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k (CTa.Jia) 0
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1
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1
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ax ax lna
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•
pae na A"1 e eH 110 aHHSI
(f + g)' = f' + g',
(f. g)' = f'. g + g'. f,
(~)' = f'·g;/·1
P"e HHHS1 AOTH"'IHo·i
y = f'(x 0 )(x - x 0 ) + f(x 0 )
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.
H BHr nepB
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xa+1
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+
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1
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s1nx -cosx + c
cosx sinx + C
1
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cos2 x
1
ctgx + C
sin 2 x
ax
ax -+C
lna
ex ex+ C
1
arcsinx +C
Ji - x 2
1
2 arctgx + C
1+ x
npaelllnaiHTer yeaHHSI
f(f(x) +g(x))dx = ft(x dx + fg x)dx
Jkf (x)dx = k Jf (x)dx
<l>op yna HblOTOHa-nei16Hiu,a
b
Jf (x)dx = F(b) F(a)
a
O "IMCJl H SI no
y
b s
S - f(f(x) -g(x))dx
a y=g(x)
0 a b x
A. r.Mep3m1K
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M. C. rlKip
AJlrE6PA
nip,py4Hl-1K p,mi 11 Knacy
3 norn1t16neHV1M BV1848HH51M MaTeMaTV1KV1
YacT1t1Ha 1
PeKoMeHaosaHo
MiHicmepcmsoM ocsimu i HayKu,
Monoai ma cnopmy YKpai°Hu
XapKiB
«iiMHa3ifl»
2011
Y,l(K [373.5: 372.851):(512.1 + 517.1]
BBK 22 .14b1721.6
M52
PeKOJ.tenooeano
Minicmepcmeo.J.t oceimu i HayKu, 1tt0Jlooi ma cnopmy YKpai"nu
(JIHCT Bi,n; 04.08.2011 N'2 1/11-7176)
Mep3JUIK A. r.
M52 Arrre6pa : rri,n;pyq. ,n;JIH 11 KJI. 3 rrorJIH6JieHHM BHBl!eHHHM
MaTeMaTHKH : y 2 l{. I A. r. Mep3JIHK ,l(. A. HoMipOBChKHR
B. B. IloJIOHChKHR, M. C . .HKip. - X. : I'iMHa3iH, 2011. -
q, 1. -256 c. : iJI.
I B 978-966-4 7 4-165-8.
Y,ll;E [373.5 : 372.851):(512.1 + 517.1]
BBK 22.141H721.6
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P11c. 1.1
X x 0 ).
5
§ 1. rpaHV1~H Ta HenepepBHICTb cpyHK~ff
-1 0 1 x
PHc. 1.2 PHC. 1.3
x2 1
Ha p11cyHKY 1.4 306pa.>KeHo rpaQ_}iK <PYHKu;i1 y = . BaTJHMO
2
x-1
. x -1
m;o hm =2 .
,T 1 X-1
y& I
I
2 ~-----
1
I
I
I
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----r-----·--~
0: 1 x
1
Po3rJIHHeMo <PYHKn;iro 2
f (x) = -
(p:ac. 1. 5) . .HKm;o rrocni,n;oBHiCTh
x
3H3'treHh apryMeHTY x rrpHMY€ ,n;o 0, TO TJJieH:a Bi,D;IlOB~HOl IIOCIT~OB
HOCTi 3HaTJeHb <PYHKn;il cTaIOTh yce 6ini,m:aM:a :H: 6inomHMH. ToMY He
icHye "t!HCJia, ,n;o HKOro npHMYIOTb 3HaqeHHH cPYHKD;il f 33 YMOBH, m;o
3HaqeHHH apryMeHTY npHMYIOTb ll.0 0.
1
0TjKe, cPYHKD;iH f (x) = -2 He Mae rpaHHD;i B Toqn;i XO= 0.
x
6
1. lpaHVIU,S1 ¢YHKu,i ') B TOYU,i
7
§ 1. lpaHlll~ Ta HenepepsHiCTb cpyHK~i'I
y yiI
I
I
___ l.
0 0'I
PHC. 1.8
8
1. rpaHV1U,5l cpyHKu,i'I B TOYLJ,i
9x 2 -l 1
3HaH,n;i Th rpaHHl.T,10 cpyHKD;il y = B Toqn.1 Xo =- .
3x-l 3
Po.J6'Jl3aH HJl. Po3rJIHHeMo ,n;oBiJibHY rrocni,n;oBHiCTh (x n ) TaKy,
. 1 . 1 . 'IM T . . . .
IIJ;O 1llll Xn = - 1 Xn -:F. - ,ll;JIH BClX n E L"I. O,ZJ;l Bl,D;IIOBl,ZI;Ha IIOCJll,ZI;OB-
11 >, 3 3
9x 2 -1
HiCTb (y ) 3HaqeHh cpyHKIJ.il 3ap;aeThCH cpOpMyJIOIO y - n
n 3x -1 i1 -
n
MaeMo:
9 2
lim Yn = lim xn - l =lim (3xn + 1) = 3·.!_+1=2.
n ~ n > r 3x -1 n ~ 3
n
OcKiJihKH rrocJiip;OBHicTh (x n) o6paHo .n;oaiJihHO, TO oTpMMyeMo, :rn;o
2
. 9x -1
1lffi = 2.
x > I 3x-1
3
/\
_/-! 1 1 x
V "
2n
-1
PHc. 1.9
10
1. rpaHV1LJ,5l cpyHKu,i 'i B TOYLJ,i
lim
n -+'>'.>
(xn sin _!_J= 0.
xn
(\
1 1 1 I
/3n \2n
\
PHC. 1.10
x 2 -4 1
2) f (x) = , x 0 = 1; 5) f (x) = -, x = O;
x-2 x 0
2
x -4
3) f (x) = , x 0 = 2; 6) f (x) = I x - 21, xo = 2.
x- 2 2-x
11
§ 1. lpaHV1U,S1 Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKu,i'I
y! I
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a 6 6
y! y! I I
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- ......- :xo x
...x I
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y! I
y! I
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y
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-1--------- ...
:xoI
x
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x
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e €
y y!
yf / I
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----1-----.. __________ _..
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0: X
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X o: X0 X
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PRC. 1.11
12
1. rpaHV1WH cpyHKwi'I B TOLlWi
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
0
1. . Ha p11cyHKY 1.12 306paiKeHo rpacpiK <PYHKu;il y = f (x).
1) l.{oMy ,n;opiBHIOe 3Hai:reHHH <PYHKIJ;il f y Toqu;i XO = 1?
2) l.{11 icHye rpaHHIJ;H <PYHKIJ;il f y Toqu;i XO= 1? -y pa3i II03HTHBHOl
Bi,n;rroBi,n;i 3aTIHIIIiTh 3 BHKOpHCTaHHHM Bi,n;rroBiAHOl CHMBOJiiKH,
qoMy BOHa ,n;opIBHIOe.
3) qH icHye rpaHHIJ;H <PYHKIJ;il f y TOqIJJ XO= 2? -y pa3i II03HTHBHOl
Bi,n;rroBi,n;i 3aIIHIIIiTh 3 BMKOpHCTaHHHM BiAIIoBiAHOl CHMBOIDKH,
qoMy BOHa ,n;opiBHIOe.
y Y'
v
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6
..
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PHC. 1.12
13
§ 1. rpaHV1LI,~ Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKU,ff
0
1.12. 3HaH,D;iTh:
1) lim vfx; 2) lim )2x+l.
x 4 x 0
1. • 3HaH,n;i Tb:
1) lim ~5x+2; 2) lim13x-2.
x~5 x 6
2
1.14:· .D;ose,l\iTb, m;o c!JyHKI\iH f (x) = I x - I He Mae rpammi s TO'II\i
x-2
x 0 = 2.
1
1. 7 . ,Zl;oBe,n;iTh, m;o cpyHKIJ;iH f (x) =cos - He Mae rpaHHu;i B TOtIIJ;i
x
l, HKIIJ;O X E Q,
1.1s:· ,Zl;oBe,n;iTh, m;o <PYHK:u;i.a ,Zl;ipixJie '.D (x) =
{ 0, HKIIJ;O X E JR\ Q,
He Mae rpaHHI.J;i B JKO,D;HiH T<?tII.J;i.
~i~f (;).
• <l>yHKIJ;i.H f BH3Ha1leHa Ha JR i lim f (x) = 1. 3Hali,n;iTh rpaHHI.J;IO
.r -+ 0
lim f (
x~o
.Jx 2
+1-1).
1.24.* 'l!R icHye cpyHKIJ;iH f TaKa, m;o D (f) =JR i cpyHKIJ;iH f He Mae rpa-
HHu;i B JKO.l(HiH TOlID;i XO E JR, aJie npH I.J;bOMY cpyHKIJ;iH y = sin f (x)
Ma€ rpaHHil;IO B KOJKHiH TOtID;i XO E JR?
1 · Bi,n;oMo, m;o cpyHKIJ;iH y = If (x) I Mae rpaH11:u;ro B KOJKHili TolI:u;i
XO E JR. 'llli npaBHJlbHO, m;o cpyHKD;i.H y = f (x) Ma€ rpaHHD;IO XOtia 6
B O,D;HiH TOtII.J;i X 0 E JR?
14
1.26.* "lln icHye TaKa cpyHKII,iH f, m;o f (x) > 0 ,n;JuI Bcix x ED (f)
•
1 ,D;JIH BClX
•
p ~T crrpaB,n;JKyeThCH plBHlCTb
E ! \l
• • i lffi
· - f (-
X) = 0?
x-t O Xp
I
rrpoMiJKKY (a - e; a + €), T06TO BHKOHY- I : I I
:1 I
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: II :I II
IOTbCH HepiBHOCTi a- € < f (x) < a + €. ·
l 1
·!~ii
lHI.IIHMM CJIOBaMM, ,D;JIH 6y,n;h-HKOro x E I n --1----~-~
n D (f), x -:;:. XO, BMKOHyeThCH HepiBHiCTb
lHTepBa.n I
I f (x) - a I < e.
3By3MMO rrpoMiJKOK Ha oci op,n;MHaT, P11c. 1.13
T06TO posrJIHHeMO iHTepBaJI (a - €1; a + €1),
,n;e 0 < El < €. To,n;i ,D;JIH "l!MCJia El MOJKHa BKa3aTM TaKMH iHTepBaJI Jl
oci a6cu;11:c, HKMH MiCTMTh TO"l!KY x 0 , m;o ,n;JIH 6y,n;h-HKoro x E 11 n D (f),
x -:;:. x , BMKOHyeThCH HepiBHiCTh f (x) - a < t: 1 (p11:c.
0
I I 1.13).
15
§ 1. f paHlllUSna Henepe BHiCTb cpyH Ull
y!
I Y4I
: y=f x
I : y =f )
a i----------~ a £ '~------------------ I
a~----- II a:______ l
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a- .,.___ ' I :
I - £ '---- :
l
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- -1----~----~
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T I nl
Puc. 1.14 Plic. 1.15
(I n D {x } H
0
<n rropomHhOIO. HanpnKJia.l{. ,z:i; rrj! cpyHKUil rpaq>iK
HKo1 3o6pam Ho H pH yHKY 1. 7, rpaHHI..J,10 B TO n~i x0 He 03Ha-
qaroTh.
HK~o iHT pBaJI I MiCTHTh TO"llKY x0 To icHye TaK ,z:i;o,z:i; THe tIHC-
no ~o rrpoMimoK (x 0 - 8·x0 +
Ha.TI )IUITh I (puc. 1.16).
To.l(i srK~o TOtIKa x 0 HanemHTb iHT pBaJI I, T ue:H: iHT pBa.n:
MiCT:UTb MHOJKHHY, .HKa p03B '.H3KOM
IIO'ABiiiHo1 HepiBHO Ti 0 < Ix - x0 J
.l(e - .u;eJIK .l(OJJ;aTHe tIHCJIO.
T n p Has p;eH 3HatJ HH$! I paHHui
<PYHKU.il f y TOlIU;i MOmH nep <l>OpMy-
JIIOBaTM TaK. Pn ,. 1.16
16
0 3HaYeHHR rpaH\11Ui cpyHKt_ti'i a royui 3a Kowi
i .. qH ;JO a Ha3HBa- Y+ I
~ ---------T--
x ED <n
a uepisaocTeii o < Ix - x0 I< 8 a i------
'II
BHIIJI11sa uepisaicT1> I f (x) - a I < e. a - e ~ ---
'
I
PncyHoK 1.1 7 iJIIO Tpye n. 03H "t!eHH.H.
I
I
17
TeopeM111 npo ap111<J>MeTM~Hi Ari 3 rpaHMU.RM111
<l>YHKU.h~ y TO~U.i
18
2. TeopeM111 npo ap111cpMerwm i Ai'i" 3 rpaH111u,~M111 cpyHKu,iill y TOYU.i
19
§ 1. lpaHV1Ufl Ta HenepepsHiCTb cpyHKUi°I
p 0 3 8 .fl3 a fl fl.fl.
1
3 KJIIQqOBOl 3a,n;aqi 1. 9 BHITJIHBae, rn;o lim x
X~XO
= Xo.
2
To,n;i, aKrn;o cpyHKu,iro y = x rro,n;aTH y BMrJia,n;i y = x • x, TO MO.mHa
3acTocyBaTM TeopeMy rrpo rpaHMIJ,IO ,n;o6yTKy. MaeMo:
2
lim x = lim (x·x)= lim x· lim x=x;. •
X~Xo x Xo x Xo X~Xo
2
5 6
nPMKJlAtl 2 3Haii,n;iT:o lim x - x+
2
x~2 X -4
1
x 2 -2x, HK~O x -::/=-,
2
nPMKJ1All 3 3Haii,n;iT:o lim f (x), ,n;e f (x) =
1
x~ - 1
2 3, HKI.IJ,O X = -.
2
Po 3 e' .fl 3 au fl .fl. PosrJiaHeMo cpyHKIJ,iIO
2
g (x) = x - 2x. OcKiJI:OKM B 6y,n;:o-aKOMY rrpo-
20
2. TeopeM1t1 npo ap1t1cpMeT1t1YHi Ai'i 3 rpaH1t1U,HM1t1 cpyHKu,iill y TOYU.i
.2!. = -~.4
2
X l
2
lim (x -2x) = lim x -lim 2x =
X !
2
X-4!
(.!.)
2
-2 . •
2 2 2
BnpaaM
0
2.1. 3HaHp;iTb:
2x-1
1) lim(2x 2 -3x-l); 4) lim ;
X-41 x-t3 3x-2
4 x 2 -3x+5 .
2) lim x ; 5) lim
x >- 1 x ox +2x-1 '
2
x 2 -1 .
2) lim (x 3 -3x 2 + 2x + 2); 5) lim 2
x >2 x o 2x -x-1 '
3
3 2 x +1
3) lim (2x -3x +6); 6) lim 20.
x -2 x-t3 (x -2)
2.3. • 3HaH,D;iTb:
. x 2 -2x-3 3x 4 -5x 2 -12x-4 .
1) hm ; 3) lim
x 2 -5x+6
x 3 X-42 x 2 -4 '
5
. x 3 -3x-2 X +1
2) hm ; 4) lim
x 2 x 3 -8 x >-1 x+l
2. • 3HaHp;iTb:
4
. x 2 -3x+2 ) lim (l+x) -(1+4x).
1) 1lffi 2 ; 3
x 1 x -4x+3 x o x2 + x4 '
. x 4 -3x+2 . x 5 -1
2) 1lffi 5 ; 4) 1lffi 3 •
X-tl X -4X+3 x-tl X -1
2.5: 06"CJHCJiiTb rpaHHIJ,IO:
1 3 . ( 2 1 )•
1) lim(- - )· 2) 1lffi 2 - 2
x-tl 1-x 1-x 3 ' x-t2 x -2x x -3x+2
2.6. 06"CJHCJiiTb rpaHHII;IO:
1) lim ( --+
X-t - 3 X+3
1
X
2
6
-9
); . (
2) hm
x 2 2x 2 - 5x + 2
2 + x-4
3 ( x 2 - 3x + 2)
J
•
21
§ 1. rpaHltlll,fl Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKLJ,i.i
y TO"CIIJ;i X0 = 0.
xf(x)+l
2.8: Hexali lin1 f (x) =-1. 3Hali,n;iTh rpaHHIJ;IO cpyHKu;i! y- - - -
x-+3 - x2 +5
y TO"Y:I.I;i X0 = 3.
2
2.9: 3Hali,n;iTh lim f (x), ,n;e f (x) = {x -
2 2
x + ' HKID;O x * O,
x 0 -1, .HKIIJ;O X = 0.
2
2. .. .
3 Ha:H:,ZJ;lTb . f (X ), ,n;e f (X ) = {-x + 3x, HKID;O x 3,
1lffi *
x 3 2, .HKID;O X = 3.
0-. 2.11: Ilpo cpYffKD;iIO f Bi,n;oMo, .ru;o lim f (x) =a i lim f (x) = b.
Jl:oBe,n;iTh, .ru;o a= b.
2. Jl:oBe,n;iTh, .ru;o "Y:HCJIO a € rpaHHI.I;eIO cpyHKI.I;il f y Toqu;i Xo TO,ZJ;l
i JIMllle TO,n;i, KOJIH cpyHKI.I;iIO f MOJKHa rro,n;aTH y BHI'JIH,n;i
f (x) =a+~ (x), ,n;e ~ - TaKa cpyHKD;iH, .ru;o lim ~ (x) = 0.
X Xo
0-. 2.13: Cl>yHKI.I;il f i g TaKi, .ru;o f (x) <: g (x) ,ZJ;JI.H Bcix x E IR,
rrpH"Y:OMY icHyIOTh rpaHHI.I;i lim f (x) =a, lim g (x) = b. Jl:oBe,n;iTh,
X-+Xo x ·>Xo
.ru;o a<: b.
0-. . <I>yHKu;i! f, g i h TaKi, .ru;o f (x) <: g (x) <: h (x) ,n;JIH Bcix
x E IR, rrpH"Y:OMY icHyIOTh rpaHHI.I;i lim f (x) = lim h (x) =a. JJ:o-
x x0 :c - >x0
22
3. HenepepBHICTb cpyHKu,i'i s TOYL\I
f (xo)f------- : a ~717
------: 1- g(x)
I I I
I I I
I I I I
o:
-----~--------~-------~
X0 X 0:
------~--------~------~
X0 X
a 6
PHC. 3.1
lim
n
f (xn) = lim
n - >oc
~xn -1 = ~X0 -1 = f (x0 ),
'
0-- Yi/
0
/1 I
I
I
I
I
'
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
x
·----71------__________
:o
I
I
I
I
..,x
xi o x2 I
I
.
3ayBamHMO, m;o KOJIH cPYHKD;iH f He BH3Hat:£eHa B TOl:III,i Xcp TO
x2
BOHa He € HenepepBHOIO B n,iH TO'l{II,i. HarrpHKJla,n; cpyHKII,iH f (x) = -
x
He e HerrepepBHOIO B TO'l{II,i XO =0 (pHC. 3. 3).
HerrepepBHicTb cpyHKn,ii: B TOtIII,i MOmHa TaKOm ycTaHOBHTH BH-
Kop:ncTOBYIOl:IH IIOHHTTH rpaHHllj cpyHKII,il B TOtIII,i.
24
3. HenepepBHiCTb ¢YHKU/i B TOY~i
= x~
2
lim f (x) = lim ( x + x) = lim x 2 + lim x + x 0 = f (x 0 ).
x - •x0 x x0 x - x0 x x0
3.2 (
o p i Jt a , e
) . HKUfO <PYH-Klfit y = f (x) i y = g (x) H-enepep6H-i 6 mo"'lt-
q.i x 0 , mo 6 q.iu mo"'ltq.i nenepep6nuMu e i <}JynKlfi°i y = f (x) + g (x),
. f (x)
y = f (x) g (x) z. y = - - (ocmanna aa yMo6u, UfO g (x0) -1:- 0).
g (x)
/{ oee(}e H HJl TeOpeMH IIpOBe)J,eMO JIHIIIe .D;JI.H cpyHKU.il y = f (X) + g ( X)
(,n;JIH iHmHx cpyHKU.iH ,n;oBe)J,iTh TeopeMy caMOCTiHHo). Poar JI.HHeMo
,l(OBiJihHY 36imHy )J,0 Xo IIOCJii.D;OBHiCTb (xn) apryMeHTiB cpyHKU.il
y = f (x) + g (x). OcKiJihKH cpyHKU.il fig e HerrepepBHHMH B TO"t!U.i x 0 ,
TO limf(xn)=f(x0 ) i limg(xn)=g(x0 ).
n n - L
25
§ 1. lpaHLll~ Ta HenepepsHiCTb cpyHKUl'i
-t-~~----ol~~~~---t~
P0 IlJiom,a TPHKYTHHKa P xOP 0 MeHIIIa Bi.n;
O 1 rrJiom,i ceKTopa PxOP 0 (p11c. 3.5). MaeMo:
S \ p OP.0 = -1 on2
r 0
.
in x-
1 .
- sin x;
• 2 2
1 2 1
=-0P0 x=-x.
Puc. 3.5 2 2
f (x)
I <l>yHI<IJ;iIO BHAY y - -- .n;e f (x) i g (x) - MHOrO"t!JieHH, Ha3RB8IOTb
g (x)
pa~ioHaJILHOlO.
26
1.
To,rµ - sin x < -1 x . OrpHMY€MO su1
.
x < x.
2 2
Hexa.H x E (-1; 0). To,n;i -x E (O· 1). MomHa aarmcaTII: sin (-x) < -x.
3Bi,ZJ;CH sin x x.
0Tme HKID;O x E (0· 1) TO 0 < sin x < x. ToMy sin x I I < Ix I·
HKW:O x E (-1; 0), TO 0 sin x,,,. x. ToMy sin x I I< Ix I. A
e 3. 2 . Jf na 6yiJb-JtKUX x E IR i x 0 E Ill 6UKonycmbca nepi6-
nicmb I in x - sin x 0 I<I x - x I· 0
PioeefJenn.ll. MaeMo:
-I x n - x0 I<sin x n - in x 0 ~I x n - x () I•
. . . x - x0 . x + x 0
CKOPHCTaBmHCb p!BHlCTIO cos x - co Xo = - 2 sin Sln Ta
2 2
i,n;eero ,ZJ;OBe,n;eHH51 TeopeMH 3.3, ,n;oBe,n;iTb 11,IO TeopeMy caMOCTiHHO.
OcKiJihKH cpyHK11,il y = sin x i y = cos x - HenepepBHi, To a Te-
opeMu npo HenepepBHiCTb qacTKH BHilJIHBae m;o cpyHKII,il y = tg x
i y = ctg x TaKO»C e HenepepBHHMH.
27
§ 1. lpaHVIUfl Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKUi"I
28
3. HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKU,i°i B TOYU.i
4
MPlllKilAA 06'lnc.JiiTi, lim ,J x - .
x >4 2x+l-3
P 03 8' Jl3 a Ii Ii.fl. OcidJibKH cpyHKII;i.H f (x) = .J2x+ 1-3 e HenepepB-
Ha 3aIIHCaTH lim~(.J2x+1+3)=~(~2-4+1+3)=3.
x 4 2 2
BifJno8iOb: 3.
MPM AA 3Hali,n;iTh yci 3Ha""CJeHH.H napaMeTpa a, npM .HKHX <PYHKII;i.H
x 2 -1 .
!
2
- - 2, .HKn.:t;O X :/:. l 1 X :/:.a , .
f (x) = x2-a e HerrepepBHOIO B TO"'CJII;l XO= 1.
a +a, .aKm;o x = 1,
Po 3 8' Jl3 a Ii Ii.fl. Po3rJimreMO BHna,n;oK, KOJIM a
2
* 1. To,n;i lim
x 1
f (x) =
x - ~
2
= lim = 0. ,[(JI.a Toro n.:t;o6 cpyHKu;i.a f 6y Jia HenepepBHOIO B TO""CJII;i
x ix-a
x0= 1, rroTpi6Ho, n.:t;o6 f (1) = a
2
+ a= 0. 3Bi,n;cH a= 0 a6o a= -1.
2
YMoBy a =F 1 3a,n;oBOJibH.He JIMme a = 0.
2
5IKm;o a 2
= 1, TO MaeMo lirn f (x) = lirn x - l = lim (x + 1) = 2. To,n;i
x 1 x 1 x-1 x-tl
29
§ 1. lpaHll!Ufl Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKUil
lim
n
f (X11 ) = nlim X = X 0 -:Ff (x0 ).
-r
11
0TJKe cpyHKIJ;iH f He e HerrepepBHOlO
B T0l.JI1,i X •
0
•
1Tl> • • x x x
OcKiJibKM ,z:i;JISi 6 YAb-SiKoro x E ~ rrocJil,ZJ;OBHlCTb - - , .•• , - 11
, ••.
2 4 2
npSIMY€ ,z:i;o HYJISi, TO )J;JI.H Herrep pBHOl B TOtII(i XO - 0 cpyHKI(il f BiA-
f (~J
2n
, ... AOPiBHroe f (x). TaKMM tIMHOM, f (x) = lim f (~)
2n
II
= f (0).
e 03Hatiae m;o myKaHa cpyHKI(i.fi Mae BMrJIHA f (x) = c Ae c-
KOHCTaHTa . 3poayMiJIO m;o 6YAb-HKa TaKa cpyHKI(iH 3aAOBOJlbH.H€
VM BY 38,D;a'tfl.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
11
I I
11
••a
31
§ 1. f paHVIU,H Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKU,i.I
X 10 = 0, 7314 ... ,
X 20 = 0, 73893 .•. ,
BnpaaM
0
3.1. 06"tIHCJiiTh:
1) lim
x 9
v'x; 3) lim tg x;
3n
5) lim arctg x.
x-> l
X->-
4
1
y IIYHKTi 12 (3a,n;aqa 12.31) 6y,n;e o6rpyHTOBaHO 36i.JKHiCTh u,iei: IIOCJii-
.D:OBHOCTi.
32
3. HenepepsHiCTb cj:>yHKWi"I B TOYWi
3. 06"tIHCJiiTh:
1) lim -Fx°; 3) lim ctg x; 5) lim arcctg x.
x-+2 It x > 1
X-+-
4
2) lim cos x; 4) lim arc cos x;
x
;t X-+0
2
0
~
1) f(x)=]:_+Fx°; 3) f (x) = ;
x cos x
2) f (x) = sin x + ctg x; 4) f (x) = ctg 5x.
0
3.5. 06llHCJiiTh:
l x-3
6,
sin 2x
, .H:KI.JJ;O X -:F
.H:KID;O X = 3,
- - , .H:KIIJ;O X
3,
n
-:F - ,
XO -
_ .
3'
cosx 2
2) f (x) =
7t
1, .H:KIIJ;O X =-,
2
3. qH e HerrepepBHOIO B TOlID;i XO cpyHKD;i.H::
1-x 2
1) f (X=
) , .H:KID;O X -:F -1, l
x+l x 0 =-;
{
0, .H:KID;O X = -1,
* n,
l
sin 2x , HKID;O x
2) f(x)= sinx x 0 = n?
-2, .H:KID;O X = 1t,
33
§ 1. rpaHV1~~ Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHK~i·i
3.9: 06tIMCJiiTh:
2) lim +x ·
2 4) lim ~-l. 6) lim ~ .
X-7-21-.Jx2 -3' X-7
5 3-.J4+X' X-703X+l-1
3.12 06tIMCJiiTh:
1) r x-3
2
. .Jx + 4 - 2 . ~l+x 2 -1
3) 1lffi 5) 1lID
}~ .J2x 10-4
; ;
x 0 x x >0 x
. 2-~. . ~+2
2) 1lffi 2 ' 6) 1lID 3
.
x 7 x -49 X-+-2 X +8
34
3. HenepepsHiCTb cpyHKu,i'1'B TOYU,i
(a 2 - 1) Ix I, HKm;o x :;t: 0,
f (x) = x e HenepepBHOIO B TO'Y:IJ;i XO = 0.
!
a 2 +a, HKII.J;O x = 0,
3,19:· 3Hali,D;iTh yci 3Ha'Y:eHHH rrapaMeTpa a, rrp:a HKHX cpyHKIJ;iH
2
x - 4
l
- - , HKIIJ;O x:;t:2 ix ::;t: a,
f (x) = ~- a e HerrepepBHOIO B TO'Y:IJ;i XO = 2.
a +3a, HKIIJ;O x = 2,
3.20:· 3Halip;iTh yci 3Ha1IeHHH rrapaMeTpa a, rrp:a HKMX cpyHKIJ;iH
2
x -16
--- 2
, HKIIJ;O X :;t: 4 i X ::;t: a 2 ,
f (x) = x - a e HerrepepBHOIO B TO'Y:u;i XO = 4.
!
a 2 + 2a, HKIIJ;O x = 4,
3.21:· ct>yHKIJ;il f i g BH3Ha1IeHi Ha JR . l{:a MOJKe cpyHKIJ;iH h (x) =
= f (x) +g (x) 6yTH HerrepepBHOIO B TO'Y:IJ;i XO, HKm;o:
1) cpyHKIJ;iH f e HerrepepBHOIO B TO'Y:IJ;i XO, a <l)YHKIJ;iH g He e He-
rrepepBHOIO B TO'Y:D;i xo;
2) <PYHKD;il fi g He € HerrepepBHI1MH B TO'Y:D;i XO?
3.27.
•• ,Il;oBe,D;iTh, ru;o cpyHKD;i.H f (x) =
{X, HKin;O XEQ, e Herre-
-x, HKin;O X E JR \ Q,
pepBHOIO piBHO B O.D;HiH TO'Y:IJ;i X 0 = 0.
3.2s.·· Ilpo BH3Ha"tfeHy Ha IR cpyHKu;iro f Bi,D;OMO, rn;o BOHa He e He-
nepepBHOIO B JKO,D;Hili TO'Y:ll;i. '(la MOJKe iCHYBaTH rpaHHIJ;.H lim f (x)?
x->0
2
. 9 . ,Il;oBe,D;iTh, m;o cpyHKD;i.H f (x) =x '.D (x) € HerrepepBHOIO piBHO
B O,D;HiH TO'Y:D;i X 0 = 0.
35
§ 1. rpaHlt1Ll,s:l Ta HenepepBHICTb cpyHKLJ,i°i
2
xn =cos (2n .Jn + n).
~L---~-~ I
yt y
a r--------
I
= g( )
Y+
b'
1
y = l~(x)
~-------- I
I
I
I ' I I
I I
I I
I
I I
I
I I I I I I
-· --r-----------------•
I I
-- ---t--------~-----~
O:
I I
--r--------J-----------~
O: XO x XO x O: XO x
a 6 8
PHC. 4.1
36
4. OgHOCTOpOHHi rpaHV1U,i cpyHKu,i'1 B TOYU,i. Knac1t1cpiKaU,i5l TO'-IOK po3pV1BY
y4 I
re in
7t :
2 :------
'
I
I
I
I
I
-1
--~------
:______ J __
I
~
y!I
I
:
I
:0 1 x
I
1 1~--- I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I
I
I : I
I
- - .- - - - _ J. __ - - - - - - - - ~ I
7t
O: 1 x ------;I 2
37
§ 1. rpaH1t1'-l51 Ta HenepepBHICTb cpyHKUi'j
0 Tl -x
I
I
------r-----·--~
o:
I
I
1 x
- -
PMc. 4.5 PHC. 4.6
38
4. 0AHOCTOpOHHi rpaHV1LJ,i cpyHKLJ,i"i B TOYLJ,i. Knaclt1cpiKaLJ,iH TO'-tOK p03plt1BY
Yt y = f(x)
f (x 0) L-------- ~
I I
I I
arr-----
'
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
------L--------~-----
o: x0
.....
x
I
a 6
PHc. 4.7
h(x)= {
f (x), HKI.U;O x * Xo, .
i ~(x)=
{g (x), HKIII;O x * Xo,
a, .HKI.I.J;O x = Xo' a, HKI.U;O x = Xo.
QqeBH,ll;HO, r.u;o cpyHKII,il h i ~ € HenepepBHHMH B Toqrr.i XO.
I
y.I
I I
I I
I
:I it= h(x) I
I
a r---
I
a71
~-----
•
I
I
I
1
I
I I I
I I I
______ IL ________ J I _____ ..,.... I I
o: x0 x
------L--------------.....
o: x 0 x
I I
a 6
PHC. 4.8
0 x 0 x
40
4. 0AHOCTOpOHHi rpaHVIU,i cpyHKu,i'i B TOYU,i. KnacvicpiKaU,i5'.l TOYOK po3pV1BY
BnpaaM
4.1. 3a ,ZI;OIIOMOrOIO rpacpiKa cpyHKD;ll f (pHC. 4.11) 3'.Hcyli:Te, qH Mae
cpyHKIJ;iH f JiiBy (npaBy) rpaHHU.IO B Toqu;i XO. y pa3i II03HTHBHOl
Bi,n;rroBi,n;i yKamiTb 3HaqeHHH :u;ie1 rpaHHD;i.
Y4 I
I
I
I 4 :------
3 ~--- 1
I
I
I
I I I
I
I
I I
I
I
1 }------
--i------J-----~ --4----L-------~ ---r----------
1 I
O•I x0 x O: XO x 0: X0
a 6 6
Yi I
I
I
Y4
5 :--------- I 5 :---------
1 I
I
I
I
I
I
I
4 ~---------t-
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I 3 (7 i
-ci~-------l~--------~
I I
I I I
--t---------L---------.... ----t-- ----'- -- --- ---~
0: X
0
X O: XO x
z r'
PHc. 4.11
. 3a ,n;orroMororo rpacpiKa cpyHK:u;il f (pHc. 4 .12) s' Hcyli:Te, qH Mae
cpyHKU.iH f JiiBy (rrpaBy) rpaHHD;IO B Toqu;i XO. y pa3i II03HTHBHOl
Bi,ZI;IIOBi,n;i yKamiTb 3HaqeHHH :u;ie1 rpaHHD;i.
y. I Yi y
I
I
I
1: __ 3 ---------
·------~
I ~---- 3 I
------~ 2 I I
I
-------~---~---------~ I
I
I 0: : X 0 X
I
I
I I
-1 :--
-{--------- ....
I
X0
I
----~------~---------
0:
I
....X !X 0 X
I
a 6 6
y! Y4
I
Y4I
3 '---------··
I I
I I •
I I
I
I
I XO
------~----
Q: _____ .,...
I
I
I I
-- f---- - -- -~ :
I
: x I
I
: X0 X I I
I I - ---L--- - --- - -'-- __ .,...
I
I
I
-1 • I 0l X0 X
z I
PHC. 4.12
41
§ 1. lpaHlt1Ll~ Ta HenepepBHICTb cpyHKLli'I
4) f (x) = x +Ix I, x
x 0
= O; 8) f (x)={~' JIKID;O x<O, x = 0.
ctg X, EKI.Il;O X > 0, O
4) f (x) =£cos.!., x 0 = O;
x
tg X EKI.Il;O X > 0,
5) f (x) = 1
{- , EKID;O X < 0,
x2
.J1 + x -1
4) f (x) = 2
, x0 = O;
x
1
5) f (x) = arctg -, x 0 = 0.
x
42
4. 0AHOCTOpOHHI rpaHVIL.J,I cpyHKu,i"I B TOYL.J,i. Knac1t1cpiKau,i~ TOYOK po3p111sy
x
1) f (x) = r---: , x0 = O;
vix+4-2
7t [x] .
2) f (x) =sin - -, x 0 = 2;
2
7t
3) f (X) = tg X, X0 =- ;
2
Q, .HKm;O X < 0,
4) f (x) ={
ctg x, .HKm;o x > 0,
4.1:· Ilp:a .HKHX 3Hal.JeHH.HX rrapa~reTpa a cpyHKD;i.H f y TOl.JD;i XO Mae
piBHi JiiBy i rrpaBy rpaHMD;i?
43
§ 1. lpaHV1[45! Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHK[4i'i
-
44
5. Aes:iKi snacr111socri HenepepsH111x ¢YHKu,ii71
45
§ 1. lpaH111u,H Ta HenepepsHiCTb cpyHKu,i"I
2
l+x
Po3e';i3auu;i. MaeMo: x 4
~O ,D;JI.H Bcix x E JR . OcKiJihKH
l+x
f (0) = 0, To min f (x) = 0.
IR
3acTOCYBaBIIIH HepiBHicTh KoIIIi, sarrHmeMo
~
2 2 2
x x _ x _ 1
4
~ - - -2 - - .
l+x 2 P 2x 2
1 1
OcKiJihKH f (1) = -, TO max f (x) =-.
2 2
ct>yHKIJ.i.H f HerrepepBHa Ha JR. 3 HaCJii,n;Ky TeopeMM 5.2 BMIIJIMBae,
46
5. ,LJ,e~Ki snaCTVlBOCTi HenepepBHVlX cpyHKU,iil!
7( x
a
'I
I
--,..----~
:b x
47
§ 1. rpaHVIU,~ Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKLJ,i°I
3ayBaJKHMO, m;o ,D;JUJ. rrpoMiJKKiB BH,D;Y (a; b], [a; b) , (a; b) TBep-
. 1
,n;meHH.H. TeopeMH He e cnpa.Be,ZI;JIHBHM. T aK, <l>YHKJ..O..H. y = - e HenepepB-
x
HOIO Ha 6y,ZI;h-.HKOMY npoMiJKKY BH,D;Y (0; a],
y
npoTe BOHa He e o6MeJKeHOIO Ha IJ;hOMY npo-
MlJKKy.
