with
law.
Duties and Obligations of Citizens
To be loyal to the Republic
 This means that we have faith and confidence
in the Republic and love and devotion to the
country
 We have to be proud being Filipinos, respect
our customs, traditions language and
institutions
To defend the State
 Considering the fact that our country is our
home, it is prime duty to love and defend the
state at all costs regardless of our creed,
religious beliefs, and wisdom.
 Loving one’s country can be shown not by
words but by deeds
To exercise rights responsibly and with due regard
benefits and protection from the State of which
 No man is an island and we have to live
we are a part. In return, it is our primary and
with others. In the exercise of our rights,
honorable duty to defend it against any peril
we have to see to it that we also respect
whether from within or from without.
the rights of other people. If we do this, we
To contribute to the development and welfare of can expect harmonious relationship among
the State members of the society.
 We can do this in the form of paying our To engage in gainful work
taxes willingly and promptly, by helping
 It is stated in the Bible that if we want to
maintain peace and order, conserving
eat, we have to work. It is our obligation as
natural resources, the promotion of social
citizens of our country to become
justice by suggesting supportive measures
productive, by engaging in gainful work so
beneficial to the people as a whole, by
that we can provide the basic needs of our
patronizing local products and trade and by
family and ourselves as well.
engaging in productive work.
To registered and vote
To uphold the Constitution and obey the laws
 It is our prime duty as citizens of the
 It is our prime obligation to uphold the
Philippines to register and vote. Suffrage is
Constitution and obey laws. If the people
both a privilege and a duty which every
would disregard them, our country would
qualified citizen must perform.
collapse and we will not have peace and
 It is not sufficient to just register and vote,
order.
but it is coupled with intellectual
To cooperate with duly constituted authorities judgement during election. We have to
consider the different political issues by
 In every organization, there is always a
different candidates, so that, at least, we
leader to manage the affairs of all
can choose the right person to manage
constituents. If the members will not
government affairs.
cooperate, we can never expect to become
successful in all undertakings that our How can we become GOOD CITIZEN?
government would like to do for the good
We can become good citizens by living in
of its citizens.
accordance with good citizenship values which can
be derive from the preamble of the Philippine
Constitutions such as:
  Faith in God
 Patriotism
 Work
 Respect for Life
 Respect for Law and Government
 Truth
 Justice
 Freedom
 Love
 Equality
 Peace
 Promotion of the Common Good
 Concern for the Family and Future
Generations
 Concern for the Environment and Order
Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid
of Almighty God, in order to build a just and
humane society and establish a Government that
shall embody ideals and aspirations, promote the
common good, conserve and develop our
patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our
prosperity, the blessings of independence and
democracy under the rule of law and a regime of
truth, justice, freedom, love, equality and peace, to
ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
BASIC VALUES
1. Unity – we want to be as one people. We
cherish oneness – as co-citizens of our
country, as members of our family, as co-
workers in an institution.
2. Patriotism – we want the best of our
country. We want our country be respected
and honored its citizenry and by the whole which tranquil could expect harmony
world. among others and ourselves as well as with
3. Faith in Almighty God – We want to have the environment.
God present in our lives. We want to have a 12. Promotion of the Common Good – we
relationship of trust in him. We want to ask want all Filipinos to meet their basic
for God’s help beyond what we ourselves minimum needs and to have opportunities
can do. to develop and use our god-given
4. Respect for life – we want all human life to potentials.
be preserved, nurtured and safeguarded. 13. Concern for the Family and Future
5. Respect for Law and Government – we Generations – we want what is best for our
want that the rule of law be upheld by all family and for every single member in the
and at all times, that Government be present and future generations.
accorded respect and all laws be complied 14. Concern for the Environment and Order –
with. we want the environment to be preserved
6. Truth – we want that we ourselves and and nurtured, and for ourselves and others
other be true; that the truth reign in our to be good stewards of the environment.
land. 15. Order – we want organizations, system, and
7. Justice – we want that everyone be given predictability in all aspects of our daily lives
what is due him/her as a human being, and and our life as a nation.
that what governs all relationships is 16. Work – everybody wants to have a job to
morally and legally upright. support the basic needs of his family.
8. Freedom – we want that each one of us be
able to experience our freedom of will.
9. Love – we want that each one of us desire
to love and be loved. Love begets love. If
love reigns in our hearts, the harmonious
relationship of all the people will prevail.
10. Equality – we want that each one of us
have the opportunity to be fully human,
and that no one be victim of prejudices or
biases of any kin, and that the interest of
one not be sacrificed against his will for the
good of another.
11. Peace – we want to live in a serene and
secure community, with a harmonious
relationship with our neighbors. A place

MODULE II
VALUES EDUCATION
VALUES FORMATION THROUGH COMMUNITY
SERVICE
Values are said to be worth the importance
we connect to different factors in our lives. The
word values come from the Latin word “valere”
which means to measure the worth of something.
These are ideas and norms man considers relevant
and good.
A value has been defined as any object,
activity or frame of mind that a person considers to
be very important to his life. Unconsciously, values
emerge as list of priorities in a person’s life.
However, in most cases, people have different
priorities depending on how they look at life and
how they interpret survival. That is why it is
important to check what the youth values
nowadays, because values taken together are called
Value System which exists not only on individuals
but to community as well. By this, students will be
of great help to the community where they will be
assigned in shaping a positive corporate culture.
Values are especially important to
understanding human behavior. Conflicts between
them are often based on differences in values.
When you seem to be at odds with another person,
take a look at how your basic values differ. And
when you seem in conflict with the members of the
group, examine the group’s value system against
your own.
