Russia

1. RZD Russian Railways

The main train operator in Russia is Russian Railway RZD (fully state-owned). RZD collaborates
with many other companies and operators from Russia and the German company Siemens.
According to a study conducted in 2017, RZD represents 98.6% market share. There is also a high
number of private operators, but they are not invested into high-speed trains or passenger long-
distance trains. They might operate as import/export train operators. Examples; Freight One, DB
Cargo, JSC etc.
Key Facts & Figures about Russian Railways
 The third largest network in the world with 85,200 km of track – 43,000 km of which are
electrified
 Carries over 1.1 billion passengers and 1.1 billion tons of freight annually across 11 time
zones
 Responsible for 43% of Russia’s total freight traffic (including pipelines) and more than 41%
of passenger traffic
 Employs over 1 million people
 A major contributor to the fast-growing Russian economy
 Assets worth over USD 88 billion (as of 31/12/2008)
 Russia’s fourth-largest company by revenue – over USD 41 billion in 2008 (according to
IFRS)
 Comprises 987 enterprises and 165 subsidiaries
 Rolling stock includes: 20,100 goods and passenger locomotives and 24,100 long-distance
passenger carriages
Train Models from RZD:
1. Sapsan aka Velaro RUS
The Velaro RUS is a high-speed train designed specifically for Russia, part of the Velaro family of
trains. It operates at speeds of up to 250 km/h (155 mph) and connects Moscow with Saint
Petersburg, as well as Saint Petersburg with Nizhny Novgorod. It is equipped for both 3 kV DC and
25 kV 50 Hz AC operation, and can carry up to 600 passengers.

2. Allegro Pendollino
Allegro was a high-speed train service between Helsinki and St. Petersburg, operated by Alstom
VR Class Sm6 trains. The service was suspended in 2022 due to international sanctions. Four
trains were produced for the operator Karelia Trains, with two being used by Finnish railways and
two being used by Russian railways. The Allegro train operated at a speed of 220 km/h over a
distance of 407 km.

3. Arctica Train
The Arctica is a type of high-speed train that is being developed by the Russian company Sinara
Transport Machines in collaboration with Siemens Mobility. The Arctica train is designed to operate
in extreme cold weather conditions, with features such as a heating system, snow plows, and a
special coating on the exterior to resist ice and snow.
The Arctica train is intended to be used on the planned high-speed railway line between Moscow
and St. Petersburg, which is currently under construction. The train is designed to operate at
speeds of up to 350 km/h (217 mph) and will be equipped with features such as Wi-Fi and air
conditioning. It is currently not clear when the Arctica train will be put into service, as the high-
speed railway line is still under construction.

4. Stritzh
Strizh trains are locomotive-pulled Talgo car trains that are designed for speeds up to 250 km/h and
are equipped with automatic gauge-changing bogies to facilitate faster border crossings. They are
capable of operating in temperatures ranging from -40˚C to +40˚C and have a total length of 263.8
m and a weight of 343.1 t without passengers. The inaugural Talgo 250 service took place in
December 2015, and these trains are operated at speeds of up to 200 km/h on the RZD and BC
networks, 160 km/h on the Polish network, and 200 km/h on the German network.

5. Desiro
The Desiro is a type of modular electric multiple unit (EMU) train developed and produced by
Siemens Mobility for use on regional and suburban railways. The Desiro trains are designed to be
lightweight and energy-efficient. In Russia, Desiro trains have been used on suburban and regional
railways, including the Moscow Central Circle, a suburban railway that encircles the city of Moscow.
The Desiro trains used on this line are known as the Desiro RUS and are designed to operate in
Russia's harsh climate, with features such as heating systems and snow plows.
Types:
5.1 ES1 Desiro
ES1 is powered by electric traction and is equipped with asynchronous motors. It has a
maximum speed of 160 km/h (99 mph) and is designed to operate on Russia's 1,520 mm (4
ft 11 27/32 in) gauge railways. The trains are also equipped with automatic train control and
automatic train protection systems to ensure safety during operation.
5.2 ES1P Desiro
The ES1P is a variant of the ES1 train, which is also used in Russia (so basically same
specifications on speed, capacity and system). The main difference is that ES1P is by both
electric and diesel traction, which means it able to run on both electrified and non-electrified
railway lines,
5.3 ES2G Desiro
Same specifications as ES1 Desiro model.
5.4 ES2GP Desiro
Same specifications as ES1P Desiro model.