He 6y,n;h-.H.Ka <l>YHKn;i.a, BH3Ha"tieHa i o6Me-
JKeHa Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b], ,ZI;OC.H.rae Ha D;bOMY
rrpoMiJKKY CBol.x Hali6irroIIIoro i HRHMeHmoro
a b x
3Ha'tleHb. U:e i.rrIOCTpye pHCYHOK 5.5.
P11c. 5.5 IIpoTe ,ZI;JI.H HenepepBHHX cpyHRn;i:M: Mae
Micn;e TaKa TeopeMa.
: a X0 b X
3a3Ha'CJHMO m;o KOJIH B TeopeMi 5.4
Bi,n;pi30K [a; b] 3aMiHHTH npoMiJKKOM iH- max f (x) = f (x 0 )
[a ; b]
rnoro BH,ZI;Y, HanpHKJia,ZI; iHTepBaJIOM (a; b),
TO HenepepBHa Ha D;hOMy npoMiJKKY cpyHK- min f (x) = f (a)
[a;l1]
Bnpa M
0
5.1. ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o piBH.H.HH.H. Mae KOpiHh:
1) x 6 + 2x - 13 = 0; 3) arctg 3 x = 2 tg x - 1.
2) 3 sin x = 2x - 1;
,Il;oBe,ZI;iTh, m;o piBH.HHH.H Mae KOpiHb:
1) x 3 + 3x - 8 = O; 3) x 2 arcsin x + 3x - 1 = 0.
2) 2 cos x = x 2 + 4x - 6;
48
5. De~Ki snacnrnocri HenepepsH1.1x cpyHKWiiii
1) y=-2;
1
3) y = [x]; 5) y=~;
x x
2) y = arccos x; 4) y = {x}; 6) y = x 3 ?
5. 5bd 3 ,n;aHHX <PYHKIJ;iM e o6MeJKeHHMH:
1) y =sin x +cos x; 3) y = arcctg x; 5) y = tg x;
x2
2) y = - ; 4) y = 1) (x); 6) y = sgn (x)?
x
0
5.5. 3Hali,n;iTb o6JiaCTb 3HaqeHb cpyHKIJ,fi:
49
§ 1. lpaHV1~5! ra HenepepsHiCTb cpyHKu/I
5.14: <l>yHRu;ia f, D (f) = [a; b], e TaRoro, m;o Ha Bi,D;pi3RY [a; b] icHY-
IOTh T01IKH X1 Ta X2 , )J;JIH HKHX BHKOHYeThCH YMOBa f (xl ) = min f (x)'
[a;b]
50
,0,oBeAeHHH nepwo'i reopeM111 5onbU.aHo-Kowi
1
Xop8010 zparjJilca cpyHK~i1 Ha3HBaIOTh 6y,n;h-.R:KHH ai.n;piaoK, m;o cnoJiyqae
.lJ;Bi TQqKH rpacpiKa.
51
§ 1. I paHviU.~ ra HenepepBHICTb cpyHKU.i'i
BKJia,n;eHHX Bi,n;pi3KiB
[a; b]::) [a 1 ; b1 ]::) [a 2 ; b2 ]::) ....
Sa rrpHHII,HIIOM BK.rra,n;eHHx Bi,n;pi3KiB (,n;HB. «Arrre6pa-10», c. 356)
icH·ye TaKa T0'1Ka c, .HKa HaJie>KHTb yciM Bi,n;pi3KaM [a 11 ; b11 ]. Ha KO>K-
HOMY 3 Bi,n;pi3KiB [an; bn] 6yJio o6paHO Ta.KY T0'1KY x,,, w;o f (x 11 ) I I> n.
ToMy (f (x11 ) ) - po36i>KHa nocJii,n;OBHiCTh (BoHa Hee 06MemeH010).
OcKiJihKH xn E[an;bn] i CE[a,,;bn], TO
0 ~I x,1 - c I~ (b,, - a,,).
52
6.nepwaYyAosarpaH~U~
. sin x
Ilffi--= 1 (1)
x 0 x
sin x x2
JleM 6.1 . HKUfO Ix I< 1ix*-0, mo 0<1---<-.
x 2
J(oeeiJennJl. Hexali x E (0; 1). Ha pHCYHKY 6.1 TO't!KY P x OTpH-
MaHO B pe3yJibTaTi IIOBOpOTY TO'tJKH p 0 (1; 0) HaBKOJIO IIO'tJaTKY KOOp-
,1.l;HHaT Ha KYT x pa,n;irur. OcKiJihKH x E (0; 1),
7t
T06TO 0 < x <-, TO TO'tJKa p 3Haxo,n;HTbC.H
2 x
B rrepIIIiM 'tJBepTi.
IIo6y,n;yeMo rrpHMOKYTHHK MP xNP 0 ,
,ll;JIH HKOrO Bi,n;pi30K p xp O e ,n;iaroHaJIJIIO 0 1
(pHC. 6.1).
OcKiJihKH PM=
x
sin xi OM= cos x, TO
S~ P N R0 = -1 sin
. x (1 - cos x ) = sin
. x sin
. 2 -x .
x 2 2 PHc. 6.1
OcKiJihKH x E (O; 1), TO 3a neMoro 3.1
53
§ 1. rpaHltlU,fl Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKu,i'i
1 1 . x3
Terrep MO.JKHa 3arrncan1: 0 < -x - - sin x <-
2 2 4
3Bi,D;CM 3 ypaxyBaHH.HM Toro, ru;o x E (O; 1), OTpMMyeMO
. 2
O< l _ Sln X < ~ •
x 2
. th ... sin x . x2
0 CKLJThKH '¥YHKI~ll y =1 - - - 1 y =- e rrapHHMH, TO OCTa.HH.H
x 2
. .
rro,n;BiMHa HepiBHiCTh BMKOHY€ThC.H TaKO.JK ,D;.11.H BClX x 3 rrpOMl.JK-
Ky (-1; 0). ,A.
Terrep ,n;oBe,n;eMo piBHiCTh (1).
Hexali (x n ) - ,n;oBiJihHa noc.11i,n;oBHiCTh 3Ha"tieHh apryMeHTY <l>YHK-
... f (X ) = 1 - -
I.1;11
sin-
x TaKa, ID;O
i lffi
· Xn =0 . TO,D;l. lCHye
. TaKe n0 E
~r
l"l, IIJ;O
X II ·Y.•
CHOBKY' m;o hm
( 1- - .
sin-x = 0, T06TO J .
hm - - =
sin x 1.
x~o x x 0 x
IJ;ro piBHiCTh Ha3HBaIOTh nepmoro qy~OBOlO rpaHHD;elO.
HecK.11a,n;Ho rroKa3aTn, m;o Mae Micu;e 6iJihIII 3ara.11hHMM <PaKT:
.HKID;O lim g (x) = 0 i B .JKO,ZJ;HOMY IIPOKOJIOTOMY 8-0KOJii TO"tIKM XO
X Xo
th . . . sin g ( x)
'¥YHKI.J;l.H g TOTO.JKHO He ,n;oplBHIOE: HyJIIO, TO 1lm = 1.
x--+xo g (x)
. . . sin x
• P lBHlCTh 1Im - - = 1 IIOKa3ye, rn;o rrpn ,D;OCMTh MaJIHX 3Ha"tieH-
x 0 x
H.Hx x BHKOHyeThC.H Ha6.11nmeHa piBHiCTh sin x : : : x. BiJihIII Toro,
3 .11eMH 6.1 BMIIJIHBae, m;o KOJIM Ix I < 1, To BHKOHyeThC.H HepiBHiCTh
. x I:/: : , -I x-13.
I x - sin T OMY a 6COJIIOTHa 6 6
IIOXH Ka Ha JIH.JKeHOl cpopMyJIH
..
2
54
6. nepwa '-IYAOBa rpaHV1U.~
Ix 13
sin x;::::: x, ,z:r,e Ix I< 1, He rrepeBHm;ye - - . HanpHKJia,z:r,, R:KI.IJ;O x = 0,1,
2
3
.
TO sin 0 ' 1 ;: : : 0 ' 1 3 TO"'C.!HlCTIO . O,l -- 0,0005.
He MeHIIIe HDK
2
•AKJlAA 1 06"'C.!HCJilTh
nPr1 . rpaHHIJ;IO 1.lffi sin 3x .
x 0 x
, . sin 3x . 3 sin 3x . sin 3x •
Po36 Ji3ann.fl. 1im = 1im = 3 1im = 3.
x o x x o 3x x-.o 3x
, . tg x _ 1. sin x _ 1. sin x . 1 _1 •
- im--· 1i m - - - .
Po36 Ji3ann.fl. 1im--- im
x >0 x 0 x __.. 0 x cos x x x x 0 cos x
2
3x
nP"1KJ1AA 3 06"'l!HCJiiTh rpaHHD;IO l i m - - -
x-.o 1- cos x
3x 2 3x 2 4 1 6
lim =lim =6lim =6lim--- 2 = 2 =6. •
x 0 1 - cos x x 0 . 2 x x 0 . 2 x x __.. 0 . x 1
2 sin - sin sm
2 2 2
x
2
Bnpae1o1
0
6.1. 06"'C.!HCJiiTh rpaHHIJ;IO:
. 2 x
sm -
. sin 4x 3 . sin 2x . 2
1) 1lffi ; 2) lim x 3) 1lffi ; 4) 1lffi 2 •
X40 2X x 0 x x ~ 0 sin 3x x o 2x
sin -
3
55
§ 1. rpaH~~fl Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHK~i·i
06"llHCJiiTh rpaHHD;IO:
2x 2 . cos lOx- cos x
1) lim ; 4) 1lffi 2 ;
x 0 1-cos 5x X - >0 4X
. x tg 2x . tg2x+tg3x
2) 1lffi ; 5) 1lffi ;
x 0 1-cos 3x x o sin 6x
. sin 3x -sin l2x
3) 1lffi ; 6) lim (ctg 5x-ctg x) x.
x-+ 0 lOx x 0
. sin (cos x)
6.5: 06"llHCJiiTh rpaHHIJ;IO 1lffi .
x 0 cos x
. tg (arccos x)
6.6 06"llHCJiiTh rpaHHIJ;IO 1lffi .
x >0 arccos x
56
6. nepwa YYAOBa rpaHV1U,~
2
- x
sin (x- n)
1) li~ 2x + 3n; 2) lirn 4 ; 3) lim (x + 2) tg nx.
x _.....'.: cos x x ~ 1- J2 cos x x -2 4
2 4
6.15:· IlpH .HKMX 3HaqeHH.HX napaMeTpa a cpyHKD,i.H f e HerrepepBHOIO
B Toqu,i x0 = O?
2) f (x) ={
x ctg x
'
.HKTTTQ
~
x * 0,
2a 2 +a, .HKm;o x = 0.
:· IlpM .HKHX 3Ha-creHH.HX napaMeTpa a e HerrepepBHOIO B TO't!ll,i
57
§ 1. rpaHV'!U,fl Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKu,i'i
v • . x - sin x
6 •19 . * 3 HaH,n;ITh rpaHHIJ;IO 1lffi 2 .
x-+ 0 X
y 1t:
2
-------------- ------------ -----
y = arct x
x
y y
f(x) = arcctg x
0
PHC. 7.2
x ~I PHc. 7.3
x
Harrp.HKJiaA, lim
n
(-n) = -oo, lim
n--+oo
(-fn) =-co.
3a3Hal:JHMO, ru;o lim a 11
n --+oo
= +oo TOAi i JIHille TOAi, KOJIH lim
n--+ ct,)
(-an)= -oo.
59
§ 1. rpaHl!ll.l,fl Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKU,i'i
1
... e HecKiH"'C!eHHO MaJioro, T06To lim f (xn) = 0. CKa3aHe 03Ha"t!ae,
n->
1) lhn(f(x)+g(x))=a+b;
X-+ 00
60
7. ACVIMnTOTVI rpacpiKa cpyHK~i 'I
. f (x) a
3) hm - - = - 3a YMOBH, m;o b ;t 0.
x er g (x) b
,I(oBeCTH I.I,i piBHOCTi MO.iKHa aHa.rroritJHO TOMy, .HK 6yJIH ,n;oBe,n;eHi
TeopeMH rrpo apHcpMeTHtJHi ,n;il 3 rpaHHlI,.HMH cpyHKlI,iH y TOtJlI,i.
3ayBa.iKHMO, rn;o TaKi caMi BJiaCTHBOCTi BHKOHYIOThC.H 1 ,D;JI.H
r paHHI.I,i cpyHKlI,il rrpH x ~ +oo Ta rrpH x ~ - oo.
nP•AKJ1A
rt "'n°' 06'tJHCJil. Th i·!Ill 2x + 1 .
x~ x- 1
Po 3 B' .R3 an n.R . MaeMo
2 + .!._ lim ( 2 +
lim 2x + 1 = lim __x_ = x x X>
!) = lim~a 2 + lim
x x
_!_
x = 2 + 0 = 2. •
x a x - 1 x ~ 1- 1 lim ( 1- 1) lim 1 - lim 1 1- 0
X x X x~:r x ~oo X
·------------L-------------
1
I
------------~---------------x~
o:
PRC. 7.4 PRC. 7.5
61
§ 1. lpaHV!l.(51 ra HenepepsHiCTb cpyHKL(i'I
y
y :
I
/ "'
,' I
I
I
I ,/~
I I
I
I
/ //
l/ ~
----------2 :
--~-------------
1
I
I
I
I
1 x
I
11
I x
~ +oo.
6
TOTOIO rpacpiKa cpyHKII;il f (x) = 2x -1 + 2 rrpH x TaRom
x +1
rrpSIMa y = 2x - 1 e IIOXHJIOIO aCHMIITOTOIO rpacpiKa cpyHR:u;i! f npH
x~-oo.
62
7. Ac111Mnror111 rpacpiKa cpyHKu/i
1
)J;JUI rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il f (x) = x + - - rrp.HMa y = x E: :H:oro IIOXHJIOIO
x-1
ac:aMIITOTOIO rrpH x ~ +oo i rrpH x ~ -oo. CrrpaB,n;i, lim (f ( x) - x) =
x~ co
1 1
= lim - - = 0. An:e .HKID;O po3rJI.H,ll;YBaHy cpyHKII;iIO f (x) = x + - - IIO-
x-+r x-1 x-1
2
. x -x+l
,n;aHO y BHI'JI.H,11;1 f (x) = ' TO 3,n;ora,n;aTHC.H, m;o rrp.HMa y = x
x-1
E:IIOXHJIOIO aCHMIITOTOIO 11 rpacpiKa, ,ll;OCHTh BaJKKO. IlolllyK IIOXHJIOl
acHMIITOTH IIOJierrnye TaKa TeopeMa.
Teo p e Ma 7 . 1 . IIpa Ma y = kx
e noxunoro acuMnmomoro +b
zpapiKa <J>ynKJti"i f npu x ~ +oo moiJi i minoKu moiJi, Konu 6UKO-
nyrombcJL piBuocmi
. f (x) _ k
1lffi - - - , (1)
x +co X
x~ ro X
63
§ 1. lpaHV1U,H Ta HenepepsHiCTb cpyHKU,ff
MaeMo: k=limf(x)=lim(2-~+
x- x x >ro a:
6
x x (x 2 + 1)
)=2·
'
6
b=lim(f(x)-2x)=lim(-1+ )=-1.
x <r x ('.() x 2 +1
0TJKe, rrp5!Ma y = 2x -1 € IIOXHJIOIO aCHMIITOTOIO rpacpiKa cpyHK-
u;i! f rrpM x ~ +oo i rrpM x ~ -oo.
Ha p:acyHKY 7 .8 ao6pa.meHo rpacpiK cpyHKu;il y = f (x). PoarJIHHe-
MO cpyHKn;iro f rrp:a x > x 0 • HK:ru;o TaKi 3Hat.IeHHH apryMeHTY x o6M-
paTH Bee 6JIHJK'tle li 6JIH.IK'tle ,n;o TO"t!KH XO, TO Bi,n;rroBi,n;Hi 3Hat.IeHHH
cpyHKu;il CTaIOTh yce 6iJihllIMMH li 6iJihIIIHMH i MO.IKYTh CTaTH 6iJib-
IIIHMH Bi,n; 6y,n;h-5IKOro Harrepe,n; 3a,n;aHoro ,n;o,n;aTHOro 'tIHCJia. lHllIHMH
CJIOBaMH, HKIIl;O IIOCJii,n;OBHiCTb (xn) apryMeHTiB cpyHKu;il f 3a,D;OBOJib-
HH€ YMOBH lim xn = Xo i xii > Xo' ,n;e n E N' TO lim f (xn) = +oo. IJ;eli
114 114~
1
x=1 - BepTHKaJihHa aCHMIITOTa rpacpiKa cpyHKu;i! y = - - ' KOJIH
1-x
x rrpHMye ,n;o x 0 =1 HK crrpaBa, TaK i aniBa.
HaBe,n;eMo ru;e KiJihKa rrpHKJia,n;iB.
.
0 CKlJibKH i·im I x -1 2 I = +oo 1. i·im 1 = +oo ( y TaKHX BHIIa,n;Kax
x 2- x .. 2+ I x - 2 I
1
nHmyTh lim
x 2
f
x-2
f =+co), TO rrpHMa x = 2 e BepTHKaJibHOIO acHMIITO-
64
7. ACV1MnTOTV1 rpacpiKa cpyHKWi"i
y! Y+ :
lV
I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I I
I I
I I I
I I I
-----0:1-:(-------- ~
I I I I I I
I I I
-----r----~---------~
o:
I
~-------~ I I :2
I
x
:xo
I
x I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I I
7t
OcKiJihKM lim tg x = +oo 1 lim tg x = -oo, TO rrp.HMa x = - e Bep-
x -t~- X-t~+ 2
2 2
__
3n , 1 __ ,1t I n 7
/
3rr
.. x
2 2: 2 2
P11c. 7.11
65
§ 1. rpaH!ll~s:! Ta HenepepBHICTb cpyHK~i'I
Bnpae111
~JIH no-
0
7.1. IIepeBipTe BHKOHaHHH YMOB lim an = +oo, lim a,, = -00
" ~ n z
CJii~OBHOCTeli i3 3araJihHHM 1IJieHOM:
1) a n = -2n ·' r;_ ·
3) a" = ~n, 5) a n =sin n.
n+l 1
2) a,,=--;
n
4) a,, = .[;;;I;
n+l
7 .2 IIepeBipTe BHKOHaHHH YMOB lim an = +oo, lim an = -00 ~JIH no-
n n
}~'!1-oc : ~~".! ( 3 - : }
2
. 3x - 5x + 1
1) 2 ; 3) 5) 1lffi 2 ;
x~-X) x +5x+l0
. 4x - 1 . 2x 3 -1
2) lim 2; 4) 1lffi ; 6) 1lffi 3 2 •
x •··:O x-2 x~ci:: x +x +x+l
7. 3Hali~iTb rpaHHD;lO:
7.5.
2
l) y = 3x+5; 2 ) y= ~ -1 ; 3 ) y= x
2
4x - 1 2x + x -1 x +1
7. . 3Hali~i Th ropH30HTaJihHi aCHMnTOTH rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il:
2 2
l) y= 2 - x; 2 ) y = ?x +l ; 3 ) y=x 3 +1.
3x + 2 x~ - x + 2 x +2
66
7.7. IIepeBipTe BHKOHaHH.H YMOB lim f (x) = +oo, lim f (x) =--00 ,ZJ;JUI
0
cPYHKD;il:
1
1) f(x)=--2 , x 0 =0;
x
4
2) f (x) = ctg x, x 0 = rr;
1 1t
3) f (x)= , X0 =--.
cosx 2
7 .8. IIepeBipTe BHKoHaHH.H yMoB lim f (x) = +oo lim f (x) = -oo ,Zl;JI.H
cpyHKD;il:
5
1) f (x) =
(x + 3)
1
4
, x0 = -3; 3) f (x) =(-x-)
x+7
, x0 = - 7.
311:
2) f (x) =-I tg x ,, x0 =-;
2
7. 9. y Kami Th BepTHKaJihHi aCHMIITOTH rpa¢iKa cPYHKD;il:
0
1 1 1
1) f (x)=-;
x- 2 3) f(x)=I x+J2. I; 5) f (x) = -;
sin x
1 1
2) f(x)=-2; 4) f (x) = tg ( x - : } 6) f (x)= - -
x arccos x
7.10. YKamiTh BepTHKaJihHi acHMIITOTH rpa¢iKa cPYHKn;il:
3 1
1) f (x)=-; 3) f(x)=x + l; 5) f (x) = ;
x+l x-1 cosx
1 1
2) f (x)=Gl; 4) f (x) = ctg x; 6) f (x)=--
arcsin x
67
§ 1. lpaHV1U,5l Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKL.J,i'I
68
1
7.25.* Ilpo cpyHKII,iIO f Bi,z:r;oMO, ru;o lim - - =0. T..fM o6oB'.H3KOBO
x-uo f (x)
KOJ1"1 PO J1 HO YP K"1
AM Hi <l>YHKL\ii"
y ni,z:r;py"t!HHKY 9-ro KJiacy BH MOI'JIH 03HaHOM:MTHC.H 3 icTopiero
po3BMTKY rroH.HTT.H cpyHKII,il. TepMiH «c}lyHKII,i.H» 3' .HBMBC.H HarrpMKiHII,i
XVII CT. i m;e ,z:r;o He,z:r;aBHix -qaciB yTO'tfHIOBaBc.H li y,z:r;ocKoHaJiroBaBc.H.
y "t!OMY )K npH"t!MHa TaKOl 6araTopi't!HOl ,z:r;MCKycil HayKOBII,iB? T..foMy
«JiaMaJIH crrHCH » EliJiep i ,[(' A.rraM6ep? Po3Ka)KeMo rrpo o,z:r;HH acneKT
II,bOI'O CKJia,z:r;Horo IIHTaHH.H.
Hao"t!HOIO iJirocTpaII,iero cpyHKTI;i1 e 11 rpacpiK, TOMY, 3HalioMJI.H'tfMCh
3 IIOH.HTT.HM cpyHKII,il, "t!aCTO HaBO,lI;.HTh npHKJia,z:r;H rpacpiKiB cpyHKII,iH
(pMC. 7 .12).
y y y
------"1·~--'----~------4i~
x
0 x
PHc. 7.12
69
§ 1. rpaHVlU,H Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKU,i.I
y
y y=I y
y=
lxl
y =-
0 x 0 x
PMc. 7.13
70
)J,V1BHi cpyHKL.J,i'I
71
§ 1. rpaHV1L(fl Ta HenepepBHiCTb cpyHKU/I
or 1 x
BH3Hai:reHy Ha JR cpyHKll,llo g' .HKa Ha KOJKHOMY
iHTepBaJii (a; b) c JR Ha6yBa€ BCiX 3Ha1leHh
PHC. 7.15 3 JR.
72
nOXl.QHA
T ·1i ACTOCYBAHH~
MaeMo:
/).X =X - X • 3Bi,ll;CH
0
X = X
0
+
/).X.
I'oBOp.HTh, m;o apryMeHT OTpHMaB rrpHpicT f).x y Toqn;i XO.
3a3HaqHMO, m;o rrpHpiCT aprYMeHTY MO./Ke 6yTM .HK ,n;o,n;aTHMM, TaK
i Bi,n;'eMHHM: .HKIIJ;O x > x0, TO x < x 0 , TO f).x < 0 .
f).x > O; .HKIII;O
.HKIII;O apryMeHT y Toqu;i XO OTpHMaB npMpicT f).x, TO 3HaqeHH.H
cpyHKIJ;il f 3MiHHJIOC.H Ha BeJIHqHHY f (xo + f).x) - f (xo)·
11;10 pi3HHII;IO Ha3HBaIOTh IIpHpOCTOM <l>YHKn;il f y ToqI.J;i XO i rro-
3HaqaIOTh f).f ( qHTaIOTh: « ,n;eJihTa ecp »).
1
,D;eII03RT (6aHKiBCbKRH BKJia,n;) - KOIIITR, .H:Ki BKJia,D;HliK rrepe,n;ae
6aHKY Ha ,n;e.H:KRH CTPOK, 38 m;o 6aHK BRIIJiaLiye BKJia,D;HRKY rrpon;eHTR.
2
I'OBOp.H:LIR rrpo rrpHpicT apryMeHTY cpyHKU:il f y TOLIIJ,i XO, TYT i p;aJii
6y,n;eMO rrp:arrycKaTH, m;o B 6y,LV:>-.H:KOMY iHTepBaJii (xo - E; Xo + c) e TO"'t!Kli
06JiaCTi Bli3HaLieHH.H: cpyHKU:il f' Bi.D;MiHHi Bi,n; X O.
73
§ 2. noX1AHa Ta "j'j 3aCTOCyBaHHfl
MaeMo:
~f =f +
x) - f (x 0 ) a6o
(x 0
~f = f (x) - f (x 0 ).
,IJ;JIH npMpOCTy <l>YHKD;il y = f (x)
y
TaKom rrpMMHHTo rro3HatieHHH y,
y=f T06TO
f(x Llx) - ------------
0 f l y = f (x) - f (x 0 ) a6o
f(x 0 ) : ~y = f (x + x) - f (x ).
0 0
I
I
I
IlpHpicT ~x apryMeHTY B TOtI-
I
I
I
n;i XO i Bi,u;noBi,D;HHM rrpMpicT ~f
I
---''--- I <l>YHKD;il ITOKa3aHO Ha PHCYHKY 8 .1.
x 0 + Llx x 3a3HatIHMO ~o ,D;JIH <l>iKCOBaHOl
PHc. 8.1 T01IKH XO npMpicT cpyHKD;il f y T01I-
n;i XO e <l>YHKD;iero 3 apryMeHTOM x.
2
BionoBiOb: 2x0 Llx + x •
•
npo MMTT y w MAKICT
74
8. npV1picT cpyHKU,i'i. 3agaYi, s:!Ki npV1BOAs:!Tb AO nOHs:ITis:I noxigHo"i
2
= t~ + 2t0 D..t + b..t 2 + t 0 + D..t - t~ - t 0 = 2t0 D..t + b..t + b..t •
75
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta fi 3aCTocysaHHfl
f(x 0 + L1x)
I
L1f : L1f
I
f(x 0 )
x
PHC. 8.3 PHC. 8.4
PosrJI.HHeMO rpacpiK ,z:i;e.HKOl HenepepBHOl B TO"t.J:I.J;i XO <l>YHKI.J;il f
i TO"t!KY Mo <xo; f <xo)). y Toqu;i XO Ha,D;aMO apryMeHTY npnpieT ~x
i posrJI.HHeMo Ha rpacpiKy ToqKy M (x; f(x)), ,n;e x = x 0 + tJ.x (pne. 8.4).
3 pHeyHKa BH,ll;HO, m;o KOJIH LlX eTae Bee MeHIIIe i MeHIIIe, TO Toq-
Ka M, pyxaro"t.J:Heh no rpacpiKy, Ha6JIHJKaeTbC.H ,n;o TOqKH M 0 • 5IKm;o
rrpn tJ.x ~ 0 ci"t.J:Ha M 0M nparHe 3aHH.HTH noJioJKeHHH ,n;e.aKo1 np.aMo1
(Ha pHcyHKY 8.4 u;e np.aMa M 0 T), TO TaKy rrpHMY Ha3HBaIOTh ,IJ;OTJA-
HOIO )J;O rpa<}>iKa <}>y111~n;ii fy To11n;i M 0 •
76
8. np111picr cpyHKu,i'I. 3a.o,aYi, s:iKi np111so.o,snb .o,o noHs:ins:i noxi.o,Ho·1
- 1·
k ( x 0 ) - Im
Af -- li m f (Xo + Ax) - f (Xo)
t:.x O Ax Ax->0 Ax
77
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3aCTocysaHHH
7t
OcKiJihKH 0 ~ a < n, TO a= - (pHc. 8. 5). •
4
BnpaeM
8.1. 3HaHAiTh rrpHpicT <i>YHKIJ;il f y TO"Y:IJ;i
0
XO, .HKro;o:
1) f (x) = 2x - 1, x 0 = -1, b.x = 0,2;
2) f (x) = 3x 2 - 2x, x 0 = 2, b.x = 0, 1;
6
3) f (x) =-, x 0 = 1,2, b.x = -0,3.
x
8 3HaHAiTh npHpicT <i>YHKIJ;il f y TO't!II;i XO, .HKm;o:
1) f (x) = 4 - 3x, x 0 = 1, b.x = 0,3;
2) f (x) = 0,5x 2 , x 0 = -2, b.x = 0,8.
0
· .. f ( )
5 • ,u,Jl.H
8 •. TT th
'±'YHKIJ;ll X = X2 - •
X 1 " •
TO't!KH X 0 3HaHA1Th -flf flf.
1 l'lffi -
D.x x o D.x
78
li,n;iTb: 1) cepe,n;Hro IDBM)J;KiCTb TiJia rrpM 3MiHi qacy Bi;n; to = 1 c ;n;o
t 1 = 3 c; 2) MMTTeBy IDBM)J;KiCTb TiJia B MOMeHT to = 1 c.
8.9: EJieKTpoHarpiBaq Bi;n; rroqaTKY po6oTM 3a qac t BM;n;iJIMB
Q (t) = t 2 + 2t o;n;MHMI.I;b TerrJIOBo1 eHepril, ;n;e 0 < t ~ T . 3Hali;n;iTb:
1) cepe;n;Hro rroTymHiCTb 1 HarpiBaqa Ha rrpoMimKy qacy Bi;n; 0 ;n;o T;
2) KiJibKiCTb TeIIJIOBOl eHepril, .HKY BM)J;iJIMB HarpiBaq 3a rrpoMi-
)KOK qacy Mim t 0 i t 0 + ~t;
3) cepe;n;Hro noTymHiCTb HarpiBaqa 3a npoMimoK qacy Mim t 0
i t 0 + ~t;
4) IIOTymHiCTb HarpiBaqa B MOMeHT qacy to.
s.10: Ili;n; qac xiMiqHOl peaKn;i1 3 peqOBMH Ai B YTBOplOeTbC.H peqo-
BMHa c. "llepe3 qac t (0 < t <T) Bi;n; rroqaTKY peaKn;il KiJibKiCTb
2
peqoBMHM C, m;o yTBOpHJiaca, ;n;opiBHroe f (t) = 4t-t • 3Hai1:,n;iTb:
2
1) cepe;n;Hro IDBH;n;KiCTb xiMiqHo1 peaKn;il Ha rrpoMimKy qacy Bi;n;
0 ;n;o T;
2) KiJihKiCTb peqoBMHH C, .HKa yTBOpHJiaca 3a rrpoMimoK -qacy Mim
t0 i t0 + ~t;
3) cepe;n;Hro IDBM;n;KiCTb xiMiqHo1 peaKn;il 3a rrpoMimoK qacy Mim
t 0 i t 0 + ~t;
4) MMTTeBy IDBH)J;KiCTb xiMiqHQl peaKn;il B MOMeHT qacy to.
8 KiJihKiCTb rrpo;n;yKn;i1, BMrOTOBJieHo1 po6iTHMKOM Bi;n; noqaTKY
po6oTH ;n;o MOMeHTY qacy t (0 ~ t ~ T), ;n;opiBHroe f (t) = 10t-3t •
2
3HaM;n;i Tb:
3
1) cepe;n;Hro npo;n;yKTMBHiCTb rrpan;i po6iTHMKa Ha rrpoMimKy qacy
Bi;n; 0 ;n;o T;
2) KiJibKiCTb rrpo;n;yKn;il, .HKY BlirOTOBMB po6iTHMK 3a npoMimoK
qacy Mim t0 i t0 + ~t;
1
Cepe,n;H.H rroTymHiCTh HarpiBa't!a, .HKHH 3a rrpoMijKOK 't!acy t BH,n;iJIHB
79
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta °i"I 3aCTocysaHHfl
80
9. noHHTifl noxi,D,Ho'i
noHSITTSI noxiAHO .i
Y nonepe,n;HhOMY nyHKTi, po3B' jrnyroqH ,n;B1 pi3Hi 3a,n;aqi npo
MHTT€BY illBH,n;KiCTb MaTepiaJihHOl TOqKH i npo KYTOBHH Koecpiu;ieHT
,LJ;OTHqHOl, MH ,n;iHllJIH ,n;o o,n;Hie1 i Tie1 CaMOl MaTeMaTHqHOl MO,n;eni:
rpa.HHI.I;i Bi,LJ;HOIIIeHHH npHpOCTY cpyHKI.I;il ,n;o npHpOCTY aprYMeHTY 3a
yMOBH, rri;o npHpicT apryMeHTY np.HMye ,n;o Hyn.a:
v (t
0
) = lim !:J..s , k ( x 0 ) = lim !:J..f •
flt ~ o !:J.. t Ax o !:J..x
,ll;o a.HaJioriqHHX cpopMyJI npHBO,lJ;HTb p03B'.H3aHH.H 6araThOX 3a-
,n;aq cpi3HKH, xiMil, 6ionoril, eKOHOMiKH TOIIJ;O. U:e CBi,n;qHTb npo Te,
u:i;o po3rJI.H,n;yBaHa Mo,n;eJih 3acnyr0Bye Ha oco6JIMBY yBary. la BapTo
npMCBOlTM Ha3BY' YBeCTM II03HaqeHH.H, BHBqMTM iI BJiaCTMBOCTi i Ha-
BqHTMCH lX 3aCTOCOByBaTM.
a6o
81
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta ·1·13acrocysaHH51
lk(x 0) = f'(x 0 ) I
ll;.H piBHiCTh BHpa)Kae reoMeTpH11HHH 3MiCT noxi,n;uoi'.
TaKO)K apoayMiJio, rn;o KOJLU y = s (t) - 3aKon pyxy .MamepiaJtbno"i
mo'l.{,KU no Koopounamniu npJi.Miu, mo i'"i .MummeBa wBuOKicmb y .Mo-
M~nm 'l.{,acy t 0 8opiBn10e noxioniu <!JynKztii" y = s (t) y mo'l.{,zti t , To6To
0
I v(t0 ) = s'(t0 ) I
ll;H piBHiCTh BHpa)Kae MexauiqHHH 3MiCT noxi,n;uol.
HK~O QJYHKIJ;i.H f Mae IIOXiAHY B TO"t!IJ,i XO, TO Il,IO cpyHKIJ;iIO Ha-
3HBaIOTh AH<l>epeun;iiloBHOIO B TOqn;i XO.
82
9. noH~n~ noxiAHo'i
0 I
I
I
! ~
I
I I
I I I
I I I I
I I
-+ ·---.!. _____ .._
I I I
-+----1-----..- I I
·---T----i-----..-
I
r--- - .!. _____ .._
X0 X xo x I
I
X X
0 X
0
X
I
I
- --------------~
X0 X x
Pnc. 9.4
2 ) tit = I tix I;
!ix !J.x
83
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta {1' 3aCTocysaHH~
MaeMo:
lim
6x--+0
(f (x 0 + L1x)- f (x 0 )) = lim L1f = lim
x--tO x 0
(!if ·
f!ix
L1xJ =
aenepepBHi
B TOllD;i x 0 (°
(°
...
x
I
PHc. 9.5 PHC. 9.6
84
9. noH5lTI5l noxigH0·1
(kx+b)'=k (1)
.HKID;O y cpopMyJiy (1) rri,n;cTaBHTH k = 1 i b = 0, TO OTpHMaeMO
l<x)'d l
.HKID;O jK y cpopMyJii (1) IIOKJiaCTH k = 0, TO OTpHMaeMO
(b)' =0
OcTaHHH piBHiCTh 03Ha"t!ae, m;o rroxi,n;Ha cpyHK:a;i!, HKa e KOHCTaH-
TOIO, y KOmHiH TO"t!IJ;i .n;opiBHIOe HYJIIO.
2
nPVIKnAA 3Hali,n;iTh rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKII;il f (x) = x •
p 0 3 8 .R 3 a H H .R. 3Hali,n;eMO rroxi.n;Hy cpyHKIJ;il f y TO"t!D;i
1
XO, .n;e XO -
,D;OBiJihHa TO"t!Ka o6JiaCTi BH3Ha"t!eHHH cpyHKIJ;il f.
1) ~f = f (x 0 + ~x)-f (x 0 ) = (x 0 + ~x) -x~ = 2x0 ~x + ~x ;
2 2
2
D.f 2x x + ilx
2) - = 0 = 2x 0 +~x;
LlX /).X
[ (x
2
)' = 2x I (2)
85
§ 2. noxi,D,Ha Ta Ti 3acrocysaHH5!
(4)
4
Harrp.HKJia,n;, (x 5 )' = 5x = 7x 6 •
7
, (x )'
tu~O
= (x 0 + ~x) - x0 _ 1
J
x • ( x0 + x + J-;;) - Jx 0 + ~x + J-;; .
3) 3Hali,n;eMO rpaHHIJ;IO lim ~f. IlpH Xo > 0 MaeMO, m;o
x o ~x
lim ~f
1 1
= lim = .
x o ~x x~o JXo + ~x + J-;; 2 J-;;
~f 1 T .. ~f . 1
II pH Xo =0 Ma€MO, :rn;o - = r.-. OMY 1lffi - = 1lffi r.- = +oo.
~x v ~x tu o ~x llx o v ~x
3Bi,D;CH BHIIJIHBae, :rn;o cpyHKIJ;iR f (x) = .[; He € ,lJ;HcpepeHu;iiioBHOIO
B TO"tJIJ;i X 0 = 0.