Values education is founded on a sound
philosophy of the human person with all its
philosophical ramifications and implications. The
supreme and overarching value that characterizes
education is HUMAN DIGNITY.
THE MEANING OF MAN AS A PERSON
The term “person” cannot be exclusively
attached to human being since not all persons are
considered human beings and vice versa. To speak
of man as being- with-others is to speak of man as a
person which also means that he is unique and has
his permanent trademark in the world. Since man is
person, his “being-with” existence means he is
never alone in his survival in the world.
Man’s “being-with-others” can be viewed
from two standpoints – the general and specific.
Generally, man’s “being-with-others” as a person is
man’s fundamental “being-with” to both things and
man’s fellow human person. Specifically, man’s
“being-with-others” as a person is man’s irrefutable
“being with” because in reality, man needs to co-
exist with fellow human beings.
Man’s co-existence with others does not
require a learning process or experience because it
is inherent in his being as a person. However, the
quality of his relationship with others needs a
process to make it worthy and lasting.
Man establishes a relationship with his
fellowman in three levels: I – it, I – he/she, and I –
thou. It is in this principle that a person is expected
to manifest his Love of God, of Oneself, of
Neighbor, and of Country to evidently show his
being and living with others.
Likewise, a persons’ sets of values is not
merely dictated by the need to harmoniously live
with others but should be governed by the biblical
perspective that sets the greatest commandment
that stated in Matthew 22: 35-40 which says, “Love
the Lord your God with all you heart, with all your
soul and with all your mind,” and, “Love your
neighbor as you love yourself.”
THE SELF
Everybody has an obligation to himself, but
there are times that we are facing difficulties in
understanding these obligations. One of the
reasons is how we understand exactly what “self”
is.
One way of understanding oneself is to
consider it as a personal role that one plays in the
general drama of life. In the totality of human
account, each person has his own unique role to
play because of the presence of individual
differences. It is a role that includes various
responsibilities that are to be faced, decisions that
are to be made, relationships and involvements
that are to be lived and work that is to be
performed.
In understanding our selfhood there are
certain moral obligations that arise. If a person has
a particular life to live then he has a basic
responsibility toward that life. He has the obligation
to see that life is “lived” to its fullest. He should play
his role as best as he can and not neglect it.
WHERE VALUES COME FROM
Our personal values are formed in early
childhood and are affected strongly by both the
values of our parents, the environment, the school,
the church and the government. The place and time
of the first few years of our lives have a great effect
on the formation of our values.
CORE RELATED VALUES
Ideally, values should be consistently
present in all the dimensions of human existence.
To attain such values is relatively hard but still
achievable. Hence, each student is encouraged to
make sure that they know the different human
dimensions and the values needed to live
peacefully and productively.
DIMENSIONS
1. Physical – Health (Physical Fitness,
Cleanliness, Harmony with Material
Universe, Art & Beauty)
2. Intellectual – Truth (Knowledge, Creative &
Critical Thinking)
3. Moral – Love (Integrity, Honesty), (Self-
worth, Self-esteem, Personal Discipline)
4. Spiritual – Spirituality (Faith in God)
5. Social – Social Responsibility (Mutual Love),
Family (Respect, Fidelity, Responsible
Parenthood, Concern for Others/Common
Good); Society (Freedom/Equality, Social
Justice/Respect for Human Rights,
Peace/Active Non-Violence, Popular
Participation)
6. Economic – Economic Efficiency & Thrift
Conservation of Resources (Work Ethics,
Self-Reliance, Productivity, Scientific and
Technological Knowledge, Vocational
Efficiency, Entrepreneurship)
7. Political – Nationalism (Common Identity,
National Unity, Esteem, Commitment, Civic
Consciousness/Pride, Bayanihan/Solidarity,
Loyalty to Country)
MODULE III
LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES FOR THE YOUTH TODAY
I. The Youth
CHARACTERISTICS OF A FILIPINO YOUTH
15 to 30 years old (as stated in Republic Act No.
8044 on Youth in Nation Building Act) mentally and
physically fit, a dreamer has a strong drive to fulfill
his dreams and uplift his status in all aspects as well
as those around him.
The Filipino youth comprise more or less 40% of
the total Philippine population. If there are 80
million Filipinos (latest survey, 2003), then there are
at least 30 million Filipino youth in the country. In
2007, the projected population is 88.7 M. So 40%
of 88.7M is equivalent to 35.48 M Filipino Youth in
the country. The youth sector is composed of the
youth worker, youth farmer, youth student and the
youth in the community.
PROVISION IN THE CONSTITUTION
According to the Constitution Article II Section
13, “The State recognizes the vital role of the youth
in nation building and shall promote and protect
their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and
social well-being. I shall inculcate in the youth
patriotism and nationalism and encourage their
involvement in public civic affairs.” If this is the
case, they should be given a chance to make their
importance felt; to be given protection in their
physical, spiritual, intellectual, and moral states.
II. The Art of Leadership
According to Elihu Root (1856 – 1937, U.S.
lawyer and Statesman): “There are two entirely
different theories according to which individual
men seek to get on in the world. One theory leads a
man to pull down everybody around in order to
climb up on them to higher place; the other leads a
man to help him in order that he may go up with
them.
The true essence of being a leader is the one
who helps everybody around him in order that he
may go up with them.
Simple (Dictionary definitions of a Leader:
 One who shows the way
 One who acts as guide
 One who directs the affairs or actions
 One who influences or controls the
opinions, thoughts, or actions.