6. Yamal
The branded train No. 011/012 Yamal operates on the Moscow – Novy Urengoy route since
September 2003. It connects the Russian north with a number of large cities including Tyumen,
Yekaterinburg and Perm. The name “Yamal” is translated from the Nenets language as “the end of
the Earth”. In 2004, the train received an award for the best-branded train of the year. The train
runs every other day and covers the distance between Moscow and Novy Urengoy in 67 hours over
a distance of 3642 km.
7. Nevskiy Express
The Nevskiy Express was introduced in 2009 as a high-speed train and is designed to be a fast and
comfortable way to travel between the two cities. It operates at speeds of up to 250 km/h (155 mph)
and has amenities such as air conditioning, Wi-Fi, and a dining car. The total length of the train is
250 meters (820 feet) and it can carry up to 600 passengers.
8. Sokol
The Sokol is a type of high-speed train that operates in Russia. It was introduced in 2010. Sokol is
powered by electric traction and is equipped with asynchronous motors. It operates at speeds of up
to 250 km/h (155 mph) and has first-class and second-class seating options.
9. Chuvashia
Chuvashia is a luxury passenger train that operates daily between Cheboksary and Moscow, with a
journey time of approximately 12 hours and 40 minutes. The train is operated by Russian Railways
and covers a distance of 768 kilometers. It was previously known as Chuvashia but has since been
reclassified as a premium train and lost its original branding. It is now formed at the Kazan wagon
depot and is also used on other routes.
10. Sheksna
Sheksna runs between Moscow and Cherepovets, a city in the Vologda Oblast region of Russia.
The journey takes approximately 8 hours and covers a distance of around 450 kilometers. The
train is equipped with comfortable sleeping and seating accommodations, as well as a dining car
for meals. It is a popular choice for travelers looking to explore the region, as it stops at several
cities along the way, including Yaroslavl and Vologda. The Sheksna is known for its punctuality
and reliability, making it a convenient and comfortable option for long-distance travel within
Russia.
11. Latvian Express
The Latvian Express is a passenger train operated by Latvijas Dzelzceļš, the national railway
company of Latvia. It runs between Riga, the capital city of Latvia, and Moscow, the capital of
Russia. The journey takes approximately 17 hours and covers a distance of around 1,100
kilometers.
12. Novosibirsk Premium
The Novosibirsk Premium is a luxurious passenger train operated by Russian Railways. It runs
between Moscow and Novosibirsk, a city in Siberia, and takes approximately 43 hours to
complete the journey of around 3,600 kilometers.
13. Paris-East
The Paris East (Paris-Est) is a passenger train operated by Russian Railways that runs between
Moscow and Paris, France. The journey takes approximately 72 hours and covers a distance of
around 4,000 kilometers.
14. Volga Region
The Volga Region (Volzhskiy Rayon) is a passenger train operated by Russian Railways that runs
between Moscow and Samara, a city located on the Volga River in southwestern Russia. The
journey takes approximately 24 hours and covers a distance of around 1,600 kilometers.
Passenger trains in Russia typically operate at speeds of around 160-200 kilometers per hour on
long-distance routes.
15. Nice
 The Nice is a passenger train operated by Russian Railways that runs between Moscow and
Nice, a city on the French Riviera. The journey takes approximately 72 hours and covers a
distance of around 4,000 kilometers.
16. Megapolis No 19/20
The train is manufactured by the Demikhovo Machine-Building Plant, a Russian manufacturer of
railway equipment. It is a nine-car EMU, which means that it is composed of four self-propelled
passenger cars that are mechanically connected to form a single train.
2. Aeroexpress Company – AERO
Aeroexpress is a Russian rail service company that operates high-speed trains between the city
center and airports in Moscow and other cities in Russia. The trains are modern and equipped with
comfortable seating, luggage racks, and air conditioning.
Train Models:
1. ESH2 Stadler KISS RUS
Stadler KISS RUS ESH2 is a type of electric multiple unit (EMU) train produced by Stadler Rail, a
Swiss manufacturer of railway vehicles. It is based on the KISS (Komfortable Intelligent Schnell
Stadler) platform developed by Stadler and is designed for regional passenger transportation in
Russia. The ESH2 variant of the KISS RUS is equipped with a diesel-electric locomotive and is
designed to operate on non-electrified lines
Forecasting: Major future projects (in the upcoming ~10 years)
 2023 – High-speed mainline Moscow–Kazan (draft);
 2024 - Plan for Comprehensive Modernization and Expansion of the Main Infrastructure
(project)
 2024 - Development of the railway infrastructure of the Eastern range of railways
(implemented in 2021)
 2024- Development of railway approaches to the seaports of the North-Western basin
 Development of the railway infrastructure of the Central Transport Hub
 2027 - Development of High-Speed Railways ( 629.7 km length)
 Barguzin fast train project (in development)

Note: There is a huge number of train models in Russia from fast to high-speed trains and many
national and international trains. Unfortunately, there is a lot of incomplete and inconsistent, or no
information at all about all the train models, so we focused on the sources and information that
might be of useful and valuable help to this project and that contain enough data for completing the
excel.
The majority of the long-distance trains are very old models. For example, TEP70 and TEP75
diesels are used on long-distance passenger trains from the Baltic States’ capitals and Kaliningrad
to St Petersburg and Moscow, etc.
Source:
https://rlw.gov.ru/proekt_modernizaciya_raschireniye_infrastructury , November 21, 2022
https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/vehicle/train/evs1-evs2-sapsan , November 21, 2022
https://web.archive.org/web/20110501062524/http://eng.rzd.ru/isvp/public/rzdeng?
STRUCTURE_ID=4 , November 21, 2022
https://tass.ru/ekonomika/10242827 , November 22, 2022
https://www.railtarget.eu/technologies-and-infrastructure/high-speed-rails-in-russia-238.html ,
November 22, 2022
https://www.russianrail.com/train/yamal ,November 22, 2022
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_named_passenger_trains_of_Russia#cite_note-62 , November
25, 2022
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D0%BE
%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4)#%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_
%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC
%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F , November 25, 2022
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%A82#%D0%A0%D0%BE
%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F ,November 25, 2022
Ukraine
1. Ukrainian Railways
Ukrainian Railways (Ukrzaliznytsya) is the national railway company of Ukraine, responsible for the
operation of the country's railway network and the provision of passenger and freight transportation
services. The company operates a vast network of railways that covers most of the country and
connects major cities and regions. Ukrainian Railways operates a fleet of modern and comfortable
passenger trains, including long-distance and regional trains, as well as high-speed trains. It also
offers a range of cargo transportation services, including the transport of goods by rail across
Ukraine and internationally. Ukrainian Railways is one of the largest railway companies in Eastern
Europe and plays a vital role in the country's transportation infrastructure. Trains are cheap though
slow and not very comfortable. The Long-Distance trains models are rather old and move slowly.
Long-distance train names represent the route they execute. Usually night-service trains are long-
distance trains that circulate internationally.