TaKHM "tJHHOM, cpyHKr~iR f (x) = .[; e ,n;HcpepeHu;iiioBHoro Ha MHO-
(JX)' = tr
2vx
<l>opMyJIY (5) TaKO:>K MO:>KHa yaararrbHHTH /1,JIH 6y/1,h-.HKOro r E Q
i x > 0:
I
(x')' =rx' -', r E IQ! I (6)
(fx)
I
=
( 1)
x2 =-x2 - =-x
1 11 1 1= -1- .
2
2 2 2--Jx
3aaHa"C!HMO, I.IJ;O 3HaX0/1,HTH IIOXi/1,HY <l>YHKD;il y = ~' 3aMiH.HIO"C!H
1
=hm
x
0
x((1xo +6.x +1xo +6.x ~ +(~)2)
.
r Xo +6.X-Xo
=
= 1lffi =
t:.x o 6.x ( ( 1 Xo + !!.x ) 2 + 1 Xo + 6.x ~ + ( ~) 2 )
. 1
1
=~To ((1xo+6.x r +1xo +6.x ~ +(~rr
3p03YMiJIO, I.IJ;O KOJIH XO = 0, TO I.J,ie1 rpaHHI.J,i He icHye i <l>YHKI.J,i.H
f (x) = ~ He /J,HcpepeHI.J,iHOBHa B TO"C!I.J,i XO = 0.
HKI.IJ;O x 0 * 0, To MO:>KHa 3arr:HcaTH
l'
~To ((1xo +6.x r +1xo +6.x
1
~ +(~)2) = 3~·
1
a6o
0Tme, ,ll;JIJI 6y,n;h-JIKOro x * 0 BHROHYE:ThCJI piBHiCTh f' (x) =
3
ef;;
x
(~)' = 1
3if;2
88
9. noHs:ITis:I noxigHo'i
(7)
si:} ~;)
2 sin _D._x · cos (x 0 + _D._x )
2 2 ·cos( x 0 +
= llxlim
-+ o D.x
= llxlim
-+ o
. sin t
CKOpHCTaBIIIHCb neprnoro 11y,n;OBOIO rpaHHII,eIO 1lffi - - = 1 I He-
t-+0 t
nepepBHiCTIO <l>YHKU.il y =cos x, MOJI<Ha 3aIIHCaTH:
89
§ 2. noxi.o,Ha Ta Ti 3aCTocysaHHfl
P"1KJ1
_ . .
7 ,I(0Be,n;1Th, m;o cl>YHKD;l.H f (x) =
{X 2
, .HKID;O X< 1, e ,n;H-
2x -1, .HKID;O X ~ 1,
cpepeHu;iliOBHOIO B TO"tIIJ;i XO = 1. 3Hali,n;iTh f' (1) .
Po3B'Jl3a n HJl. MaeMo: f (x0 ) = f (1) = 2·1-1=1.
2
cr A O flf _ f (x 0 +1:!.x)-f (x0 ) _ (l+flx) -1 _ A
nKID;O uX < , TO - - - - 2 + uX.
l:!.x l:!.x l:!.x
T O,ll;l. i·lffi -!:!.f = 2 .
llx o- l:!.x
.HKm;o Lix > O, TO flf _ f (x 0 +1:!.x)- f (x0 ) = (2 (1 + flx)-1) - 1 = 2 .
l:!.x l:!.x l:!.x
flf= 2 .
T O,ll;l. i·lffi -
t:.x ~ o + l:!.x
.
0 T.iKe, 1lffi flf= l"lffi -
- 1:!.f= 2 .
M:~o - flx llx o+ flx
He e ,n;11cpepeHn;iHOBHOIO B TO"tiu;i XO = 0.
Po3B'JI3yIO"t£H BrrpaBy 3.29, BM rroKa3aJIH, m;o cl>YHKu;i.a g (x) = x 2;.D (x)
TaKO.iK e HerrepepBHOIO piBHO B o,n;HiH Toqu;i XO = 0.
,I(ocJii.n;HMO Ha ,n;ncpepeHu;ilioBHiCTb cpyHKu;iro g y TO"tIIJ;i XO = 0.
MaeMo:
BnpaePA
9 .1. 3Haii,n;iTb rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKD;ll:
1-x
1) y = 5x - 6; 2) y = - ; 3) y = 9.
3
9.2. 3Hali,n;iTb rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKn;ii:
0
1) y = x 4 ; 3) y = x - 15 ; 5) y = x -2,s;
1
1
2) y = x20; 4) y =11; 6) y=x 5.
x
9. 3Hali,n;iTb noxi,n;Hy cpyHKn;il:
7
1 6
1) y = XlO; 3) y = S; 5) y=x ;
x
2) y = x -G; 4) y = 8 - 3x; 6) y = x-0.2.
0
. n n
1) f (x) = x' Xo = -;
Slil 2) f (x) = cos x' Xo = - - .
4 6
.7 06"CJHCJiiTb 3Ha"CJeHH.H noxi,n;HOl cpyHKD;ii f y Toqn;i xo:
1) f ( x) = sin x, x 0 = n ; 2) f ( x) = cos x, x 0 = - n .
6 4
9.8 .• 06qncJiiTb 3HaqeHH.H noxi,n;HOl cpyHKD;ii f y Toqn;i xo:
1) f(x)=xFx, x 0 = 81; 3) f (x)=~xFx, x0 = 16;
x2
2) f (x)=x ~' x 0 = 1;
3
4) f (X) = Rt, X0 = 64.
~x
9. 06qncJiiTb 3HaqeHH.H rroxi,n;HOl cpyHKD;ii f y TO't!D;i xo:
1) f (x)=x$Jx, x 0 = 256; 2) f (x)=~xFx, x 0 = 1.
9.10. • KopHcTyroqHc:o oaHa"t!eHH.HM noxi,n;Ho1, 3Hali,n;iTh f'(x), HK~o:
3 2
1) f (x) = - ; 2) f ( x) =4 - x •
x
• KopHCTYIO"tIHCh 03Ha'tleHH.HM noxi,n;Ho1, 3Hali,n;iTh f'(x), HK~o:
1
1) f (x) = - -
2
; 2) f (x) = x 2 + 3x - 2.
x
91
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta 'j'j 3acrocysaHH~
2) f (X) = ~'
7t
X
0
= 27; 4) f (X) = COS X, X 0 = - - .
2
9.14: 3Hali,n;iTh 3a ,D;OIIOMOrOIO rpacpiKa cpyHKI.T;ll f (pHC. 9. 7) 3Ha"CieHH.H
f' (x 1) i f' (x 2 ).
y y
PMc. 9. 7
PRC. 9.8
9:16: Ha pHCYHKY 9.9 306pameHo rpacpiK cpyHKn;li f. YKamiTh KiJihKa
3Ha"CieHh apryMeHTY x, ,D;JI.H .HKHX:
1) f' (x) > O; 2) f' (x) < O; 3) f (x) = 0. I
92
9. noHHTIH noxiAHo'i
y,.
j
, ~
y
~ I\ \
I I/ \
I
'Jl ~
1
~ 1 -
\ :\.. ~
I/ ' T I
.. >-
- \Jxl"J
P11c. 9.9 PHc. 9.10
>--.
Ya I\.1
-- ' \
,__
.._ ~
..-
: ,;-- """'-
I
l-
0
>-- ,_ I >--
I
I
x
' \J.
\ ,_
zj
PHC. 9.11 P11c. 9.12
\
~
y,l fy,.
' I/ ~ I \ r1'
I\ IF ~ 1
"\
j
'
I I
' \-p/
j \
""-0 ~~ 1
,_
,_
\ ,_ I
:1
J
'
r\ -1 . ~
i-i-
\ i/ -3 ~
- ~ .x / '
.
" T
~ /
-- UL f\ L
- . l__/
-L..-
~
i._.
l.
x
93
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta fr 3aCTocysaHHH
31lKOHOM s (t) = t2• 3aalil:(iTb s' ( ~). .HK!ili MeXaHi'IHlili 3MiCT Mae
3Hali,n;eHa BeJIH't!HHa?
2
1- x , HKID;O X < 0, . ., · 0
f (x) ={ e ,n;H<t>epeHD;lHOBHOIO B T01IIJ;l XO = .
1, HKID;O X ~ 0,
IIpoinrocTpyHTe oTpHMaHHM pe3yJihTaT rpa<PitrHo.
94
9. noHflTifl noxi,o.Ho·1
2
X - 2, HKID;O X ~ 2, .
9.32 3Hali,n;iTh rroxi,n;Hy <l>YHKIJ,il f (X ) = { y TOqIJ,l
4x-6, HKID;O X > 2,
x0 = 2.
9.33:· ,II;oBe,n;iTh, KOpHCTYiffllHCh 03Hat.IeHHHM, m;o <l>YHKIJ,iH
sin x, HKID;O x ~ 0,
f (x) ={ e ,n;:acpepeHIJ,iHOBHOIO B TOt.IIJ,i XO = 0.
X, HKID;O X < 0,
9.34:· 3Hali,n;iTh TaKi t.IMCJia k, b, m;o cpyHKIJ,iH
kX + b, HKID;O X ~ 2,
f (x) = 1 e ,n;11cpepeHIJ,iHOBHOIO B TOt.IIJ,i
{ --, HKIII;O X > 2,
x-l
9.36.·· ,II;oBe,n;iTh, KOpMCTyIOqMCh 03HaqeHHHM, m;o <PYHKIJ,iH f Hee ,D;H-
cpepeHIJ,iHOBHOIO B Toqo;i xo:
3X + 2, HKID;O X < 0,
1) f (x) = { x = O;
2x, HKID;O X ~ 0, O
2) f (x)={x2, HKID;OX~l, x = 1.
1, HKID;O X < 1, O
1
. - , HKIII;O X -::f; 0,
X Sln
f (x) = x He e ,n;11cpepeHII,ii1:0BHOIO B Toq~ XO= 0.
{
0, HKID;O X = 0,
9.40. •• ,II;oBe,n;iTh, KOpHCTyroqHCh 03HaqeHHHM, m;o <l>YHKIJ,iH
) -{x x * 0,
2
sin..!.., HKm;o
f (x - x e ,n;:acpepeHIJ,iHOBHOIO B Toqo;i XO = 0,
0, HKIII;O X = 0,
i 3Haif,n;iTh f' (0).
95
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3aCTocysaHHH
x 2 cos_!_, HKra;o x * 0, .
f (x) = x € ,n;Hq>epeHIJ.iHOBHOIO B Toqn.1 XO = 0.
{
0, HKID;O X = 0,
9.42:· ,ll;oBe,n;iTh, KOpHCTyroqHch 03HaqeHHHM, ra;o <PYHKIJ.iH
f (x)
--{1-:osx' HKra;o x * 0, €
v
,n;Hq>epeHIJ.iHOBHOIO B Toqn;i XO = 0,
0, HKIIJ;O X = 0,
i 3Haif,n;iTb f' (0).
2
HKIIl;O X E Q,
X ,
9.43:· ,D;oBe,n;iTh, m;o cPYHKIJ.iH f (x) = € ,n;H<Pe-
{ -x2, HKIIJ;O XE JR\ Q,
peHIJ.lHOBHOIO piBHO B o,n;Hili Toqn.i x 0 = 0. HaBe,n;iTh npHKJia,n;
<l>YHKD;il, w;o e ,n;H<lJepeHn.iHOBHOIO B ycix TO'l{Kax KOOp,D;HHaTHOl
npHMOl, KpiM TOqKH Xo = 0.
1) a,=n(t(x0 +~)-t(x0 )}
2) a,= n(t ( x0 + :. )-t ( x0 <)}
<l>yHKn.iH f BH3Ha"tteHa Ha JR i ,n;HcpepeHn;iHOBHa B Toqn.i Xo.
3HaH,D;iTb rpaHHIJ.IO IIOCJii,D;OBHOCTi (an), HKa 3a,ZJ;8.Ha cpopMyJIOIO
96
10. npasL11na 06YL11cneHHH noxiAHLllX
I (f + g)' = f +g I I I
1
YMoBaMH TeopeM 10.1-10.4 rrepe,n;6atieHo TaKe: JIKIIJ,O <l>YHKII;il fig
e ,n;.acpepeHII;iHOBHMMM B T0'4'.II;i XO, TO Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ho <l>YHKII;il y = f (x) + g (x),
97
§ 2. noXl,D,Ha Ta 'i'I 3aCTocysaHHfl
Ii~__}/_=
o x
11x >
lim (_!_+_!_)= lim _!_+ lim D.g =f'(x0 )+g'(x0 ).
--toxx D.x o D.x o x '\x x
y f · g (x 0 ) + g • f (x 0 ) + /J.f • g
3arr1uneMo: lim - = lim -------'"--------=------- =
X 0 /J.X .GX >0 x
. ( /J.f
= hm - · g ( x0 ) + - g · f (X 0 ) + f • /J.g )
=
~x..,.. o /J.x /J.x x
. ( !J.f
= Inn - · g ( x0 ) + - g · f (x0 ) + -!J.f · -/J.g · !ix ) .
6.x o /J.x /J.x /J.x /J.x
OcKiJihKM cpyHKIJ;il f i g e ,n;M<PepeHIJ,iMOBHMMli B TO'lIJ;i XO, TO
.
!CHYIOTh rpaHMD;l
. l'lffi -!J.f 1. l'nn -g.
,lx 0 X A~ - 0 X
(kf)' = kf'
If 0 8 ea e 1i 1i JI,. OcKiJihKli cpyHKIJ;iH y = k ,n;McpepeHIJ,iHOBHa B 6y,ZJ;h-
HKiM TO'lIJ;i, TO, 3aCTOCOBYIO'lli TeopeMy rrpo rroxi,n;Hy ,n;o6yTKY' MO.JKHa
san:H:caTM:
(kf (x))' = (k)' f (x) + kf' (x) = 0 • f (x) + kf' (x) = kf' (x). •
TeopeMa 10.3 (noxl,ZJ;Ha 11acTKH) . Y mux mottKax, y JiKux
rpynKtfii y = f (x) i y = g (x) e iJufjJepentfiUo6nuMu i 3na"l£ennJi rpynK-
··· g ne iJ opi6n10e
tfU . m
nyn10, 'l'YH.KtfiJi f (x)
. y =- iJ .
- maKo:HC e urpepentfi-
g (x)
iio6no10, npu"l£OMY iJnJi Bcix maKux mo"l£OK 6UKonyembcJt pi6-
nicmb
99
§ 2. noxi,o,Ha Ta Tl 3acrocysaHH~
2) g (x) = x (5x-3); 2
5) h ( x) = ~ sin x.
3
3) y = x cos x;
2
f'(x)=(:-sinx+4x )' =(:)'-(sinx)'+4-(x 2 )'=
1 1
=- 2 -cos x+4 · 2x = - -
2
-cos x+8x.
x x
2) 3a TeopeMoro npo noxi.n;Hy .n;o6yTKY MaE:Mo:
100
10. npasvtna Ofr·-1vtCneHHfl noXiAHV1X
1
(tgx)'= 2
cos x
1
( ctg x )' = - . 2
Slll X
2 . 2
cos x cos x - ( - sin x) sin x COS X + Sln X 1
= 2 = - - 2- - - - -2- •
cos x cos x cos x
1
<PopMyJiy (ctg x)' = - . 2 ,n;oBe,n;iTh caMOCTiMHO.
sin x
101
§ 2. noXl,D.Ha Ta 'j'1 3aCTOCyBaHH5l
2
Po3rJUIHeMo cpyHKD;iIO y = sin x. 06"tJHCJIMTM rroxi,n;Hy u;ie1 cpyHK-
u;i1 HeCKJia,ZJ;HO, .HKID;O no,n;aTM 11: y BMrJI.H,ZJ;i y =sin x. sin x i 3aCTOCy-
BaTM TeopeMy rrpo rroxi,n;Hy ,n;o6yTKy. AJie ,n;JI.H o6"tJMCJieHH.H noxi,n;Ho1,
7
HarrpMKJia,n; cpyHKD;il y = sin x u;eli rri,n;xi,n; He e ecpeKTMBHHM. ct>yHK-
7
:a;i.H y = sin x e CKJia,n;eHOIO cpyHKII;i€IO y = f (g (x)), ,n;e f (t) = t7'
g (x) =sin x.
3Haxo,n;MTH rroxi,n;Hy CKJia,n;eHOl cpyHKD;il MOJKHa 3a ,ZJ;OIIOMOI'OIO
TaKOl TeopeMM.
2) y'=(J4x2+1)' = 1 ·(4x2+l)'= Bx = 4x
2
2
2 J 4x + 1 2 J 4x + 1 J 4x 2 + 1
102
10. npaBll1Jla ofr-H1cneHHs:l nOXi,LJ.HlllX
3 2 2 (5x)' 15 tg 2 5x
4) y' = (tg 5x)' = 3 tg 5x · (tg 5x)' = 3 tg 5x · 2 • •
cos 2 5x cos 5x
y = f (x)
y = g(x)
103
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta ·1·1 3aCTocysaHHH
OcKiJihKM cos (arcsin x) = )l-x 2 i )l-x 2 :;t 0 ,n;JIH Bcix x E (-1; 1),
TO
1
(arcsin x)' = .J
1-x 2
104
10. npas111na 06Y111cneHHs:l nOXiAHlllX
1
OTme, (arccos x)' =- J
1-x 2
MipKyIO"tlH aHaJiori"tIHO, BM MO.tKeTe caMOCTiHHO ,n;oBeCTH ,n;11cpe-
peHu;ilioBHiCTh cpyHKIJ;iH y = arctg x i y = arcctg x Ta BHBeCTH TaKi
cpopMyJIH :
1
(arctg x)' = 2
l+x
1
(arcctg x)' = - 2
l+x
3B '.H30K Mim noxi.n;HHMH B3aeMHO 06epHeH11x cpyHKIJ;iH ycTaHOBJiroe
TaKa TeopeMa.
Bnp H
0
10.1. 3HaH,n;iTh rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKu;il:
1 3 2
1) y = x 3 - 3x 2 + 6x - 10; 5) y = --x + 0,5x + 2x;
6
6
2) y = x + 20 fx; 6) y = tg x - 9x;
4 x4 xa x2
8
3) y = X + 7 X 6 + - -1; 7) y=---+-+2;
x 4 3 8
4) y = 4sinx - 5cosx; 8) y = 2x- 2 + 3x- 3 •
10.2. 3Hali,n;iTh noxi,n;Hy cpyHKu;il:
2
1) y = 2x 5 - x; 3) y = - x 3 - x 2 - 7 x; 5) y = 12 - ctg x;
3
5
2) y = -3 sin x + 2 oos x; 4) y=x--; 6) y = 0,4x- 5 + J3 .
x
0
10.3. 3Haif,n;iTh noxi,n;Hy cpyHKIJ;i1:
2 2
1) y = (x + 2) (x - 4x + 5); 3) y = x sin x;
2) y = (3x + 5) (2x 2 - l); 4) y = x ctg x.
105
§ 2. noXIAHa Ta 'i'1· 3acrocysaHHfl
8 4
l)f(x)=x -3x -x+6,x0 =-1; 5) f(x)=(l+3x)fx, x 0 = 9;
2) f(x)=~+5x-2, x0 = 2; 6) f(x)=3if;,-1oif;,, x 0 = 1;
x
2-3x
3) f(x)= , x =-3; 7) f (x) = (x2 - 2x + 3) cos x, x 0 = O;
x+2
2
°
2
4) f(x)=x + -2sinx, x 0 =0; 8)f(x)=xsi.nx, x 0 =0?
x-2
0. 06qncJiiTh 3HaqeHHJI rroxi,n;HOl cpyHKIJ,il f y TOqIJ,i XO, JIKrn;o:
1) f(x)=fx-l6x, x 0 =.!.; 3) f (x) =x 2
- 4x- 3 , x 0 = 2;
4
2
cosx
2) f(x)= , x 0 =0; 4) f (x) = 2x -3x-l, xo = 1.
l-x x+l
0
10.9. 3Hali,n;iTb rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKIJ,il:
x 1
1) y = (2x + 3) 5 ; 5) y =3 ctg-; 9) y= ;
5 4x+5
=~l+x 2 ;
2 )-6 ;
( ~+4x-1
3) y =cos 2x; 7) y 11) y =
1) y = (3x - 5) 6 ; 6) y ~ cos ( ~ - x}
7) y = ~2+x ;
2
2) y = (2x 2 - 3x + 4) 3 ;
2
3) y =sin x; 8) y=V-2x -x-2;
3
4) y = cos x; 2
g) Y = (g x - 2f3;
5) y = 2 tg 4x; 10) y = ~3 - cos x.
0
107
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta ·1·13aCTocysaHHfl
108
10. npaBV1Jla ofr-11t1cneHHfl nOXiAHV1X
r
10.21: 3Hali,n;iTh rroxi,n;Hy <l>YHKu;il:
~-----
109
§ 2. noxi,D,Ha Ta '11 3aCTOCyBaHH~
110
10. npas111na 06LJll1CJleHH~ noXiAH111X
/ 5ef;2
3) ,n;aJii rrpli x-:/- 0 OTPMMye Bll!CHOBOK, m;o y = ' a B Toqu;i
3
x = 0 ,n;aHa cpyHKli,i51 He e ,ZJ;licpepeHn;iliOBHOIO.
l{li rroro,n;JKyeTecH Bil! 3 BacMJieM?
111
§ 2. noXIAHa Ta Ti 3aaocyaaHH~
x +1
Ha ,n;ornu,i sanHcaHO cpyHKIJ,il f i g, TO ,D;03BOJIHeThCH ,ll;OITHCaTH
6y,n;h-HKY 3 cpyHKU,Hi y = f 2
(x), y = f (x) + g (x), y = f (x) g (x),
y =f (g (x)), y =f (x) + c y =cf (x), ,n;e c - ,n;oBiJihHa cTaJia. l.JH
Mome B pesy JlbTaTi BHKOHaHHH ,n;eKiJibKOX TaKHX ,n;ili Ha ,ll;OllllJ,i
1
3' HBHTHCH cpyHKD;iH y = 2 ?
x +1
113
§ 2. noxi,o,Ha Ta '1"i 3acrocysaHH~
AoeeAeHHst TeopeM"1
npo noxiAHY o6epHeHo"i cpyHKU,i"i
Hexali cpyHKu;ia y = f (x) e ,n;McpepeHu;ilioBHOIO B Toqu;i x0
1 f' (x0 ) ;t. 0. ,Il;oBe,n;eMo, m;o KOJIM cpyHKD;iH x = g (y), o6epHeHa ,n;o
cpyHKu;il y = f (x), e HenepepBHOIO B TO'tlu;i Yo= f (xo), TO BOHa e ,ZJ;M-
cpepeHu;iliOBHOIO B u;ili TO"'!D;i.
,JI, 0 8 ea e n n Jl. OcKiJihKM <l>YHKu;ia y = f (x) ,n;McpepeHu;iaOBHa B TOq-
u;i Xo' TO 3a JieMOIO 10 .1 icHye HerrepepBHa B TO"'Iu;i Xo cpyHKu;ia
y = <p (x) TaKa, m;o ,ZJ;JIH Bcix x ED (f) BMKOHyeThCH piBHiCTh
f ( x) - f (X0 ) = ( x - X0 ) <p ( x) ( 4)
rh . 1 ( .
'¥YHKu;1a x= e HerrepepBHOIO B TO"'ID;l y 0 ,n;0Be,n;1Th u;e
cp (g (y))
caMocTiliHo). To My 3a neMoro 10 .1 cpyHKu;ia x = g (y) e ,n;HcpepeHn;i-
lioBHOIO B TOtIIJ;i Yo i
114
PiBHSIHHSI AOTVl"IHO ...
(x 0 - 4) 2 = 4;
[x -4 = 2,
0 [x = 6,
0
x 0 -4 = -2; x 0 = 2.
0 TJKe, n-,.·
Ha rpa'¥1Ky ...
cPYHKI.I;ll f (x ) = -
x +-
4 e ,ll;Bl. TOl.IKH, ,ll;OTH"ll-
x- 4
Hi B .HKHX rrapa.rreJihHi ,n;aHiH IIp.HMiH.
IlpM x 0 = 6 MaeMo: f (x 0 ) = 5. To,n;i piBH.HHH.H ,n;oTHl.IHOI Mae BHr.rr.a,n;
y = -2 (x - 6) + 5; y = -2x + 17.
IlpM XO = 2 OTpMMYE:MO: f (xo) = -3. To,n;i piBH.HHH.H ,D;OTHl.IHOl Mae
BHr.rr.a,n; y = -2 (x - 2) - 3; y = -2x + 1.
Bionoeiob: y = -2x + 17 i y = -2x + 1.
Bionoeiob: y = -5x - 6, y = -x - 2.
116
11. PisHHHHH AOTV1YH0·1
y = f' (x 11
) (x -xn) + f (xn ).
..
,D;OTH"t.!HOl 3 BlCCIO a
. 6cu;:ac. MaeMO x = x,I - f (x,,) . T aKHM "t.!HHOM,
f' (xn)
KO.IKHHll HaCTYilHHll qJieH IlOCJii)J,OBHOCTi Ha6JIH./KeHb (xn) myKaIOTh
3a cpopMyJIOIO
(2)
.
K plM II;hOrO, 3 HerrepepBHOCTl '±'YHKII;ll
. m ...
y = x - f (x) BHilJIMBae,
f' (x)
I.I.J;O lim (xn -
n ~
f (x,) =a - f
f' (xn)
J (a) . TaKHM "t.!MHOM, Mae Mico;e piBHiCTh
f' (a)
117
f (a) .
a = a - --. 3BJ.,ZJ;CM f (a) = 0, T06TO ,n;oBe,n;eHO, m;o tIMCJIO a e KOpeHeM
f' (a)
piBHJIHHJI f (X) = 0.
- 0 - 0 - cos 0 -1
X2 - - '
1 + sin 0
1 - cos 1
X3 = 1- = 0, 7503638678 ... ,
1 + sin1
X 3 - COS x3
X4 = X3 - . = 0, 7391128909 ... ,
1 + sin x 3
X 4 - COS X 4
X5 = X4 - . = 0,7390851333 ....
1 + sin x 4
.HK 6atIHMO, yme rr' JITMH "t!JieH IIOCJii,n;OBHOCTi Mae ,n;eB' J!Tb ,n;ecJIT-
KOBMX 3HaKiB rriCJIJI KOMM, JIKi 36iraIOTbCJI 3 Bi,n;rroBi,n;HMMM ,n;eCJITKO-
BMMM 3HaKaMH KOpeHJi a= 0, 7390851332 ... piBHJIHHJi cos x = x.
Y3arani, MOJKHa rroKa3aTH, m;o rro6y,n;oBaHa rrocni,n;oBHiCTh (x,J
e 36iJKHOIO i B KOJKHOMY HaCTYilHOMY qJieHi IIOCJii,n;OBHOCTi KiJihKiCTb
rrpaBHJihHHX ,n;eCJITKOBMX 3HaKiB 3pOCTae B pa3M.
BnpaeM
1) f (x) = x2 - 3x - 3; 2) f(x)=cos(;-;).
1 . . 3anHIIIiTb piBHHHHH ,l.J;OTHl!HOl ,l.1;0 rpacpiKa ,n;aHOl cpyHKII,il B TOll-
n,i iforo nepeTHHY 3 Biccro op,n;HHaT:
1) f (x) = 2x 3 - 5x + 2;
11.5. · CKna,n;i Tb piBHHHHH ,n;oTHl!HOl ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKII,i! f y TOllII,i
iforo rrepeTHHY 3 Biccro a6cn,Hc:
1
1) f (x) = 8x 3 - l; 2) f (x)=x--.
x
11 · CKna,n;iTh piBHHHHH ,n;oTHl!H01 ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKII,il f y TOllII,i
iforo nepeTHHY 3 BiCCIO a6CII,HC:
x-1 2
1) f (x) = 2
; 2) f (x) = 3x - x .
x +1
11.7: 3Haif,n;iTh KOop,n;HHaTH TOl!KH rrapa6o.JIH y = 2x 2 - x + 1, y HKiH
,n;oTHl!Ha ,n;o He! napane.JihHa rrpHMiif y = 7 x - 8.
119
§ 2. noxi.o,Ha Ta Ti 3acrocysaHHH
120
11. PiBHHHHH AOTV1YHo'i
121
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta '1'1' 3aCTocysaHH51
.
B1,n; sHa"t!eHHH napaMeTpa a.? 4
y = xa'
1. 38 CKiJihKM posB '.asKiB Mae cHcTeMa 3aJieJKHO Bl,ZJ;
{ y=ax+a-5
sHal:leHHH napaMeTpa a?
122
11. Pi BHHHHH AOTlllYHO 'i'
5
11.4 ,Il;Bi rreprreHAlfKYJUipHi ,ll;OT:wIHi ,n;o rpacpi.Ka cpyHKD;ll y = .!.x 2 -
2 2
nepeTMHaIOTbCJ.I B TO"tID;i A, J.IKa Ha.rremMTb oci op,n;MHaT. 3Hali,n;iTb
Koop,n;MHaTM TO"t!KM A.
11.41:· 3Hai1,n;i Tb ,ll;McpepeHIJ;iHOBHY Ha JR cpyHKD;iIO f TaKy' m;o
1
f (x) = - - ,n;JIJ.I Bcix x E (-:xi; 2).
x- 3
3Hai1,n;i Tb ,n;McpepeHu;ilioBHY Ha JR cpyHKD;iIO f TaKy' rn;o
f (x) =.Jax - 5 ,n;nH Bcix x E [3; +:xi).
11.43:· IlpH J.IKHX 3Ha"tleHHJ.IX a npHMa y = ax +1 e ,ll;OTM"CIHOIO ,n;o
rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il f (x) = .J4x + 1 ?
1 IlpH J.IKMX 3Ha-qeHHJ.IX a npJ.IMa y = 2x + a e ,ll;OTM"llHOIO ,n;o
rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il f (x) = .J4x - 1?
11.45:· 3Hai1,n;iTb piBHJ.IHHJ.I cniJibHOl ,ll;OTH"llHOl ,n;o rpacpiKiB cpyHKD;iH
f (x) = x2 - 2x +5i g (x) = x 2 + 2x - 11.
1 3Hai1,n;i Tb piBHJ.IHHJ.I cniJibHOl ,ll;OTH"llHOl ,n;o rpacpiKiB cpyHKD;iH
2
f (x) = x 2 + 4x + 8 i g (x) = x + Bx + 4.
11.47.* Ha Koop,n;MHaTHiH nnorn;MHi ao6pameHo rpacpiK cpyHKu;i1
k
f (x) =-, Ha J.IKOMY noaHa"lleHo TO"llKY A. 3a ,n;on0Moro10 D;MPKY-
x
JIJ.I i niHiMKH no6y,n;yi1:Te ,n;oTM"llHY ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il f y TO"llD;i A.
1 Ha Koop,n;11HaTHii1 nnorn;11Hi ao6pameHo rpacpiK cpyHKD;il
f (x) = ax 2 , Ha J.IKOMY noaHa"lleHo TO"llKY A. 3a ,n;on0Moro10 u;:apKy-
JIJ.I i JiiHiHKM no6y,n;y.HTe ,n;oTWCIHY ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKu;i1 f y TO"llu;i A.
11.49. * 3Hali,n;i Tb piBHJ.IHHJ.I npJ.IMOl, J.IKa ,ll;OTMKaeTbCJ.I ,n;o rpacpiKa
3 2
cpyHKD;il f (x) = x t - 2x + x + x - 1 y )];BOX TO"l!Kax.
11.50. * Hexali P - MHoro"tlJieH CTerreHJ.I n i A - TO"l!Ka Ha Koop,n;M-
HaTHili IlJIOID;MHi. ,IJ;oBe,n;iTb, m;o icHye He 6iJibIIIe Him n rrpJ.IMHX,
J.IKi npoxo,n;J.ITb -qepea TO"llKY A i ,n;oTHKaIOTbCJ.I ,n;o rpacpiKa MHoro-
"llJieHa P.
11.51.* Ilpo ,n;:acpepeHu;iMOBHY Ha JR cpyHKD;iIO f Bi,ll;OMO, m;o BOHa B pa-
u;ioHa.JibHMX TO"l!Kax Ha6yBae pau;iOHa.JibHHX 3Ha"lleHb, a B ippau;io-
Ha.JibHMX - ipp~iOHaJibHMX. qH o6oB'J.I3KOBO rpac];>iKOM cpyHKD;il f
e npJ.IMa?
11.52. * ,IJ;o rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il f y TO"llD;i A npoBe,n;eHO ,ll;OTM"llHY. rpacpiK
<PYHKD;il g OTpHMaHO 3 rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il f y pesyJibTaTi nepeTBO-
peHHJ.I pyxy, a TO"l!Ka B e o6pasoM TO"t!KH A. qM o6oB' asKoBo B TO"t!-
u;i B ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKD;il g MOJK.Ha npoBeCTH ,n;oTHt.IHy?
123
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta 'j'j 3acrncysaHH~
y! I y!
I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I I
I I I I I I I I
--~ ~-----L--~-~ I I I I
, a x0 b x --j---~--------~~
: a X0 b X
a 6
PMC. 12.1
124
12. TeopeM111 ct>epMa, Ponn~, Jlarpa~>Ka
y~
~f(x) f~~ M<~ ==~ I I
~x!
I I I
I 1 A I
,
-1---+----
1 0X ,
---1--..- ------1-- ~ ----1--..-
:a X X b X a X X0 b X
0
y y
I
I
I
1--
I
1 I
I I I
I I I I
I I I I I I
--~-J----~-----L-~
: a X0 b X bx
a 6 6
PHc. 12.4
125
§ 2. noXIAHa Ta 'i'l 3acrocysaHH~
,a o 6 e {)en n Jl.
OcKiJihKM cpyHKII.i.H HerrepepBHa Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b],
TO 3a ,n;pyro10 TeopeMoIO BeliepIIITpacca Ha Bi,n;pi3Ky [a; b] icHyIOTh
TaKi 3Ha't!eHH.H apryMeHTY' rrpM .HKMX cpyHKIJ;i.H f ,n;oc.H:rae CBOlX Hali-
6iJihIIIOro Ta HaliMeHmoro 3Ha't!eHh. lHIIIMMM CJIOBaMM, icHyIOTh TaKi
't!MCJia m i M, rn;o min f (x) = m, max f (x) = M. To,n;i ,ZJ;JI.H 6y,n;h-RKoro
[a;b] ra;b]
126
12. TeopeMvi CDepMa, Ponns:i, JlarpaH:>t<a
3 2
JII08MO, m;o piBHHHHH f' (x) = 0, T06To piBHHHHH 4x + 3ax + 2bx = 0,
Mae TPH pi3HHX ,n;ilicHHX KopeHi. IJ;e piBHHHHH Mae KopiHb x = 0.
0T:>Ke, KBa,n;paTHe piBHHHHH 4x + 3ax + 2b = 0 Ma€ ,n;Ba pi3HHX ,n;ili-
2
2
CHHX KopeHi. Moro ,n;HcKpHMiHaHT D = 9a - 32b. OcKiJihKH D > 0,
2 32
TO a >-b. e
9
Ha pHcyHKY 12.5 3o6paJK.eHo rpacpiK y
q)yHKI.I;il, HenepepBHOl Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b]
i ,n;HcpepeHu;iHOBHOl Ha iHTepBaJii (a; b).
f (b) ---- ----------
c I~
IlpoBe,n;eMo rrpHMY AB. 3 TpHKYTHHKa
AMB MO:>KHa 3HaliTH KYTOBHH Koecpiu;ieHT
. .. .. t LB'"'1\K BM f(b)-f(a)
I.J;lel IIpHMOl: g ./-1.lY.L =- -= .
b-a AM
3 pHCYHKa BH,n;Ho: Ha ,n;y3i AB icHye TaKa
To-crKa C, m;o ,n;oTH-crHa ,n;o rpacpiKa B u;ili P-ac. 12.5
To-crn;i napaJieJihHa rrpHMili AB.
KyToBHH Koecpiu;ieHT f' (x 0 ) u;ie! ,n;oTH-crHo1 ,n;opiBHIOe KYTOBOMY
Koecpiu;ieHTY rrpHMOl AB, T06TO icHye TaKa TO'C!Ka Xo E (a; b), m;o
1 1 . ° (1 1)
T O,D;l. COS--COS-= -s1nx • - - - ',n;e x E -;- .
3 4 3 4 °
(1 1) 43
1 1 sinx0
3Bi,D;CH COS - - COS - = .
4 3 12
1 1 1 1
OcKiJihKH sin x 0 < x 0 < - TO cos - - cos - < - . •
3 4 3 36
128
12. TeopeMV! CDepMa, Ponm~, narpaH>Ka
BnpasM
0
€TbC.H plBHlCTh
f (3) - f (1) _- f I ( )
X0 , HKIIJ;O.
,
2
2 1tX
1) f (x) = x ; · 2) f(x)=..Jx; 3) f(x)=cos-.
4
12.1: BHKOPHCTOBYIO"l!H TeopeMy <l>epMa, ,n;oBe,n;iTh, ru;o cpyHKD;i.H f He
Ha6yBa€ B TO"ll:o;i XO Hi Hali6iJihIIIOrO, Hi HaHMeHmoro 3Ha"l!eHH.H,
.HKID;O:
1) f (x)=x 4 +x+l, x 0 =-0,5;
1 1
2) f(x)=--x--, D (f) = (l; 3), x 0 =2;
1-x x
1t
3) f (x)=sinx+cosx 2 , D (f) = [1; 2], Xo =-.
2
129
§ 2. noxiAHa ra ·1·1 3aaocysaHH5l
1 : ,il;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHiCTb:
1) Isin x - sin y I~ I x - y I;
2) I ctg x - ctg y I~ Ix - y I, x E (O; n), y E (O; n).