LEADERSHIP DEFINED
Leadership is the ability to persuade others
to seek defined objectives enthusiastically. It is a
human factor that binds a group together and
motivates it towards the attainment of desired
objectives.
 Leadership is the process of influencing the
activities of an organized group in its efforts toward
goal setting and goal achievement (Rachmann,
1987).
Leadership is the process of inducing a
subordinate to behave in a desired manner
(Donnelly, 1981).
Leadership is one form of dominance, in
which the followers more or less willingly accept
direction and control by another person (Kuhn,
1990).
Leadership is the ability that brings to
success the potentials in an organization,
community and its people.
UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF LEADERSHIP
GIVING VISION
The leader has a clear idea of what he
wants to do – professionally and personally – and
the strength to persist in the face of setbacks, even
failures. Unless you know where you are going, and
why you cannot possible get there.
PASSION
The underlying passion for the passion of
life, combined with a very particular passion for a
vocation, a profession, and a course of action.
The leader loves what he does and loves
doing it. Without hope, we cannot survive; much
less progress. The leader who communicates
passion gives hope and inspiration to other people.
INTEGRITY
Know yourself is the key word. The leader
never lies to himself, especially about himself,
knows his flaws as well as his assets, and deals with
them directly.
MATURITY
It is important for a leader to be matured,
for the needs to have experienced, and grown
through that experience.
TRUST
It is not as much an ingredient of
leadership, as it is a product of leadership. It is a
quality that cannot be acquired, but it is earned. It
is given by co-workers and followers, and without
it, the leader cannot function.
CURIOSITY AND DARING
The leader wonders about everything,
wants to learn as much as he can, is willing to take
risks, experiment, and try new things. He does not
worry about failure, but embraces errors, knowing
he will learn from them.
LEADER IS LIKE A PREACHER
He has the capacity to convince others,
through his eloquence, through his communication
skills. He ought to be one who is able to relate well
with sincerity.
FUNCTIONS OF LEADERSHIP
The Leader as:
An Executive: the most obvious role of the leader in
any group is, he is the top coordinator of the
activities of the group. In his executive capacity, the
leader does not ordinary carry out the necessary
work; he assigns it to other group members.
A Planner: the leader often assumes the role of
planner deciding the ways and means by which the
group shall achieve its ends. This may involve both
the determination of immediate steps and the long-
range planning of the future steps to attain goals
and objectives.
A Policy Maker: one of the most important
criticisms of leader’s functions is the establishment
of group goals and policies.
 From “above” that is dictated by the
authorities’ super ordinate to the given
group.
 From “below” that is dictated by the
decision of the group membership as a
whole.
 From the leader himself when he has
autonomy to make policy decision.
As Expert: the leader is often distinguished as a
source of readily available information and skills.
As Controller of Internal Relations: More than any
other member, the leader governs that specific
details of group structure and by do doing he may
function as the controller of the in-group relations.
As Surveyor of Rewards and Punishment:
Particularly significant from a member’s point of
view is the leader’s power to apply reward and
punishment, which enables him to exercise control
over the group members. Sometimes, the rewards
and punishment are concerned with relatively
external thins, e.g., when a gang divides stolen loot
or when a worker is given an unpleasant task his  Does not only know how to discipline others
foreman. but also knows to discipline him/her.
 Does not only hear, but delegates work among
As Arbitrator and Mediator: it is his task to act as
his followers, but also empowers them and
both judge and conciliator. It is within the power of
makes them fruitful.
the leader to reduce or to encourage factionalism
 Does not only decide on what is right, but
within the group, depending upon what personal
discerns what is right.
aims he seeks to achieve.
 Does not only provide an open atmosphere, but
An Exemplar: in some kinds of groups, the leader also creates open mind.
may serve as a model of behavior for the group  Is not only keen on winning, but also sees
members thus providing them with a concrete failures as opportunities for success.
indication of what they should be and do.
GUIDEPOST FOR EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
A Substitute for Individual Responsibility: not
 Be flexible
common in certain types of groups, the leader plays
 Be consistent in setting policies.
an extremely important role for the individual
member in relieving him of responsibility for  Strive for a good match between leaders and
personal decisions and act that he wishes to avoid. tasks of situations.
 Choose the most appropriate strategy for
As Ideologist: it is the leader to furnish the making decisions.
ideology; he serves as the source of beliefs, value,  Always remember: subordinates expect you to
norms of the individual members. help.
As the Father Figure: the leader serves as the
perfect focus for the positive emotional feelings of
the individual. He is the ideal object for 1. The leader’s awareness of self.
identification for transference and for feeling of
BOSS LEADER
sub-missioners.
Drives subordinatesCoaches
subordinates
PRINCIPLES OF LEADERSHIP
Depends upon Depends upon
A LEADER… authority goodwill
Says “I” Says “We”
 Does not create fear among his followers, but Fixes the blame on Fixes the breakdown
create enthusiasm. breakdown
 Does not only have goals; but also has a vision, Knows how job is Shows how a job is
a dream. done done
Says “Go” Says “Let’s Go”
2. Understanding the group’s characteristics
i.e. skills, maturity, expectations, norms, size
and cohesiveness
3. Understanding the group’s characteristics
i.e. recognizing differences of opinions,
background, etc.
4. Flexible of approach
i.e. the ability to use one style of leadership to
other
5. Understanding motivation
i.e. what drives one to move
6. A sense of mission
i.e. the belief to lead, the love to work,
devotion to people/organization, etc.
7. High character
i.e. honest, courageous, sincere, dependable,
etc.