Train Models:
1. Tarpan EKr1
Tarpan EKr1 is a type of electric multiple unit (EMU) train produced by Tarpan, a Ukrainian
manufacturer of railway vehicles. The EKr1 variant of the Tarpan is powered by an electric
locomotive and is designed to operate on electrified lines. It can reach speeds of up to 160
kilometers per hour and is used on regional routes in various parts of the country.
2. Obryi
The Ukrainian Diesel DPKr2 train is a type of diesel multiple unit (DMU) passenger train used in
Ukraine. It was developed by the Kharkiv Locomotive and Rolling Stock Building Plant (KhPZ), a
Ukrainian manufacturer of railway equipment. The DPKr2 is designed for use on non-electrified
railway lines, and is equipped with a diesel engine for propulsion.
3. Intercity ( 3 models and different manufacturers):
3.1 The EKr1-002 train is primarily used for long-distance passenger service in Ukraine. It
has a maximum speed of 160 km/h (99 mph) and can operate on tracks with a gauge
of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in).
3.2 EJ 675-002 train has large aluminum car bodies, low-floor vestibules, air conditioning,
sockets, Wi-Fi, a public address system, video monitors, toilets adapted for disabled
persons, staff rooms, and a bistro. It also has a microprocessor control system,
wireless diagnostic data transmission, and internal and external video surveillance.
The train includes security systems such as KLUB-U, TSKBM, and AVV.
3.3 HRCS2 train has a diagnostic system that continuously monitors the performance of
various systems and components on the train, and alerts the driver to any potential
problems. It has a power supply system that allows it to operate without external
electrical power, making it suitable for use in remote areas.

4. TE33A Lokomotive
The TE33A locomotive is equipped with a traction inverter, which converts the direct current (DC)
power collected from the overhead power lines into alternating current (AC) power, which is used to
drive the electric motors that power the wheels.