• TT • . 6 . 7 1
12•15 • ~OBe,ZJ;lTb, ID;O sin - -sin-<-.
5 6 60
5 4 1
12.16 ,il;oBe,n;iTb, ID;O tg- -tg- > - .
6 5 15
12.17: II po ,n;HcpepeHn;iHOBHY Ha [1; 3] <l>YHKD;iIO f Bi,ZJ;OMO, ID;O
f (1) = 2, f (2) = 3, f (3) = 1. )J;oBe,n;iTb icHyBaHHH TaKoro x 0 , rn;o
f' (x0 ) = 0.
12.18.· <l>yHKD;iH f ,n;HcpepeHn;iHOBHa Ha JR. ,il;JIH ,ZJ;OBiJibHOro x ,n;oBe,n;iTb
icHyBaHHH TaKoro c, rn;o f (x) = f (0) + xf' (c).
130
12. TeopeMvi cDepMa, Ponn~. JlarpaH>Ka
cos x 1
= J";, Mae 6e3Jilq
. p03B ' .H3KlB.
.
(-;;;).
12.26. ·· BacHJih 3arrJiyTaiiKo xoqe ,n;oBeCTH, m;o rroxi,n;Ha cPYHKII;il
f (x) =I x I y Toqn;i x 0 =0 ,n;opiBHIOe HYJIIO. BiH MipKye TaK. Ma-
eMo: f (-1) = f (1). ToMY 3a TeopeMoIO PoJIJI.H icHye ToqKa x 0 E (-1; 1)
TaKa, m;o f' (xo) = 0. A.Jie Ha iHTepBaJii (O; 1) TaKOl TOqKH Xo He
icHye, 60 Ha IJ;hOMY rrpoMi.iKKY f (x) = x i f' (x) = 1. TaK caMo
H HeMae Ha iHTepBani (-1; 0). BHxo,n;HTh, m;o x 0 = 0. OT.iKe,
f' (x0 ) = f' (0) = 0. 11H rrpaBHM BacHJih?
12.27.* 11H icHye TaKa ,n;Hcl>epeHn;iiiOBHa Ha~ cPYHKu;i.a f, m;o f' (x) ~ 1
,lI,JI.H Bcix x > 0 i f' (x) ~ -1 ,ZJ;JI.H Bcix x < O?
131
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3aaocysaHHfl
132
---
13. 03HaKVI 3pOCTaHHs:! i cna,D,aHHs:! cpyHKLJ,i°I
·
0 CKlJlbKH X E I , TO f' (X ) = 0 . 0 TJKe, f (x 2 ) - f (x 1 ) = 0. 3B1· ,._.,
rrcTxn
0 0
X2 -Xl
0 a b x 0 a b x
P:ac. 13.1 PHc. 13.2
133
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta '1'1· 3aCTOCyBaHHH
f(x 2 )-f(x)
1
Oc:KiJibKH x0 E I, TO f' (x0 ) > 0. OT.me, > 0. To,n;i 3 He-
X2 -Xl
xs xa
nPMKnA.Q 1 ,Il;oBe,n;iTb, m;o cpyHKII;i.H f (x) = - + - + X -100 3pOCTa€
5 3
Ha MHOmHHi ,ZJ;IBCHHX 'iHCeJI.
4 2 4 2
Po3e'a3anna. MaeMo: f' (x) = x + x + 1. OcKiJihKH x + x +
+ 1 > 0 npH BCix x E ~' TO <l>YHKD;i.H f 3pOCTae Ha MHO.IKHHi ,n;iHCHHX
'tlHCeJI. e
135
§ 2. noxi,o,Ha Ta Ti 3aCTocysaHHfl
~
0 2 ~
-1 1 3
~
,IJ;ocJii,n;HMO 3HaK cpyHK:a;il y = f' (x) (pHc. 13. 7). 0Tme, ,n;aHa <l>YHK-
:u;i.H apocTae Ha KOmHoMy 3 rrpoMimKiB (-oo; -1] i [3; +oo) Ta crra,n;ae
Ha KO)KHOMY 3 rrpoMimKiB [-1; 1) i (l; 3].
4) MaeMo D (f) = (-oo; O] U [3; +oo ). 3Haii,n;eMo rroxi,n;Hy cpyHK:a;il f
136
13. 03HaKV1 3pocraHHfl i cnaAaHHfl cpyHKU.i'I
2
Po3rJI.HHeMo <l>YHKu;iro f (t) = 2t + cos 2t. To,n;i rrepme piBH.HHHH
OTpHMaHOl CHCTeMH MOJKHa rro,n;aTH y BHrJIH,n;i f (x) = f (y).
3 ,n;pyroro piBHHHH.H cncTeMH BHIIJIHBae, ru;o x > 0 i y > 0. ToMy
6y,n;eMO po3rJIH,n;aTH <l>YHKIJ;iIO f Ha MHOJKHHi (O; +oo).
MaeMo: f' (t) = 4t - 2 sin 2t = 2 (2t - sin 2t).
Y nyHKTi 3 6yJio ,n;oBe,n;eHo, m;o t > sin t npn t > 0. To,n;i f' (t) > 0
rrp:a Bcix t E (O; +oo). 0TJKe, <l>YHKIJ;i.H f 3pocTae Ha (O; +oo). ToMy
3 piBHOCTi f (x) = f (y) OTpHMYE:MO, ru;o x = y.
1
x =y, X=-,
9
MaeMo:
1
Y --
- .
9
Bii)noeiiJb: ( ~; ~).
IIi,n; 'tlac ,n;oBe,n;eHHH HepiBHOCTeli 'tlacTo BHKopHCTOByIOTh MipKy-
BaHHH TaKOrO po,n;y: JlKW,O {}u<jJepe1-llltiU081-li 1-lll [a; +oo) </Jy1-lKllti'i fig
3a{}o80JLbHJl10mb yMoBu f (a)= g (a) i f' (x) > g' (x) {jJLJl Bcix x >a,
mo f (x) > g (x) {)JLJl Bcix x >a. CnpaB,n;i, po3rJI.HHeMo <l>YHKIJ;iIO
h (x) = f (x)- g (x), D (h) = [a; +oo). MaeMo: h (a)= f (a)-g (a)= 0.
OcKiJihKH h' (x) = f' (x)- g' (x) > 0 ,n;JIH Bcix x E (a; +oo) i <l>YHKD;i.H h
HerrepepBHa B TO't!IJ;i x 0 =a, To <l>YHKIJ;i.H h e 3pocTaIO't!OIO. ToMy
137
h (x) > h (a)= 0 ,D;JUI Bcix x >a, T06To f (x)- g (x) > 0 ,D;JIH BClX
x >a.
nP~KnA):l ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, ~O ,D;JIH BCiX X <1 BHKOHyeThCH HepiBHiCTh
9 5
x +4x<3+2x •
p 038'Jl3a1-l1-lJl. ,Il;JI.H ,n;oBe,n;eHHH ,n;aHOl HepiBHOCTi CKOpHCTaeMOCH
TaKHM TBep,n;meHHHM: JlKl40 ou<Pepe1-lijiU081-li 1-la ( -oo; a] <PY1-lKiji'i f
i g 3a0080JLb1-lJl10mb yM08U f (a)= g (a) i f' (x) > g' (x) OJLJl 8Cix x <a,
mo f (x) < g (x) OJLJl 8Cix x <a.
PoarJIHHeMo cpyHKIJ,il f (x) = x 9 + 4x i g (x) = 3 + 2x 5 • MaeMo
f (1) = g. (1). 06"tIHCJIHMO rroxi,n;Hi cpyHKIJ,iH f i g: f' (x) = 9x + 4,
8
g' (x) =10x 4 • PoarJIHHeMo HepiBHiCTh f' (x) > g' (x), T06To HepiBHiCTh
8 4
9x -10x +4>0. 9t 2 -10t+4 Mae Bi,n;'eMHHH
KBa,n;paTHHH TpHqJieH
8 4
,n;:acKpHMiHaHT. ToMy HepiBHiCTh 9x -10x + 4 > 0 BHKOHyeThCH rrpH
Bcix x E JR. 3Bi,n;cH f' (x) > g' (x) ,D;JI.H Bcix x < 1. ToMy npH x < 1 BH-
9 5
KOHyeThCH HepiBHiCTh x + 4x < 3 + 2x • •
Y IJ,hOMy IIYHKTi BH 03HaHOMHJIHCH 3 03HaKOIO CTaJIOCTi cpyHKIJ,il.
IJ;ro TeopeMy MOmHa BHKOPHCTOBYBaTH ,D;JIH ,n;oBe,n;eHHH TOTOmHOC-
TeH. TaK, HK~o B,n;aJiocH BCTaHOBHTH, ~o noxi,n;Ha cpyHKII;il f Ha
rrpoMimKy I ,n;opiBHIOe HYJIIO i ,D;JIH ,n;eHKoro x0 E I BHKOHyeThC.H
piBHiCTh f (x 0 ) =A, TO THM caMHM ycTaHOBJieHo, ~o f (x) =A ,n;JIH
BCiX X E J.
. 2x
2 arc t g x = arcs1n 2
•
l+x
1
Po 3 8 .;i3a1-l1-l Jl. Po3rJIHHeMo cpyHKIJ,iIO
2
f(x)=2arctgx-arcsin x 2
, D(f)=(-1;1).
l+x
MaeMo:
--;:::==
1
==2={~: 2 )'
2
2 l+x
f' (x) = 2 2
= 1+ x 2 ---;::::===== x
l+x 2 2 2
_ 4x )(1 + x ) -4x
1
(1 + x2)2
2 2 2 2
2 (1 + x ) - 4x 2 1+ x • 2 (1- x ) =
x 2 2
---2 2 2 0•
(1 + x ) 1+ x ~(l - x 2 ) 2 (l+x )
0Tme, cpyHKIJ,iH f (x) e KOHCTaHTOIO Ha (-1; 1). 3HaHTH u;ro KOH-
CTa.HTY MOmHa, o6qHCJIHBillH 3Ha"t!eHHH cpyHKII;il f y «3pyqHiH » TO"t!-
:a;i rrpoMimKy (-1;1). HanpHKJia,n;, f (0) = 0.
138
13. 03HaKV1 3pOCTaHHH i cnaAaHHH cpyHKU,i°i
Bnpae~
0
2 9
1) f (x) = x4 - 4x 3 + 4x - 1; 5) f (x)=x+-;
x
2
1 4 1 3 x -3
2) f(X)=-X --X -7; 6) f (x) = ;
4 3 x+2
2
1 10
3) f (x)=-x 5 - - x 3 +9x-6; 7) f (x) = x - 2x + 1 ;
5 3 3-x
2 x
4) f (x) = x 2 + -; 8) f (x) = 2
•
x x -9
: 3Hali,n;iTh rrpoMiJKKH 3pOCTaHHH i CIIB.,ZJ;aHHH cpyHKn;il:
1) f (x) = 3x4 - 20x 3 + 36x 2 - 4;
4
2) f (x) =9 + 4x 3 - x ;
3) f (x) = 2x -9;
x-5
2
4) f(x)=x +5x;
x-4
12
5) f(x)=3x+-2 ;
x
x2
6) f (x) = •
x 2 -4
13.5. Ha pHcyHKY 13. 9 ao6pa:>KeHo rpa<PiK rro-
0
139
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta 'j'j 3acrocysaHH5l
a 6 6 z
PHC. 13.11
13.8.
0
Ha pHcyHKY 13 .13 3o6paJKeHo rpa<l>iKH I\ u J x
rroxi,n;HHX <l>YHKII;iH f' g i h, ,n;H<l>epeHD;iHOB-
\ ...,,,,,/'
,...
~ !./
y ,... ' UXJ
HHX Ha IR • .HKa 3 <l>YHKn;iM: f, g, h cna,n;ae Ha
Bi,n;pi3Ky ( -1; 1]? PHC. 13.12
IY IY I Y1~
y- UX) Y- n l· i;J II'
~ I /
' \
- 'l""
'l y ~ - ~ ·~
-
"\. u
-- 1!'-._ ,_ v 11
-
I/ -
x / -
J
-
!\ x
~
U\
\
l
r
fl#"!:
-- - ,;{,
l
' ~ ~
\
a 6 6
PHC. 13.13
J Ha pHCYHKY 13.14 306paJKeHo rpa<l>iKH rroxi,n;HHX <l>YHKn;iM: f,
g i h . .HKa 3 <l>YHKII;ili f, g, h crra,n;ae Ha IR?
YI y = h'(x)
/ f = g'(x)
of ~ ~
PHc. 13.14
140
13. 03HaKV1 3pocraHHS1 i cnagaHHS1 cpyHKU,i°I
0
13.10. ,ZJ;oBe,n;iTb, m;o <l>YHKIJ;iH crra,n;ae Ha MHO)KHHi ,n;iHCHHX lfHCeJI:
1 1
1) f(x)=6 - x+-x 2 --x 3 ;
2 3
2) f (x) = -2x
3
+ 2x 2
- 10x + 80;
3) f (x) = sin 2x - 3x.
,ZJ;oBe,n;iTb, ru;o <l>YHKD;i.H 3pOCTae Ha MHO)KHHi ,n;ii1:CHHX 't!HCeJI:
1) f (x) = 10x3 - 9x 2 + 24x - 90;
2) f (x) = cos 3x + 4x.
13.12: 3Hai1:,n;iTb rrpoMimKH 3pOCTaHHH i crra,n;a.HHH cpyHKu;il:
1) f (x) = x .J2. +sin x;
2) f (x) = x - cos x;
3) y =cos x + - -.
x .J3
2
3Hai1:,n;iTb rrpoMimKH 3pOCTaHH.H i crra,n;aHH.H <l>YHKII;il:
1) f (x) = sin x - x;
2) f (x) = x J2 -sin x;
2
3) f (x) = sin 2 x - x .
2
13.14: 3Haii,n;iTb rrpoMimKH 3pOcTaHH.H i crra,n;aHH.H <l>YHKu;il:
2
1) f(x)=.Jx +4x;
3Hali,n;i Tb rrpoMimKH 3pOCTaHH.H i crra,n;aHHH cpyHKu;il
f(x)=.Jx 2 -1.
13.16: Ha pHcyHKY 13.15 306pameHo rpacpiKH cpyHKu;i:H fig, BH3Ha-
't!eHHX Ha JR. BHKOpHCTOBYIO't!H u;i rpacpiKH, po3B'HmiTb HepiBHiCTb:
1) f X) ~ 0; 2) g' (X) ~ 0 •
I (
u 1 = c. {'I \ Y.
, '
" j \-
--..... ~ 11 I:= ft tr' -- ~"
I~ .
:;?
v 1.
~ '
~
.,. , ~I
~
~
" I
I
1
\
·~
,. ( ;:;;. ,. I .L
"' ~
~.
\ ..
\\
\
'y
'() ' x
\ I'
H \1
-
' ~d
I '
\
a 6
PRC. 13.15
141
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta 'j'j 3acrocysaHHH
......
I ' I
I
\
\
71
v
- {fj 1-v ~
"''
,
r\. ,_.,.. ....
~
\ ..
.1.
I l.
J
,_
'\ l/ \O
\~
I 11"
,,
VI /
'.I
¥ /
J I
1
a 6
PRC. 13.16
1) arctg x =arcsin -J x 2
; 2) arccos x = 2 arccos ~.
l+x
13.37 :· ,ll;oBe,n;iTb TOTOmHiCTb:
1) arcsin x = arctg -J x ;
1-x2
13.38.•• IlpH HKHX 3HatieHHHX napaMeTpa c cpyHKD;iH
f (x) = (c - 12) x 3 + 3 (c - 12) x 2 + 6x + 7
apocTae Ha IR?
13.39 .• IlpH HKHX 3Ha'leHHHX napaMeTpa a <l>YHKD;iH
2
y =(a + 3) x 3 + 3 (a + 3) x - 5x + 12
cna,n;ae Ha IR?
13.40:· 3HaH,ZJ;iTb yci 3Ha'leHHH napaMeTpa b, npH KOJKHOMY 3 HKHX
cpyHKD;iH
f (x) = sin 2x - 8 (b + 2) cos x - ( 4b 2 + 16b + 6) x
cna,n;ae Ha IR.
13.4 .• 3Hali,n;iTb yci 3Ha"tieHH$J napaMeTpa a, npH KOmHOMY 3 HKHX
cpyHKD;iH
f (x) =sin 2x - 8 (a + 1) sin x + (4a 2 + Ba - 14) x
3pocTae Ha IR.
13.42.·· IlpH HKHX 3HatieHHHX napaMeTpa a <PYHKD;iH
f (x) = sin x - a sin 2x - !. sin 3x + 2ax
3
apocTae Ha IR?
143
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta 'i'I 3acrocyBaHH5l
144
14. TOYKV1 eKCTpeMyMy cpyHKU,i'i
Yi I Y+
I
I
I
I
I
____ .._
I I
I I
__ l_
--l--
o: I XO x o: I XO
Pnc. 14.1
7t
HarrpMKJia,n;, TO'tfKa x 0 = -
2 Yi
e TO'tfKOIO MaKCMMYMY <l>YHKD;il
y = Slil X (pMC. 14.2). IlHIDYTb
7t
xmax = -.
2
Pnc. 14.2
Ha pMcyHKY 14.1 x max = x 0 •
Yi I
I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
--l J.:>i--0 ----~ - - l - ...u----o- ~
O',I XO x o: I
x0 x
PHC. 14.3
145
§ 2. noxi.o,Ha Ta Ti 3acrocysaHHH
y
y
0 0 x
P:ac. 14.4 P:ac. 14.5
min
[O; +oo)
Fx = JO = 0, a max arcsin
[- 1;1)
x = arcsin 1 = n.
2
Y y= arcsin x
2 0
P:ac. 14.6 P:ac. 14. 7
I
y·m
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
--+------------~
yrv: .
--,------L-------.....
Y•
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
--i------~------- .....
Y•I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
•
--~-------L------
I
.....
0: X0 X O: XO x 0: X0 X 0: X0 X
a 6 a 6
PHC. 14.8 PHc. 14.9
Y•
I
I
I
y! I
I
I
Y = x3
I I
147
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Tl 3aCTocysaHHfl
y y
IT\ --.
0 a XO b x
a 6 8
v ..
y y y
I
I
I
-0m-.- o--.
. 0 a XO bx Q a X
0
b X
~---o --.
bx
i r
PHc. 14.13
148
14. TOYKVI eKcrpeMyMy ¢YHKt..d.i
......
x
PHc. 14.14
BM sHaeTe, ~o sa ,n;orroMororo rroxi,n;Ho1 MOmHa 3Haxo,z:i;MTH npoMiJK-
KH 3pOCTaHH.H ( cna,n;aHHH) ,z:t;McpepeHII,iHOBHOl <l>YHKJ.J,iL ,Il;Bi TeopeMH,
HaBe,n;eHi HHJK"t!e, ITOKa3yIOTh, .HK sa ,l(OllOMOI'OIO IIOXi,l(HOl MO.iKHa
3HaXO,l(HTH TO-Y:KH eKCTpeMyMy <l>YHKII,iL
,z:i;e c E (x; Xo). 3a YMOBOIO TeopeMH f' (c) ~ 0, TOMY f (xo) ~ f (x).
149
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3aaocysaHHH
ytv'
:
I
:
I
I
y4
I
V
: '
?
I
~
I
I j ~
--i------L-------~ --,-------L------~
0: X0 X O: XO x
PHC. 14.15 PHc. 14 .16
1) f (x) = 2x 3 - 3x 2
- 12x; 4) f (x) = x;-;2 ;
2) f (x) = 2x 2 - x
4
; 5) f (x) = 3 I x I (x + 2) - 4x 3 •
2
3) f(x)=x -x+4;
x-1
2 2
Poae'.flaannJt. 1) MaeMo: f' (x) = 6x - 6x - 12 = 6 (x - x - 2) =
=6 (x + 1) (x - 2). MeTo,n;oM iHTepBarriB ,n;ocJii,n;nMo sHaK rroxi,n;Ho1
B OKOJiax KpHTHqHHX ToqoK xl = -1 ' X2 =2 (pHC. 14.1 7). 0TpHMY€MO,
m;o x max = -1, x mm. = 2.
150
PHC. 14.17 PHc. 14.18
2x - (x + 2) x- 2
=
2xfx - 2xfx'
HKm;o 0 < x < 2, TO f' (x) < O; HKm;o x > 2, To f' (x) > 0. 0Tme,
KpHTH"t!Ha TO"t!Ka x = 2 e TO"t!KOIO MiHiMYMY' T06TO x nun. = 2.
5) HKm;o x < 0, TO f (x) = -4x3 - 3x 2 - 6x. HKm;o x > 0, TO
f (x) = -4x 3 + 3x 2 + 6x. To,n;i ,D;JIH 6y,n;h-HKoro x E (-oo; 0) Mae-
MO f (x) = -12x 2 - 6x - 6, a ,D;JIH 6y.n;h-HKOro x E (O; +oo) MaeMO
I
~
-1 1 3
PRC. 14.19 PHC. 14.20
151
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta 'i'i 3aCTocysaHHs:l
x + n = 7t + 2nk,
2 3 3
lx =4nk,
47t
x n n 2 k k '71 x = - - + 4 nk.
2 + S= - 3 + 1t ' E /LJ; 3
<I>yHKn;iH f' (x) =cos (x2 + 3nJ _..!:.2 e rrepio,n;H"tJHOIO 3 rrepio,n;oM T = 4n.
MeTo,n;oM iHTepBaJiiB .n;ocJii.ZJ;HMO ii 3HaK Ha rrpoMiJKKY [-2n; 2n] 3a-
B.ZJ;OBJKKH B rrepio.n;. Il;bOMy rrpoMiJKKY HaJieJKaTb .ZJ;Bi KPHTH'tJHi TO'tJKH:
x = 0 1. x = - -
47t
.
-2n ./+"\..
~-
--
3
2n
0 -----
... Ha pHCYHKY 14.21 rroKa3aHo pe3yJib-
TaT .ZJ;OCJii,n;JKeHHH 3HaKa rroxi,n;HOl Ha
3
Bnp 111
J
w I~
\
y.
/
,,
i 'I I\._ ~ \ 17 ~
~ ;:&I'"""
// 1
..L
\. _), \ ,
- 0 0 ' \. ~
'(
j x
Pac. 14.22
152
14. TOYKV1 eKcrpeMyMy cpyHKLJ,i°I
7'
\
\
t
I '\
\
-1
' \. )
1
~
0
'\ J
-
7 x
\ t
' f,
P:ac. 14.23
• ,' Ha p11cyHKY 14.24 yKaJKiTh rpacpiK Q>yHKD;i1, ,Z:l;JIH HKOI TO't!Ka x 0
e TO"tfKOIO MiHiMyMy.
Y1I Y+ Y1
I
yA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I
I I I I
I I I I I I I 1
I I I I I I I I
o: X o:
---·-------------~ ---·-----------~-~ ---·-------·-----~---·-------------~
X0 X0 X X0 X X0 X o: 0l
a 6 8
P:ac. 14.24
0
14.4. "l!H Mae KpHTH"tfHi TO"tfKH Q>yHKD;iH:
1) f (x) = x; 3) f (x) = 5; 5) f (x) = tg x;
2) f (x) = x + 1;
5
4) f (x) = sin x; 6) f (x)=£?
PHC. 14.25
153
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3acrocysaHH51
j
/"
y
"~
1
~
l
'\.
lJ - f' (x )/ \
I 1
\_; yt J
I \ I
I 0 J\ x y = f'(x)
I '""" ) \
\ 0 x
154
14. TOYKV1 eKcrpeMyMy cpyHKU.i'i
1) f(x)=x ~1-x;
2
3) f (x)=-;
.Jx
x+l
1) f(x)=x ~x+2;
2
2) f (x)=(x-2) 2 fx; 3) f (x) = 3x + 1 .
~x-1
14.18." qH e rrpaBHJibHHM TBep,n;.meHHH:
1) 3Hat:[eHHH cpyHKD;il B Toqu;i MaKCHMYMY MOJKe 6yTH MeHlllHM
Bi,n; 3HaqeHHH cpyHKD;il B Toqn;i MiHiMyMy;
2) cpyHKD;iH B Toqn;i eKCTpeMyMy MOJKe 6yTH He,n;HcpepeHn;ilioB-
HOIO;
3) HKI.ll;O rroxi,n;Ha B ,n;eHKiH TO"t!D;i ,n;opiBHIOe HYJIIO, TO D;H TO"t!Ka
e TOt:[KOIO eKCTpeMyMy cpyHKn;il?
qH e rrpaBHJibHHM TBep,n;.meHHH:
1) y Toqn;i eKcTpeMyMy rroxi,n;Ha cpyHKn;il ,n;opiBHIOe Hynro;
2) HKI.ll;O cpyHKD;iH B ,n;eHKiH Toq:u;i He,n;HcpepeH:u;iliOBHa, TO D;H TOt:[Ka
e TOt:[KOIO eKCTpeMyMy cpyHK:a;il?
155
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3acrocysaHHs:I
1) f(x)=x-sinx; 2) f(x)=cos2x-x.J3.
2
1 3Hali,n;iTh rrpoMimKH 3pOCTa.HH.H i crra,n;aHH.H Ta TOl!KH eKC-
TpeMyMy cpyHKII,il:
1) f(x)=cosx+ x; 2) f(x)=sin2x-xJ2..
2
14.2s.·· 3Haii,n;iTb T0'1KH eKCTpeMyMy cpyHKII,il:
158
15. Hail16iJlbWe i Hail!MeHwe 3HaYeHHR cpyHKU,i'I Ha BiApi3KY
YA Y'- I Yi I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
:
I I
I
f'u ,'/
I
:
I
'
I
I I I I l I
1
-o:_,_. . ,___x____ x
I
b ~ --1-'a __ , . . .
I
--~-~---
I I I
--~
1 2
O', x1 x2 x o: ' x1 x2 x
min f (x) = f (a) min
[a;b]
f (x) = f (a) min f (x) = f (x2 )
[a;b] (a; b]
a 6 8
PRC. 15.2
159
§ 2. noxiAHa ra ·1·13acrocysaHH~
3Bi,ZJ;CH X =a'
nk
k E Z.
max f (x) =
[O;n)
f (n)
3
= 3 .J3,
min f (x) = f
[O; n)
(
2
3
n J= -3 .J3.
BiiJnoeiiJb: 3 .J3, -3 .J3.
160
15. Hai116inbwe i HaillMeHwe 3HaYeHHfl cpyHKU/i' Ha BiApi3KY
161
§ 2. noxip,Ha Ta .l..l 3aCTOCyBaHH~ ..
<PyHKIJ,hI f Mae o,n;Hy KPHTH'tIHY TO'tIKY x =R ../2.
MaeMo: f (R ..f2) = 2R 2 , f (0) = f (2R) = 0. 0Tme,
max f (x) = f (R ..f2) =2R 2 •
[0;2R]
162
15. HaL'.16inbwe i HaL'.1MeHwe 3HaYeHHfl cpyHKu,i'I Ha sigpi3KY
HexaM: AD =
DB = .JDC 2 +BC 2 = ~(5 - x) 2 +9.
x KM. MaeMo: DC = 5 - x,
-1 - 5- x
2
= 0 (3p0 6lTb
. ~e
. ., )
caMOCTlHHO ' ycTaHOBJIIO€MO, ~o
5 4~(5 - x) +9
Bnpae11
0
15.1. 3Hali,n;iTh Hali6iJihllle i HaliMeHIIIe 3HaqeHH.H cPYHK~i1 f Ha
BKa3aHOMY Bl,ll;pl3Ky:
1) f (x) = 3x2 - x 3 , [-1; 3];
2) f (x) = x4 - 2x 2 + 5, [O; 2];
3) f (x) = x 2x 3
-
2
+ Bx - 3, [1; 3];
3
4) f (x) = 2x - 9x 2 - 3, [-1; 4];
5) f (x) = 2x 3 + 9x 2 - 60x - 7, [- 1; 3];
2
x +8
6) f (x) = , [- 3; O].
x-1
1~ '} 3HaH,ll;iTh Hali6iJibllle 1 HaliMeHIJJe 3Ha"t:feHHSI Q>yHK~il f Ha
BKa3aHOMY Bi,n;pi3Ky:
1 3
1) f (x) = - x - 4x, [O; 3]; 3) f (x) = 2x 4 - Bx, [- 2; 1];
3
·1
2) f (x) = x - 1- x 3 - x 2 , [- 2· O]; 4) f (x)=~ - 8x 2 , [- 1; 2].
4
15.3: ,I(oBe,n;iTh HepiBHiCTb - 20 < x3 - 3x2 < 16, ,n;e x E [- 2; 4].
163
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3acrocysaHH5l
2) f(x)=sin(4x-;} [o;:J
1 3Hali,n;iTh Hali6iJihIIIe i HaMM8HIIIe 3Ha-creHH5I cpyHKD;il f Ha
BKa3aHOMy Bl,Z1;p13Ky:
1) f (x) = .J3 sin x +cos x, [O; n];
2) f (x)=2cos( 4x+ :), [- " ; ;].
12
15.9: IIo,n;aliTe -crHcJio 8 y BHrJIH,n;i cyMH ,n;Box HeBi,n;'eMHHX -cr11:ceJI
TaK, m;o6 ,n;o6yTOK Ky6a o,n;Horo 3 D;HX "CfHCeJI Ha ,n;pyre "CfHCJIO 6yB
HaM6iJihllIHM.
165
§ 2. noxigHa Ta Ti 3acrocysaHH51
166
16. ,Upyra noxi,o.Ha. noHHTIH onyKflOCTi ¢YHKU,i°I
167
HarrpHKJia,n;, RKIIJ;O 3aKOH pyxy MaTepiaJihHo1 TOt:IKH 3a,n;aHo cpop-
2
MyJioro s (t) = t - 4t, TO MaeMo:
s' (t) = v (t) = 2t - 4;
s" (t) = v' (t) = a (t) = 2.
Mn oTpHMaJIH, ru;o MaTepiaJihHa TOt:IKa pyxaeThCR 3i cTaJIHM rrpn-
CKopeHHRM. HR BM 3HaeTe 3 Rypcy cpi3HRH, TaKn:H pyx Ha3HBaIOTh
plBHOIIpHCROpeHHM.
y 3araJihHHMO CKa3aHe.
Po3rJI.aHeMo cpyHK:u;iro y = f (x), ,n;ncpepeHu;ilioBHY Ha ,n;eRKili MHO-
mnHi M. To,n;i 11 rroxi,n;Ha TaKOJK e ,n;eRKOIO cl>YHK:u;iero, 3a,n;aH010 Ha
:u;i:H MHomnHi. HKru;o cpyHKu;iR f' e ,n;HcpepeHu;ilioBHoro y ,n;eRRili Tot:I-
:u;i x 0 EM, TO rroxi,n;Hy cpyHK:u;il f' y T0'1u;i x 0 Ha3HBaIOTh )l;pyroro
IIOX~OIO <f>y111ni;il y = f (x) y Toqu;i XO i II03Ha'1al0Th f" (xo). CaMy
cpyHRIJ;ilO f Ha3HBalOTh ,z:i;Bi'lli ,z:i;H<f>epeHn;iHOBHOIO B TO'lln;i XO.
<l>yHK:a;iro, RKa t:IHCJIY XO CTaBHTh y Bi,n;rroBi,n;HiCTh '1HCJIO f" (Xo ),
Ha3HBalOTh ,z:i;pyroro rroxi,z:i;HOIO <l>YHKIJ;il y = f (x) i II03Ha'1al0Th f,, a6o
y" = f"(x) .
HarrpHKJia,n;, RKID;O y = sin x, TO y" = -sin x.
HKIIJ;O cpyHKII,iR f e ,n;Bit:Ii ,n;HcpepeHu;ilioBHOIO B KOJKHiH T0'1D;i MHO-
JKHHH M, TO 11 Ha3HBaIOTh ,z:i;Bi'li lJ:H<f>epeHn;iiioBHoro Ha MHOJKHHi M.
HKm;o cpyHKu;i.a f ,n;Billi ,n;ncpepeH:u;ilioBHa Ha D (f), TO 11 Ha3HBaIOTh
,z:i;Bi'lli lJ:H<f>epeHn;iiioBHOIO.
BH 3HaeTe, rn;o cpyHKn;iro xapaKTepH3YIOTh TaKi BJiaCTHBOCTi RK
rrapHiCTh (HerrapHiCTh), rrepio,n;Ht:IHiCTh, 3pOCTaHHR (crra,n;aHH.H) TOIIJ;O.
III;e o,n;Hiero BaJKJIHBOIO xapaKTepHCTHKOIO cpyHKIJ;il e OIIYKJiiCTh yropy
a6o BHH3.
3BepHeMOCR ,n;o rrpliKJia,n;iB.
Ilpo cpyHKn;i1 y = x2, y = I x I KamyTh, ru;o BOHM e orryKJIHMH BHH3
2
(pnc. 16.1), a cpyHKIJ;ll y = - X ' y = j;_ e OIIYKJIHMH Bropy (pHC. 16.2).
<l>yHKD;i.H y = sinx e OIIYKJIOIO Bropy Ha rrpoMiJKKY [O; n:] i OIIYKJIOIO
BHH3 Ha npoMiJKKY [n:; 2n:] (pHC. 16.3).
Y Y= lxl
0 x
0 x 0 x
P:ac. 16.1 Pnc. 16.2
168
16. ,LJ,pyra noxiAHa. noHs:ins:i onyKiloCTi cpyHKL\i.i
a b x X
0
X
2
HarrpHKJia,n;, ,n;oBe,n;eMo, m;o cpyHKD;i.H f (x) = x e orryKJIOIO BHH3
Ha rrpoMiJKKY (-oo; +oo). IlpoBe,n;eMO ,ZJ;OTH"t!HY ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKII;ll
f (x) = x 2 y TO'lID;i 3 a6cu;Hcoro x 0 (pHc. 16.6). PiBH.HHH.H u;ie1 ,n;oTH'tl-
HOl Mae BHI'JI.H,n;:
y = 2x0 ( x - x 0 ) + x~.
Po3rJI.HHeMo pi3HHD;IO
f (x)-(2x0 (x - x 0 ) + x~) = x 2 - (2x 0 (x - x 0 ) + x~) =
2 2 2
=X -2XoX+Xo =(X-Xo) .
OcKiJibKH n.a pi3HHD;.H Ha6yBae JIHllie HeBi,n;' eMHMX 3Ha'tleHb, TO
u;e 03Ha"t!ae, m;o rpacpiK cpyHKD;il f JieJKHTb He HHJK"t!e 6y,n;b-.HK01 ,n;o-
2
TH"t!HOL 0TJKe, f (x) = x e orryKJIOIO BHH3 Ha rrpo-
MiJKKY ( -oo; +oo).
3
AHaJiori"t!Ho MOJKHa ,n;oBeCTM, m;o cpyHKIJ;i.H y = x
e orryKJIOIO Bropy Ha rrpoMiJKKY (-oo; O] i orryKJIOIO
BHH3 Ha rrpoMimKy [O; +oo) (pHC. 16. 7).
KomHa JiiHiliHa cpyHK:o;i.a e HK orryKJioro Bropy,
TaK i orryKJIO:EO BHH3 Ha JR .
3ayBaJKHMO, m;o TaKOJK 6yBae ,n;ou;iJibHHM BH,n;i-
JI.HTH CTporo orryKJii cpyHKIJ;il.
PRC. 16.7
169
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta fl 3aCTocysaHH~
I
I
I I
I I
- -·- - - - - - - - . - .....
U11 I
x a bx
a1 < a2 < aa < ... a1 > a2 > aa >
Pnc. 16.8 Pnc. 16.9
170
16. ,Qpyra noxi,o.Ha. noHs:ins:i onyKJlocri cj:>yHKu.i'I
•
MlJRKY ( TC 7tJ .
-2; 2
1
Po36'.fl3a n n.fl. MaeMo: f' (x) = - -
cos2 x
2 _3
(cos x)' =
2 sin x
3
•
cos x cos x
171
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Tl 3acrocysaHH5l
y
0 ~ x < 1t. OT.me, cpyHKD;iH y = tg x e orryKJIOIO
2
7t
0 7t x HepiBHicTh f" (x) .;; 0 Ha npoMimKy (-;; ;)
2 2
I Pnc. 16.11
2
(-; + nn; nn J n E Z.
Ha pHCYHKY 16.12 so6pa.meHo rpacpiKH cpyHKu;ili Ta ,n;oTHtIHi, rrpo-
Be,D;eHi ,n;o HHX y TO"t!KaX 3 a6c:a;HCOIO Xo • 1.t;i cpyHKD;il Ha npoMimKax
(a; x 0 ] i [x 0 ; b) MaIOTh pi3HHM xapaKTep onyKJIOCTi. ToMy Ha :a;Hx
npoMimKax rpa<t>iK <l>YHKD;il p03TaIIIOBaHHM y pi3HHX niBIIJIOID;HHax
Bi,n;HOCHO ,ZJ;OTH"t!HOL y D;hOMY pa3i rOBOpHTh, ru;o TO"t!Ka XO e TO'IKOIO
neperHHY <l>YHK:a;iL
Y4 I
YA I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I I I I j I I
I I I I I I I I
- -~ -L-- - --'-- - - _...!__. --~-~-----!------~-.
:a X0 b X :a X0 b X
a 6
PHc. 16.12
HanpHKJia,n;, TOi:iKa x 0 = 0 e TO"t!KOIO rreperHHY cpyHK:a;il y = x 3
1t
(pHC. 16. 7); TO"t!KH BH,n;y -+ nn, n E z, e TO"t!KaMH rreperHHY cpyHK-
2
:a;il y = COS X (pHC. 16.13).