8. Job competence
i.e. the leader should know what he/she is
doing
9. Good Judgment
i.e. the ability to recognize which is important
and which is not.
10. Energy
i.e. to always have the zest to do a task
expected of him at all times
SKILLS OF A LEADER
1. Working with people
i.e. listen, help, encourage, motivates, etc.
2. Defining issues/priorities
i.e. recognizes the needs of the
organization/members, the real objectives
and knows to do at all times.
3. Handling of meetings
i.e. setting of agenda, dealing with
problems, encouraging participants, etc.
4. Organizing
i.e. remember that organizational structure
positions are created in every organization
so that the flow of organizational
communication becomes systematic. But
one should not be bossy. Decision should
come from down lines.
5. Financial Skills
i.e. remember that finance/money is the
lifeblood of an organization. The leader has
the responsibility of taking care of it and
translating it to service-better and efficient
service.
6. Communication Skills
7. Training people
8. Political skills
i.e. knowing how to deal with people from
all walks of life
9. Public Speaking
10. Supervision skills
i.e. being guided by the by-laws; knowing
how to get the best out of staff/members
ADDITIONAL THINGS TO REMEMBER
A good leader should have a BASE – group
of people who sees the individual as their leader
(how can you lead if you don’t have people to lead
upon)
Power can be bad, it can be good. A good
leader should know how to define good objectives.
There are myriads of things one can talk
about on how to be a good leader, how to be an
effective leader, how to manage an organization
well, etc., but the best way to learn leadership skills
is through experiencing it.
The final test of a leader is that he leaves
behind him in other men the conviction and the will
to carry on.
MODULE IV
TEAM BUILDING (CAPABIILITY BUILDING
TRAINING)
WHAT IS TEAM BUILDING?
 One could say that team building is like
coaching but for a group.
 To be effective, people need to work together
toward a common goal in a coordinated and
cooperative way. Therefore one could also say
that team building is a systematic process
designed to improve working relationships and
team functioning such as problem solving,
decision making and conflict resolution that
enables the group to overcome any goal
blocking barrier. For many, this result oriented
mission is the real purpose for team building. A
team building goal therefore could be simply to
identify and develop effective communications.
 The term Team Building generally refers to the
selection, development, and collective
motivation of result-oriented teams. Team
building is pursued via a variety of practices,
such as group self-assessment and group-
dynamic games, and generally sits within the
theory and practice of organizational
development.
WHY IS TEAM BUILDING IMPORTANT
 We don’t do team building simply because
it creates harmonious work groups but
primarily because it formalizes the power of
collaboration among what otherwise might
be disenfranchised individuals. For many
team building is a way to blend talents,
skills, and inherent creativity of diverse
people. With collaboration at its heart team
building leverages team skills, time and
resources for their benefit and that of the
organization. The consequence is that
effective team building produces better,
faster results and provides a satisfying and
motivating experience for team members.
 Some reasons why team building is so
important are:
1. Most organizations are so complex and
with de-layering there has to be team
building for them to succeed.
2. Everyone needs to be working towards
common goals (that team building will
generate and nurture) which need to be
attainable and clearly communicated
3. Team building environments will
outperform none team based
environments.
Let us consider further why team building is so
important.
Favorable impact of Team Building in 6 key areas:
 Task Achievement – teams are not
designed for dealing with simple, repetitive
tasks, as individuals will generally be
quicker. However, team building comes
into its own when faced with complex
tasks, and associated problems, where
probably there is no single, correct answer.
 Quality of Decisions – team building can
generate more ideas than any one
individual therefore, it has the choice of
many possibilities before it and the
ultimate quality of the decision is likely to
be better than an individual’s decision.
 Accuracy of Decisions – judgments are far
better through team building than through
individual assessment of tasks that involve
random error because team deliberation
tends to purge ill-conceived notions and
weak individual thinking.
 Risk taking – it has been shown that team
building creates confidence to take greater,
but measured, risks (and seize
opportunities) than individuals would.
 Motivation – team building enhances
morale and spurs individuals on to perform
effectively at a higher level.
 Speed of learning – team building creates a
progressive, but nurturing, environment
enabling team members to learn faster
than individuals working alone.
Team Building is important because it helps the
group to capitalize on their strengths and minimize
their weaknesses. The synergy that comes from
team building can be very powerful.
TEAM BUILDING GOALS
For many organizations, team building has become
an integral part of their organizational strategy.
Their specific team building goals are to provide
team members with:
1. Clarification of mission and vision
2. Establishment of team members roles and
responsibilities
3. Faster start up for new teams or teams with
new leaders
4. Mechanisms for resolving conflict and
elimination of dysfunctional behavior
5. An appreciation of differences in work
styles and preferences
TEAM BUILDING ROLES
For the team building to work, the roles
and duties contained within team working
structures have to be determined. Teams could, for
example, be:
 A small group (typically 5 to 15 employees)
which "owns" a distinct part of the process
and whose members are flexible within the
group
 Aware of its customer's needs (both internal
and external)
 The instrument for maintaining quality levels
 Responsible for its own housekeeping
 Left alone to undertake routine maintenance
of plant and equipment
 Empowered to work out how its objectives fit
in with the company's mission
 Tasked with making decisions on issues
affecting the group
 Trained in problem solving techniques
 Responsible for safety issues
 Part of the selection process
 Self-determining on manning assignments and
covering absent members
 Involved in layout of plant and equipment
 Continually striving to improve the product,
service and delivery process
WHAT IS THE TEAM BUILDING PROCESS?