5. Capital express
Capital Express is used for long-distance passenger service between major cities in Ukraine. It has
a maximum speed of 250 km/h (155 mph).
Future Projects:
Due to the unfavourable circumstances of the war, the activity of the primary operator UZ does
everything possible to maintain its activity. However, there are red areas, where access is
completely blocked, due to violent attacks. At the moment, the situation is critical in the whole
country so it is pretty much hard to predict future projects.
Sources:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%9A%D1%801 , November 26, 2022
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9F%D0%9A%D1%802 , November 26, 2022
https://businessvisit.com.ua/zhd-bilety/intersiti/ , November 26, 2022
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/EJ_675 , November 26, 2022
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRCS2 , November 26, 2022
https://delo.ua/business/miu-prezentovalo-novyj-dizelnyj-lokomotiv-seti-tezza-korporaci-323185/
https://finansy.asia/miu-prezentovalo-novyy-dizelnyy-lokomotiv-seti-tezza-korporacii-general-
electric , November 27, 2022
Romania
1. CFR Calatorii
Romania has one of the largest and simultaneously most antiquated railway systems in Europe. It
spans a length of 20,077 kilometers, positioning it seventh in the European Union. However, the
infrastructure and its equipment necessitate modernizing and maintenance, which do not seem to
be among Bucharest's priorities as trains presently attain an average speed of merely 43 kilometers
per hour. In 2022, the average speed of Romanian trains will be under 45 kilometers per hour, with
some sections experiencing an increase in speed and others a decrease due to construction sites
or restrictions. On the quickest sections, trains reach speeds of 140-160 kilometers per hour, yet
these sections constitute less than 5% of the entire railway network. CFR Călătorii is a state-owned
railway passenger transport company in Romania, founded in 1998 through the reorganization of
the former CFR. In 2015, it put into operation approximately 1,300 trains daily.
Train models:
1. Hyperion
The Hyperion is a high-speed electric multiple unit train developed by the Romanian rail company
CFR for use on the country's rail network. It is capable of reaching speeds of up to 250 kilometers
per hour, making it one of the fastest trains in Romania. The Hyperion was developed in the 1990s,
with the first prototype entering service in 2001. It has a sleek, aerodynamic design and features
comfortable seating and modern amenities such as Wi-Fi and power outlets. It is primarily used for
long-distance travel and is intended to improve the efficiency and speed of rail travel in Romania.
The Hyperion has undergone several upgrades and renovations over the years to enhance its
performance and passenger experience.
2. Coradia Stream
Alstom has sold over 3,300 units worldwide, including 8 European countries. At the moment, there
are 20 units in Romania, and in the future Alstom will supply 17 additional Coradia Streams till
2023. Each train will have six carriages, with a capacity of 350 seats and a 100% lowered floor, for
easy access for all categories of passengers. There will be two access doors on each side of the
middle carriages. For the end wagons, there will be a door for passenger access on each side of
the wagon. The passenger information system consists of a sound system and a dynamic display
system.
Sources:
https://www.pinterest.de/pin/211317407503695938/ , November 27, 2022
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_(tren) , November 27, 2022
https://www.agerpres.ro/economic-intern/2022/03/25/primele-20-de-trenuri-de-lung-parcurs-vor-
ajunge-in-romania-in-2023-modelul-este-folosit-in-italia-olanda-si-germania--891289
https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2022/9/alstom-supply-17-additional-coradia-stream-
inter-regional-electric , November 27, 2022
Azerbaijan
1. ADY
The Azerbaijan State Railway is the national railway company of Azerbaijan, responsible for the
operation and maintenance of the country's rail network. The company was established in 1992,
following the breakup of the Soviet Union, and is headquartered in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan.
The Company operates a network of approximately 2,800 kilometers of rail lines, which connect the
country's major cities and towns, as well as its border crossings with neighboring countries.
In recent years, the Azerbaijan State Railway has undergone a modernization process, with the
goal of improving the efficiency and reliability of its services. This has included the acquisition of
new locomotives and rolling stock, the construction of new rail lines and stations, and the upgrading
of existing infrastructure.
1. AZ4A by Alstom
Prima AZ4A is able to run at 160km/h in passenger service and requires minimum maintenance
and provides a high reliability level thanks to its modular design.
2. ESh2 by Stadler
On 13 May 2015 Azerbaijan Railways ordered 5 trains of this type. ESh2 has a capacity of 700 and
an upgraded maximum speed of 200 km/h.
3. AZ8A by Alstom
Prima T8 is a second-generation locomotive developed by Alstom for the Kazakh Railway. It is an
eight-axle, double locomotive designed for use on 1520 mm gauge tracks, and it meets Russian
GOST standards. It is one of the most powerful electric locomotives in the world.
4. Te33a Locomotive
It operates of a maximum of speed of 160 km/h. The locomotives have two cabs, and are among
the first diesel-electric locomotives with AC traction motors.
5. E2M62-0158
The E2M62-0158 is a type of electric multiple unit (EMU) train used in Azerbaijan. It is
manufactured by the Azerbaijan Carriage Building Factory (AzVaZ) in Baku.
Future Projects:
ADY ordered new HS FLIRT 3 locomotives and trainsets from Stadler. There are 3 different train
models:
1. Diesel trainsets FLIRT 3 from Stadler (with power module with 4 engines) for inter-
city services, with buffet
2. Electric trainsets FLIRT 3 from Stadler for inter-city services after re-electrification at
25kV
3. Electric trainsets FLIRT 3 from Stadler for suburban and regional services after re-
electrification at 25kV
However the exact number of each type is unknown.
Source: http://www.railfaneurope.net/list/azerbaijan_ady.html , November 30, 2022
Uzbekistan
Uzbek Railways
Uzbekistan's railway network is operated by state company Uzbek Railways and consists of 6020
km of track. The country has high-speed trains and is planning to electrify an additional 465 km of
railway. The distance between the two largest cities, Tashkent and Samarkand, is 356 km and can
be traveled by high-speed train in just over two hours. In 2019, Uzbekistan Railways purchased two
new high-speed trains from Talgo as part of a €57 million contract. The new project will allow for
1,070 km to be covered in 7 hours.
1. Afrosyab
The Afrosiab electric train is a high-speed train developed in Spain using advanced technologies. It
consists of two head locomotives, nine passenger cars, and a dining car, and has both first and
economy class VIP seats. The train has a capacity of 257 people and can reach speeds of up to
250 km/h. It takes approximately two hours to travel from Tashkent to Samarkand, a distance of
344 km
2. Express Shark
The Shark is a high-speed express train in Uzbekistan that connects the three ancient cities of
Tashkent, Samarkand, and Bukhara. It reaches speeds of up to 160 km/h and can travel from
Tashkent to Bukhara, a distance of 616 km, in just over 6 hours. The train consists of comfortable
first and second class cars, as well as a dining car, and meets international standards for comfort
and safety.
3. NASAF
The Nasaf is a specialized high-speed electric train in Uzbekistan that runs between Tashkent and
Karshi, with stops in Gulistan, Djizak, and Samarkand. It covers a distance of 417 km in
approximately 5.5 hours. The train consists of seven cars, operates six times a week and can carry
252 passengers.
4. AFSONA
The Afsona is a long-distance train in Uzbekistan that connects the southern and northern regions
and runs on the Tashkent-Karshi-Urgench route. It began operation on April 11, 2013 and is
intended to promote tourism and rail travel in the country. The Afsona consists of eight comfortable
cars, including luxury cars, and is chartered, meaning it operates on an individual request basis.
5. NIGHT TRAIN TASHKENT - BUKHARA - TASHKENT № 661/662
The Tashkent-Bukhara-Tashkent night train is a convenient option for tourists visiting Uzbekistan.
The train departs from Tashkent in the evening and arrives in Bukhara the following morning,
allowing passengers to sleep through the transfer and have more time for sightseeing in Bukhara.
The train consists of 20-22 cars.
Future Projects:
Uzbekistan is planning to build a railway linking China, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan as an
alternative route to Europe that bypasses Russia. The China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan (CKU) railway
has been under discussion for 25 years and is intended to provide China with an alternative rail
route into Central Asia. Funding for the project, which is estimated to cost $8 billion, has not yet
been determined.
Source: https://www.centralasia-travel.com/sp/countries/uzbekistan/trains , November 30, 2022
https://www.tourstouzbekistan.com/en/transportation/trains.html , November 30, 2022
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfe_Class_130 , November 30, 2022
https://www.centralasia-travel.com/sp/countries/uzbekistan/trains#shark , November 30, 2022
Vietnam
Vietnam Railways, also known as the Vietnam Railways Corporation (VRC), is a state-owned
enterprise that operates the national railway network of Vietnam. The company was established in
1956 and is headquartered in Hanoi. Vietnam Railways operates passenger and freight services
throughout the country, with a network of over 3,000 km of standard gauge tracks. The company
also manages several major railway stations, including Hanoi Station and Saigon Station (Ho Chi
Minh City).
In recent years, Vietnam Railways has made efforts to modernize and improve the efficiency of its
services. This has included the introduction of new trains, the upgrade of existing infrastructure,
and the development of new routes. The company also operates a number of subsidiaries,
including the Vietnam Railways Engineering Corporation and the Vietnam Railways Construction
Corporation, which focus on railway construction and maintenance.
Train Models examined in the research:
1. D19E
The D19E is a series of electric multiple unit (EMU) trains used on the Vietnam Railways network.
The trains were manufactured by the China South Locomotive and Rolling Stock Corporation
(CSR) and were introduced in Vietnam in 2014. The D19E trains are used on both long-distance
and commuter services in Vietnam. Capacity of transporting 500 passengers.
2. D8E
The D8E is a series of electric multiple unit (EMU) trains used on the Vietnam Railways network.
The trains were manufactured by the China South Locomotive and Rolling Stock Corporation
(CSR) and were introduced in Vietnam in 2013. Capacity of transporting 400 passengers.
3. D19Er or SDD3 Lokomotive
The SDD3 diesel locomotive, built by CSR Ziyang in China in 2006 and operating on a standard
gauge of 1,435 mm, has a maximum speed of 120 km/h and weighs 108 t. It is classified as a
Co'Co' locomotive according to UIC standards.
4. Asiarunner or D20E
The Asiarunner is a series of diesel multiple unit (DMU) trains used on the Vietnam Railways
network. The trains were manufactured by the China South Locomotive and Rolling Stock
Corporation (CSR) and were introduced in Vietnam in 2016. Capacity of 400 passengers and it is a
long-distance train (120km/h).
Future Projects:
Vietnam's "North-South Express Railway" project involves the construction of two sections totaling
665 km, set to begin in 2028 and be completed in 2032 at a cost of $25 billion. A second stage of
the project, set to run between 2045 and 2050, involves the construction of 900 km of rail at a cost
of over $30 billion. The railway will feature a maximum of 20 stops, with maximum speeds of 320
km/h, and will cost an estimated $56.3 billion. The project is not yet underway and is set to be
completed in 2050.
Source: http://www.railwaysinvietnam.com/locomotives.html , December 1st 2022.
http://www.railwaysinvietnam.com/D19E.html , December 1st, 2022
http://www.railwaysinvietnam.com/D8E.html , December 1st, 2022
http://www.railwaysinvietnam.com/D19Er.html , December 1st, 2022
http://www.railwaysinvietnam.com/D20E.html, December 1st, 2022
Georgia
Georgia Railways is the national railway company of Georgia, responsible for the operation and
maintenance of the country's rail network. The company was established in 1871 and is
headquartered in Tbilisi. Georgia Railways operates both passenger and freight services and
serves as an important transportation link in the region, connecting Georgia with its neighbouring
countries through a network of international rail routes. The company also plays a significant role in
the country's economy, transporting a wide range of goods including oil, coal, and other natural
resources. Georgia Railways is actively modernizing its infrastructure and rolling stock, Until 2004
Georgian Railway had been significantly affected by corruption. On the one hand, modernization
and maintenance of the railway were neglected.
Train models examined:
1. Class 363 VMK
The VMK train, manufactured by CSR Corporation Limited, is operated by Georgian Railways and
consists of 4 cars per trainset. It is capable of reaching speeds of up to 130 km/h and is equipped
with a 3 kV DC overhead electric system and a pantograph current collector. The train runs on
tracks with a 1,520 mm Russian gauge. A total of 8 of these trains have been built.
2. Stadler KISS
The Stadler Kiss is a modern electric multiple unit train used by Georgia Railways, measuring
approximately 115 meters in length, 2.80 meters in width, and 3.65 meters in height, and weighing
around 200 tons. It is powered by 3,200 kW of electricity and is equipped with a regenerative
braking system and a Scharfenberg coupler. The train is capable of reaching speeds of up to 160
km/h and can carry up to 450 passengers across 4-6 carriages, depending on the configuration.
Future Projects:
The Tbilisi Railway Bypass Project is a proposed rail infrastructure project in Georgia that aims to
construct a bypass around the city of Tbilisi to ease congestion and improve the efficiency of rail
transportation in the region. The bypass is expected to be approximately 50 kilometers long and will
involve the construction of new tracks and infrastructure, including tunnels, bridges, and viaducts.
The project is intended to reduce travel times and improve connectivity between different parts of
the country, as well as enhance Georgia's role as a transit hub between Europe and Asia. It is
currently in the planning and development stage, and the timeline for construction and completion
is not yet determined.

Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Railway#Rolling_stock_fleet , December 1st 2022
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadler_KISS , December 1 2022
Slovenia
Slovenian Railways (SŽ) is the national railway company of Slovenia and a fully state-owned
company. It operates a network of approximately 1,200 kilometers of track and serves over 200,000
passengers daily, as well as providing international rail services. The company's main activities
include passenger transportation, freight transportation, and the maintenance and development of
rail infrastructure. It aims to modernize its infrastructure and rolling stock to increase efficiency and
competitiveness.
Train models examined:
1. Stadler KISS
In the research there are 2 different types of Stadler KISS. At the moment, 9 4-car Stadler KISS
trains and 10 6-car Stadler KISS trains are circulating in Slovenia. The years of manufacturing, as
well as years of operating differ considerably.
2. SZ series 312 aka SR31E
It was manufactured by the Croatian company Končar - Electric Vehicles in cooperation with the
Turkish company Tüvasaş. The trains were introduced into service in 2015 and are used for
regional and suburban passenger transportation. They have a seating capacity of up to 358
passengers and are powered by a 25 kV AC electric traction system and use pantographs to collect
power from overhead lines.
3. SZ series 510/515 aka FLIRT 4th generation
The FLIRT 4th generation train is a modern and efficient electric multiple unit (EMU) produced by
the Swiss company Stadler Rail. It is designed for use on suburban and regional rail lines, as well
as intercity and high-speed services. The train is powered by electric traction and can reach speeds
of up to 160 km/h. It has a lightweight and aerodynamic design. It is expected to receive in the
future some more trains of this type.
Future Projects:
Slovenian Railways is expanding its passenger fleet with 52 new trains from Stadler by the end of
2022. The fleet will include 31 electric trains, 21 single-deck and 10 double-decker EMUs, and 21
single-deck DMUs. Five DMUs have been in service since December 2020 and can reach speeds
of up to 140 km/h. The first 11 single-deck FLIRT EMUs began service in June and can reach
speeds of up to 160 km/h. The new trains will improve connectivity with Austria and Croatia and
increase the frequency of regional services. The fleet expansion is valued at around €320 million.

Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_stock_of_the_Slovenian_Railways , December 2nd 2022
HS https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%BD-Baureihe_312 , December 2nd 2022
HS https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%BD_serija_510/515 , December 2nd 2022
Bosnia
ZFBiH is a Bosnian rolling stock manufacturer based in Sarajevo. The company produces a variety
of rail vehicles, including trams, light rail vehicles, and commuter trains. In recent years, ZFBiH has
focused on modernizing its product line and increasing exports to other countries in Europe and
beyond. Some of the company's notable products include the R51 tram, which features a low-floor
design and advanced technology, and the Vukovi light rail vehicle, which is designed for use on
suburban and regional rail lines. ZFBiH is also working on the development of hybrid and electric
trains, as part of its efforts to reduce emissions and improve sustainability in the rail industry.
Bosnian railways may have older train models for a few reasons, including limited funding for new
purchases, lower maintenance and repair costs for older models, infrastructure limitations that may
not accommodate newer, high-speed trains, and a potentially limited market for newer models in
Bosnia. A combination of these factors has led to the use of older train models in Bosnia.
Train models:
1. HZ Series 6112
The HŽ series 6112 is an electric multiple unit train manufactured by Končar Group for Croatian
Railways and the Railways of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is designed for regional
passenger traffic and features low floors, uniform passenger space, and a high maximum speed of
200 km/h.
Future Projects:
One of the key rehabilitation projects in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been the upgrading of the
Šamac-Zenica-Sarajevo railway, which is a key transportation corridor in the country. This project
involved the reconstruction and modernisation of the railway infrastructure, including the tracks,
bridges, and tunnels, as well as the installation of new signalling and communication systems. The
rehabilitation of this railway has greatly improved the reliability and speed of rail transportation in
Bosnia and Herzegovina, and has also helped to reduce the number of accidents and delays on the
railway.
Other rehabilitation projects in Bosnia and Herzegovina have included the upgrading of the Mostar-
Sarajevo railway and the modernization of the Sarajevo railway station. These projects have
involved the installation of new tracks, signalling systems, and other infrastructure improvements,
as well as the procurement of new rolling stock.
Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Railways_of_the_Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Rolling_stock , December 2nd 2022
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%BD_series_6112 , December 2nd 2022
Belarus
Belarusian Railways is the national railway operator of Belarus and one of the largest rail transport
companies in Europe, with a network of over 20,000 km of tracks. It operates a fleet of electric and
diesel locomotives, passenger trains, and freight trains, carrying millions of passengers and billions
of tons of goods each year. Belarusian Railways also plays a significant role in the transit of goods
between Russia and other countries in the region. It provides a range of services including the
maintenance and repair of rolling stock, the operation of rail terminals and other infrastructure, and
the development of new rail projects.
Belarusian Railways has a large number of Soviet-era trains in its fleet due to the country's history
as a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the large number of Soviet-era trains produced, and
the durability and long lifespan of these trains. Many of these trains are still in service today despite
being decades old.
Train models:
1. Stadler FLIRT
The Stadler FLIRT is an electric multiple unit train designed for regional and suburban railways. It
has low floors and wide doors, air conditioning, and audio-visual information systems. It is powered
by electric motors and can reach speeds of up to 160 km/h. It is equipped with advanced traction
and braking systems, as well as modern signalling and communication systems.

Future Projects:
There was an alleged rail war in Belarus in 2022 in opposition to the Russian invasion of Ukraine,
involving sabotage on Belarusian railways to disrupt military operations and the transport of military
equipment. There have been around 80 acts of sabotage, including the destruction of signalling
equipment and the setting of fires, as well as attacks by hackers and railway workers. The
Belarusian Interior Ministry has threatened to kill individuals involved in the sabotage, and the lower
house of Parliament has proposed a law to apply the death penalty for sabotage. The opposition's
actions are said to have assisted Ukraine in defeating the Russian offensive.

Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT , December 8, 2022
https://trainfoto.ru/list.php?did=105&mid=1613&lang=en , December 8, 2022
https://www.rw.by/en/corporate/about_us/infrastructure/locomotive_sector/ , December 8, 2022
Moldova
Moldova is a relatively small and economically underdeveloped country. As a result, it may not
have the infrastructure or financial resources to develop and maintain a high-speed rail network or
long-distance trains. Additionally, Moldova's small population and geography may not warrant the
need for such a transportation system. There are several reasons why the economy of Moldova
might be at a low level. Some possible factors could include a lack of natural resources, a small
domestic market, low levels of foreign investment, and a lack of access to major global markets.
Additionally, Moldova has faced a number of challenges, including political instability, corruption,
and a lack of economic reform. These factors have all contributed to the country's low levels of
economic development.
Moldovan Railways or CFM is the national railway operator of Moldova, operating electric and
diesel trains for passenger and freight transportation and playing a key role in the transit of goods
between Moldova and other countries.
Train Model:
1. TE33A Lokomotive
In 2018, Moldovan Railways placed an order for 12 TE33A locomotives, which were scheduled for
delivery in 2020. These locomotives were partially manufactured in the United States, with final
assembly taking place in Moldova. The speed this locomotive can reach is 160 km/h and it is
mainly used for long-distances on international routes.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TE33A#Moldova , November 27, 2022

Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan is investing in its transport sector to improve and expand it, with the aim of becoming
a key transit hub in the region. The government is developing a north-south railway corridor to
improve accessibility to other countries and increase regional trade. Turkmen Railways operates
the country's approximately 4,980 km railway network. CRRC Ziyang has been a major supplier of
locomotives to Turkmenistan. There are 17 rail transport companies (private) in Turkmenistan, but
they are responsible only for cargo shipping (logistics & warehouse & freight).
TMH has shipped two diesel locomotives, including one Class TEP70BS passenger diesel
locomotive, to Turkmenistan's railway operator Demirýollary for passenger and freight rail transport
as part of contracts signed in 2020.
1. Diesel Locomotive Class TEP70BS
The Turkmen Diesel Locomotive Class TEP70BS is a four-axle diesel-electric locomotive used in
Turkmenistan for passenger and freight transportation. It has a maximum power output of 2,000
horsepower and is equipped with modern traction and braking systems, as well as advanced
signalling and communication systems. It has been in service for several decades and remains an
important part of Turkmenistan's railway fleet. It is operating at a speed of 160 km/h.
2. TE33A Lokomotive
In 2014, Turkmenistan acquired a single locomotive, which was used in the inaugural ceremony of
the Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran railway.
So far, this is the only relevant train model for the market research that has plenty of information.
The majority of other train models are freight locomotives and have nothing to do with the
passenger transportation.
Future Projects:
The North-South Railway Project is the first project in Turkmenistan supported by the Asian
Development Bank (ADB). Other international development partners, such as the Islamic
Development Bank, the Japanese government, the World Bank, and the European Bank for
Reconstruction and Development, have also provided funding for various infrastructure projects in
Turkmenistan, including locomotive rehabilitation, urban transport, port development, and road
network improvements. However, there are still opportunities for ADB and other development
partners to support the upgrading of other railway lines and the expansion of the network, as well
as the improvement of the road network and private sector participation and trade facilitation in the
country.
Source: https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/turkmenistan-to-receive-two-tmh-diesel-locomotives/ ,
November 27, 2022
https://www.kolomnadiesel.com/en/catalog/detail.php?ID=2217 , November 27, 2022
https://cargo-cards.com/en/directory/turkmenistan/transport-by-rail/ , November 27, 2022

KOSOVO
Kosovo is a relatively small country, especially since it is recovering after declaring independence
from Serbia. The number of km of railway line is also quite small, this is the reason why at the
moment there are no high-speed trains and, even more so, long-distance ones. Kosovo Railways is
the main and only train operator, state-owned company.

Future Projects:
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is providing 38.5 million euros in
co-financing through the Western Balkans Investment Framework (WBIF) for railway infrastructure
projects in Kosovo. The funding will be used to modernize the country's railway network, including a
148 km stretch of the Western Balkans Central Railway Network that connects Kosovo to the pan-
European Corridor VIII and Corridor X. The project will be completed in three stages and is part of
the EU's efforts to promote transport connectivity in the Western Balkans.
Source: https://clubferoviar.ro/kosovo-modernizeaza-singura-sa-legatura-feroviara-cu-europa/ ,
November 30, 2022

ALBANIA
Albanian Railways (also known as Hekurudha Shqiptare) is the national railway operator of Albania,
a country located in the Balkans region of Europe. The company is responsible for the operation,
maintenance, and development of the railway network in Albania.
Despite being an important transportation provider in the country, Albanian Railways has struggled
with modernization and the acquisition of new rolling stock in recent years. This is due in part to a
lack of funding and investment, as well as the challenges of operating in a relatively small and
economically disadvantaged country.
In recent years, Albanian Railways has made efforts to modernize its fleet and infrastructure,
including the procurement of new locomotives and passenger trains. However, these efforts have
been limited and the company's rolling stock remains relatively outdated compared to those of
other European countries.
Overall, the modernization of Albanian Railways and the acquisition of new trains is a priority for the
country, as it is essential for improving the efficiency and reliability of rail transportation and
supporting economic development. However, achieving this goal will require significant investment
and support from the government and other stakeholders.

Bulgaria
Bulgarian State Railways (BDŽ or Bulgarian Railways) is the national railway operator of Bulgaria,
responsible for the operation, maintenance, and development of the railway network. It operates a
fleet of electric and diesel locomotives, passenger trains, and freight trains, carrying millions of
passengers and billions of tons of goods each year. Bulgarian Railways also provides services
such as rolling stock maintenance, rail terminal operation, and infrastructure development, and is
modernizing its fleet and infrastructure to improve efficiency and reliability.
Train Models:
1. Desiro
The Desiro is powered by three-phase asynchronous traction motors, which are fed by an
electronic inverter. It has a maximum speed of 160 km/h (99 mph) and can operate on both
standard gauge and narrow gauge railways. The train has a welded steel frame and a body made
of aluminum sandwich panels, with windows and doors on both sides. It is equipped with air
suspension systems and Jacobs bogies, which provide a smooth ride.
2. Smartron
The Smartron is a type of electric multiple unit (EMU) train produced by Siemens Mobility, a division
of the multinational engineering company Siemens. It is a low-floor train that is designed for use in
regional and suburban passenger rail services. The Smartron has a microprocessor-based
diagnostic and steering system that allows it to be linked with other trains to form a multiple unit. It
also has modern communication protocols that enable it to be easily integrated into existing rail
networks. The train has a capacity of up to 600 passengers, depending on the specific
configuration.

Future Projects:
The National Railway Infrastructure Company (NRIC) is working on several projects, including the
modernization of the Elin Pelin-Kostenets railway section, which includes the construction of over
20km of tunnels, 23 bridges and a viaduct with a total length of about 3km, as well as the
construction of intermodal terminals in Gorna Oriahovitsa, Sofia and Vidin. NRIC is also actively
electrifying its routes and preparing for the construction of a modern rail connection between
Bulgaria and Macedonia through the cross-border Deve Bair tunnel. The NRIC is funded by the
Operational Programme Transport and Transport Infrastructure 2014-2020 (OPTTI) and the
Connected Europe Facility (CEF).