172
16. ,LJ,pyra noxiAHa. noH~n~ onyKJlocri cpyHK~fl
y y
y=x
x
PHC. 16.13 PHc. 16.14
3B~CH 3a TeopeMOIO JlarpaHJKa f' (c) ~ f' (x 0). To,n;i f' (c) - f' (Xo) ~ O.
C-X 0
173
§ 2. noxi,D.Ha Ta 'i'i 3aCTOCyBaHHfl
Bnpa M
0
,. r\
f
' \
,
)
I \ ..
...
I \
I
\ J 0
,/
1 '\ --
x
\ ..I \
'" "'
_,/
PHC. 16.16
0
16:4. ,IJ;oBe,n;iTb, ra;o cpyHKD;i.H y = f (x) e orryKJIOIO BHH3 (yropy) Ha
rrpoMiJKKY I To,n;i i JilUile To,n;i, KOJIH <l>YHKD;i.H y = - f (x) e OIIYKJIOIO
Bropy (yHH3) Ha rrpoMimKy I.
16.5. ,Il;Billi ,n;HcpepeHu;ilioBHi Ha rrpoMiJKKy I cpyHKD;il y = f (x) i
0
174
16. ,lJ,pyra noxi,o.Ha. noHflTifl onyKnocri cpyHKU.i'I
sin X, .HKID;O x ~ 0,
16.20: 3Ha:0:,n;iTb ,n;pyry noxi,n;Hy cpyHKII;il f (x) - {
x, .HKID;O X < 0.
cos x HKm;o x ~ 0,
• 3Hai1:,n;iTb ,n;pyry rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKII;ii f (x) -
{ 1, .HKiqO X < 0.
I, fy,. I
'1
.....
0
-
l
v
.1 x
\ _, ~
"""- I/
'II = f ,~ IX)
a 6
PHC. 16.17
cl>yHKIJ.i.H f ,n;Billi ,n;11cpepeHn;i:0:0BH Ha R. Ha pHCYHKY 16.18
so6pameHO rpacpiK IIOXi,n;HOl cpyHKn;il f. 'YKaJKiTb npoMiJKKH OIIYR-
JIOCTi Ta TO"tiKli neperHHY cpyHKII;ll f.
:
y ~
r
} - '( ~) ,/
:..,,,,,.
'\ -x
-
~
I
"' ,,
LQ
~
......-
------
I
r
_.)
'
a 6
PHc. 16.18
176
16. ,Upyra nOXIAHa. noHHTTH onyKJlOCTi cpyHK!4i'I
177
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Ti 3aaocysaHHH
HepieHiCTb €HceHa
TeopeMa 16.4. HK~o <jJyKKlfi11, f onyKna Biopy na npoMi:HCKY I,
mo on11, 6yiJb-JtKUX a i b 3 npoMi:HCKY I 6UKonyembcJt nepiBnicmb
f (a; }J (a); f
b (b).
178
HepisHiCTb EHceHa
neJKHTh rrpoMiJKKY I.
xl +Xz X3 +X4
+- - + ... + Xzk - 1 +Xzk J
+xz ;~·-+xzk >
MaeMo: f (Xi
J =f ( 2 2 k 2
179
§ 2. noxi,o.Ha Ta Tl 3acrocysaHHH
A B C A B C
tg - + tg - + tg - - + +-
2 2 2 ~ tg 2 2 2
3 3
A B C n r;::
tg - + tg - + tg - ~ 3 tg - = '\/ 3. •
2 2 2 6
HeplBHlCTb
1
2
+ 1
2
+ -1-2 ~~ 27.
3+a 3+b 3+c 28
1
1
Po36 Ji3annJi. PosrJI.HHeMo cpyHKu;iro f (x) = , D (f) = (0; 1).
3+x 2
2
-2x 6(x -1)
MaeMo: f' (x) = 2 2
, f" (x) = 2 3
• 0TPHMY€MO, m;o f" (x) <0
(3 + x ) (3+x )
,n;JI.H 6y,n;I>-.HKoro x E ( 0; 1). To My cpyHKI.J;i.H f e orryKJIOIO Bropy. 3a-
3Ha-qHMO, rn;o a E (O; 1), b E (O; 1), c E (O; 1). ,Il;JI.H cpyHKD;il f MOJK-
Ha 3aCTOCyBaTH HepiBHiCTb (1):
1( 1
3 3+a + 3+b + 3+c
2
1
2
1
2
)~---1
~ 3 +( a+:+c )'.
___
1 1 1 3 27 •
3Bi,n;CH + + ~ -
3 +(~)'
2 2 2
3+a 3+b 3+c 28
180
17. no6yAOBa rpacpiKiB cpyHKLJ,iiil
BnpaeM
16.41. Bi,n;OMO, m;o X1 >0 ' X2 > 0 ' ... , xn >0 1 xl + x2 + ... + x n = n.
,[(oBe,n;iTh, m;o
1
+
1
+ ... +
1
~ n.
l+x1 l+x2 l+xn 2
•'•
1.IJ;IIHi ,n;e.HKY KiJibKiCTh ToqoK, .HKi Ha-
y
JieJKaTb rpacpiKy, a IIOTiM 3, e,n;HYBaJIH I
••
• ••
I
I
1x. ToqHiCTh rro6y,n;oBII saJie.maJia Bi,n; I
• •
I
I
I
I
•
I
I •
X3 x
ToqoK, .HKi HaJiemaTb rpacpiKy ,n;e.aKo1 x1 x2 x4
181
§ 2. noxi,o.Ha Ta 'i'°I. 3aCTocysaHHfl
x x
PMC. 17.2 P11c. 17.3
182
17. no6ygosa rpacpiKiB cpyHKLJ,i~
• 3 2 1 3
nPMK.nA.Q ,IJ;ocni,n;iTh cpyHKn;iro f (x) = -x -- x i rro6y,n;yifTe 11
2 4
rpacpiK.
+~
~
0 6
183
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta Tl 3acrocysaHH5l
4 ~- -- -
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
--------0 ----L------~----- --~
2 4 6 x
PHC. 17.8
4
nPIAKJlA.Q ,IJ;ocJii,n;iTh cpyHK:a;iro f (x) = 2
i rro6y,n;yiiTe Li
x + 4x
rpacpiK.
184
17. no6yAOBa rpacpiKiB cpyHKU,iili
. f" ( ) __ 8x 2 (x + 4)
2 2 2
- 8 (x + 2) (2x (x + 4) + 2x (x + 4))
9 . M a€MO. X - 4 4 •
x (x +4)
2
. ,, 8 (3x + 12x + 16)
CnpocTHBIIIH ,n;p16, oTpMMaeMo f (x) = 3 3
•
x (x + 4)
,n:ocJii,ZJ;HBIIIH 3HaK f" (pHC. 17.11), ,ZJ;OXO,ZJ;HMO BHCHOBKy, m;o cpyHK-
IJ.i.H f € OIIYKJIOro BHH3 Ha KOmHOMY 3 rrpoMimKiB (-OJ; -4) i (O; +OJ),
€ OIIYKJIOro Bropy Ha rrpoMimKy (-4; 0), TO'lOK rrepeI'HHY He Mae.
YpaxoByrol.!H oTpHMaHi pe3yJihTaTH, 6y,n;yeMo rpacpiK cpyHKIJ.il f
(pMC. 17.12).
-2 0
-4 x
PHc. 17.12
185
•
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta ·1·13aCTocysaHHH
-
,-
'1 I \I
-
r--
- .\ , I
I\
\
'
- yt. J -
....; Gi
- \ x-
I
l 0 l\ I
\
•
I
0 ]\ I
I x 1J \. I
, .:J '1 \ •I ~1 y = a. a I= - 1
.L
186
17. no6yAOBa rpacpiKiB cpyHKUiiil
4
npi.1KJ1AA 4 ,Il;ocni,n;iTh cpyHKII;iIO f (x) = : i no6y,n;yiiTe il rpacpiK.
x -2
p 0 3 e' Jl3 a Ji }iJl. 1. <I>yHKIJ;iH BH3HatieHa Ha MHOmHHi (-oo; ~) u
U (~; +oo).
2. <I>yHKIJ;iH He e Hi rrapHOIO, Hi HenapHOIO.
4
x
3. Po3B' H3aBmH piBHHHHH = 0, ycTaHOBJIIOeMo, m;o x = 0 -
x 3 -2
e,n;HHHH HYJih ,n;aHo1 cpyHKu;iL
4. f(x)>OrrpH XE(~;+oo), f(x)<OnpH XE(-oo;O)U(O;~).
5. <l>yHKu;iH f HenepepBHa Ha MHOmHHi (-oo; ~) u (~; +oo ). ToMy
BepTHKaJihHOIO acHMilTOTOIO rpacpiKa cpyHKIJ;ll f MOme 6yTH JIHme
4 4
npHMa x = ~- MaeMo: lim : = -oo, liffi : = +oo. 0Tme, npH-
x W.- x -2 x - H12 + x -2
Ma x = ~ - BepTHKaJihHa acHMnToTa rpacpiKa ,n;aHo1 cpyHKu;iL Toq-
Ka ~ e T0'1KOIO po3pHBY ,n;pyroro po,n;y cpyHKII;il f.
6. ,Il;ocJii,n;HMO rpacpiK cpyHKIJ;il f Ha HaHBHiCTb IlOXHJIHX acHMilTOT
y =kx+b.
. f (x) l'lffi
1lID--= xa
= l'l I D1- - -1
x x x oo x3 -2 x-..+ oo 2 - .
1- -
x3
4
ToMY k=l. MaeMo: lim( : -l·xJ=lim ;x =0. 0Tme, b=O.
x x -2 x 00 x -2
187
§ 2. noxi,o,Ha Ta 'j'j 3aCTocysaHHH
2~
Bropy Ha [ -.v4; ~), X-o = -.v4 - T0'1Ka rreperHHY i f (-if4) = ---.
3
YpaxoByIO'IH 0TpHMaH1 pesyJihTaTH, 6y,n;yeMo rpacpiK cpyHK:u;i1
(pHC. 1 7 .18) . •
y I
I
8 -----'- /-:!';..
3 I I / //
I /r' ~
VI
/
/I II
/ /"\J~!
3 ~2 1 :2
I
// 0 x
-,r---
.,,/ 2V4
/ --3
P:ac. 17.18
.
hm--= lim
X--+00
~x(x-3)
f (x)
x
2
.
x-..+oo x
• 89
=hm 3 l - - + -
X-HO
2
=1. ToMy k = 1.
x x
MaeMo:
Jim (4x (x- 3 )2 -x) =Jim (4x (x-3) -x )(4x' (x-3) +x 4x (x-3)
2 4 2
+x
2
) =
X-..+&I X-?OO ~X 2 (x-3) 4 +X~X(X-3) 2 +X
2
x
2
(~-6 J
188
17. no6yAOBa rpacpiKiB cpyHK~iiil
2
9. MaeMo: f" (x) =- x . ,[(ocJii,n;MBmM 3HaK f" (pMc. 17.20),
~x (x-3) 8 4
I
I
v-4~-----.-,- I I
I
I
I
I /
I /
--------- ----~----,,.!----
I /
______ ..,...
1 ,,/ /
3 x
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
I /
_,(
_, I
_,-' I
_, I
/
/
/
/
/
/
PRC. 17.21
189
§ 2. noxiJJ,Ha Ta Ti 3aaocysaHH5l
Bnpae~
2
2 x
2) f (x) = 2
; 5) f (x) = ; 8) f(x)=x2 +4.
x -1 4-x 2 x -4
6x-6 2x
3) f (x) = ; 6) f (x) = ;
x 2 +3 x 2 +1
7. :· IIo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK cpyHKu;i1:
x-3 l+x 2 3x
1) f (x) =- ; 3) f (x) = ; 5) f (x) = ;
x-1 1-x 2 2
x -9
1 1 2x
2) f (x) = ; 4) f (x) = ; 6) f (x) = •
x 2 -2x x 2 +1 (x+l) 2
17.s:· IIo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK cpyHKn;il f (x) = x 2 (2x - 3) i BcTruroBiTh,
KOpHCTYIO"t!HCb HHM, KiJibKiCTb KOpeHiB piBH.HHH.H f (x) = a aa-
Jie»<HO Bi,n; aHa"t.J:eHH.H rrapaMeTpa a.
IIo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK cpyHKI..I;il f (x) = -x 2 (x 2 - 4) i BCTaHoBiTh,
KOpHCTYIOllHCb HHM, KiJII>KiCTb KOpeHiB piBH.HHH.H f (x) = a aa-
JiemHO Bi,n; aHatieHH.H rrapaMeTpa a.
17. 7. •• IIo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK cpyHKn;il:
1 xa
1) f(x)=x+-; 3) f (x) = 2 ;
x x -4
2 4
x -8
2) f(x)=x +3x; 4) f (x) = •
x- 1 (x+l) 4
190
17. no6yAOBa rpacj:>iKiB cj:>yHKU,iii1
191
- -
§3. no A3HV1KOBA
In r l!lCD I HA
TC = 3, 1415 ....
Po3rJI.aHeMo nocJii,n;oBHiCTh (a II ) pau;ioHaJihHMX "tIHCeJI:
192
18. CTeniHb 3 gosinbHll1M giiltcH111M noKa3Hll1KOM . noKa3Hl!1Kosa cpyHKU.ifl
20.n I p
-- = 2q =
2an
ef2P" > 1. OcKiJihKM 20.n > 0 ,ll;JI.H Bcix n E N, TO rrocJii,n;oB-
(a ) i
n
(p n ) - rrocni,n;oBHOcTi pau;ioHaJihHHX qHceJI. MaeMo:
a + p= lim
n
an + lim pn = lim (an + pn).
n--t oo
:io n -x
193
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapV1cj:>M iYHa cj:>yHK~i "I
y =ax,
O< a < l
0 1 x 0 1 x
Plic. 18.1 Plic. 18.2
y = 2'i y=Gr.
Y'•
, YJ,
y - ,' , )X
l
I \ , ~
I \ 1 = 1- \
I \~ J
J '\
I
1/ ' -
'
1
,,/ ........
--- -
0 ~ 0 x
Pnc. 18.3 PRC. 18.4
197
§ 3. noKa3Hlt1KOBa i noraplt1cpMiYHa cpyHK~i'i
06JiaCTb BH3Ha't.!eHH.H JR
06JiaCTb 3Ha't.!eHh {O; +co)
HyJii cpyHK:a;ii -
IIpoMiJKKH 3HaKo-
y > 0 Ha JR
CTaJIOCTi
Bi8noBi8b: ~; 27.
81
1 1
nPMKnA,113 PoaB'.HmiTb piBH.HHH.H (v'2-1) x =sin 2 x+l.
sin 2 x+1~1.
0
( v'2 L-l)'x ' <. (v'2-1) =1. Bo,n;Ho't.£ac TaKHM 't.!HHOM, ,n;rurn
piBH.HHH.H piBHOCHJibHe CHCTeMi
198
18. CreniHb 3 AOBinbHV1M Aiil1CHV1M noKa3HV1KOM. noKa3HV1KOBa cpyHKU,ifl
Bnpae1;1
0
3) ~6(J5+d. 36-JS;
2) ( (3if7)
J3 )J3
; 4> ((~fr·.
18.2 3Hali,n;iTh 3Ha1leHHH BHpa3y:
0
18.3. IIopiBHHHTe 3 l!HCJIOM 1 cTerriHh:
1) (~f; 3) 0,6
2 5
; 5) (:)';
- 16
2) (; )'; 4) ( !)
3
;
6) ( 7t:l . )
8.7 .
2) 0,3°.4 i 0,3°· 3;
0
IIopiBHHHTe 3 'lHCJIOM
4) 0,17- 3 i 1;
1 3Ha'leHHH BHpasy:
6) (r, (r·
7t
-
4
•
1
7t
-
4
.
3) (~T;
1
4) GT;
18.8. IIopiBHHHTe a 'lHCJIOM 1 ,n;o,n;aTHe 'lHCJIO a, HK~o:
199
§ 3. noKa3Hll1KOBa i norapvHpMiYHa cpyHKWi 'I
3) (:r >(:r
4) (l~r <(l~r.
2)
a 2 J7 -a,fi a W24 -1 a m +l
r
4,fi 3,fi'
•
4) ~
a -a a -l a~ + 1
. CnpocTi Tb BHpa3:
(a 2 J6 - 1)(aJ6 +a 2 J6 +a 3 J6) 1
1) J6 J6 ; 2) ((a n+ bn)2-(an-bn)2)n.
4
a -a
0
!r
4
200
18. CreniHb 3 .o.osinbHV1M ,o,itl1CHV1M noKa3HV1KOM. noKa3HV1KOBa cpyHKLJ,ifl
x
0
x x
-51
a 6 8
PHc. 18.5
in)-5,2 ( r;:;)S,6
18.20 .. IlopiBH51HTe: ( 7 + 4....; 3 i 7 -4....; 3 .
18.21.. "Y CTaHOBiTh rpacpi'1HO KiJihKiCTb KOpeHiB piBH51HH.a:
1) 2x = x; 2) 2x = x 2 ; 3) 2x = sin x; 4) 2-x = 2 - x 2 •
"YcTaHOBiTh rpacpi'1HO KiJihKiCTb KOpeHiB piBH51HH51:
2) Y = I 2x t 1 - 2 I;
3) y = 21x I + l;
1 ' Ilo6y,n;yliTe rpa<:PiK cpyHKn;i1:
1) y = I 3x - 2 I; 3) y = 31x " 1 1- 1;
2) y = 31 x I - l;
201
1 .2 3Ha:li,n;iTh Haii6irrbme i HaHMeHme 3HatieHH.H cpyHKn;ii:
l ) lcosx I
1) Y = 6cos x; 2) y = ( - +5.
5
18.29: Po3B'RmiTb HepiBHiCTb:
1) 2tg x > O; 2) 2arcsinx > - : ; 3) 2arcco x > arccos x - n.
8. Po3B'RmiTb HepiBHiCTb:
1) 2x >sin x - l; 2) 2x >arcsinx- 7t; 3) 2ctgx >cos x - 1.
2
2
18.31: 3Hali,n;iTb 06JiaCTb 3HatieHb cpyHKD;il f (x) =2(sinx +cosx) •
1
1) y=2~; 2) y=(:f''
,Il;ocJii,n;iTb Ha HerrepepBHiCTh Ta 3' .HcyliTe xapaKTep TOt{OK
po3pMBY cpyHKD;ll:
1
---
2 ctg x
1) Y = 5 (x-1) ;
2) y= ( ; )
2x -1
18.43 ... 3Hali,n;iTh o6JiaCTh 3Ha"t!eHb <l>YHKD;il y = 2x - 4 .
202
18. CreniHb 3 ,o.osinbHV1M ,o.iilKHV1M noKa3HV1KOM. noKa3HV1KOBa cpyHKU,ifl
27
,Il;aHO <i>YHKD;iIO y = f (x), .n;e f (x) = 3x - . IlpH .HKOMY 3Ha-
3x
"tieHHi rrapaMeTpa a <i>YHKD;i.H y = f (x + a) 6y.n;e HerrapHoIO?
18.47:· IlpH .HKHX 3Ha'C!eHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a Haii6iJihme 3HalJeHH.H
2 2 6
Ha6yBae y Bcix TO'C!Kax Bi,n;pi3Ka [-1; 1] 3HalleHh, 6iJibIDHX 3a 2?
z
18.49:· Po3B' .fDKiTh y .n;o,n;aTHHX q11:cnax cHcTeMy y =X,
z x =y.
1
Xy =Z,
1
. Po3B'HmiTh y .n;o,n;aTHHX 'C!HCJiax CHCTeMy yz = x,
1
zx =y.
18.51:· ,Il;oBe,n;iTh, m;o rroxi,n;Ha IIOKa3HHKOBOl <i>YHKD;ll f (x) =ax )J;JIH
f (x) =3x.
203
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapV1cpMiYHa cpyHKLJ,i'i
PoarJUIHeMo piBH.HHH.H 2x = 8,
3x.3x-l = 4,
0, 3x-4 = 0, 3x2 •
y
Bcix D;MX piBH.HHH.HX 3MiHHa MiCTMThC.H TiJihKM B TIOKa3HMKY CTe-
neH.H. HaBe,n;eHi piBH.HHH.H e rrpMKJia,n;aMM rroKa3HHKOBHX piBHHHb.
T
opeM 19 .1. Ilpu a > 0 i a 1 pi6KiCmb * ax1 = ax2 6UKOKy-
embCJ£ moiJi i minbKU moiJi, Konu x = x .
1 2
l(oeeaenna. 011eBM,n;Ho, m;o KOJIM x 1 = x2, To aXi =ax2•
,IJ;oBe,n;eMO, m;o 3 piBHOCTi a Xi = a -~2 BMIIJIMBae piBHiCTh xl = x2.
IlpMrrycTHMo, m;o x 1 =F- x 2 , To6To x 1 < x 2 a6o x 1 > x 2 • Hexali, HanpH-
KJia,n;, x 1 < x 2 •
PoarJI.HHeMO IIOKa3HHKOBY cpyHKD;iIO y = ax. BoHa e a6o 3pOCTaIO-
'tJOIO, a6o cna,n;HOIO. To,n;i 3 HepiBHOCTi xl < x2 BMTIJIHBae, m;o ax1 < ax2
(rrpH a > 1) a6o aXi > ax2 (rrpH 0 < a < 1). IlpoTe aa YMOBOIO BMKO-
HY€ThC.H piBHiCTh a xl = a x2 • 0TpMMaJIM cynepe11HiCTh.
AHanori11Ho po3rJI.a,n;aIOTh BMrra,n;oK, KOJIM x 1 > x 2 • .._
Bi8noai8b: 0.
3 • 2 2x - 5 • 2x • 3x + 2 • 3 2x = 0. (3)
HK~O 3po6HTH 3aMiHy u, 3x = v,
2x = TO piBH.HHH.H (3) Ha6y,n;e
(23)x 3'2 [x = 1,
(:J =l.
3Bi,ll;CH
x=O.
Bi8noei8b: O; 1.
205
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapV1cpMiYHa cpyHKl_\i'I
Y=( ~ r r
'i Y=( ~ e Cnap;HHMH, TO <jJyIIKD;iH
BnpaeM
0
19.1. PosB'HmiTh piBHHHHH:
1) 0, 6 2x - 3
= 1; 3) 0,16x = ~;
2-x
8) 36x =( _l_ ) '
216 ,
6)
4)x-l (27)x-l
(9 . 8 - 3' _2.
7) 2x • 5x = 0,1 • (lOx - 1 ) 5 ;
..... Po3B'H.miTh piBHHHHH:
S) ( 2 )x •(2 5 )x = 12 5 .
5 8 64'
0
19.3. P03B'HJKiTh piBHHHHH:
1) 3x -r 2 + 3x = 30; 4) 7x + 1 + 4 • 7x = 77;
2) 4x + 1
+ 4x - 2
260;
= 5) 5x + 7 • 5x - 2 = 160;
3) 2x +4 - 2x = 120; 6) 6x +l - 4•6x -l = 192.
Po3B 'HJKi Th piBHHHHH:
1) 5x + 1 + 5x = 150; 3) 7x + 2 + 4 • 7x 1 = 34 7;
2) 2x + 2x - 3 = 18; 4) 4x - 3 • 4x 2 = 52.
0
1) ~ =83x;
16x
2) 9. 3sin x = J27; 4) ~7" 1 = ~-
207
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa I norapV1cpMIYHa cpyHKWi"i
3) 2 • 7x + 7x 2
-
1
3 • 7x - = 354; 7) 22x I +4x -c 16 )
I O'x
' = 4 7;
4) 4x - 2 - 3 • 22x - 1 + 5 • 22x = 228; 8) 4 • 3.r - 5 ' 3.r - I - 6 • 3x 2 = 15 • 9A 2 I
• Po3B'H:>KiTh piBHHHHH:
1) 5x. 1 + 5x + 5x 1 = 31;
2) 3x . 1 - 2 • 3x 1 - 4 • 3x 2 = 1 7;
3) 2x 2 _ 2x -t 1 + 2x 1 _ 2x 2 = 9;
4) 2 • 32x . 1 + 32x - I - 5 • 32x = 36;
3) 2 x 1 = 3. 2 2 .Jx+l + 1;
4) 3 x 5+32 .r 5=6·
208
19. noKa3HV1KOBI piBHHHHH
2 +14=9 ( 2x +-
1) 4 X-+ 2l +-. 1 )·
4x 2x
19.24.·· IlpH .HKUX 3HaqeHH.HX napaMeTpa a piBH.HHHH
gx - (a + 1) • 3x + 3a - 6 =0
Mae €.D;HHHH KOpiHb?
209
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapV1QJMiYHa QJYHKU/1'
•
19.ao:· IlpH HKHX 3Ha'tleHHHX napaMeTpa a piBHHHHH
(Fx - a) (22x -10 . 2x + 16) = 0
Mae ,n;Ba pi3HHX KOpeHi?
19.31:· Po3B'HmiTh piBHHHHH 4x -(19-3x) · 2x + 34-6x = 0.
Po3B' HmiTh piBHHHHH gx -(14-x) • 3x + 33-3x = 0.
19.33:• Po3B'HmiTh piBHHHHH 4tgx +4ctgx =8.
1
J2
9 P03B 'HmiTb piBHHHHH 2cos x + 2sin x = 2 - 2.
er =(a+~)x'+a
1 . 6 .... IlpH .HKHX 3Ha'tleHHSIX rrapaMeTpa a piBHHHHSI
2
Mae e,n;HHHH p03B 'Sl30K?
19.37. * IlpH HKHX 3Ha'tleHHSIX rrapaMeTpa a piBHSIHHSI
2
(a-2F2f +(3+2v'2f =(3a+l)I x l+2a
Mae e,n;HHHH p03B' Sl30K?
1 . IlpH SIKHX 3Ha'tleHHSIX rrapaMeTpa a piBH.HHHSI
(2+.J3r +(2 - .J3f =2(a-l)x 2 +~a 2
2
Mae e,n;HHHM p03B 'Sl30K?
19.39. * IlpH SIKHX 3Ha'tleHHSIX napaMeTpa a piBHSIHHSI
4x +1+2x+4=2x +2+16 i la-9l·3x - 2+a·9x - 1=1
piBHOCHJihHi?
. IlpH.HKHX3Ha'tleHH.HXIlapaMerrpaapiBHSIHHSI 3x +ax +a =3x +l +25
i I a - 4 I 2x + a · 4x = 4 piBHOCHJihHi?
19.41. * 3Hali,n;iTh yci 3Ha'tleHHSI rrapaMeTpa p, npH HKHX piBH.HHHSI
(p - 4) gx + (p + 1) 3x + 2p - 1 = 0 He Mae p03B' SI3KiB.
1 . .... IlpH SIKHX 3Ha'tleHHSIX napaMeTpa a piBHSIHHSI
(a - 1) • 3 2 x - (2a - 1) • 3x - 1 = 0
Mae ,n;Ba pi3HHX KOpeHi?
210
20. noKa3HV1KOBi HepiBHOCTi
2
HepiBHOCTi o,2x < 25, 2x + 5x > 1, 7x > 2x € rrpHKJia,ZJ;aMH no-
Ka3HHKOBHX uepiBHOCTeH.
IlpH p03B' .H3YBaHHi 6araTbOX IlOKa3HHKOBHX HepiBHOCTe:H: 3aCTO-
COBYIOTh TaKy TeopeMy.
Po3e'JL3annJL. MaeMo:
211
§ 3. noKa3Hll1KOBa i norap1t1¢MiYHa ¢YHKLJ,i°I
3
OcKiJihKH 0 < - < 1, TO ocTaIIH.H HepiBHiCTh piBHOCHJihHa TaKili:
5
x ~ 4x; x ~ 0.
Bianoeiab: [O; +co).
1
- x +-
2
nPMK.nAA 3 Po3B' .HJKiTh HepiBHiCTb 4 -7. 2-x -4 < 0.
1
Po38 Jl3annJl. MaeMo:
1
(2 2 )-x Z -7 • 2-x -4 < O; 2- 2 x + 1 - 7 • 2-x - 4 < O;
2 • 2- 2x - 7 • 2-x - 4 < 0.
Hexali.. 2-x = t. To'Ai 2t - 7t - 4 < 0.
2
1
Po3B '.H3aBIIIH n;ro Hep1BHlCTh, oTpHMaeMo -- < t < 4. 3Bi'ACH
2
1 2-x < 4 .
--<
2
OcKiJihKH 2 x > 0, To HepiBHiCTh 2 x > _ _.!:. BHKOHyeThC.H npH Bcix x.
2
ToMy 'AOCTaTHhO po3B'.H3aTH HepiBHiCTh 2-x < 4.
2
MaeMo: 2-x < 2 ; -x < 2; x > -2.
Bionoeiob: (-2; +co).
nPMKJl~ 4 Po3B'.HJKiTb HepiBHiCTb 4x -2. 52 x + 1ox > 0.
1
P038 Jl3annJl. MaeMo: 2 2 x-2·5 2 x +2x.5x >0. OcKiJihKH 5 2 x>0
npH 6y'Ah-.HKOMY x, TO, IIO'AiJIHBIIIH o6H'ABi qacTHHH OCTaHHbOl He-
2
piBHOCTi Ha 5 x ' OTpHMY€MO piBHOCHJibHY HepiBHiCTh
(:r >l,
(:r
r r
<-2.
212
20. noKa3HlllKOBi HepiBHOCTi
PoarmrneMO ipymrn;llo
OcKiJibKH cpyHK~.H
f (x) =(:
f -- crra,n;Ha,
J + (:
x < 2 BHKOHY€TbC.H HepiBHiCTb
TO rrpH
r.3aYJl8.lRHMO, ~o f (2) = 1.
f (x) > f (2), a rrpH x > 2 BHKOHY€TbC.H HepiBHiCTh f (x) < f (2). OT.me,
MHOJKHHOIO p03B'.H3KiB HepiBHOCTi f (x) > f (2), T06To HepiBHOCTi
f (x) > 1, e rrpoMi.moK (-oo; 2). •
p M
0, , "lJH piBHOCHJibHi HepiBHOCTi:
1) 7 2x + 4 > 7x - 1 i 2x +4> X - 1;
2
2) o,gx - 4 < o,gx 2
i x2 - 4 < x + 2;
3) ax> a 5, ,n;e a>l, i x > 5;
4)ax<a- 3 ,,n;e0<a<l, i x<-3?
0
20.2. Po3B'.a.miTh HepiBHiCTb:
1 2
2) 5x < ; 5) 2x - l <8; 8) 0,1 3 x - l < 1000;
5
1) 67x - 1 > 6;
2 1
2) lOx < 0,001; 4) 32x - 6 >-; 6) o,22x - 9 < 1.
81
20.4.° CKiJihKH u;inHx po3B'.H3KiB Mae HepiBHiCTh:
1) 0,2 ~ 5x + 4 < 125; 3) 2 < 0,5x - 1 < 32?
2) ~<6 3 - x <6;
36
0. 3Ha:li,n;iTh cyMy n;iJIHX p03B' .H3KiB HepiBHOCTi:
1 1
1) - < 3x + 3 < 9; 2) - < 22 - x ~ 16.
3 8
213
§ 3. noKa3HV1Kosa i norap111cpMiYHa cpyHKu,i'i
20.6.
1) f(x)=~l-cr 3
2) f(x)=-;:=== =
.J3x+2 -27
20.7 ° 3Hali,n;iTh o6JiaCTh BH3HaqeHHH cpyHK~il:
(sin: J
2
x - 0,5
1) (
lJ6x -
- ,
x
>
( lJ5
- ; 4) > .J2.;
4 4
2
(-2J;- <-·9
3
2) 125. (
l
5
J3x ( l J-4x ;
~ 25 5)
3 4'
x~ 5
2
3) 0,6x _g < 1; 6) 4 • 0, 5 x (x 3
>~ 0, 2 5 2x.
20 .. Po3B'HiKiTh HepiBHiCTh:
2
3Jx -x<-;
1) (-
9
3) 0,3 x-l > 1;
7 49
20.10.
2 4
l
0
·Gr <Gr;
Po3B'HiKiTh HepiBHiCTh:
1) 7x + 2 - 14 • 7x > 5; 4) ( 5
1 Jx - 1
+ 5
( 1 Jx 1
~ 26;
2) 9 • 3x - 1 + 3x < 36; 5) 2 • 6x + 3 • 6"~ + 3 < 650;
3Jx (3Jx+l 3
6) (-4 - -4 >-. 16
20. . Po3B' HiKiTh HepiBHiCTh:
1) 3x + 2 - 4 • 3x < 45; 3) 5"~ + 5x - 1 - 5x - 2 > 145;
a) er· -Gr
20.12: PoaB'HiKiTh HepiBHiCTh:
<3; 4) (32Jx + (2Jx-l
3
2
< 1 3.
2) 4x + 2x + 3 - 20 < O; 5) 6 2 x- i_.!_,6x-4<0;
3
3) 4 gx - 8 • 7 x + 7 < 0; 6) 25x + 5x - 30 ~ 0.
214
20. noKa3HV1KOBi HepiBHOCTi
x
2 • 3x - 7 ~ O; 3) GJ-3-GJ +2>0;
2) 2x +2 2 -72>0; 4) 25x - 26 • 5x + 25 ~ 0.
20.14: PoaB' .HJKiTb HepiBHiCTb:
l) 5x -125 ~ O· 2x -1
2 '<::: '
2) > 0.
x -4x+4 x-1
20.lr:: PoaB'HmiTb HepiBHiCTb:
1) 16-4x ~ O· 2 ) 5x-0,04>0.
2
9x +12x+4
9' '
5-x
20.16: PoaB'.HmiTb HepiBHiCTb:
1- 3x 3x
1) 23x+l +0,25_ 2_ _ 42>192;
2) 22x - 1 + 22x - 3 _ 22x - 5 > 27 - x + 25 - x _ 23 - x.
PoaB' .HJKiTh HepiBHiCTb:
! !. +a
1) 3x + 3x > 84; 2) 2•16x - 3•24x- l + 7•42x- 2 ~ 120.
20.1s: 3Hali,n;iTb MHOJKHHY p03B'.H3KiB HepiBHOCTi:
1) 3x - 9 • 3-x - 8 > 0; 3) 6x + 2 + 5-x - 37 > O;
2) 2x + 3 + 21 - x < 17;
3 )x+l
4) ( - + -
(3)l-x 6 ~-.
5 5 5
20 ' 3Hali,n;iTb MHOJKHHY p03B'H3KiB HepiBHOCTi:
1) 3x +l - 2.31 - x > 7; 2) 41 - x - o,51 - 2x > 1.
215
§ 3. noKa3HVIKOBa i norapvicpM iY Ha cpyHKU/i
216
BIAnOBIAI TA BKA318Ktll AO BnPAB
5 1 1
1.5. 2) -; 3) 6; 4) --. 1.6. 3) -4; 4) 1.7. Hi. BKa3ie-
4 5 2
TaRy, 1110 D (f) = {i, ~, ~, ...} i f (~) = :. , 11e n E N. 1.27. Hi. Bn:a-
3ieKa. PosrJIHHbTe, Hanp::aKna,n;, qJyHKu;iro, aa,n;aHy TaKHM l.J:HHOM:
f( m x)
-
. . x 1
' plBHHX 0,ZJ;HHHI.I;l, TO - = '-
n ....; p
.
1 -
m
x
=
1
c'
....;q
,n;e p, q -
.
npOCTl
. n flio .. n
TIRCJia. 3 Bl,ZJ;CH - = c. TPHMaJIH cynepel.J:HlCTb, OCKlJibKH - - pa-
m ....;q m
• 5 1 5
y B11pas1 (1 + x) 4 ; . 2.5. 1) -1; 2) 0,5. 2.6. 1) - ; 2) . 2.7. 9.
4)
3 6 9
2.8. - ~. 2.9. 2. 2.10. 0. 2.15. 1) f (x) =
4
;x;
2) BJCa3i8Ka. 06epiTh
<PYHKD;ilO g TaKy, m;o g (x) i= 0 ,ll;JIH Bcix x E ~ \ {2}, np11q0My
x ( ~(x+1)
2
_ +~ +1) 1 1
_ ( ) . 3.12. 1) 4; 2) - - ; 3) O; 4) ;
(~x+l - 1) ~(x+1) 2 +~x+l+l 56 2
1 5 1
5) 0; 6) - . 3.14. -. 3.15. --. 3.16. a
144 3 4
= 0. 3.17. a = 0. 3.18. a = -1.
BJCa3i8Ka. rpaHHD;H ,n;aHOl <PYHKD;il B Toqn;i XO= 0 icHye JIHIIIe rrpM
a = 1 a6o a = -1. IIpoTe np11 a = 1 aaaHaqeHa rpaHHD;H He a6iraeThC.H
ai 3HaqeHHHM f (0). 3.19. a = 0 a6o a = -3. 3.20. a = 0 a6o a = 2.