Everyone at work whether they are an
operator or the Managing Director have worked
with others in a team. Therefore all can express
views on what constitutes an effective team
building process. However, making team building
succeed is often not as simple as it sounds.
Problems with team building tend to be caused by
team members who do not know very much about
the team building process.
The task of team building is first to establish
what the team was established to achieve. The
team building process therefore must consists of all
the things which go to make up how the team goes
about achieving the task, and what influences it
whilst doing so.
There are many aspects to this team building
thinking and here are a few:
 The team building structure - if there is a large
number of a team member, it is often difficult
to get a reasonably fair discussion going. If
 there are too few, there may be a series of
silences. If some of the team members are of a
higher status in the organization than others,
then this could be inhibiting discussion and
therefore arrest the team building process. If
there is insufficient expert knowledge in the
team then opinions rather than facts will be
offered which can often lead to arguments and
therefore destroy the team building process.
 The nature of the individuals - Differences in
personality and mood often show up during
team building - some people can't seem to stop
talking whilst others keep quiet, and others try
to act as umpires or referees. All team building
discussions need to be controlled by the
individuals and by a chairperson.
 The environment of the team meeting - The
size of the meeting areas, its shape, heating,
ventilation, lighting, seating, acoustics and
decorations can all affect the efficiency of team
meetings and therefore the team building
process.
 The way decisions are made - For team
building behavior to take place, in a team
meeting trying to reach a decision, then the
communication process must cultivate listening
and foster fairness if commitment and
consensus and with it team building is to be
realized.
A key to team building is that of creating a
shared vision but that takes time and requires the
full participation of all. If team members do not
have a personal vision or lack confidence to it then when every member feels free to express his
team building will become difficult if not untenable. opinion, says how he feels about issues and asks
questions, which may concern retaliation ridicule,
SELECTION FOR EFFECTIVE TEAM BUILDING
or negative consequences.
To make team building effective, team
2. Mutual support – it results from group members
member selection is clearly very important. All too
having genuine concern for each other’s welfare,
often team building is dismissed as the assembly of
growth and personal success. If mutual support is
a group of individuals, calling them a team and
established in a team, a member need not waste
telling them to get on with it. (This may explain why
time and energy protecting himself or his function
so many have difficulty getting the team building
from anyone else. All we give and receive help to
process to deliver the potential organizational
and from each other in accomplishing whatever
benefits).
goal the team is working on.
The essence of effective team building is
that - the members of the team work well together
either as a group from the outset or initially simply 3. Genuine communication – it has 2 dimensions:
compliments each other as individuals. In which (1) the quality and openness and authenticity of the
case, the team building process will progress member who is speaking; (2) the quality of non –
smoothly. The potential compatibility of any evaluative listening by other members
particular individual with the rest of the team is
Open authenticity communication takes place when
therefore critically important for team building to
mutual trust and support are so well established
succeed.
that no member feels he has to be guarded or
Individuals need to understand and learn cautions about what he says;
the skills that make effective team building
Non–evaluative listening simply means listening to
possible. Most people know how to work
what the other person is trying to communicate,
independently or to give up uniqueness to aid team
with bias – filters removed.
building, but to maintain some individuality during
the team building process and subsequently during 4. Accepting conflicts as normal and working them
team working is an evolutionary step to take. Team through – individuals differ uniquely from one
members need to understand that team building another and will not agree on many things. A good
succeeds with diversity and creativity. leader accepts conflicts as normal, natural and as
asset, since it is from conflict that most growth and
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFFECTIVE TEAM:
innovation are derived.
1. Mutual trust – it takes a long time to build and
5. Mutual respect for individual differences – there
can be destroyed quickly. It is established in a team
are decisions which, in goal – oriented team, must
be team decisions because they require the
commitment of most or all the resources of the
team and cannot be implemented without this
commitment. A good team delegates within itself.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Entrepreneurship is both an art and a
science of converting ideas into highly marketable
goods and services that will improve man’s quality
of life. It involves the proper utilization of four
essentials such as materials, machine, money and
man (4Ms)
Entrepreneurship has essential or extra
ordinary features such as the creation of something
new or something different. In short, it is
innovation which distinguishes entrepreneurship
from other activities.
The key concept of entrepreneurship is
innovation. Any worthy activity which is new,
different or better implies innovation. It implies to
product, services or methods.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Entrepreneurship brings not only to the
entrepreneurs but also to the country as a whole.
1. Provide self-employment
2. Create employment for others
3. Develops industries especially in the rural
areas
4. Encourages the processing of local materials
into finished or semi-finished goods
5. Generate additional income for the family
6. Encourages healthy competition which may
assure highest quality products
7. Makes more goods and services available to
the consumers
8. Promotes the use of modern technology in
small scale manufacturing to enhanced
productivity
9. Develops possible market
10. Encourages more research/studies and
inventions of machines and equipment for
domestic consumption
11. Develops entrepreneurial qualities and
positive attitudes among potential
entrepreneurs to bring about significant
changes in the rural areas.
ENTREPRENEURS
Entrepreneur is an innovator who:
 does new things and does things in a new
way
 supplies new product
 makes new techniques in production
 discovers new market
 develop new sources of raw materials
Entrepreneurs are those who launched
their own business from scratch, they develop
scarce resources into successful business by their
instinct, sense of timing and hard work and ides
producing activity.