Source:
https://railway-news.com/bulgarian-state-railways-orders-10-siemens-smartron-locomotives/ ,
December 10, 2022
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_Desiro , December 10, 2022
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Narrow_gauge_locomotives_of_Bulgaria slab , December 10,
2022

Estonia
Estonian Railways, also known as EVR, is the national rail company of Estonia. It operates a
network of around 1,000 kilometers of railway lines within the country, connecting major cities and
towns with each other and with neighboring countries such as Russia and Latvia. EVR also offers
international passenger services to Russia and Ukraine. The company is responsible for the
maintenance and development of the rail infrastructure in Estonia, including the construction of new
lines and the modernisation of existing ones. EVR operates a fleet of diesel and electric trains,
including passenger trains and freight trains. In recent years, EVR has implemented a number of
modernisation and digitisation projects, such as the introduction of electronic ticketing and the
development of a digital signalling system.
Train models:
1. Stadler FLIRT
Elron, a company in Estonia, operates 38 Stadler FLIRT trains, a mix of electric and diesel-electric.
In 2012, it received a delivery of EMU and DEMU trains from Stadler Rail. In 2015, all old Soviet
trains were retired. In 2019, due to overcrowding on popular routes, Elron was granted permission
to purchase 4 new hybrid trains with the option to add 2 electric trains. The passenger number has
increased by over a third since 2014.
2. Skoda 21Ev
In October 2020, Elron announced that Škoda Transportation had won the contract to provide six
new electric trains, with the option to purchase an additional 10, for the Tallinn-Tartu route in
Estonia. The dual system trains, called Škoda 21Ev will be delivered in the second half of 2024 at a
cost of €56.2 million. The trains will feature seats that can be rearranged to provide more space for
bicycles in warmer months or additional seating in colder months. The Škoda and Stadler trains will
both be in operation simultaneously starting in 2024.
For future projects:
Rail Baltica, the largest infrastructure project in the Baltic region in a century, is underway. The 870
km project aims to connect the capitals of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia with Warsaw and the rest
of Europe through a continuous railway. It is intended to symbolize the Baltic states' return to
Europe and their detachment from their Soviet past. The railway will start in Tallinn, pass through
Pärnu, Rīga, Panevėžys, and Kaunas, and reach the Lithuanian-Polish border, with a connection to
Vilnius from Kaunas. When finished, trains will be able to travel to the Baltics from Poland at
speeds of up to 234 km/h. The project aims to reduce the travel time from Lithuania's capital to
Estonia's from seven hours to three hours and 38 minutes. Rail Baltica has released a virtual
concept of the train that will run on the line, which is based on modern high-speed trains in
operation around the world and inspired by the Baltic Sea, which connects all three Baltic states.
The infrastructure managers of Rail Baltica are working on a single window solution to increase
competition on the line and provide good service quality for passengers.
https://www.euronews.com/next/2022/09/24/the-high-speed-railway-thats-uncoupling-the-baltic-
states-from-russia-and-their-soviet-pas , December 15, 2022
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elron_(rail_transit) , December 15, 2022

Latvia
Latvian Railways (Latvijas dzelzceļš or LDz) is the national railway company of Latvia, responsible
for the operation and maintenance of the railway network in the country. The company operates
both passenger and freight trains, as well as providing railway infrastructure services. The railway
network in Latvia consists of more than 3,000 km of tracks, connecting the major cities and towns in
the country. The main line, known as the "Baltic Way," connects the capital city of Riga with the
Lithuanian border in the south and the Estonian border in the north. LDz is a member of the
International Union of Railways (UIC) and the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS).
Train models:
1. Skoda 16Ev
The Škoda 16Ev is a type of electric multiple unit (EMU) train manufactured by Škoda
Transportation. It is a low-floor train designed for regional and suburban passenger transportation.
The train has a maximum speed of 160 km/h and can seat up to 290 passengers, depending on the
specific configuration. The train features air conditioning, passenger information systems, and
wheelchair accessibility. It is equipped with a pantograph for overhead electrification and is capable
of operating on both 15 kV AC and 25 kV AC electrification systems. In 2022-23, Škoda
Transportation will supply Pasažieru vilciens, the Latvian railway company, with 32 electric multiple
units for use on suburban lines in Riga.

Future Projects:
Rail Baltica to open in 2030 – already mentioned in Estonia’s section.

Source:
https://www.railwaymuseum.lv/sites/muzejs.ldz.lv/files/uploads/dzelzceli_latvijaa_en.pdf ,
December 17, 2022
https://eng.lsm.lv/article/economy/transport/well-all-live-in-a-yellow-vilciens-new-latvian-trains-to-
get-eye-catching-paint-scheme.a348203/ , December 17, 2022
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Latvia , December 17, 2022

Lithuania
Lithuanian Railways (LG) is the national railway company of Lithuania and is responsible for the
operation and maintenance of the country's railway network. LG operates both passenger and
freight trains, as well as providing infrastructure services. The company is a member of the
International Union of Railways and the Council of the Baltic Sea States. The railway network in
Lithuania comprises over 2,500 km of tracks, connecting the major cities and towns. LG not only
serves the domestic market, but also provides international rail services to and from neighbouring
countries such as Latvia, Estonia, Poland, and Russia.

Train Models:
1. CityElephant aka Class 575
The Lithuanian Class 575 train, manufactured by Siemens Mobility, is a low-floor electric multiple
unit with a maximum speed of 160 km/h, a seating capacity of 200-300 passengers depending on
the configuration, a length of 90-110 meters depending on the number of cars, 25 kV AC overhead
electrification, four-axle bogies with asynchronous traction motors, regenerative and pneumatic
brakes, air conditioning, passenger information systems, wheelchair accessibility, and a diagnostic
system that monitors the condition of the train and helps reduce maintenance costs.

Future Projects:
Rail Baltica (2030) – see Estonia’s section

Source:
http://www.nic.funet.fi/index/pics/railways/Lithuania/electric/index.html , December 17, 2022
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8CD_Class_471#Lithuanian_Railways , December 17, 2022