3.21. 1) Hi. BKa3i8Ka. HKm;o <PYHKn;ia h e HenepepBHOIO B Toqn;i x 0 ,
TO H <PYHKD;iH g (x) = h (x) - f (x) TaKO:>K 6y,n;e HenepepBHOIO B TO"tl-
n;i" x 0 ; 2) TaK. BKa3i8Ka. PoarJIHHhTe, HarrpMKJia,n;, BHrra,n;oK, KOJIH
g (x) = -f (x). 3.22. 1) TaK. BJCa3i8Ka. Po3rJIHHhTe cpyHKn;iro f TaKy,
m;o f (x) = 0 ,ZJ;JIH Bcix x E ~; 2) TaK. 3.23. BJCa3i8Ka. CKopMCTaH-
Teca JieMoro 3.1. 3.25. f (x) = x 2 ,n;JIH Bcix x E ~. BKa3i8Ka. Hexafr
Xo E ~ \ Q i (xn) - 36i:>KHa ,n;o Xo IIOCJii,ZJ;OBHiCTb pan;ioHaJibHHX
'llHCeJI. To,n;i f(x0 )=limf(xn)=limx!=x~. 3.26. (-oo;+oo). BJCa3i8Ka.
n co n
218
BiAnoBiAi ra BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
X, .HKill;O X ~ 0,
= i o6epHeHy ,n;o He1 cpyHKIJ.iIO g. 3.34. BKa3i8Ka.
{ 1 + X, .HKID;O X < - 1,
i lim (.Jn 2 + n- n) = ~.
n -+CO 2
3
4. 3. 1 ) lim f (x) = lim f (x) = - 6; 2) lim f (x) = lim f (x) = •
X-+-3- X ~) 3+ X-t l - X-t l + 2
. (ef; - 1) (~ + t'x + 1) . .
BKa3i8Ka. f (x) = (Fil ) (Fil ) ; 4) hm f (x) = 0, hm f (x) = 2;
~X -1 ~X +1 x -+ 0- x-+ O+
7
rpaHHII.i He icHye. 4.4. 2) lim f (x) = lim f (x) = ; 3) lim f (x) = 0,
X-t-1- X -1- 9 X -t lt-
219
Bi.o.nosi.o.i ra BKa3iBKV1 .o.o snpas
.
<l>YHKn;110 f (x ) = {~'x .HKIIJ;O > 0, 4 •10 • TaK. BKa3iBKa. PoarJI.HHhTe,
X
0, .HKIIJ;O X ~ 0.
0, .HKID;O X ~ 0 a6o X E Q,
HarrpHKJI,a,n;, <l>YHKn;iro f (x) ={ 4.11. TaK.
X, .HKn:t;O X >0i X E JR\ Q.
-1, .HKIIJ;O X ~ 0,
BKa3i81Ca. Po3rJI.HHhTe, HanpMKJia,n;, <l>YHKu;iro f (x) ={
1, .HKIIJ;O X > 0.
5.5. 1) [1; 3]; 2) [-4; -2]; 3) [O; n]. 5.6. 1) [-5; -3]; 2) [2; 4];
3) [O; 7t]. 5.7. 1) [ O; ~} 2) [O; 1]. 5.8. 1) [ O; ~]. BKa3iB1ca. CKopHC·
Ta:iiTecH HepiBHiCTIO 4 x' 2 .;; ) x' ; 2) [O; 2]. 5.9. [~; 1].
4x + 3x + 1 2 4x4 · 1+3x2 2
5.10. [ ~; 1]. 5.11. Hi. BKa3iBKa. MaeMo: E (f) = (-5; 3]. 3a ,11pyroro
TeopeMoro BeliepmTpacca HerrepepBHa Ha [O; 1] <l>YHKIJ;i.H Mae ,n;oc.Hra-
TH cBoro HaHMeHIIIoro 3Hat.IeHH.H. 5.12. Hi. BKa3i8Ka. CKopHCTaBIIIMCh
TeopeMOIO rrpo rrpoMimHe 3Hat.IeHH.H, ,ZJ;OBe,n;iTh, m;o piBH.HHH.H f (x) =a
Mae KopiHh rrpM a= 3. 5.14. Hi. BKa3i8Ka.
,ll;HB. pHcyHoK. 5.16. BKa3iBKa. IloKamiTh,
m;o ,ZJ;JI.H 6y,n;h-.HKoro M > 0 3Hali,n;eThC.H
XO E JR TaKe, m;o f (xo) > M. 3a XO Bi3hMiTh
220
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBK"1 AO snpas
221
BiAnosiAi ra sKa3iBK111 AO snpas
i max f (x)
[a;b]
= f (x1 ), Ae x 1 E (a; b). ,IJ;ani posrJIHHbTe TO'l!KY x 2 TaKy,
.
:u;uo
f ( x ) = {1 x 1, HKID;O x E IR\ N, 3) TaK.
11 x -1, HKID;O x E N;
/ I~ I/ BKa3iBx:a. ,Il;MB. pMcyHoK. 5.29. Bx:a3i8x:a.
/ 11'I/
~
I/
'' He o6Mem.yro'l!M 3araJibHOCTi, 6yAeMo BBa-
I/ I/
./ ' I/ "' 'Y
m.aTM, m;o f (x 1 ) <, f (x 2 ) <, ... <, f (x,). ToAi
I/
f (X1 ) ~ f (X1) + f (X2) + ... + f (X n ) <, f (X ) • ,IJ;a.rri
n n
PHc. ,n;o 3aAat:Ii 5.28 (3)
CKOpMCTaliTeC.H TMM, m;o cpyHKD;i.H f Ha6y-
Bae Bcix 3Ha'l!eHb BiA f (x1 ) AO f (xn ).
5.30. B1eaaie1ea. Po3rJIHHhTe cjlyHKr(iIO g (x) = ( x + ~)-t (x). Il;R
g(!)+g C)+ g (0) =(r (1)-r (!))+(r (!)-r (~))+(r (!)-r (0)) =
=f (1)-f (0)=0. g(!)• gC). g(O)
JJ;e 03Ha'Iae, 11\0 cepe11 '!Hcen e
1
~
1 f ( Xo + 31 )) ' rrapaJieJibHMM... OCl. a6c:u;Mc
. ( Xo + 3; . 1
1 Mae AOBJKMHY 3.
2 1 5 5 1 3
6.1. 1) 2; 2) 9; 3) 3; 4) 8. 6.2. 1) 6; 2) 8; 3) 4; 4) 81. 6.3. 1) 2;
4 4 4 9 99
2) 8; 3) 4; 4) -10; 5) 84; 6) 3. 6.4. 1) 25; 2) 9; 3) - 10; 4) -8;
5) : ; 6) -: . 6.5. Sin 1. 6.6. I'paHMD;i He iCHye. 6.7. 1. 6.8. 0.
2 7 2 4 4 1
6 .11.. 1) 3 ; 2) 3 ; 3) 2. 6 .12. 1) 5 ; 2) 3 ; 3) 3 . 6 .13. 1) - 1 ; 2) 50 ;
2 4 2 2
3) -. 6.14. 1) -2; 2) 1; 3) --. 6.15. 1) a=- a6o a=--; 2) a = -1
7t 7t 3 3
2
=n· sin(2n(.Jn +1-n)) . 2 n· 1 6 21 2 BJ<:a3iBKa. IIo-
27t(.Jn 2 +1-n) .Jn 2+1+n° " " 7t
1t
~ COS -4
TC 1
3HatIJiMO To,n;i a2 = ctg - + ctg 2 - + 1 = + -
4 4 .7t ,TC
sin - s1n -
4 4
2 1t
2 cos 8 1t
- ------''--- =ctg - . B:aKopncToByIOTIH MeTo,n; MaTeMaTHTIHo1 IH-
1t TC 8
2 sin - cos -
8 8
TC
,n;yKI.I,ii:, MO./KHa ,Zl;OBeCTli, ~O an = ctg - -
2n +1 •
1 3
7.3. 4) 4; 5) 3; 6) 2. 7.4. 4) 2; 5) 0,5; 6) . 7.5. 1) y = IIpli
3 4
2 2
-1·
- im (.Jx +x-x)(.Jx
I • • 0 . 714
+x+x) . 712 • • 1) y -- x np:a x ~ -oo
x - Hoo v x2 +x +x
i rrpn x ~ +oo; 2) y = x + 4 rrp:a x ~ -oo i rrpH x ~ +oo; 3) y = -x
npn x~-oo i npH x~+oo; 4) y = 1 rrpn x~-oo i rrpH x~+oo.
7.15. 1) y = x npn x ~ -oo i npH x ~ +oo; 2) y = x - 1 rrpn x ~ -oo
i rrpn x ~ +oo; 3) y = x npH x ~ -oo i rrpH x ~ +oo. 7.16. TaK. BKa-
1 . .Jx 2+x+l
npM X~-00 1 y=- rrpn x ~ +oo. BKa3iBKa. 1lffi = 3x + 2
3 x -. -<:(>
223
Bi,o,nosi,o,i r a BKa3iBKV1 ,o,o snpas
lxl ~i.~
+ -;+7
-~1+1x + x1 2 1
= lim = lim - 7.19. y = 1 rrpH x --* -oo
X -4 -<0 3x+2 X -oo +2 3
3
x
224
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKll1 AO BnpaB
4)
176
3
. 9.9. 1) 5; 2) ~. 9.10. 1) f' (x)
16 x
=--;; 2) f'(x) = -2x.
2 1 1
9.11. 1) f' (x) = - 3 ; 2) f' (x) = 2x + 3. 9.12. 1) 3; 2) -; 3) --; 4) 1.
x 4 4
1 1 n
9.13. 1) -32; 2) ; 3) - ; 4) 1. 9.22. 1) -1; 1; 2) 4; 3) 2; 4) + nk,
27 27 2
225
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO Bnpas
=
x2
'./
x2 +1
.10.19.1) y'=-4-~;
x x
2) y'=
3
x
?--1,-
x
1
x
~; 3) y'= y+ 3
x2 + 3
;
2) (-3; -2) U (-2; -1); 3) (--oo; -J2) U ( J2; +oo ); 4) (-oo; -2) U (:; +oo):
1t n nk 7n nk
5) + nk < x < n + nk, k E Z; 6) --+-<X<-+- k E Z.
2 24 2 24 2 '
10.22. B1Ca3i81Ca. Po3B'.H3aIIH.H BacHJI.H e rroMHJIKOBHM, a oTpHMaHa
Bi,z:(IIOBi,z:(b - rrpaBHJihHa. y TO"t!Kax x = -1 i x = 1 <}JyHKD;ll y = arcsin x
i y = arccos x He € ,n;H<}JepeHn;iHOBHHMH, TOMY rrepexip; Bi,n; BHpa3y
(arcsin x + arccos x)' ,n;o BHpa3y (arcsin x)' + (arccos x)' He e KopeKT-
+ arccos x =; ,n;JI.H Bcix x ED (f). ToMy f' (x) 0 = ,n;n.H Bcix x ED (f).
2
cos{ x - ")4
10.27. 1) y' = -6 cos 2x sin 2x; 2) y' = 5 ; 3) y' =
10J2+sin{~ -~)
=2cos; (sin ;-5 )'.10.28. 1) !; 2)
J3
4; 3) 0. 10.29. 1) y-
2
3X .
6
I
- l+x '
1
2
) , ~l-x 2 -2x arccos x 3
)
y , -- -
2x
. 4) y' --
2arctg -
x
y = (x2 -1)2 ; 4
x -2x +2
2 '
l+x
2 •
x
2
) ,= ~x - x
2
+ 2 (2x -1) arcsin .J; ,·
10.30. 1) y' = 2x arcctg x - +x 2; 2 Y (x2 -x)2
1 2
2
3) y' = 2x arctg ~- :
6 arctg 3x
; 4) y' = - -- .
2
10.31. 1) 2; O; 2) -6; 0.
x x +1 1+9x
10.32. 1) 2; -2; 2) -10; 2. 10.33. 1) 3; 2) KOpeHiB HeMae.
226
BtAnOBiAi Ta BKa31BKV1 AO snpas
2 9
10.34. 1) 2; 2) 3. 10.35. 1) 4; 2) 6; 3) O· 4) 8. 10.36. 3) •
2
10.37. 1. BKa3i8Ka. Ilpo,n;:mpepeHu;iroliTe o6M,u;Bi qacTMHi piBHOCTi
f 3 (x) + x 2 f (x) + 1 = x. 10.38. 1. 10.42. 1) He ,u;McpepeHu;ilioBHa;
2) MOJKe 6yTM .HK ,n;McpepeHu;ilioBHOIO, TaK i He ,ZJ;McpepeHu;ilioBHOIO.
BKa3i8Ka. Po3rJI.HHbTe, HanpMKJia,u;, cpyHKu;li f (x) = x g (x) = x j. I I, -I
10.43. 1) MoJKe 6yTM .HK ,u;McpepeHu;iliOBHOIO, TaK i He ,u;McpepeHD;llioBHOIO.
BKa3i8Ka. PosrJI.HHbTe, HarrpMKJia,u;, cpyHKu;ii f (x) = 0, g (x) = I x 1-
I,
10.44. 1) f (x) = x 2 , g (x) = Ix x 0 = 0; 2) g (x) = x 2 , f (x) = j, x 0 = O; Ix
-1, .HKI.:qO X < 0,
3) f (x) = I x j, g (x) = { x = 0. 10.45. Hi. BKa3iBKa.
1, .HKI.IJ;O X ~ 0, 0
OcKiJibKM cpyHKD;i.H f (t) = ifi He e ,n;McpepeHo;ilioBHOIO B Toqu;i t = 0,
TO ,lJ;JI.H o6qMcJieHH.H noxi,u;HOl ,n;aHOl <l>YHKu;i1 B Toqu;i x = 0 (3a-
3HaqMMO, m;o g (0) = 0) BMKOpMCTOByBaTH TeopeMy rrpo rroxi,n;Hy
CKJia,u;eHOl cpyHKo;il He MOJKHa. HacrrpaB,u;i cpym<o;i.H y = ef;5 e ,u;McpepeH-
2 tg
:J.lx + ~2 '.HKI.:qO x E ( - -7t; 0 ) u ( O; -7t)
piBHroe Hynro. 10.46. f' (x) = 3 -v x cos x 2 2 ,
0, .HKI.IJ;O X = 0.
_ 4 (cos x sin 3 x + x 3 )
, • , _ ,
10.47. f (x)- :J.l , ,u;e x:;t=O, f (0)-0. 10.48. 10.. BKa-
3 ~ (sin x x )
4 4 2
227
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKlt1 AO snpas
'
'
x
/
/ '
/
'
I
I
''
I
' \
I
I
I ' \
\
I \
/ \
/ \
I \
I \
I \
228
BiAnosiAi ra sKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
17
y = -7. 11.15. y = -5, y = -. 11.16. 1) y = -x - 4; 2) y = 3x - 3;
3
1
3) y = 2x - 8, y = 2x + 19. 11.17. 1) y = -1x - 9; 2) y=x+ .
4
11.18. Hi. 11.19. TaK, x 0 = 0. 11.20. TaK, x 0 = 1. 11.21. 8. 11.22. 2.
25
11.23. . 11.24. 12. 11.25. Hi. BlCa3iBlCa. IIo,n;i6Hi MipKyBaHHH
12
MO.iKYTb rrpHBeCTH, HaIIpHKJia,.u;, ,n;o BHCHOBKY' m;o i rrp.aMa y = -1
6y,n;e ,ZJ;OTH'1HOIO ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKU;il f, OCKiJibKH lim(3x+sinx)=0.
x-+0
IlJIHBae JIHIIIe Te, m;o lim f (x) = kx 0 +b. 11.26. (1,5; -2). BlCa3iBlCa.
X >Xo
229
Bi,o,nosi,o,i ra BKa3iBKV1 ,o,o snpas
¢YHKu;1ro
. f (x) ={X, HKID;O 0 < X < 1,
ro-crKy A (2; 0) i cpyHKu;iro,
X-2, HKID;O 1~X~2,
o6epHeHy ,n;o cpyHKu;il f.
12.5. 1) Ji: In 2 2
2) v'2; 3) 2--arccos-. 12.6. 1) 2; 2) 1+-;
n 7t
J3
2
4 . 2J2
3) - arcs1n - - . 12.17. BKa3iBKa. Ha rrpoMi:tKKY (2; 3) icHye TaKa
TC n
TO"t!Ka c, m;o f (c) =2. ,Il;ani CKOpHCTaHTeCH TeopeMOIO PoJIJIH ,D;JIH
<PYHKu;il f Ha Bi,n;pi3Ky [1; c]. 12.19. BKa3iBKa. PoarJIHHhTe HerrepepB-
230
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBK~ AO snpas
HY Ha IR cpyHKu;iro f (x) =
sin x' HKII.J;O x
x
* 0, 22 .
1 . 1. BKa3iB1'a. CKo-
{
0. 1, HKII.J;O X =
pHcTaifTecH KJIIO"CJOBOIO s~a"CJeIO rryHKTY 12. 12.22. BKa3i61'a. Pos-
rJIHHeMo MHOrO"CJJieH f (X) = Xn + ax + b, ,n;e n > 3. IlpHrryCTHMO, IlI;O
BiH Mae He MeHrne Him "CJOTHPH KopeHi. To,n;i sa KJIIO"CJOBOIO 3a,n;a-qero
IIYHKTY 12 cpyHKI.J;iJI y = f' (x), T06TO cpyHKIJ;iH y = nxn - l + a, Mae
He MeHrne Tpbox HyniB. 12.25. B1'a3i61'a. Po3rJI.HHbTe cpyHKn;iro
g (x) = f (x) cos x. 12.26. Hi. B1'a3i61'a. <l>yHKI.J;iH f (x) =I x I He e ,n;H-
cpepeHu;iifoBHOIO B TO"CII.J;i x 0 = 0. ToMy sacTocyBaHHH TeopeMH PoJIJIH
,n;nH cpyHKI.J;il f i Bi,n;pi3Ka (-1; 1] Hee KopeKTHHM. 12.27. Hi. BJCa3i61~a.
m · lCHye.
IIpHIIYCTHMO, rrr;o TaKa '±'YHKI.J;lH · M aeMO f' (O) = 1lffi
. f (x) - f (0) =
x~o x
.
= 1lffi m ··· f Ha Bl,D;pl3KY
f (x)- f (0) . 3 a TeopeMOIO JIarpaHma ,D;JIH '±'YHKI.J;ll · ·
x~O+ X
f' (0) = lim f (x)- f (O) ~ 1. AHanori"CJHO ,n;oBo,n;HMO, ru;o f' (0) ~ - 1. 3a-
x O+ X
,n;eMo, m;o lim x,, = Xo· OcKiJibKH I xn +l -Xo I= I cos x,, -cos Xo 1, TO,
n~ :xi
231
BiAnOBiAi ra BKa3iBKll1 AO snpas
rpfillma Ha Bifq>i3Ky [-2; 2]. 12.33. BKa3i81ca. Hexail g (x) = f (x)- f (l),
x-1
D (g) = [2; 3]. OcKiJihKH g (2) = f < 2~=i (l) = 1, g (3) = f < 3~=i (l) =- ~,
TO HenepepBHa cpyHKII;iH g Ha6yaae BCix 3HatieHb Bi,n; _.!:_ ,n;o 1. 0Tme,
~ 2
f (c)-f (1)
g ( c) = c -1 =a. S!Kw;o CKOpHCTaTHCH TeopeMOIO JI rpaHma ,D;JIH
cpyHKII;il f Ha Bi,n;pi3Ky [1; c], TO MO)KH ,ZJ;OBeCTH iCHyBaHHH TaKoro
cpyHKn;iro h (x) = f < 3~=: (x), D (h) = [1; 2]. 12.35. BKaaieKa. Po3rJIJ:r-
HeMo cpyHKn;i10 g (x) = (1-x) f (x). BoHa 38,ZJ;OBOJihHHe yMOBH TeopeMH
PoJIJIH Ha Bi,n;piaKy [0;1]. ToMy icHye TaKe x 0 E(O;l), ~o g'(x0 )=0.
3Bi,n;cH (1-x 0 )f'(x0 )=f(x0 ). OcKiJihKH f(x 0 )>0, TO i f'(x 0 )>0.
0Tme, f' (x 0 ) > (1-x0 ) f' (x 0 ) =f (x0 ).
13.1. 1) 3pocTae Ha (-2· +oo), cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; -2]; 2) 3pocTae Ha
(-oo; O] i [1; +oo) crra.n;ae Ha [O; 1]; 3) 3pocTae Ha (-1; 7], crra.n;ae Ha
(-oo; -1] i [7·. + ); 4) 3pocTae Ha [-1; O] i [1; +oo) crra,n;ae Ha (-oo· -1]
i [O; l]; 5) 3pocTae Ha JR; 6) 3pocTae Ha [2; +oo), crra,n;ae Ha (-oo; 2].
13.2. 1) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; 3], crra,n;ae Ha [3; +oo); 2) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; -3]
i [1· +oo), crra,n;ae Ha [-3· 1]; 3) 3pocTae Ha (-2· O] i [2· +oo), cna,n;a
Ha (-oo; - 2] i [O; 2]; 4) 3pocTae Ha [-1; +oo), cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; -1].
13.3. 1) 3pocTae Ha [O; 1] i [2; +oo), crra,n;ae Ha (-oo; O] i [1; 2];
2) 3pocTae Ha [1; + ), cna,n;ae Ha (-oo· 1]· 3) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; -3]
[-1; 1] i [3; +oo), cna.n;ae Ha (-3· -1] i [1; 3]; 4) 3pOCTae Ha [1; +oo)
cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; 0) i (O; 1]; 5) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; -3] i [3; +oo), cna,n;ae
Ha [-3; 0 i (O· 3]; 6) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; -3] i [-1· +oo), crra,n;ae Ha
[-3; -2) i (-2; -1]; 7) 3pocTae Ha [1; 3) i (3; 5], crra,n;ae Ha (-oo· 1]
i [5; +oo); 8) cna.n;ae Ha (-oo; -3), (-3; 3) i (3; +oo). 13.4. 1) 3pocTae
Ha [O; 2] i [3· + ) cna,n;ae Ha (-oc; O] i [2· 3]; 2) 3pOcTae Ha (-oo; 3]
232
BiAnosiAi Ta BKa3iBKVI AO Bnpas
7
npoMimKax Bu,n;y [- rr. + rtk·
12 12
~
+ rck] k e Z. 13.14. 1) 3pocTae Ha
U (2; +oo). 13.18. Trut. 13.19. 3poorae Ha rrpoMilKKaX BHJJ.Y [ : + Jtk; ; + itk J
3
J cn8,llae Ha npoMilKKax BHJJ.Y [ - : + itk; : + itk]. k E Z.
i ( ; + "k" " + itk
233
Bi,o,nosi,o,i Ta BKa3iBKlt1 ,o,o snpas
x-y
rpaHMI.l;H lim f (y + 6.y)- f (y) = 0, T06To f' (y) = 0 AJIH Bcix y E IR.
~y-+0 6.y
3BiACM f - CTaJia cpyHKI.l;iH. 3a AOIIOMOroro rrepeBipKM rrepeKOHyeMO-
CH, :rn;o KO)l{,Ha cpyHKI.l;iH, HKa e KOHCTaHTOIO, 3a,D;OBOJibHHe YMOBY
aa,n;aqi. 13.50. f (x) = kx, Ae k - 6YAh-HKa CTa.Jia. B1ea3ieKa. Po3-
r JIHHeMO JiiBy i rrpaBy qacTMHH piBHOCTi f ( x) + f (y) = f (x + y) HK
cpyHKI.l;il 3MiHHOl x (aacpiKcyeMO 3HaqeHHH y). 06lJHCJIHBIIIH IIOXiAHi
Il;HX cpyHKI.l;IB, OTpMMaeMO, :rn;o AJIH BCix xi y BHKOHyeTbCH piBHiCTb
f' (x) = f' (x + y). lIOKJiaBIIIR B OCTaHHiH piBHOCTi y =-X, MaeMo, m;o
f' (x) = f' (0) AJIH Bcix x E IR, T06To f' (x) - cpyHKI.l;iH-KOHCTaHTa.
OcKiJibKR f' (x) =k AJIH BCix X, TO HeB~KO IIOKa3aTR, ru;o f (x) =kx + b,
Ae k i b - ,ZJ;eHKi CTaJii. CrrpaBAi, HKI.IJ;O poar JIHHYTH AOIIOMi)l{,HY
I
cpyHKn;iro g (x) = f (x)-kx, TO oTpRMaeMo, m;o g' (x) = (f (x)-kx) =
= f' (x)-k = 0. 3BiACR g (x) = b AJIH Bcix x. 3a AOIIOMororo rrepeBipKR
nepeKOHyeMOCH, :rn;o cepeA cpyHKII;iH BRAY f (x) = kx +b YMOBY 3a,D;aqi
3a,D;OBOJihHHIOTh yci cpyHK:a;il BRAY f (x) = kx. 13.51. Hi. BKa3i8Ka.
.
PoarJIHHhTe, HarrpHKJiaA, cpyHKI.l;lIO
. f (x) ={x + 2x
2
cos ~'
x
HKID;O x ;;C 0,
0, HKID;O X = 0,
i TOqKy Xo = 0. ,IJ;oBeAiTh, :rn;o f' (0) = 1. IlpHIIYCTHMO, ru;o icHye TaKRH
OKiJI TO"t!KH Xo = 0, y HKOMY <l>YHKII;iH f 3pOcTae. ToMy f' (x) ~ 0 AJIH
234
BiAnOBiAI Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
1
BCix x 3 ~bOI'O OKOJiy. ,Il;arri IIOKaJKiTb, m;o B TO"t!Kax Bli,D;Y x = 7t '
2 + 2rtk
k E z, <PYHK~i.H y= f' (x) Ha6yBa€ Bi,n;'eMHHX 3Ha"t!eHb.
14.7. JKo,n;HoL 14.8. 1) x nun. = O; 2) x mm . = 3; 3) x mm . = -2, x max = 2;
4) xrrun = -2, xrrun = 2, xmax = O; 5) xmin = 5, xmax = -1; 6) xmin = 0,
x max = -1 ' x max = 1. 14.9. 1) x mm = 1 ' x max = -1 '· 2) x nun
. = -2 ' x max = 2·'
3 1
3)x max =2·4)x
' .
nun =1 x
' max =-7·5)x.
' rrun
= . =0 ' x max -
·6)x nun
2 ' 4'
x max = 1. 14.10. 1) 3pocTae Ha [6; +oo), cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; 6], x mm
. = 6;
2) apocTae Ha ( -oo; !] i [2; +oo), cna.n;ae Ha [!; 2]. xmin =2, xm., =:;
3) 3pocTae Ha [O; +oo), cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; O], x rrun . = 0. 14.11. 1) 3pocTae
Ha [O; +oo), cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; O], x nun. = O; 2) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; -4] i [O; +oo),
cna,n;ae Ha [-4; O], x nun. = 0, x max = -4 . 14.14. 1) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; 0)
. = 2; ?.) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; 1] i [3; +oo),
i [2; +oo), cna,n;ae Ha (O; 2], x 11110
cna,n;ae Ha [1; 2) i (2; 3], x mm . = 3, x max = l; 3) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; O],
cna,n;ae Ha [O; +oo), xrnax = O; --16; 0) i [ -16; +oo ), cna-
4) 3pOCTae Ha [
,n;ae Ha ( -oo; - -16]
i ( O; -16]' xmin = --16' xmin = -16; 5) 3pOCTae Ha
(O; 2], cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; 0) i [2; +oo), x max = 2; 6) 3pocTae Ha (3; +oo),
cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; 3), TO'tIOK eKCTpeMyMy HeMae; 7) 3pOCTae Ha (-oo; -4)
i (-4; O], cna,n;ae Ha [O; 4) i ( 4; +oo ), x max = O; 8) 3pocTae Ha [O; 1],
cna,n;ae Ha [1; +oo), x max = 1. 14.15. 1) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; -6] i [2; +oo),
cni:irrae Ha [-6· -2) i (-2· 2] x = -6 x . = 2· 2) 3pocTae Ha (-oo· -3]
....,....., ' ' ' max ' nun ' '
i [3; +oo ), cna,n;ae Ha [-3; 0) i (O; 3], x max = -3, x nun
. = 3; 3) 3pocTae
Ha [O; +oo), cna,n;ae Ha (-oo; O], x mm. = O; 4) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; -1), cna-
,n;ae Ha (-1; +oo) TO'tIOK eKCTpeMyMy HeMae; 5) 3pOCTae Ha [O; 4)
cnatiae Ha [ O;
1~]. xm;"
1
= 16 • 14.16. 1) 3pocTae Ha [ O; :J. cnap;ae
Ha (-oo; O] i [:; 1]. xm., =:' xmin =O; 2) 3pOCTae Ha [ O; !]. cnap;ae
235
BiAnoBiAi ra BKa3iBK"1 AO snpas
xmin =O; 2) apocTae Ha [ O;: Ji [2; +oo), crr3,11ae Ha [:; 2]. xm~ =:,
Xmin = 2; 3) 3pOCTa€ Ha [~; + 00), CIT3J1ae Ha ( 1; ~]. Xmin =~.
14.20. Mome. B1Ca3iB1Ca. ,lI;HB. pHcyHoK. 14.21. Hi. B1Ca3iB1Ca. ,lI;HB.
pHCYHOK. 14.22. TaK. B1Ca3iB1Ca. ,lI;HB. pHcyHoK.
y
I
I
I
•
I
I
I I
I I
---~--- ----- _,_-- --- - __ _..
0 x o:I
x0 x
PHc. lJ.O a~atii 14.20 PHc. lJ.O aal1,atii 14.22
7t 7t 1 1
xmax = 8 + nk, Xmin = - B + nk, k E Z. 14.28. 1) Xmin =- 3 , Xmax =5;
236
Bi,o.nosi,o.i Ta BKa3iBKlt1 ,o.o snpas
2 6
2) xmin =-,5 x max = 0. 14.29. 1) x mm . = -3, x max = O; 2) x mm. =--,5
x max = -2. 14.30. -3; 3. 14.31. -1; 1. 14.32. Hi. BJCa3iBJCa. PoarJUIHh-
Te cl>YHKD;iIO f (x) = x Ha MHOJKHHi M = [O; 1]. 14.33. 1) Ta.K; 2) Hi;
3) Hi. 14.34. 1) Hi; 2) TaK. .HKID;O D (f) = JR, TO xmin = XO.
n 3n 1t
14.35. 1) xmin=g+rtk, xmax=-s+rtk, k E Z; 2) xmin=-2+2nk,
1t 1t
xmax = 1t + 2nk, k E Z; 3) xmin = 4 + nk, xmax = 12 + nk, k E Z;
2n 21t
4) Xmin = nk, Xmax =±3+2nk, k E Z. 14.36. 1) Xmin =3+nk,
1t
xmax = 6 + nk, k E Z; 2) xmin = 1t + 2nk, xmax = -31t + 2nk, k E Z; 3) TOllOK
eKCTpeMyMy HeMa€. 14.37. (-1; 1) u (l; +oo). 14.38. (O; 1) u (1; +oo).
a6o a=_.!_, a6o a~.!_. BJCa3i6JCa. MaeMo: f' (x) = (1- a)+ (1-2a) cos x +
2 2 3
2
+cos ; ' f' (x) = 2 (cos ; + ~) (cos ; - a). IlpH 6y Ab-.HKOMY 3Ha'l'.eHHi
rrapaMeTpa a KpHTHllHHMH ToqKaMH cpyHKD;ll f Ha rrpoMiJKKY (rt; 5rt)
1
€ 2rt i 4rt. IlpH a * -- I.I;! TOllKH € TOllKaMH eKCTpeMyMy.
2
14.46. Hi. BJCa3iBJCa. PoarJIHHhTe, HarrpHKJia,n;, <t>YHKn;iro
f(x)=
2x 2 + x 2 cos .! ' HKID;O x
x
* 0, .
,IJ;oBe,D;lTh, m;o Xo=O € TOllKOIO
{
0, HKID;O X = 0.
MiHiMYMY cpyHKD;ll f. ,IJ;ani poarJIHHhTe 3HalleHHH <l>YHKD;il y = f' (x)
1 1
y TOtIKax BH,n;y x= ' k ~ l, i B TOllKaX BH,n;y x = '
1t 1t
+ 2nk - - + 2nk
2 2
k ~ -1, k E Z. 14.47. Hi. BKa3iBJCa. PoarJIHHhTe, HarrpnKna,n;, <l>YHK-
237
Bi,a,nosi,a,i ra sKa3iBKV1 .a.o snpas
.
~110 f (x) =
{X, .HKI.IJ;O XE Q, i ToqKy x0 = 0. 14.48. Hi. BKaaieKa.
-X, .HKI.IJ;O XE JR\({],
Hexa.H Xo E (-1; 1) - TOqKa CTpororo MaKCRMYMY. To Ai KOJKHili TaKiH
TOq~i Xo E (-1; 1) IIOCTaBRMO y BiAIIOBiAHiCTh AOAaTHe "l!liCJIO 0 TaKe,
m;o f (x0 ) > f (x) AJI.H Bcix x 3 rrpoKOJIOToro 8-0KOJIY ToqKH x 0 • Hexali
x~ i x~ - ABi TOqKiif 3 iHTepBaJiy (-1; 1) TaKi, m;o BiAIIOBiAHi IM
"l!HCJia ~1~8
2n -
> ~.
2n
u;e 03Haqae, m;o MHOJKHHY BCiX ToqoK CTpororo
238
Bignosigi ra BKa3iBKV1 go snpas
15.35.
1-58 ~a~ 1+58 . .
BKa3l6Ka . .HKm;o a = 0, TO f (x) = -x
4
•
3 3
0Tme, a = 0 aa;:i;oBOJihHHe yMoBy sa;:i;a-qi. PoarJIHHeMo BHIIa;:I;OK a ~ 0.
2
MaeMo:
2
f' (x) =-4x 3 + a;' + ~ x =-4x ( x + ; ) ( x - ; ). ,IJ;ocJii!IHBIIIH
MYeMO, IIIO f (0) < f (-;) f (0) < f (;). ToMy ni,z\ qac 11ocJii,z\meHHH
2 a2 3
f (-1) ~ -1-
TH, m;o6 f(O). MaeMo:
9 a+
3 ~o. 15.36. a~
4
•
16.1. 6) 80 (2x - 1)3 ; 7) -9 sin 3x; 8) -2 cos 2x; 10) 2 cos x - x sin x.
16.2. 5) 54 (1 - 3x); 6) -4 cos 2x; 7) 2 cos 2x; 8) -2 sin x - x cos x.
16.6. 1) -26,5; 2) 53. 16.7. 14 M/c2• 16.8. 10 M/c2, 5 M/c 2• 16.9. 90 H.
16.10. 1) 0IIyKJia Bropy Ha (-oo; O], OIIyKJia BHH3 Ha [O; +oo), x = 0 -
TO"t!Ka rreperHHy; 2) orryKJia Bropy Ha [1; 3], OIIYKJia BHH3 Ha (-oo; 1]
i [3; +oo), x = 1 i x = 3 - TO"t!KH rrepernHy. 16.11. 1) OrryKJia Bropy
239
Bi,o,nosi,o,i ra BKa3iBKV1 ,o,o snpas
f-' (x) ~ g' (x) ,D;JIH Bcix x ~ 0, T06TO ,n;oBe,n;eMO HepiBHiCTb -sin x ~
3
~ - x +~ ,D;JIH BCix x ~ 0. ,I(JIH ,n;oBe,n;eHH.H OCTaHHbOl HepiBHOCTi 3H0-
6
BY cKop:acTaeMOCH THMH CaMHMH MipKyBaHHHMH. OcKiJihKH
f' (0) = g' (0), Tpe6a ,D;OBeCTH HepiBHiCTb f" (x) ~ g" (x) ,D;JIH BCix x ~ 0.
240
Bi,o.nosi,o.i ra sKa3iBKV1 ,o.o snpas
17.1. PHcyHoK ,n;o 3a,n;a'li 1 7 .1. 17.2. P11cyHoK ,n;o 3a,n;aqi 17.2.
17.3. PHCYHOK ,n;o aa,n;a'li 17.3. 17.4. PMCYHOK ,n;o 3a,n;a'li 17.4.
17.5. HKm;o a < -1 a6o a > 0, To 1 KopiHh; .HKID;O a = -1 a6o a = 0,
TO 2 KOpeHi; .HKID;O -1 < < a < 0, TO 3 KOpeHi. 17.6. .HKm;o a > 4, TO
KopeHiB HeMae; .HKI.I.~O a = 4 a6o a < 0' TO 2 KopeHi; .HKIU.O a = 0' TO
3 KopeHi; .HKID;O 0 < a < 4' TO 4 KOpeHi. 17. 7. PHCYHOK ,n;o 3a,n;a"lfi 1 7. 7.
17.8. PHCYHOK ,n;o 3a,n;aqi 17.8. 17.9. PMCYHOK ,n;o 3a,n;a'li 17.9.
241
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpaB
y.
6 t------
I
L-
I
I -3
I
------------r-----
I
I
I
I
-3J3 0 I
I
I I I
I I I
-1 I __________
__ ,L I ._ I
I
o: 1
I
x I
I
I
I
I ----l -6
1) 2) 3)
Y•I
4) 5)
y! I
I
I
· --~
I
16
9,
I
I
I
I
I
/
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
__ .,.. o:
-------4--- ----~
1 x -3 -1 : x
6) 7)
PHc. ,n;o aap;a11i 1 7 .1
242
Bi,o.nosi,o.i ra BKa3iBKV1 ,o.o snpas
y.
y. 16 :----
a:
-------: 4 I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I ______..,....
-3 x
1) 2)
y.
y.I
-2../2
-2 0;
:
2
- - - -· - --.,- - ---- . - - - - -,- - --
I
--·x
2../2
I
2val
--,-------
va 9 : :
3 : :
--- ----r------~ ------~----
-1 :
I
:0
I
V3
---- - l, -2V3
--
3
' 9
3) 4)
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
___ .J ___
I
--L.--
I : 17
__ J. ______ ..,....
-2-1 0 2 x
5)
PHc. p,o 3ap,a-qi 17.2
243
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
-1 1I 0 11 x
I Q X I
-------~--
1
------------
-1
I
I
1- 2
I
I
I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
1) 2)
I y!