The entrepreneurs or the-would-be
entrepreneurs are extraordinary people by virtue
of their chosen career. They possess qualities that
distinguish them from the ordinary business.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ENTREPRENEUR
There are 10 characteristics identified and defined
by Mc Bear and Co. (1986) of a successful
entrepreneur:
1. Opportunity seeker
a. explores and acts on new business
opportunities
b. takes usual opportunities to obtain capital,
facilities, equipment, machineries and
government assistance
2. Persistent
a. formulates different alternatives to
overcome possible problems that may
come along the way
b. makes personal sacrifices to see a job
completed according to specified
standards
3. Committed to a work contract b. Confers with experts about business or They are referred to as competencies because
technical advice these qualities are translated into actions –
a. assumes full responsibility for job orders of
demonstrated and exhibited – by an individual in
customers c. Established linkages to obtain important
order to make things happen rather than remain
information
b. helps workers or acts as a substitute for as passive traits or mere mental pre-occupation.
absent workers (if there is need) to get a 8. Systematic Planner and Overseers
These competencies are clustered into the
job done
a. evolves and implements step by step plans following:
c. conveys a concern for pleasing customers to reach goals
1. Achievement cluster
4. Risk takers b. assesses options
a. Opportunity seeking
a. makes an effort to evaluate advantages of c. observes performance and adapts
b. Persistence
a business in which he/she would opt for a alternative strategies
modern risk c. Commitment to work contact
9. Persuasive/Salesman
b. Open to untoward experience and d. Risk taking
a. implements planned strategies to persuade
considers constraints as challenge
or convinced others e. Demand for efficiency and quality
5. Competent and Hard worker
b. sells ideas to other people
a. aspires and works towards quality
c. uses business contacts to attain goals 2. Planning cluster
performance
10. Self-confident a. Goal setting
b. does things that assures work that meets
or exceeds standards of excellence a. possesses strong belief in self and in what b. Information seeking
he/she accomplishes
6. Goal setter c. Systematic planning and monitoring
b. has confidence in meeting problems and
a. formulates specific, measurable, 3. Power cluster
challenges especially those that are related
attainable, reliable and time-bounded
to the business a. Persuasion and networking
objectives
PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES b. Self-confidence
b. formulates long term goals
As a result of continuous study of SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF
7. Information Seeker
entrepreneurial character traits, several qualities ENTREPRENEURSHIP
a. solicits information about clients, were evolved by the Management System
competitors, suppliers. International, a consulting firm based in People have many physical needs. Basically,
Washington. These are collectively called they need food, clothing, shelter, air and water. In
personal entrepreneurial competencies or PECS. addition, they also need other things like
 transportation, bags, shoes, soap, salt and sugar,
medicine and many others.
People living in the community are
dependent on each other for the products and
service each of them needs every day. This is so
because as the community grows, individual roles
become more distinct and specialized. It is difficult
for everyone to provide for everything he needs.
A need for a product or service is an
economic opportunity. When people need
something they are willing to pay someone who is
able to provide it to them. The ability of
individuals to perceive the kind of products or
services that others need and to deliver these at
the right time, to the right place, to the right
people and at the right price, is what is generally
referred to as entrepreneurship. When
entrepreneurship is a practice of many members
of a community or society, that society develops
very rapidly.
The following benefits that result from
entrepreneurship explain why development takes
place when a society becomes entrepreneurial.
1. Entrepreneurship creates employment
When entrepreneurs put up a business, they
oftentimes need to hire or employ at least one or
two to hundreds of other people in order to get
something done.
When entrepreneurial activities slow down, the
country’s unemployment rate goes up. Every
society wants all qualified members of its work
force to be gainfully employed.
2. Entrepreneurship improves the quality of life
Entrepreneurial undertakings contribute
significantly to the continuous improvement of
living standards. The development of new products
and the delivery of needed services make life easier
and comfortable for society in general.
3, Entrepreneurship contributes to more
equitable distribution of income and therefore
eases social unrest.
Entrepreneurs continuously search, identify
and/or develop raw materials needed for the
production of goods and services. To them, nothing
or almost nothing is useless. They are, therefore,
the ones who often see the economic potentials of
raw materials and other resources in the rural
areas. By putting up an enterprise in the locality,
entrepreneurs are actually dispersing the benefits
of development to other parts of the country.
When many segments of the society are deprived,
social tensions may arise.
Income that is evenly distributed means less poor
people. The eradication of poverty will help solve
social problems like crime, juvenile delinquency and
malnutrition.
4. Entrepreneurship utilizes and mobilizes
resources to make the country productive
Our country will develop faster economically if
none of its resources were idle or unused. For
example, we have plenty of iron ore that can be
processes to supply the needs of industries that
manufacture spare parts for cars and machines.
Putting up a metal factory to process iron ore does
not only utilize the raw materials and feed other
local industries. It also save much for the country in
terms of dollars and time same local industries
need no longer be dependent on its iron-ore
imports all the time.
Entrepreneurship also provides a way to make
productive use of capital resources such as family or
personal savings. Otherwise, these may remain
utilized or channeled to unproductive ventures
(gambling) or luxury spending.
5.Entrepreneurship brings social benefits through
the government.
With the revenues the government collects
from taxes, duties and licenses by the
entrepreneurs (not to mention income tax the
entrepreneurs’ workers pay) the government
allocates the disbursement of these revenues to
different services and projects for communities.
ENVIRONMENT
It is perceived as the immediate
surroundings of an individual. In a boarder context,
environment is a complex system which deals with
a network of living and non-living entities.
ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
It is a zero-waste management through
total recycling for the community. Its main
objective is to make the community permanently
and regularly clean, sanitary and litter less. It also
inspires and elicits maximum voluntary
participation from almost all of the people and
various sectors of the community while
persuasively challenging the creativity skills and
capabilities for cooperation and unity.
ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT act of
2000 – RA 9003
Republic Act 9003 considers “waste as a
resource that can be recovered,” emphasizing re-
cycling, re-use and composting as methods to
minimize and eventually manage the waste
program.
This act aims for the reduction of solid waste
through “source reduction and waste minimization
measures including composting, recycling, re-use,
recovery, green charcoal process, and others before
collection, treatment, and disposal in appropriate
and environmentally sound solid waste
management facilities in accordance with
ecologically sustainable development principles”.
(Section2-C)
It also sets to “ensure the proper segregation,
collection, transport, storage, treatment, and
disposal of solid waste through formulation and
adoption of the best environmental practice in
ecological waste management excluding
incineration”. (Section 2-D)
Further, this Act gives strong emphasis on the role
of municipal and local government units (LGUs). It
empowers the LGUs to create solid waste
management communities even in the barangay
level. This requires the participation of non-
government offices, people’s organizations, church compost-making techniques, greening and
leaders, educators, and other business and reforestation projects
community associations.
◦ Trash-to-cash projects to generate seed
BENEFITS OF ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE capital for health services and health
MANAGEMENT education projects, and vocational training
programs
 Simplified, hygienic, dignified management of
household waste  Easily accessible/affordable, result-visible
projects that can be easily understood by
 Maximum and optimum recovery or retrieval of
almost everyone
much needed, costly materials
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF ECOLOGICAL WASTE
 Enhanced ecological balance of the
MANAGEMENT
environment, eliminating open dump sites,
lessening pollution of our soil, air and water 1. Utilizing appropriate technology in existing
resources dump site to prolong their life
 Served as a springboard or starting point for 2. Initially reduce volume of waste stream that
useful, timely household or barangay level mix both compostable and non-compostable
projects to help our people endure or waste
overcome the present economic crisis such as:
3. Reduce pollution by lessening unnecessary
◦ Food production (backyard vegetable burning
gardens, mini-space, container gardens,
4. Reduce the incidence of diseases associated
eco-pounds using household waste water
with unsanitary or unhygienic waste disposal
for raising kangkong, gabi, kuhol, tialapia,
azola, etc.) 5. Utilize waste material for income generating
projects such as urban gardening and livestock
◦ Cottage industries (handicraft, house-
raising, cottage industry
décor, toys) utilizing discarded materials
and generating employment for METHODOLOGY OF THE FIVE F’s TOTAL RECYCLING
housewives, out of school youth and
The two kinds of solid waste are:
school children
1. Non-biodegradable or non-compostable
◦ Herbal gardens, ornamental plant
nurseries, fruit bearing, fuel or firewood ◦ Factory returnable (dry paper, cardboards,
supplying trees (like ipil ipil), organic plastic rubber, glass, bottles, mirror, metals,
 mineral, tin cans, dry fibers or pieces of
clothing, and wood)
2. Biodegradable or compostable
◦ Feed materials (food leftovers, kitchen or
cooking waste, fruit peeling, vegetable
trimmings, egg shells, and fish entrails)
◦ Fertilizer materials (food leftovers, kitchen
refuse, animal wastes, garden wastes such as
dry leaves and other plant parts, sawdust and
wood shavings)
◦ Fuel materials (saw dust, shavings, wood
boxes, rice hull, coco shells, corn cobs, coffee
hull, newspapers, and cardboards)
◦ Filling materials (porcelain chips and useable
plastics)
What are the mostproductive/useful/healthful uses
of each of the five F’s?
1. Factory recyclables can be used for
handicrafts or sold to junk shops
2. Feed materials can be used for house pets,
livestock or for composting
3. Fertilizer materials can be used for making
compost to enrich the soil for growing
vegetables, medicinal plants and
ornamental plants and fruit trees
4. Fuel materials can be used for cooking
purposes
5. Filling materials are unusable or unwanted
materials which can be compactly packed in
plastic bags buried low places putting
stones and soil over these filling materials
Why are compostable deadly when not properly
managed?
Even if organic compostable are just 10 to
20% per households and with lesser volume, the
potential problems of increasing the density of flies,
cockroaches, rodents (rats) by providing food,
harborages and breeding grounds are really
dangerous.
Every minute, three Filipinos die, 80% are
most related to filth-borne associated diseases or
poor management of solid or liquid waste. The sad
thing is that most of them are children below 6
years of age.
Compostable or organic biomass when
allowed on the surface, water body would mean
reduction of dissolved oxygen due to organism
planktons growth competing with the oxygen. This
result to reduction of fish population due to fish kill
bloom is inevitable. Siltation sedimentation caused
by organic biomass will eventually kill the coral reef
(hence 70% of corals are damaged) due to
compostable being eroded by rain.
Why dump sites increase ecological problems?
1. To maintain a dump site is very expensive and it
lowers the values of the land plus it attracts
household pests and pollution problems
2. Scavengers are difficult to control at dump
sites. The practice of dump site sorting will
bring more misery to the poor and will increase
the disease pattern with volume of waste
uncontrolled, top soil covering will be very
expensive in both equipment and energy use
3. Pollution will always be the problem in all dump
sites, especially during rainy days. Air pollution
will add gases that are highly toxic.
4. The methane generated by methanuric bacteria
if uncollected or not properly use can
contribute 20 times more warming than carbon
dioxide in vehicles.
COMPOSTING
It is a biological process in which organic
materials such as vegetable trimmings, fruit
peelings, kitchen refuse, dry leaves cut grasses and
plant parts are broken down into a soil-like product.
