Introduction to Psychology

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1. Empiricism the view that knowledge originates in experience and that

science should, therefore, rely on observation and exper-
imentation

2. Structuralism an early school of psychology that used introspection to

(Wilhelm Wundt) explore the elemental structure of the human mind

3. Functionalism A school of psychology that focused on how our mental

(William James) and behavioral processes function - how they enable us
to adapt, survive, and flourish.

4. Behaviorism the science of behavior that focuses on observable behav-

(John Watson) ior only

5. Fruedian Psy- emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes

chology and our emotional responses to childhood experiences
affect our behavior

6. humanistic psy- an approach to understanding human nature that empha-

chology sizes the positive potential of human beings

7. Cognitive Psy- the scientific study of all the mental activities associated
chology with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

8. cognitive neuro- the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with
science cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and lan-
guage)

9. Psychology the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

10. nature vs nurture the longstanding controversy over the relative contribu-
issue tions that genes and experience make to the development
of psychological traits and behaviors

11. natural selection A process in which individuals that have certain inherited
traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than
other individuals because of those traits.

12. levels of analysis

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the differing complementary views, from biological to psy-
chological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phe-
nomenon

13. biopsychosocial an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psy-

approach chological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

14. behavioral psy- the scientific study of observable behavior, and its expla-
chology nation by principles of learning

15. biological psy- a branch of psychology concerned with the links between
chology biology and behavior

16. evolutionary psy- the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using
chology principles of natural selection

17. Psycho-dynamic a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious

Psychology drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that in-
formation to treat people with psychological disorders

18. social-cultural the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior
psychology and thinking

19. Psychometrics the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities,

attitudes, and traits

20. basic research pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowl-
edge base

21. applied research scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

22. developmental a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive,

psychology and social change throughout the life span

23. educational psy- the study of how psychological processes affect and can
chology enhance teaching and learning

24. personality psy- the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of think-

chology ing, feeling, and acting

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25. social psycholo- the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and
gy relate to one another

26. industrial-organi- the application of psychological concepts and methods to

zational (I/O) optimizing human behavior in workplaces
psychology

27. human factors a branch of psychology that explores how people and
psychology machines interact and how machines and physical envi-
ronments can be made safe and easy to use

28. counseling psy- a branch of psychology that assists people with problems
chology in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in
achieving greater well-being

29. clinical psychol- a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats
ogy people with psychological disorders

30. psychiatry a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders;

practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical
(for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological
therapy

31. positive psychol- the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to
ogy discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable
individuals and communities to thrive

32. community psy- a branch of psychology that studies how people interact
chology with their social environments and how social institutions
affect individuals and groups

33. cognitive psy- psychologists who study the way people think, remember,
chologists and mentally organize information

34. developmental study psychological development throughout the lifespan

psychologists

35. educational psy- Psychologists who study methods by which instructors

chologists teach and students learn and who apply their results to
improving those methods
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36. experimental the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental
psychologists method

37. Psychometric study the methods and techniques used to acquire psy-
and Quantitative chological knowledge
Psychologists

38. social psycholo- Psychologists who study how people influence one an-
gists other's behavior and mental processes, individually and in
groups

39. forensic psychol- Psychologists who assist in jury selection, evaluate de-
ogists fendants' mental competence to stand trial, and deal with
other issues involving psychology and the law

40. health psycholo- concentrate on biological, psychological, and social fac-

gists tors involved in health and illness

41. industrial/organi- a psychologist who uses psychological concepts to make

zational the workplace a more satisfying environment for employ-
psychologist ees and managers

42. Neuropsycholo- explore the relationships between brain/nervous systems

gists and behavior

43. school psycholo- assess and counsel students, consult with educators and
gists parents, and perform behavioral intervention when neces-
sary

44. clinical psychol- Psychologists who specialize in the diagnosis and treat-
ogists ment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral
problems.

45. community psy- a branch of psychology that studies how people interact
chologists with their social environments and how social institutions
affect individuals and groups

46. counseling psy- Psychologists who specialize in the treatment of everyday

chologists adjustment problems.

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