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
_____ J I ___ 1 ~ ___ iI ____ _
___ J______ lo____ L_____ . ,. _
:-2 : I
2: 3 x
I I I
I : I
I : I
I I I
I
3) 4)
I
I
y!
I
I
I
I
I
I
I x
---------1-----
-21I 0 I
I I
I
I I
I :
I I
I
I I
I :
5)
I
I
1•
-L------- - -:.-~;;;;;;:;._
2:
--------~------
:
_____ 1 ________ ..,.._
o:I
1 2 x
I
I
I
I
7) 8)
PHc. p;o aap;a-qi 17.3
244
Bi,o.nosi,o.i ra BKa3iBKV1 ,o.o snpas
I
I
!y
I
I
I I
I I
I
I I
I I
I
I I I
I
1
: 1 I
I ----------~----r---~--------~
------- --~--------· 0: : 12
:
I x
-l~n
-:
I
0 11 : I
I I I
I
: I
I I I
I : I
'
2)
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
: 1
I
1 I
I I I
-----------r---.----,---------~
-1, O: ,1 x
-------L--~--~-------
1
I
-1' I
I
I
I I
I I I
I I I
I
I I I
I I
---------------r------------~
I
I
I
I 0 1
I x
3) 4)
I y! I
I
I
I
I
y! I
I I I
I
I I I
I I I
I
I
I
I
1:
-L - -.--
-~:;::=~~
I I I
--------~---- -----... ------~ r -----•--------~
-3, 0 31 x 0 1 x
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
5) 6)
245
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
YA /'
: /'1"
I ~ ~
2 ~-- ,/~
I I /
I I/
I {
- 1 ://I
---------·--~--~----------~
/I
~/ :o 1
I
x
/ I I
/.
/ --1-2
I
~ I
I
I
I
I
1)
,,y
-U8
2)
: I :
: I
I I I
I I I
: I:
I
1
-------~
__________ J ___
I
,"T----·-=-=-----
I
~---- --------~
-2::0 , ~ x
I I
I :
I I
I I
I
I
I
3) 4)
PHc. p;o 3ap;aqi 17. 7
/
/ / yj /f\
///,, I
I /
".t. /
/ 'l' 2 r----
1 / ' ]"
~
I / ;/'
// I I / "'\
2 I I / I I ~ '()
- 1 I/
I
I
I/
;. : 1,,":
---------r-"1t"-----------~
--------- __ .v..._! __________ ..,... 0:./112 x
/
/
//o: I
I
~ x
/
//
/1
I
2'
,- I
I
/ I ,,_ ,,_ I
/ I
/ I /. I
/ I ~
1) 2)
I
I
___ J __
I
I
I
I I I
11 I 1
--~--1--}--1----
i . -- - - - _I ..! I I I
---~--~-----~~-- __ J __ J ____ ~
.J33 + 1-2 o: I
11 2 ~ - 1 x
I
2 I 2
3)
PHc. p;o 3ap;aqi 17 .8
246
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
...
1) 2)
P:ac. ,n;o sap;aqi 17.9
17.10. PHcyHoK ,n;o 3a,n;aq:i 17.10. 17.11. PncyHoK ,n;o 3a,n;a't!i 17.11.
y
5n 7rr
--
6 6
7rt 5n
----
6 6
...:4 x
... 6
4
01
' ~
y.
----------------------
:
I
3
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I 7n 3n
I
___ .LI __ _ 62
3rc
--------..
5n x
-2 2
247
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
2n 4n 8n X
3 3 3
7t
---- - - - - .J3
3 2
1,5
x
x 3 +2
f (x) = - . 17.14. a > 48.
x
1 2
18.10.1) -6 a .J5 -13· 2) - - · 3) aJ3 · 4) 2a :W - a 2 :W. 18.11.1) a 16 + 1·
' 2fi' J3 J2' '
a a +b
1
2) 4n ab. 18.12. 1) TaK; 2) TaK; 3) Hi; 4) Hi. 18.13. 3) (-4; +oo);
4) [1; +oo ). 18.14. 36. 18.15. [-2; 4]. 18.17. 1) (-oo; +oo); 2) [O; +oo).
• ( !n)-5,2 ( !n)5,6
18.18. (-oo; 0) U (O; +oo). 18.20. 7 +4 -v3 > 7 -4 -v3 . BKa3itJKa.
qMcJia 7 +4 f3 i 7 -4 f3 e B3aeMHO o6epHeHMMH. 18.21. 1) KopeHiB
HeMae; 2) 3 KOpeHi; 3) 6e3Jii1:1 KopeHiB; 4) 2 KOpeHi. 18.22. 1) 1 KOpiHh;
2) 6e3Jii1:1 KopeHiB; 3) 2 KopeHi. 18.23. 7) ,Il;HB. pMcyHoK. 18.25. BKa-
3i6Ka. 3HaH~iTh o6JiaCTh BM3Hal:leHH.H ~aHOl cpyHKn;iL 18.27. 1) 4;
248
Bignosigi Ta BKa3iBKl.-1 go snpas
1 1 1 Y• l
; 2) 1; -1. 18.28. 1) 6; -; 2) 6; 5-.
4 6 5
\ y =t ~J
3) [-1; l]. 18.30. 1) (-oo; +oo); 2) [-1; 1]; \
3) {x E JR I x -:;: nk, k E Z}. 18.33. 1) 0. BKa- \
3iBKa. 2cosx ~ 2, x 2 + 2 ~ 2; 2) 0. 18.34. 1) O;
\.
2) 0. 18.35. 1) IR; 2) {O}; 3) [O; +oo). 18.36. \
(-oo; 0) U (0; +oo); 2) {O}. 18.37. HerrapHa.
18.38. HerrapHa. 18.39. IIapHa. 18.40. He-
rrapHa. 18.41. 1) HerrepepBHa Ha MHO:a<HHi
(-oo; 0) U ( O; +oo), x 0 = 0 - TO"'t!Ka po3pHBY
' .l
0
-
·-
-
x
11pyroro POllY. 18.43. ( --00; ~) u (1; +co). B1eaai61ca. 3' Hcyihe, IIPH HKHX
t-1
3Ha"'lleHH.HX rrapaMeTpa a piBH.HHH.H - - =a Mae xo-qa 6 o,n;HH ,n;o,n;aT-
t- 4
HHM KopiHh. 18.44. (-oo; 0) U (l; +oo). 18.45. a = 1. BKa3i8Ka. ,lJ;JIH
6y,n;h-.f.IKOro x E JR Ma€ BHKOHyBaTHC.H piBHiCTh f (x + a)= f (-x + a).
249
BiAnOBtAI ra BKa3tBKlll AO snpas
5) a;4 1
2
3
. 19.10. 1) 1; 2) 2; 3) 2; 4) ; 5) 4; 6) O; .
6) 3; 7) 2; 8) O;
2
1
3
1 1
19.11. 1) - 1; l; 2) - 2; 2; 3) 2; 4) 1; 5) - 1; 2; 6) 1. 19.12. 1) - 1; 1;
2) l; 2; 3) 1; 4) - 1; 5) O; 6) 2. 19.13. 1) 2; 2) -1; 1; 3) 2. 19.14. 1) 2;
3 1t
2) 3; 3) 4. 19.15. 1) ; 2) 3; - 3; 3) 3; 4) 6· 5) +nk, k E Z;
2 2
n. nk n
6) -+-, k E Z; 7) ±- +nk, k E Z. 19.16. 1) 1; 2) 3; 3) nk, k E Z.
4 2 3
19.17. 1) 0; 1; 2) O; - 1; 3) -1; 4) 0. 19.18. 1) O; 1; 2) O; 2. 19.19. 2.
19.20. 0. 19.21. - 2; 2. BKa3ieKa. lIHcJia 2 + .J3 i 2- .J3 e BaaeMHO
o6epHeHHMH. 19.22. - 2; 2. 19.23. 1) - 1; O; 1. Bx:a3iBKa. Hexali
250
BIAnOBiAI Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpaB
~)
2
19.42. a<--.
J3
2
20.4. 1) 5; 2) 3; 3) 4. 20.5. 1) -5· 2) 7. 20.6. 1) [O· '.X))'
2) (l · +oo). 20.7. 1) (-oo; 2]; 2) (- ; 4]. 20.8. 1) (-oo; 1) U (5; +oo);
:J.
2) ( :; +oo). 20.17. 1) (O; 1); 2) ( -oo;
20.21. [O; 4 ]. 20.22. 1) (O· 1): 2) ( oo; -1] U (0; +,,, ). 20.23. 1) ( O· ~}
251
BiAnosip,i Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO Bnpas
252
Opi€HTOBHe TeMaTWIHe noypoqne nJiaHyBaHH.H
Ki.nb- 11
'
2 3MiCT HaB1J8JibHOrO MaTepiaJiy KiCTb
rO).\HB
I1 2 3
I. l'paHH~H Ta HenepepBBiCTb <l>YBKIW' (15 ro,D;)
1 rpamHJ,H $yHKII;il B TOTIIJ,i 2
2 TeopeMH rrpo apH<PMeTHTIHi ,D,ii: 3 rpaHHIJ,HMH cpyHKIJ,iH y TOTIIJ,i 2
3 HenepepBHiCTb <l>YHKIJ,il B TOTIIJ,i. BJiaCTHBOCTi HenepepBHHX <l>YHKII.iH 2
4 0,D,HOCTOpOHHi rpruum,i <l>YHKI.1,ll B TOTIIJ,i. KJiacH<PiKa.n.iH TOl!OK po3p11BY 2
5 )J;eHKi BJiaCTHBOCTi HenepepBHHX <l>YHKIJ,IB 2
6 Ilepma -qy,u;oBa rpaHHIJ,H 1
7 AcHMIITOTH rpa<PiKa <l>YHKIJ,il 2
KoHTpoJibHa po6oTa .N!! 1 2
II. Iloxi,D;ua Ta iI sacTOCYBaHHH (35 ro,D;)
8 IlpHpicT <l>YHKIJ,ll. 3ap,a11i, .SIKi IIPHBO,D,HTb 11.0 IIOHHTTH rroxi.u;HOl 2
9 IlOH.HTTH noxi,D,HOl 3
10 IIpaB1rna o6"tIHCJieHHH noxi,D,HHX 4
11 PiBHHHHH lJ.OTH'IHOl 3
12 TeopeMH <I>epMa, PoJIJIH, Jlarpaama 2
KoHTPOJibHa po6oTa N!! 2 2
13 03HaKli 3pOcTaHHH i CIIa,D,aHHH <l>YHKIJ,il 4
14 To"tlKH eKcTpeMyMy <l>YHKIJ,i! 4
15 Hali6iJibIIIe i HaHMeHirre 3HatieHHH <l>YHKn.i1 Ha Bi11.pi3:r<y 3
16 ,l(pyra rroxi11.Ha. IIOHHTTH OIIy:r<JIOCTi $yHKIJ,ll 3
17 II06y11.0Ba rpa<PiKiB <l>YHKIJ,ili 3
KoHTpOJibHa po6oTa N!! 3 2
III. IloKa3BHKOBa i JiorapH<l>Mi'lllla <l>YBKIW' (25 ro,D;)
18 CTerriHD 3 lJ.OBiJibHHM 11.iHcHHM noKa3HHKOM. IIo:r<a3HHKOBa cpyHKIJ,iH 2
19 IloKa3HHKOBi piBH.R:HH.R: 3
20 IloKa3HHKOBi HepiBHOCTi 3
KoHTPOJibHa po6oTa N!! 4 1
21 JiorapH<l>M i :lioro BJiaCTHBOCTi 3
22 JiorapH<l>Mi"t!Ha <l>YHKIJ,iH Ta ri BJiaCTHBOCTi 2
23 Jiorapu<PMi'-IHi piBHHHHH 3
24 JiorapH<PMilJHi aepiBHOCTi 3
25 IIoxi11.Hi noKa3HHKOB01, JiorapH$MitIHo1 Ta CTerreHeBo1 <PYHKII.iH 3
KoaTpOJibHa po6oTa N!! 5 2
253
Op1EHTOBHe reMaTV1YHe noypoYHe nnaHysaHHfl
1 2 3
IV. luTerpaJI Ta iioro aacTOCyBaBBa (25 roA)
26 IIepsicHa 2
27 IIpaBHJia 3Haxo.a.jKeHHH nepBiCHOl 3
.KoHTPOJihHa po6oTa N2 6 1
28 II.110IIW KPHBOJiiHiHHo1 Tparren;iL BH3HatieIDii'I iHTerpa.TI 5
29 06t.JHCJieHHH o6'eMiB Ti.TI 2
IlOBTOpeHHH, y3araJibReHH.H Ta CHCTeManl3an;i.a H8Bl{RJlbHOro
10
MaTepiaJiy, p03B'Sl3yBaHH.!I 38,D,aq 3 rroqaTKiB aHaJii3y
.KoHTPOJihHa po6oTa N2 7 2
- V. EJ1eMeHTH KOM6iuaTopHKH, Teopii HMOBipuocTeH
i MaTeMaTlftlHOl CTaTHCTHKlf (25 ro)];)
30 EJieMeHTH KOM6iHaTopHKH Ta 6iHOM HhIOTOHa 4
31 t.IacToTa Ta HMOBipHiCTb si.ma,n;Koao! no.n;ii: 4
32 .KJiacwrne BH3Ha lJeHHJl HMOBipHOCTi 4
33 Oneparr.il 3 sunap;KOBHMH no.rtiSIMH 4
34 reoMeTpH~IHa HMOBipHiCTb 4
35 CTaTHCTHt.rHHH aHa.ni3 .a.aeHx 3
.KoHTpoJibHa po6oTa N!! 8 2
VI. KoMnJieKcHi t1HcJia i MHOrolIJieHH (25 ro,11;)
36 MHOjKHHa KOMnJieKcH11x t.rHceJI 3
37 .KoMnJieRCHa ITJIO~Hrta. Tpu:roHoMeTpwrna Q:>opMa KoMnJieKcHoro t.rHCJla 4
MaojKeHnSI i ,n;iJieHH.H KOMrr.11eRc1rn:x trnceJI, aanHcaHHx y TpHroHoMeTpHt.r-
38 4
HiH cpopMi. .KopiHh n-ro c·renem1 a KOMnJieKcHoro q11cJia
.KoHTPOJibH8 po6oTa 29 2
39 P03B 'Jl3yB8HH.H aJire6pa'it.fHHX piBH.RHb Ha MHOmHHi KOMIIJieKCHHX tIHCeJI 2
40 KpaTHi KopeHi 4
41 Ky6it£Hi piBHSJHHSl 4
.KoHTPOJibHa po6oTa N2 10 2
IloBTopeum1 Kypcy aJire6pH i no1IaTKiB auaniay (20 roJJ;)
IIoBTopeHHSI Rypcy aJire6pH i noqaTKiB aHaJiiay 18
.KoHTPOJibHa po6oTa NQ 11 2
254
3MICT
Bio aemopie .................................................... 3
YMOB Hi no3Ha1leH1-lJl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
§ 1. rpaHliU,SI Ta HenepepBHicTb cpyHKU,i°i
1. I'paHIU.Vl cpyHKII,i'i B Toqu,i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
• Oattat.JeHHH rpaHHu,i cpyHKU.i .. a Toq1u aa Komi ............ 15
2. TeopeMH npo apmpMeTH"t!Hi ,n;il a rpaHHlI,SIMH qJyHKU.i:H
y Toq:u;i ............................................... 18
3. HenepepBHiCTh cpyHKU.il B Toq:u;i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 23
4. 0,n;HOCTOpOHHi rpaHHU.i <l>YHKU.il B TO"C{IJ,i.
KJiacHcpiKaIJ,iSI ToqoK po3pHBY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5. ,[(eSIKi BJiaCTHBOCTi HerrepepBHHX <l>YHKU.iH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
• ,[(oBe,n;eHHH nepruo1 TeopeMH BoJihU.aHo Koru1 ............• 51
• ,[(oBe,n;eHRSI nepmo1 TeopeMH BeliepmTpacca .............. 52
6. Ilepma qy,n;oBa rpaHHU.SI ..............•................. 53
7. AcHMITTOTH rpa¢iKa <l>YHKII,i'i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
• ,[(HBHi cpyHKI.r,il . · · · · ..... · · · .... · . · · · ... · · · · · · . · · · · · · · 69
§ 2. noxiAHa Ta 'j'j 3aCTOCyBaHHSI
8. IlpnpicT <l>YHKU.il.
3a,n;aqi, SIKi npHBO,ll;SITh .n;o IlOHSITTSI noxi,n;HOl ....•......... 73
9. IlOHSITTSI noxi,n;HOl ..................................... 81
10. IlpaBHJia o6qHcJieHHSI rroxi,n;HHX .......................... 97
• ,[(oBe,n;eHHSI TeopeM npo rroxi,n;Hi CKJIOAeHo1
Ta o6epHeHOl <l>YHKU.iH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
11. PiBHSIHHSI ,Zl;OTli"C{HOl ................................... 115
12. TeopeMH <l>epMa, PoJIJISI, JiarpaHma .............•....... 124
13. 03HaKH 3pOCTaHHSI i cna,n;aHHJI <l>YHKu,il •................. 132
14. Tot1KH eKcTpeMYMY <l>YHKu,ii: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
15. Hali6iJihme i HaliMeHme 3HatieHHSI <l>YHKU.il Ha Bi,n;pi3Ky .... 158
16. ,[(pyra noxi,n;Ha. IlOHSITTSI onyKJIOCTi <l>YHKU.i'i ............. 167
• HepiBHiCTb €HceHa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 78
1 7. Ilo6y,ll;OBa rpa¢iKiB <l>YHKII,iH . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
§ 3. noKa3Hl1KOBa i noraplicpMi4Ha cpyHKu,i'i
18. CTeniHb 3 ,n;oBiJihHHM .n;ilicHHM noKa3HHKOM.
IloKa3HliKOBa <l>YHKU.iSI .............................•. 192
19. IloKa3HliKOBi piBHSIHHSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
20. IloKa3HHKOBi HepiBHOCTi. .............................. 211
BionoeiOi ma eKa3iBKU oo enpae ................................ 217
OpieHmOBHe meMamu1l1-le noyp01l1-le nJiaHyBaHUJl . .................. 253
255
MEP3JI5IK ApKaAili I'pHropoBHtI
HOMIPOBCbEMH ,[(MHTpo AHaToJiilioBHtI
IIOJIOHCbEMM BiTaJiili BopHCOBH"t!
5IEIP M1i1xa:0:JI0 CeMeHOBHtI
AJirEBPA
11 KJiac
IliAPY"t!HHK
AJI.H saraJihHOOCBi THiX HaB"t!aJibHHX saKJiaAiB
3 rrorJIH6JieHHM BHB"t!eHHHM MaTeMaTHKH
y ABOX qaCTHHax
qaCTHHa 1
ronoBHHH pe.u,aKTOP r.
<1>. BucotfbKa
Pe.u,aKTop 0. B. TpecjJiJwea
KopeKTOP T. e. r(enma
KoMn'roTepHe BepcTaHH.H C. I. Ceeepun
y
y = ax,
O< a < l
0 1 x 0 1 x
BnacTHBOCTi norapH<j>Mie
loga 1 = 0 loga a =1
loga xy = log ax + loga y,
x
log 0 - = loga x - log 0 y,
y
1
Iogab - - -
logb a
y y O < a<l
a>l
0 0
'
<l>op3al..\ 4
p11KyrH'1K nacKallSI
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
6iHoM Hbt0T0Ha
r= Ja 2
+ b2 , a = r os <p, b = r sin cp
<1>opMy11a Myaepa
z = r (cos cp + i sin <p),
Zn = rn (COS ncp + i Sin n<p)
KopeHin-rocTeneHSI
wn = r(coscp + isin<p)
ct>op3a~ 1 · . . . ,. . ·"~ . :.
sinx cosx
cosx -sinx
1
tg x
cos 2 x
1
ctg x -
sin 2 x
ax ax Ina
ex ex
1
log ax
xlna
1
lnx -
x
1
arcsinx
.J1 - x 2
1
arccosx -
.J1 - x 2
1
arctgx
1+x2
1
arcctgx
1+ x2
npaeMnaiHTerpyeaHHSI
j(f(x) + g(x))dx = Jf (x)dx + f g(x)dx,
f kf ( x) dx = k ff ( x) dx
Cl>opMyna Hbt0T0Ha-.ne.::16Hiu.a
b
ff (x)dx = F(b) - F(a)
a
06L1McneHHS1 nnow.
y
b s
S= f(f(x) - g(x))dx I •
a y=g(x) :
0 a b x
Y,Il;K [373.5 : 372.851]:[512.1 + 517.1]
BBK 22.141H721.6
M52
Pe-,co.MenaoBano
MinicmepcmBOM ocBimu i nay-,cu, .Mo.noai ma cnopmy Y-,cpa~nu
(JIHCT BiA 04.08.2011 N2 1/11-7176)
MeJ>3JUIK A. r.
M52 Anre6pa : ni,n;pyq. AJIH 11 KJI. a rrorJIH6JieHHM BHBtieH~HM
MaTeMaTHKH : y 2 q. I A. r. Mep3JIHK, ,n;. A. HoMipoBCbKHH,
B. B. IloJioHChKHH, M. C. HKip. - X. : I'iMHaaiH, 2011. -
"t!. 2. - 272 c. : irr.
ISBN 978-966-474-165-8.
Y,l(K [373.5 : 372.851):(512.1 + 517.1)
BBK 22.141JI721.6
y=5 y y =5 y
0 1 2 3
PHC. 21.1 PHc. 21.2
2log25 =5. y
Po3rJIHHeMO piBH.HHHH ax= b, 11.e a > 0, y=b
a =t. 1. OcKiJibKH lJ.JIH Bcix x E JR BHKOHY-
eTbCH HepiBHiCTb ax > 0, TO IIPH b ~ 0
:a;e piBHHHHH He Mae p03B'H3KiB • .HK~O
b > 0' TO :a;e piBH.HHHH Mae elJ.HHHH KopiHb
(pHC. 21.3). lforo Ha3HBa10Tb JIOrapHcpMOM x
qHcJia b 3 OCHOBOlO a i II03HaqaroTb loga b.
3
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norap111cpMiYHa cpyHK1..ti"I
I a ..... =b I
Ha3HBaJOTb OCHOBHOlO JIOrapHcj;)Mi11HOlO TOTO~HiCTlO.
Ii:
Ha.npHKJIM, 7Iog73 =3, 0,3logo.s 5 =5.
Ta.Kam a oaHa"t.JeHHJi Jiorap:acpMa BHIIJIHBae, ~o np:a a> 0i a -:t= 1
loga 1 = 0
loga a= 1
PoarJIJrHeMO piBHiCTb ac = b.
B:a 3HaeTe, ~o .n;iio 3Haxo.n;meHHH 't!HCJia baa ,n;aHHMH "tJHCJiaMH a
i c Ha3HBaIOTb IIi/1,HeCeHHHM 'tJHCJia a /1,0 CTeneHJi c.
,IIJro 3Haxo.n;.meHHH "tJHCJia c aa /1,aHHMH "tJHCJiaMH a i b, /1,e a > 0,
a'# 1 i b > 0, Ha3HBaIOTb JIOrapucj;)M)rBaHHHM "IHCJia b 33 OCHOBOlO a.
CnpaB/1,i, c =log ab.
3a3Ha"tJHMO, IIJ;O IIPH a> 0 JiiBa qacTHHa piBHOCTi ac = b e /1,0/1,aT-
HOIO. OT.me, b > 0.
ToMy npH b < 0 BHpaa loga b He Mae aMicTy.
JlorapHcpM 3 OCHOBOIO 10 Ha3HBaIOTb ,u;eCHTKOBHM JiorapHcj;)MOM.
3aMiCTb log 10 b IlHillYTb lg b.
B:a.KopHcToByro-cr:a ~e rroaHa"tJeHHH Ta OCHOBHY ;rorap:acpMi't!HY TO-
1
TOJKHiCTb, /1,JIH KOJKHOro b > 0 MOJKHa aan:acaTH: 10 gb = b.
PoarJIHHeMo ocHOBHi BJiaCTHBOCTi Jiorap:acpMiB.
4
21. norapvicpM i V!oro snaavisoai
loga xP = PR loga x
10 13
!{ OBe8enna.'Po3rJIHHeMo ,ZJ;Ba BHpa3H: a g0 x i aPlog 0 x. ,Il;oBe,n;eMo,
ID;O BOHH piBHi.
MaeMo: a 10g 0
x ll = xP;
aPiog 0 x = (atog x )p = xP.
0
10
0TJKe, a g 0 xP = aPloga x. 3Bi,ZJ;CH 3a TeopeMOIO 19.1 OTpHMyeMO:
loga x P = R
t-' log a x. •
TeopeMa 21. (nepexi.zi; Bi,?:( O,D;BiE:l OCHOBH JIOrapHcl»Ma
.zi;o iumo1). Hxuto a> 0, a =F 1, b > 0, c > 0, c =F 1, mo BUKonyemb-
CR piBnicmb
5
,[{ o 8 e iJ en n JL. Paar JUI He Mo BHpaa loga b • loge a. IIepeTBOPHMO
iioro, CKOpHCTaBm:e:c1> TeopeMoIO 21.3 rrpH ~=log ab. MaeMo:
10
log ab· loge a= loge a ga b =loge b.
OT:me, loga b ·loge a = loge b. OcKirrhKH a-:;:. 1, To JierKo noKaaaTH,
log b
rn;o loge a-:;:. 0. Terrep MO:mHa aarrHcaTH: log b = e • A
a loge a
= 3 lg 2 +log 2 7 · lg 2 = 3a + ba. •
7
§ 3. noKa3Hlt1KOBa i norap1t1tj:>MiYHa tj:>yHKUJI
Bnpaa1-1
0
21.1. "£!11 e rrpaBHJihHOIO piBHiCTh:
1 2
1) log 5 125 = -; 3) log0 ,01 10 = 2; 5) log.1. 3 .v'3 = ;
3 9 3
1 .
2) log 3 - = - 4; 4) lg 0,0001 = -4; 6) log JS 0,2 =-2?
81
0
21.2. 3Ha.H,zi;iTh Jiorap.mpM 3 OCHOBOIO 2 "t!HCJia:
1 1
1) 1; 2) 2; 3) 32; 4) .J2,;
6) -; 5) 0,5; 7) .J2; 8) 2.J2,.
8
0
1.3. 3Ha.H,n;iTh JIOrapH<);>M 3 OCHOBOIO 3 "t!HCJia:
1 1
1) 3; 2) -; 3) 1; 4) 81; 5) 9; 6) _1_.
243'
7) -!3; 8) 3 -!3.
3
0
21.4. 3Ha:H,n;iTh JIOrapHcpM 3 OCHOBOIO ..!:. "t!liCJia:
2
1 1 In
1) 1; 2) 2; 3) 8; 4) 0,25; 5) ; 6) .J2; 7) ·v2; 8) 64.
16
0
1.5. 3Hali,n;iTh JIOI'apH<l>M 3 OCHOBOIO ..!:. "t!HCJia:
3
1 1 1
1) -; 2) - ; 3) 3; 4) 81; 5) ~c; 6) .v'3.
9 27 ~3
0
21.6. 3Hali,n;iTh ,n;ec.HTKOBHH JiorapH<);>M "t!HCJia:
1) 100; 2) 1000; 3) 0,1; 4) 0,01; 5) 0,00001; 6) 0,000001.
0
21. 7. "£lo My ,n;opiBHIOe JiorapHcpM "t!HCJia 10 000 3 OCHOBOIO:
1) JlO; 2) 0, 1; . 3) 1000; 4) 0,0001?
1.. 3Ha:H,n;iTh JIOrapHcpM "t!HCJia 729 3 OCHOBOIO:
0
1) 27; 2) 9; 3) 3; 4) _!_;
27
0
0
21.11. Po3B'HmiTb piBH.HHH.H:
21.13. 06'1HCJiiTb:
l )logs 6
3) - .
(3 '
) log& 64.
1) Iog 6 3 + Iog6 2; 3
log5 4
1
2) logs 100 - logs 4; 4) 2 lg 5+-lg 16.
2 ·
21.19. 06'1HCJiiTb:
9
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norap111¢MiYHa <PYHKL.J,i'I
.!.1g8-2lg2
6) 2·100 2 ;
5) 12log144 4 + log12 5;
-21 lg25-3lg 2
6) 1000
-1 log6 9- log 1 3
4) 62 6 ;
21.21. 06"CIHCJiiTb:
. 1t
1) log 2log 5 ~; 4) log 2 sin 135°; 7) 1og 4 Slil - ;
4
1t
2) log 2 log 49 343; 5) log 3 tg-; 8) log 1 tg(-120°).
3
3 3
3) log 9 log 2 8; 6) log 1 cos 315°;
-
2
21.22 ° 06"CIHCJiiTb:
1
1) log 3log 1 - ; 3) log 6 tg 225°;
5125
10
21. norap1t1¢M i iltoro snacr1t1socri
'!HCJIOM.
2133: ,ll;oBe,n;iTb, m;o 3HaqeHHH BHpaay log9- 4J5 (9+4.J5) e u;iJIHM
qHCJIOM.
21.34: "C.J:JieHH reoMeTpH't!Hoi: nporpecil e ,n;o,n;aTHHMH qucJiaMH. ,IJ;o-
Be,n;iTh, m;o JiorapHcpMH llOCJI~OBHHX 't!JieHiB u;ie1 rrporpecil 3 6y,n;b-
HKOIO OCHOBOIO YTBOpIOIOTb apHcpMeTH'!HY rrporpeciro.
21.35 .• Ilo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK <l>YHKn;il:
1) y=3loga(x +3); 3) y=2log2x2; 5) y=logllog3 - x(3-x)4;
2
log 1 x
2
4) y = 2 ; 6) y = 2log4X •
log 1 x
-
2
21.36: Ilo6y,n;yliTe rpacpiK <l>YHK:a;il:
1
1) y=7logdx .f:2); 4) y=log 1 (x-2)·logx _2 - ;
3 3
2
lJlog2x
2) y= ( - 5) y = logx x;
2
lJlogi (x - 1)
27
3) y = log 3 logx + 1 (x + 1) ; 6) y = ( 3 .
1 1 1
21.41.•• 06"CIHCJiiTh - - - + + ... + - - -
log2 201 log 3 201 log 20 201
21.42:· IlpH HKHX 3Ha"CleHHHX x e npaBHJibHOIO piBHiCTh:
1) log 2 (1 - x 2 ) = log 2 (1 - x) + log 2 (1 + x);
2
x -2x+l
2) lg 2
=lg(x 2 -2x+l)-lg(x 2 +l);
x +1
3) log 5 (x 2 - 4x + 4) = 2 log 5 (2 - x);
4) log 5 (x 2 - 4x + 4) = 2 log 5 I x - 2 I?
21.43:· "lloMy ,n;opiBHIO€ 3Ha"CleHHH BHpa3y:
1) lg sin 1° ·lg sin 2° •lg sin 3° • ... ·lg sin 89° ·lg sin 90°;
2) lg tg 10° ·lg tg 15° ·lg tg 20° • ... ·lg tg 75° ·lg tg 80°;
3) lg (tg 30° • tg 32° • tg 34° • ... • tg 58° • tg 60°); .
4) lg tg 1° + lg tg 2° + lg tg 3° + ... + lg tg 88° + lg tg 89°?
21.44:· CrrpocTiTh BHpaa log 3 2 · log4 3 · log 5 4 • ... • log 10 9.
1. 5.·· 06"CJHCJiiTh 3HalJeHHH BHpa3y log4 5 · log5 6 · log6 7 · log7 32.
21.46:· IIo6y,n;yliTe rpaq>iK <l>YHK~il:
l
1) y = lg tg x + lg ctg x; 3) Y = lOlogx 10 •
2) y =logx 1;
1. 7. ·· IIo6y,n;yliTe rpaq>iK <l>YHK~il:
2
lg(x +1)
2
) y = lg (x 2 + 1) •
21.48:· 3o6pa3iTh Ha KOOp,ZJ;HHaTHiH IIJIOm;HHi MHOmHHY TOlJOK, KO-
op,n;HHaTH HKHX 3a,D;OBOJihHHIOTh plBHlCTh:
1) lg xy = lg x + lg y;
2) lg xy = lg (-x) + lg (-y);
y = 2 lg I x I + 2 lg I Y I;
2 2
3) lg x + lg
4) log x 2 y 2 = log x (-y).
• 3o6pa3iTh Ha KOOp,ZJ;HHaTHiH IIJIOIIJ;HHi MHOmHHY TOlJOK, KO-
op,n;HHaTH HKHX 3a,D;OBOJibHHIOTb piBHiCTh:
x 2
1) lg-= lg (-x)-lg (-y); 3) logx2 y = logx y.
y
2) lg x 2 + lg y 2 = 2 lg x +2 lg (-y);
12
22. IlorapvicpMiYHa cpyHK!4iH ra Ti snacrvisocri
13
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapV1cf>MiYHa cf>YHKLJJI
y y
a>l O<a<l /
/
/
, /
/
/
, /
/
/
/
,, ~
/
/
/
;
x x
PHc. 22.1
14
22. norapV1cpMiYHa cpyHK~iH Ta 'Ci snaCTV1BOCTi
06JiaCTb 3Hal!eHb JR
HerrepepBHiCTb HenepepBHa
,[(HcpepeH:u;ilioBHiCTb ,[(11cpepeH:u;ilioBHa
15
I
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norap111¢Mi'-1Ha QJYHK~i"i
*
HYJIIO, TOMY lg (x + 2) 0. TaKHM qHHOM, o6JiaCTb BH3HaqeHHH D (f)
,D;aHOl <l>YHKII;ll e MHO.mHHOIO p03B '.H3KiB CHCTeMH
9-x 2 > 0,
-x+2>0,
x+2-#l.
x 2 <9, -3<x<3,
MaeMo: x>-2, > -2~ 3BepHYBIDHCb ,n;o pHCYHKa 22.2,
!
X
X"#-1; X-#-1.
,n;oxo,n;HMO BHCHOBKY' m;o OCTaHHH CHCTeMa piBHOCHJibHa CYKYIIHOCTi
-2 < x <-1,
[ -l<x<3.
~$/~ :
-3 -2 -1 3
PHC. 22.2
!
4 <X <5,
x - 4 > 0, To,n;i x > 4: [
5<x<16.
X - 4-::t;l. X-#5,
3Bi,ZJ;CH D (f) = (4; 5) u (5; 16) . •
nPlilKJlAA 3 IlopiBHHHTe:
1) log0 •2 6 i log0 , 2 7; 3) log n 4 i O;
4
2) log6 7 i log 7 6; 4) log 1 38 i -2.
6
Po 3 8' .fl3 an na. 1) OcKiJII>KH Jiorapn<t>MiqHa <l>YHKII;iH y = log0 , 2 x
e CIIa,ZJ;HOIO, TO logo 2 6 > logo 2 7.
· 2) MaeMo: log6 7 > log6 6,' T06To log6 7 > 1. PaaoM a THM log7 7 >
> log 7 6, To"6To 1 > log7 6. OT.me, log6 7 > 1 > log7 6.
1t
3) YpaxoByro'llH, m;o 0 < - < l, MaeMo: log n 4 <log n 1.
4 -4 4
OT.me, log n 4 < 0.
-
4
16
22. florap111cpMi4Ha cpyHKLds:i Ta fl snaCTlllBOCTi
TO log 1 38 <-2. •
6
17
§ 3. noKa3HV1Kosa i norap111cpMi4Ha cpyHKu,i'I
BnpaeM
0
22.1. IIopiBHHHTe 3 O'AHHHn;ero ocHoBy JiorapH<t>Ma, HKm;o:
1) loga 0,5 > loga 0,4; 3) log a J5 <log a J6;
1t 1t
4) log 4 - <log a-.
4 3
' 22.2. ,Il;o'AaTHHM qH Bi'A'eMHHM qHCJIOM e:
1) log0 , 5 0,6; 2) log0 , 3 3; 3) log 2 0,27; 4) log1t 3?
0
22.3. 3HaH'AiTh HaH6iJihIIIe i HaHMeHille 3Hal!eHHH <l>YHKD;il Ha 'AaHOMY
BiApi3Ky:
1) y = Iog2x, [:; 8}
2) y =log 1 x,
2
[__!__;
16
s];
22.4. 3HaH'AiTh HaH6iJihIIIe i HaHMeHme 3HaqeHHH <l>YHKD;il Ha 'Aa-
0
HOMY BiApi3Ky:
-
AOPiBHIOe -1, a HaliMeHme 'AOPiBHIOe -2? 2
0
22. 7. IlopiBH.HHTe:
1) log9 2 i 3; 3) log 13 26 i 6;
3
4) log16 0, 1 i
- 4
5
22. : IIopiBHHHTe:
2
1) log0 ,1 12 i 1; 3) i log 125 30.
3
1
2) log4 3 i ;
2
0
18
22. JlorapL-1cpMiYHa cpyHKU,i~ Ta 'j'j snaCTL.1BOCTi
1
1) log 1 x=x+-; 2)log 3 x=4-x.
-2 2
0
22.14. YcTaHOBiTI> rpacpi't!HO KiJibKiCTb KopeHiB piBH.HHH.H:
1) log 2 x = -x; 2) log 3 x = -x 2 ; 3) log 1 x = £.