It is a form of recycling, a natural way of returning
nutrients to the soil.
What are the benefits of composting?
1. By composting organic wastes at home, one
can produce a soil enriches which can be
used in gardening
2. It reduces the incidence of household pests
by minimizing their food supply
3. It reduces the valuable landfill spaces
normally used to dispose this materials
What are the types of small-scale composters?
a. Twin pits
b. Paso-paso or clay flower pots compost
garden
c. Backyard compost pile
THE THREE TYPES OF Rs OF SLOID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
1. R is for REDUCE. Avoid wasteful
consumption of goods. Begin by asking the
question: “Do I really need it?” in doing so,
we minimize waste and conserve our
natural resources. Conservation like charity
begin within thyself.
2. R is for REUSE. When practicable reuse
items that is still useful instead of just
throwing them away. It would greatly help
if we patronize goods that are reusable
rather than throw away types.
3. R is for RECYCLE. Waste can be valuable
resource. Items that are useless or of little
may mean great value to someone.
SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE IN A COMMUNITY
1. Household wastes – waste generated at the
household level
2. Commercial-Industrial wastes – generated
by restaurants, eateries, offices, markets,
talipapa, plant mills, factories (including
such as chemicals, paints and sand)
3. Farm and Agricultural wastes – farm
manure and crop residues
4. Institutional wastes – generated by
hospitals, schools, churches and prisons
5. Mining wastes – slag heaps and coal refuse
piles
6. Miscellaneous and Specialized wastes –
residues of sewage treatment plants, ash
from incinerators and residues from the
combustion of solid fuels, debris caused by
disasters (fires, typhoons, flood, etc.) large
waste from demolitions and construction
rubble, and dead animals.
7. Hazardous wastes – wastes that pose a
potential hazard to living creatures because
they are toxic or lethal, non-degradable or
persistent in nature, and may cause
detrimental cumulative effects.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT WASTE GENERATION
1. The state of the national economy – as
standards arise, there is a corresponding
increase in the quantity and quality of
wastes
2. The lifestyle of the people – reflected in
product marketing techniques, such as the
clearly perceptible shift in consumer
preferences for pre-packaged foodstuff, the
increase in use of paper lined with plastics
for packaging, and the use of disposable
diapers.
3. The demographic profile of the population –
the greater the number of persons per
household, the greater volume of waste
generated
4. The size and type of dwelling – those who
dwell in larger and more expensive type
homes produce more waste per capita.
5. Age – young consumers patronize a set of
products different from those consumed by
their elders.
6. Religion – consumer preferences in Islamic
countries differ greatly with predominantly
Christian nations.
7. The extent to which the 3R’s are carried out
– where the population is more concerned
with the environment in general, there is a
concerted effort to cut down waste at the
point of origin
8. Presence of pets and domestic animals
9. Seasonal variations
10. Presence of laws and ordinances governing
waste management
11. Company buy-lack guarantees for used
containers and packaging
RECRATION AND SPORTS
Introduction
Community centers and associations have
played a significant part in the life of many local
communities and networks. The new social centers
are not limited to recreational activities, and most
important because ‘socialized schools’, could act as
magnets attracting, citizens whose segregation into
class and ethnic groups had obscured their common
bonds, loyalties, and responsibilities. Like social
settlements before them, social centers would
harmonize and encourage cooperation among the
working class and immigrant elements and at the
same time ease some of the difficulty of depressed
life.
It is believed that people occasionally need
a break from their routine activities and therefore
providing community and recreational activities
would allow them to develop different skills. Basic
enjoyment arising from simple barangay “palaro”
would encourage youth participation and may
promote actions against drugs. Recreational
activities are not limited to the youth – hence,
elderly activities are also thought of and made
possible over time. These would include sport-
related activities, educational and even musical
sessions.
Definition of Recreational Activities
 is a leisure activity, which is done free time
 sometimes referred to as play for the young
and diversion for the adults, because they are
enjoying the activity
Lopez et.al, (1993) defines it, as a worthwhile,
socially accepted and socially constructive leisure
experience that provides immediate and inherent
satisfaction to the individual who voluntarily
participates in the activity.
Other definition given by Coloma & Herrera (2004)
state that:
 It is an activity that diverts, amuses or
stimulates a person
 A diversion that occupies one’s time and  outing like field trips, picnics, hiking and
thoughts, usually pleasantly camping
 An activity that refreshes, renews health and 2. Social
spirit of enjoyment and relaxation
 parties, dancing
Values of Recreational Activities  evening dinner with friends
1. Engaging in favorable sports could develop
good health, muscular strength, power, agility,
3. Cultural
flexibility, etc.
2. Proper conduct and behavior among  arts and crafts
participants could also be developed through  glee club and choral groups
group activities.  dramatics, concerts and lectures
3. Joining ion the leagues, clubs and other smaller
organizations could give the out of school youth
the opportunity to socialize through group work 4. Intellectual
in the form of play and other extracurricular
 poetry writing
activities instead of roaming in the streets to
create trouble.  song writing
4. Organizing competitions in the different  reading
 research and investigations
enjoyable activities such as sports and games,
 short story and novel writing
dancing, and other activities can develop the
 answering crossword puzzles
spirit of sportsmanship and fair play.
5. Leisure time activities could bring happiness to  playing chess
a person.  scrabble
6. Sportsmanship, teamwork, leadership and
honesty could be developed in joining sports.
Types of Recreational Activities
1. Physical
 aerobics
 dancing
 group games
 minor sports