-2
22.15. ° CKiJibKH KopeHiB Mae piBH.HHH.H:
(~J =log
1
1) 2 x; 2) log 2 X= - ?
x
22.16: Mi:m .HKHMH ,Zl;BOMa IIOCJii,Zl;OBHHMH D;iJIHMH 'CIHCJiaMH MiCTHTbC.H
Ha KOOp,n;HHaTHili rrp.HMiH 'CIHCJIO:
1) log 3 10; 2) log 2 5; 3) log 1 7; 4) log 0 •1 2?
3
2 7. • Mim .HKHMH ,n;BoMa rrocJii,n;oBHHMH o;iJIHMH 'tlHCJiaMH MiCTHTb-
c.H Ha Koop,n;HHaTHIB rrp.HMiH lllICJIO: 1) log2 29; 2) log 1 9?
2
22.18: IlopiBH.HHTe:
1) log4 5 i log 5 4; 2) log0 •2 0, 1 I log 0 •1 0,2.
22. 9 .• IlopiBH.HHTe:
1) log 1 •7 1,8 i log 1 •8 l, 7; 2) log 0 , 2 0,3 I log0 , 3 0,2.
22.20: IlopiBH.HHTe log 2 3 + log 3 2 i 2.
22.21 ,II;oBe,n;iTb, ~o logcos 1 4+log 4 cosl<-2.
22.22: 3Ha:li,n;iTb o6JiaCTb BH3Ha'tleHH.H cpyHKn;il:
+~6-x;
1
l)y=lgx 2; 5) y=
log 6 (x-3)
4
2)y=lg(l-sinx); 6)y= +lg(3-x);
lg (x + 2)
(x+1)(3-x)
7) y- .
- lg (x 2 +1) '
1
4) y=~lgcosx; 8) y=log 5 (x 2 - 4x+3)+ ;
log 5 (7 - x)
19
§ 3. noKa3HVIKOBa i norapvttjJMiYHa tjJyHKU/I
1
9) y=lg(6x-x 2 )+ ; 11) y = log 2 cos x;
lg (3-x)
2
10) y = logx + 3 (x + x); 12) y = log 3 tg x.
22.2' • 3Hali.n;iTb o6JiaCTb BH3HaqeHH.H <l>YHKa;i1:
1 x
1) y- . 7) y = ;
- lg (x 2 + 1)' lg (4 - x 2 )
1
2) y = lg (1 + sin x); 8) y=lg(9x-x 2 ) - ;
lg (5-x)
3) y=Jlg(l+x 2 ); 9) Y = log 2 _x (8 + 7x - x 2 );
4) y = '1lg sin x; lO) y= (x+5)(2-x);
lg (x 2 +1)
5
5) y=lg(x+8)- ; 11) y = lg sin x.
lg(-x-1)
1
6) y=lg(10x-x 2 ) - ;
lg (8-x)
22.24: 3Hali.n;iTb o6JiaCTb 3HaqeHb <l>YHKn;il:
1) y=log 3 (4+sinx);
2) y =IogJ3 (l-x 2 ).
2
2 2 . 3Hali.n;iTb o6JiaCTh 3HaqeHh <l>YHKn;il:
1) y=log 2 (5+3cosx);
2) y=log 4 (4x-x 2 ).
22.26.· Ilo6y.n;yliTe rpa<PiK <l>YHK:a;il:
Ilogo. x I;
2
1) y =I log~ x I; 3) y =
log 0 , 2 x
20
22. norap111cpMiYHa cpyHK~i5l ra "i'I snacr111socri
21
PiBHHHHH BH,n;y loga x = b, .n;e a> 0, a '#-l, Ha3HBaIOTh uailnpo-
CTiilIHM JIOrapHcl>Mi"IHHM piBHHHHHM.
OcKiJihKH rpa<t>iKH <t>YHKn;ili y = log a x i y = b nepeTHHaIOThCH
B 0,ZJ;HiH TOtm;i (pHC. 23.1), TO HaiinpocTiIIIe JIOrapH<t>MitIHe piBHHHHH
Mae €,ZJ;HHHH KOpiHh npH 6y,n;h-HKOMY b. IJ;eii KopiHh MOJKHa 3HaHTH,
BHKOPHCTOBYIOliH oaHatieHHH JiorapH<t>Ma. MaeMo: x =ab.
y y
0 < a <1
I
b b
y =b
0 o.
a 6
P:ac. 23.1
22
•
23. Jlorap111cpMiYHi piBHHHHH
x =l,
[ x=5,
MaeMo: 3 Bi.n;CH X = 5.
3
x>-.
2
Bionoeiob: 5.
nPMKJlAA Po3B'.amiTh piBHHHH.H log 3 (2x - 1) + log 3 (x - 2) = 3.
p 0 3 e' JI, 3 an n JI,. IlpMpO,n;HO rrepeTBOpHTH n;e piBH.HHH.H TaK:
log3 ((2x - 1) (x - 2)) = 3.
23
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norap111cpMiYHa cpyHKLJ,i'I
(2; +co) ,110 MHOlKHHH (-co; ~) u (2; +co) i CT8.JIO rrpH'lHHOIO TIOHBH
5
CTOpOHHhOro KOpeH.H
2
HacnpaB,n;i piBHHHHH log 3 (2x - 1) + log 3 (x - 2) = 3 piBHOCHJihHe
CHCT€Mi
log 3 ((2x -1) (x - 2)) = 3,
2x-1>0,
x-2>0.
ToMy piBHHHHH npHKJia,n;y 3 MOmHa 6yJio po3B' H3aTH MeTo,n;oM
piBHOCHJihHHX nepexo,n;iB.
nPMKnAA 4 P03B'H.miTh piBH.HHH.H logx216+log2x64=3.
Po 3 e' .fl 3 an n .fl. IIepeli,n;eMo ,n;o norapHcpMiB 3 OCHOBOIO 2:
log 2 16 log 2 64 _
2 + - 3.
log 2 x log 2 2x
OcKiJihKH 3 YMOBH BHITJIHBae, ~o x > 0, TO log 2 x 2 = 2 log 2 x. ,il;aJii
MaeMo:
4 6
---+ =3.
2 log 2 x log 2 2 + log 2 x
2 6
Hexali log 2 x = t, To,n;i oTpHMaeMo - + - - = 3.
t l+t
1
3Bi,n;cH t = 2 a6o t =--. MaeMo:
3
24
23. JlorapV1cpMiYHi piBHHHHH
1
3
BionoBiiJb: 4; 2 •
lg x ~2
Hexali lg x = t. To,n;i (t + 2) t = 2 +
3
t. 3Bi,n;cH [t = -3;2 ,
t =
2
[lg x = - ,
lg x = 3;
x= 10- [x = 0,01,
2
,
[x = 10 x = 1000.
3
;
x>4,
{ log (x-2)+log (x-4)=0.
3 3
25
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norap1t1¢MiYHa ¢YHK~i'i
x >4, x>4,
{ log 3 ((x-2) (x -4)) = O; { (x-2) (x-4) = l;
2 < x < 4,
2 < x < 4, { x=3,
{ x -6x+9=0,
2
x>4, x > 4,
x = 3-v2,
In [: : :·+ F2.
{ x 2 -6x+7 =0;
[ x=3+'12.;
BiiJnoeiiJb: 3; 3 + '12..
x ED (f),
XED(g).
CKop:acTaBIIrnCb D;HM, aarrHIIIeMo cHcTeMy, pi.BHOCHJibHY piBHHHHIO
BionoBiiJb: _!__; 3.
81
nP"1KnAA 10 PoaB'.HJKiTb piBHHHH.H
(1 - 4x
2
+ 4x) log3 (sin 2 nx + 2) = 2.
Po3B'a3anna. MaeMo: (2 - (2x - 1)2 ) log3 (sin 2 nx + 2) = 2.
OlleBH,n;Ho, m;o 2 - (2x - 1) ~ 2, 0 < log3 (sin 2 nx + 2) ~ 1. ToMy
2
27
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapV1cpMiYHa cpyHK4i"I
BiiJnoBiiJb: l
2
BnpaaM ·
0
23.1. Po3B'simiTh piBHHHHH:
28
23. norapvicpMiYHi piBHflHHfl
2 : Po3B'.HmiTh piBH.HHH.H:
1) log6 (9 - x 2 ) = log 6 (1 - 2x);
2) lg (x 2 + 2x - 3) = lg (2x 2 - 2);
3) log 0 •7 (2x 2 - 9x + 4) = 2 log0 •7 (x + 2);
4) 2log 2 (-x) - log 2 (3x + 8) = 1.
23.9: Po3B' .HmiTh piBH.HHH.H:
1) log 5 (25x - 2 • 5x) = 2 log25 15;
2) log-15 (16x - 6) = 2 + log-15 (4 x- 2);
3) X lg 3 - 1 = 2 lg 3 - lg (3x + 1).
23. : Po3B' HmiTh piBH.HHH.H:
1) logs (2 2.r + 2x) = 2 log 9 12;
2) x - lg 5 = x lg 5 + 2 lg 2 - lg (1 + 2.r).
23.11: Po3B'.HmiTh piBH.HHH.H:
1) log 0,5 ( 4 - x) + log 0,5 ( x - 1) = - 1;
2) lg (x - 2) + lg (x - 3) = 1 - lg 5;
3) lg.J5x-4+lg.Jx+l =2+lg0,18;
4) lg (x - 1) + lg (x - 3) = lg (1,5x - 3);
5) log 2 (5 - x) - log 2 (x - 1) = 1 - log 2 (x + 2);
6) 2 log 5 (x + 1) - log5 (x + 9) = log 5 (3x - 1 7).
2 2: Po3B'HmiTh piBH.HHH.H:
1) logs (5 - x) + logs (3 - x) = 1;
2) log0 •6 (x + 2) + log 0 , 6 (6 - x) = log 0 •6 (x + 8);
3) log 2 (2x - 1) - log 2 (x + 2) = 2 - log 2 (x + l);
4) 2 lg (x + 1) - lg (4x - 5) = lg (x - 5).
23.13: Po3B'.HmiTh piBH.HHH.H:
1) logs (5x + 2) + logs (S-:c - 1) = 2 + logs 2;
2) log 2 (2x + 3) + log 2 (5 - 2x) = 4.
2 • Po3B'.HmiTh piBH.HHH.H:
1) logJ3 (2x -3) + logJ3 (2x -1) = 2;
2) lg (3x - 4) + lg (3x - 2) = 1.
23.15: Po3B' .HmiTh piBHHHH.H:
1) log~x-logsx-2=0; 3) log 5 x + logx 5 = 2,5;
2) lg 2 x - 2 lg x 2 + 3 = O; 4) 2log! x+3 Jtog! x-5=0.
6 6
29
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i 11orap1t1tj)MiYHa QJYHKLJ,i'i
1) 2 lg x =1; 4) logx + 1 (x + 3) = 2;
lg (8x-7)
2 .
) log 4 (x +x-2)-1 =O;
2 5) logx _ 2 (2x 2 - llx + 16) = 2.
log 4 (x-1)
3) log x (2x 2 - 1x + 12) = 2;
2 . 8 Po3B'.HmiTb piBH.HHH.H:
l) 2log 2 x =l; 4) log x (x + 6) = 2;
log 2 (3-2x)
2
) log 5 (x -9x+25)-1 =O;
2 5) log 2x - a (3x 2 - 7x + 3) = 2.
lg (x-3)
3) logx _ 1 (x 2 - 5x + 7) = 1;
23.19: Po3B' HJKiTb piBH.HHH.H:
1
1) log2 (x - 5)2 - 2 log2 (x + 2) = 2; 2) - lg x 2 +lg (x + 7) = 1.
2
23.20 • Po3B' .HmiTb piBH.HHH.H:
1
1) -log 2 x 4 + log 2 (x+10) = 3 + log 2 3;
4
1 2
2) -log 6 x +log 6 (5-x)=l.
2
23.21: P03B' .HJKiTb piBH.HHH.H:
1) log! x 3 +4log 3 x-5=0; 5) lg 2 (lOOx) + 2 lg x = 20;
2) lg (10x 2) ·lg x = 1; 2 x
6) log 5 (5x)+log 5 -=3;
25
2 16
3) log 4 x ·log 4 -=2; 7) lg (lg x) + lg (lgx 2 - 1) = O;
x
4) log 2 ( 4x) • log 2 (0,25x) = 5; 8) 2 lg (lg x) =lg (2 lg x + 8).
2 PoaB' HJKiTb piBH.HHH.H:
1) 3 lg 2 x 2 - lg x - 1 = 0;
2) log 3 x 2 ·log 3 ~+4=0;
27 .
2
5) log! (36x)+log 6 ~=8;
216
6) log 5 (log 2 x) + log 5 (log 2 x 3 - 14) = 1.
23.23: Po3B'.s:miTh piBHHHHH:
1) xlog5 x =5;
2) x 1g x + 2 = 1000;
23.24: Po3B'.s:miTh piBHHHHH:
1) xlog3 x = 81; 3) = 256;
xlog2 x - 2
9 x
5
l) {gx_4.3 -Y+27=0, ) {logyx+logxy=:,
4
lg(2y-3x)=lg(4-4x+y); xy= 27 ;
2) x
log 2 y +
y
log 2 x = 16
' 5)
{(X + y) 3y-x = ~'
27
{
log2x-log2y=2; 3log5 (x+y)=x-y;
32
23. Jlorap111¢Mi4Hi pisH~HH~
. . . !£
He Mae p03B 'H3KIB?
33
23.53:· IlpH .HKHX 3Ha'tleHH.HX rrapa.MeTpa a piBH.HHH.H
2 2
IogJax - 6 (2x -3x+2)=2Iogax - 6 (x +2x-4)
Mae e,n;HHHH po3B '.H30K?
23.54 .•• 3Hali,n;iTh 3Ha'tleHH.H rrapaMeTpa a, rrpH .HKHX piBH.HHH.H
(a-l)log~ (x-2)-2(a+l)log 3 (x-2)+a-3=0 Mae KopeHi i Bci
KopeHi MeHmi Bi,n; 3.
23.55.* 3Hali,n;iTh yci 3HatieHH.H x, .HKi rrpH 6y,n;h-.HKOMY a 38.,D;OBOJih-
2
H.HlOTh piBH.HHH.H log x+a 2 + l (a X + 2) = 2 log 7 + 2x (5-.J6-2x ).
23.56. 3HaH,n;iTb yci 3Ha'tleHH.H x, .HKi rrpH 6y,n;h-.HKOMY a 3a,ZJ;OBOJib-
2 3 2 2
H.HIOTh piBH.HHH.H log 2 (a x -5a x + .J6-x) = log 2+ a2 (a-.Jx-1).
y=log 1 x
16
y =(l~r 1
0 x
PHc. 23.3
34
24. Jlorap111cpMiYHi HepiBHOCTi
norapH<l>Mi"IHi HepiBHOCTi
IlpH p03B'H3yBaHHi 6araTbOX JiorapH<t>MilIHHX HepiBHOCTeH 3a-
CTOCOBYIOTb TaKy TeopeMy.
35
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapV1cpMiYHa cpyHKLI/i
MaeMo:
log 2 (x-1) < -~,
4 log 2 (x-1) < log 2 2-~, o< x -1 < 2-~,
[
log 2 (x-1)>1;
[ log (x-1) > log 2;
2
[x-1>2;
2
l<x<l+ 4 ~,
~32
[
x>3.
5
nPMKnA.Q 3 PoaB'H:>KiTh HepiBHiCTh logx3- -logl x>O.
2 3
1 5
Po3B'JL3ann;i. MaeMo: --+log 3 x>O.
log 3 x 2
Hexa:H log 3 x = t. 5
~-
+ t > 0. 3Bi,n;cH
To,n;i
t 2
2
2t -5t+2 0 (2t-l)(t-2) 0
---->. -----> .
2t ' 2t
CKopHcTaBmHch MeTo,n;oM iHTepBa.rriB (pHc. 24.1), oTpHMyeMo:
[ 0<log 3 x<~,
log 3 x>2;
1 <X <J3,
[ x > 9.
36
24. norapV1¢MiYHi HepiBHOCTi
3x-1
x 2 +1
, 3Bi,D;CH 0<3x-1,
x 2 -3x+2>0;
[x>2,
x <1;
-<x<l.
3
<1.
x 2 +1
2)
r>l,
3x-1 3Bi,D;CH
{x>l, {x>l, 1<x<2.
2 > 1. x 2 -3x+2 <0; 1 < x <2;
x +1
Bnp 1-1
0
24.1. Po3B'H)KiTh HepiBHiCTb:
1) log 3 (x+5)<log 3 8;
-7 -7 9 9
2) logs (2x - 3) > logs 7; 4) lg ( 1 + 3x) < lg 16.
. PoaB' H)KiTh HepiBHiCTh:
1) log12 (x - 8) > log 12 3; 3) logs (2-x)<log 8 2;
-
11 11
2) log 16 ( 4x - 6) < log 16 10; 4) log 0 •9 (2x + 1) > log 0 , 9 5.
0
24.3. PoaB'H)KiTh HepiBHiCTb:
1) log 7 x > 2·; 5) log 2 (5x + 1) > 4;
2)log
5 x~-1; 6) log 0 ,6 (x - 2) < 2;
3) log 1 x~5; 7) log 3 (2x - 1) ~ 3;
2
4) log 1 x>1; 8) log 0 •5 (2x + 1) ~ -2.
3
37
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norap111cpMiYHa cpyHK~i'i
24 . PoaB'H:aci.Th HepiBHiCTh:
1) log 1 x < -1; 3) lg x < 5; 5) log 1 (2x-3) ~ -2;
7
3
2) log4 x > 2; 4) log 1 x >-3; 6) log 9 (5x + 6) ~ 2.
6
0
3x-1
2) log 9 (x 2 - 6x + 8) ~ 0,5; 5) log 4 ~ 1;
x-1
2x-1
3) log 0 •5 (x 2 + 3x) ~ -2; 6) log 1 > 1.
2 3x+l
24.9: PoaB' HmiTh HepiBHiCTh:
1) logo.a (x + x - 12) ~ logo.a (6x - 6);
2
2) lg (x 2 - x) ~ lg (3x - 3);
2
3) log 0 ,8 (1 - x ) > log0 ,8 (x 2 + 5x - 2);
4) 2 log2 (2x + 7) ~ 5 + log 2 (x + 2);
5) log3 (x 2 • + 2x - 3) ~ log3 (x + 9);
6) log 1 (2x 2 +3x+1) ~ 2log 1 (1- x).
-7 -
7
38
24. JlorapV'l¢MiYHi HepiBHOCTi
39
24.17: 3HaH,ZJ;iTh MHOJKHHY p03B'H3KiB HepiBHOCTi:
log~(4x)+2log 2 x-11<0;
2
1) 3) lg x+lgx- 6 >0;
lg x
2) log! (27x)+3log 3 x-19>0; 4) 2 log 5 x - logx 5 ~ 1.
2 .18: PoaB'.HJKiTh HepiBHiCTh:
2 · PosB'.amiTb aepiBHiCTb:
1) .J-x 2 +6x-5 log 3 (x-2) ~O;
log~ (x-3)
2) 2 ~ 0.
x -4x-5
24.31. ·· IIo6y,n;yiiTe rpa<PiK HepiBHOCTi log 2 2 x ~ 1.
~
2
41
§ 3. noKa3HV,1KOBa i norap111¢MiYHa ¢YHKU/I
~T n > 1, a H
1 n E 1'1,
lIHCeJI x BH,n;y -, v
,D;JIH BClX lIHCeJI x TaKHX, r.n;o
•
. n
0 < x < 1 (n;eli tPaKT BH 3MOJKeTe ,D;OBeCTH, HaB't.[aIOqHCb y BHID;OMY
HaBliaJibHOMY 3aKJia,n;i).
42
r
25. noxiAHi noKa3HV1Koso'i, norap111cpMiYH0·1ra creneHeso'i cpyHKUiVI
PaaoM a THM
. ex - 1 . e-x - 1 . ex - 1 - x . ex - 1 . -x
1Im = 1im = 1im • e = 1im • 1Im e .
x -+ 0 - X x -+ 0 + -X x-+0 + X x-+0 + X x-+0 +
. ex -1 . ex -1
hm = hm =1.
X -+ 0 - X X-+ 0 + X
TaKHM trHHOM, BHKOHyeTLCH piBHiCTh
lime'-l=0
x-+0 x _:_ j
ll;H piBHiCTb BHpamae O,ZJ;HY 3 6araTbOX 't!Y,ZJ;OBHX BJiaCTHBOCTeH
trHCJia e. 3oKpeMa, BOHa 03Ha'tlae, m;o npH Ma.JIHX 3HatreHH.HX x Mae
Micn;e Ha6JIHmeHa piBHiCTb ex ~ 1 + X.
TeopeMa 25 . . c:PyKKq,ia f (x) =ex e outJ>epeKq,iu08K010, i ii
noxioKy MO:JICKa 0611,ucnumu 3a tJ>opMyno10 (e·~)' = ex.
XO + tu: XO tu: 1
TT oeeve
M ;:i
n na. M aeMo f' (x 0) = i·I m e --- - e- = 1·Im e x 0 • e • - =
tu: -+ o !lx tu: -+ o ~x
I (a")' = a" In a I
Po3rJIHHeMo JiorapHcpMiqHy cpyHKn;iro f (x) =loga x. 06epHeHa ,n;o
Hel cpyHKD;i.H g (x) =ax e ,n;HcpepeHI.rj.HOBHOIO Ha R, rrpHT:[OMY g' (x)-::/= 0
,ZJ;JIH BCiX x E R. :r(e 03Haqae, m;o ,n;o rpacpiKa cpyHKD;ll g B KOmHiH
TO'tln;i MOmHa rrpoBeCTH HeropH30HTaJibHY ,n;OTHT:[HY. ToMy i ,n;o rpa-
cpiKa cpyHKII;il f y KOmHiH Toqn;i MOmHa rrpoBeCTH HeBepTHKaJibHY
,ZJ;OTH't!HY (pHC. 25.1). 0Tme, JIOrapMcpMiqHa cpyHKD;iH f (x) = loga x
e ,n;HcpepeH:u;iHOBHOIO.
3Hali,n;eMO cpopMyJiy ,ZJ;JIH 06°'1HCJieHHH rroxi,n;HOI JiorapHcpMiqHol
cpyHKD;iL
10
,IJ;JIH 6y,n;b-HKOI'O x > 0 BHKOHyeTbCH piBHiCTb a g" x = x. 3Hali,n;eMO
rroxi,n;Hy JiiBOl i rrpaBOl tiaCTHH OCTaHHbOl piBHOCTi.
O<a<l
y
;
;
;
, ;
;
, ;
;
, ;
;
;
;
, ;
PHC. 25.1
MaeMo
(alog x)' =(x)';
11
44
25. noxiAHi noKa3HvtKoso·i, norapvicpMiYHo'i ra creneHeso·i cpyHKu,iil!
45
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norapvi¢MiYHa ¢YHKU.i'I
1 25.2
f' (x) = (x)' ·In x +(In x)' · x = ln x +- · x = ln x + 1. PHC.
x
,ZJ;ocJii,n;HMO 3HaK f' Ha D (f) = (0; +oo).
MaeMo: f' (x) > 0 npH ln x > -1. 3ni,n;cH x > !. AHaJiori'tlHO 3Ha-
e
1
XO,D;HMO, ~o f, (x) <0 IIPH 0 < x < -.
e ~
0TpHMY€MO, ~o <l>YHKD;i.H f 3pOCTae Ha npoMim- . 0 - _!
25.3
(pHC. 25.3).
3) MaeMo:
1 3 lg 2 x 3
f'(x)=3lg 2 x·(lgx)'-3· = -
xlnlO xlnlO xlnlO
2
3 (lg x-1) 3 (lg x-1) (lg x + 1)
x In 10 x ln 10
46
HOl <l>YHKrtil f Ha D (f) = (O; +oo) (pHc. 25.4),
~ ~
.ZJ;OXO.ZJ;HMO BHCHOBKY' Ill,O <l>YHKll,i.H f 3pOCTae
~
1~]
10
aa 1wma0My 3 npoMllitKill ( O; i [10; + oo),
PHc. 25.4
x mm. = 10 . •
47
§ 3. noKa3HV1KOBa i norap1t1cpMiYHa cpyHK[.\i"I
Xi + X2 +. •. + Xn 2: nf 2: 0' 2: 0' 2: 0•
n :r -\f X1X2 ... Xn' ,n;e Xl :r X2 :r ••. , Xn :r
.
3Bl,ll;CH
I n (Xi + X2 +
n
... + xn ) 2: 1
:r n In (x 1x 2... xn),.
n x 1 x 2.•. xn )~.,
2: I (
I n ( X1 + X2 + ... + Xn) :r
n
X1 + Xz + '·' + Xn 2:
- - - - - - :r -\!nfX1 Xz ••• xn • •
n
Y II,bOMY IIYHKTi BH ,n;i3HaJIHCH, ~O eKCIIOHeHTa f (x) =ex 3a,D;O-
BOJihH.H€ piBH.HHH.H
f' (x) = f (x), x E JR.
IJ;e piBH.HHH.H MOJKHa BHKOpHCTaTH ,ll;Jl.H 03HaqeHH.H eKCilOHeHTH.
,I(oBe,n;eMO, ~O f (x) =ex - €,ll;HHa <l>YHKII,i.H, HKa 3a,D;OBOJibH.H€ ,ll;Bl
YMOBH:
. 1) f (x) = f (x) ,ll;Jl.H BCiX x E JR;
2) f (0) = 1.
1
Po3B'SI3aHHSI ~boro npHKJIMY cni-rpaeThCSI Ha MaTepian poanoB~i «He-
piBHiCTh 8HCeHa» (t:faCTHHa 1 ~horo ni,n;pyqHRKa, c. 178). 3 iHillHM cnoco6oM
,ll;OBe,n;eHHSI ~ie:l aepiBHOCTi BH 03HaHOMHJiliCSI B 9 KJiaci (,n;RB. «Arrre6pa-9»'
c. 228).
48
Cnpa.B,n;i, .HK~O po3rJI.HHyrH .n;onoMijKHY cpyHKu;iro g (x) = e-x f (x),
TO
g' (x) = e-x. f' (x)- e-x f (x) = e-x (f' (x)- f (x)) = 0
p;JI.H Bcix x E IR.
0TjKe, g (x) = C ,n;n.H Bcix x E IR, .n;e C - ,n;e.HKa CTana. TaKHM
tIMHOM, ,n;oBe,n;eHO, ~o f (x) = g (x) ex= Cex. OcKiJibKM <l>YHKD;i.H f 3a-
,ll;OBOJibH.He YMOBY f (0) = 1, TO C = 1.
BnpaeM
0
25 .1. 3Hali,n;iTb noxi,n;Hy cpyHKD;il:
1) y = x J5; 4) y = ex sin x; 10) Y =Xe • 3x;
ex 2x -3
2) y = e5x; 5) y = --; 11) y = ;
x-2 2x +1
9)y=7 2x - 3
; 12)y=0,3tgx.
25. 3Ha.H,n;iTb rroxi,n;Hy cpyHKn;il:
1) y=xn; 4) y=x+l;
ex
3)y=excosx; 6)y=(2x+l)Jlo;
0
25.3. 3Hali,n;iTh noxi,n;Hy cpyHKa;il:
1) y = log 9 x; 4) y = ln 2 x; 7) y = log0 , 2 (2x2 +x - ·4);
2) y = In 2x; 5) y = ln sin x; 8) y =In (xJ5 -1);
50
25. noxi,o.Hi noKa3Hll1Koso'I, norap111cpMiYHo'I ra creneHeso'I cpyHK~iiil
1) y = ex - e-x ; 2) y = ln x; 3) y =ex.
x x
25.18 .• 3Hali,n;iTb rrpoMiJKKH OIIYKJIOCTi Ta TO"t!KH rreperHHY cpyHKn;il:
x x
l)y=ex+e-x; 2) y=~; 3) y=-.
e ln x
25.19:· ,n;ocJii.n;iTb cpyHKn;iro i rro6y.n;yliTe 11 rpacpiK:
2 2
1) f (x) = xex; 3) f (x) = e- x ; 5) f (x) = ln (9 - x ).
x
2) f(x)=xe 2
; 4) f (x) = x 2 - 2 ln x;
25.20: ,IJ;ocJii.n;iTb cpyHKn;iro i no6y,n;yii:Te 11 rpacpiK:
x2
x
1) f (x) =~; 2) f(x)=xe 2
; 3) f (x) = log 2 (x 2 + x).
e
25.21:· ,r:t;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHOCTi - - < ln (1 +
n+l n n
1
.!.) < .!..
25.22:· ,r:t;oBe,n;iTb, ~o rrpH x > 0 BHKOHYIOTbC.H HepiBHOCTi
x- 1
- - < lnx<x-1.
x
51
§ 3. noKa3Hi.-1KOBa i norap1.-1cpMiYHa cpyHK~i'i
I
52
25. noxiAHi noKa3H"1Koso"i, norap111cpMiYHo'I ra creneHeso'I cpyHKu,iLit
53
§ 3. noKa3HVIKOBa i norap111cpMiYHa cpyHK~i"I
54
BeJIHKoro 3Ha"tfeHH.H Ha,n;aBaB M. IT. KpaB"tfyK po6oTi 3 MOJio,n;,n;ro,
30KpeMa, aa lioro iHin;iaTHBOIO B 1935 pon;i 6yJia rrpoBe,n;eHa rrepma
KHlBCbKa MaTeMaTXNHa oJiiMrria,n;a ,n;JIH mKOJIHpiB. Crrpo6yliTe CB01
CHJIH y p03B '.H3aHHi aa,n;aq n;ie1 OJiiMrria,n;H.
3aB,ZJ;3HHH
nepmoi KuiBCLKoi MaTeMaTH'lllloi oJiiMnia,n;u (1935 p.)
3 3 2 3
. b -a b-b c+ca r, 1
1. 06'tlHCJI1Tb 3Ha'tleHHH BHpa3y 2 + "\/d rrpH a=--,
(b-c) 2
b=0,19, c=0,18, d=0,04.
2 • P 03B , HJfU.Tb PlBHHHHH
. 4 x -Jx - 9 - 2075 /n2
2 2
' = "\/ ~.
x+y=4,
3. PoaB'HmiTh cHcTeMy piBHHHb { 2 2 3 3
(x +y.)(x +y)=280.
4. ,I(o,n;aTHi qHcJia ul' U2' ••• ' Un YTBOpIOIOTb apHcpMeTXNHY rrpo-
rpeciro. ,I(oBe,n;iTb, rn;o
1 1 1 n-1
r. r.+ r. r.+ ... + c:- r.= r. r.·
"ul + vu2 -vu2 + "U3 '\/un - 1 +"\/Un -vu1 + "\/un
5. Hexa.H a i b - KaTeTH rrpHMOKYTHOro TPHKYTHHKa, c - lioro
rirroTeHyaa. ,I(oBe,n;iTb, rn;o
logc +ba+ logc - ba= 2 logc +ba· logc - ba.
6. lipH HKHX 3HaqeHHHX a, b, c MHOrO'tlJieH x 4 + ax 2 +bx+ c Ha-
3
n;ino ,n;iJIHTbCH Ha (x-1) ?
55
IHTEIPAn
TA Llloro
3ACTOCYBAHH~
56
26. nepsicHa
J3x dx = x
2 3
+ C.
5
nPl.'11<.nAJl 1 3Ha.H,n;iTh 3araJibHHH BHrJIH,n; rrepBiCHMX <l>YHKu;il f (x) = x •
1
0Tme, <PYHKD;iH y = ln x e rrepBiCHOIO <PYHKD;il f (x) = - Ha rrpo-
x
MimKy (O; +oo), a <PYHKlVH y =In (-x) e rrepBiCHOIO <l>YHKD;il f (x) = .!
x
Ha rrpoMimKy (-oo; 0).
In x, .aKm;o x E (O; +oo ),
OcKiJihKH In I x I= { In ·
(-x), HKID;O x E (-oo; 0),
TO Ha 6y,n;h-HKOMY
k (cTana) kx
'
xa+l
xa, a ":t= -1 --
a+l
1
- in Ix I
x
~ _!!:_ !J Xn +1
n+l -
59
§ 4. IHTerpan Ta iiloro 3aCTocysaHHH
1
2 tg x
cos x
1
. 2
-ctg x
Slll X
ex ex
ax
aX, a>O, a :;t 1 --
Ina
1
arcsin x
.J1-x 2
1
2
arctg x
l+x
(l +1
~-~--n-~xn
- - +l '
_!_+l n+l n+l
n n
60
26. nepsicHa
Bnpae1-1
0
3
3) F ( x) = 5 - 3 .Jx, f (x) = - 1
, I = ( 0; +oo);
2vx
x x
rrpoMimKy:
1) (O; +oo); 2) (-2; 2); 3) (-oo; O]; 4) (-6; O)?
3Ha:li~i Tb 3araJlbHHH BHrJIH~ rrepBiCHHX cpyHKD;il:
0
26.4.
1) f (x) = 5; 5) f (x) = ~ Ha rrpoMimKy (-oo; O);
x
2) f (x) = x; 6) f (x)=.Jx Ha rrpoMimKy [1; +oo);
3) f (x) = x 6 ; 7) f (x) = ~ Ha rrpoMimKy (-oo; -3);
4) f (x) = 2x; ~) f (x) = x - 5 Ha rrpoMimKy (O; +oo).
26.5. 3Hali~iTb 3araJibHHH BHrJIH~ rrepBiCHHX cpyHKD;il:
0
61
§ 4. IHrerpan ra iiloro 3acrocysaHHH
2) f(x)= \ ,
cos x 2 2
l=(-7t;7t), F(7t)=ai3;
3
1 3
3) f (x)=-, I= (-oo; 0), F (-e) = 7;
x
62
26. nepsicHa
y y y
x 0 x 7'10 x
a 6 8
PHC. 26.2
y y
0 x
a 6 8 z
PHC. 26.3
63
§ 4. IHrerpan ra iitoro 3acrocysaHH5l
26.19:· 3
f (x)=
26.21:· BH3HatieHa Ha JR i
HenapHa Q>yHKn;iH Mae nepBicHy. ,l(oBe,n;iTh,
m;o n;H nepBicHa e napHoro Q>yHKn;iero.
26.23. ••
BH3Ha'tleHa Ha JR i rrepio,n;H't!Ha a rrepio,n;oM T cpyHKD;iH f Mae
nepBicHy. Bac:aJib 3arr.JIYTaHKO MipKye TaK:
• •
Haxo eHHR nepBICHOI
64
27. npas111na 3HaXOA>KeHHH nepsiCHO.l
ft(kx+b)dx= ~ F(kx+b)+C,
,ll,e C - ,n;oBiJihHe qncJio.
f (x) = Fx +.:;x
Ha rrpoMimKy (O; +co).
1
1 -+ 1
x2
Po 3 e'.fl a an n .fl. OcKiJil>Kn Fx = x 2 , To cpyHKn;i.a y=-1-, T06TO
- +1
2
2
cpyHKII;i.H y = J;3, e nepBiCHOIO ,ll,JI.H cpyHK:a;i1 y =Fx Ha npoMim-
3
Ky (Q; +co).
65
§ 4. IHrerpan ra V!oro 3acrocysaHHfl
- 2 +1
1
OcKirrhKH = x -2 , TO <PYHKD;i.H y = x , To6To Q?ym<u;i.H y = _ _!_,
x2 -2+ 1 x
y=
2
J;3 - ~ e rrepBiCHOIO aa,n;aHo! B yMoBi <PYHKD;il f Ha rrpoMim-
3 x .
Ky (O; +oo). To,n;i aarrHc
2
-~+C, ,n;e C - ,n;oBiJihHe "t[HCJIO, e sa-
R
3 x
raJibHHM BHrJIH,l.l;OM rrepBiCHHX tPYHKD;ll f Ha rrpoMiJKKY (O; +oo) • •
PoaB' .HaaHH.H rrpHKJia,n;y 1 MOJKHa sarrHcaTH if TaK:
l
;+ l - 2+1 2 2
=-x-+2· x +C=-R--+c,
1 1 -2+1 3 x
- +
2
,n;e c- ,l.l;OBiJibHe "CIHCJIO.
T06To <PYHKD;iH y =..!:.sin (2x + 1), € rrepBiCH.OIO <PYHKD;il y =cos (2x + 1).
2
1
2) OcKi.rrhKH 3
= x -3 , To Ha 6y,n;h-.HKOMY rrpoMimKy, .HKHH He Mic-
x
1 - 3 +1
THTb TO"CJKY 0, rrepBiCHOIO <PYHKD;il f (x) = 3 e tPYHKII;i.H F (x) = x '
x -3+1
T06To F ( x) = -~.
2x
To,n;i Ha rrpoMiJKKY (
3
5
; +ooJ rrepBicHa <PYHKD;il
1
=- ln (3-4x) + c, ,n;e c- ,n;e.HKe 'CJHCJIO. 3 YMOBH BHilJIHBae, m;o
4
67
§ 4. IHTerpan ra iitoro 3acrocysaHHH
Bnp BM
1 3
9) f (x) =-+- Ha rrpoMimKy (-oo; O);
xa x4
68
27. npaBV1na 3HaXOA>KeHH~ nepBiCHO.i
a) ,(x)=(6x+ ~f
4) f(x)=(;-2)\
. 1
5) f(x)=~;
e
6) f (x) = 73x;
7) f (x) =.!:.sin (x -
3 3
nJ;
4
1 7tJ
8) f (x) = 2
•
Ha npOMDKKY ( 7t ; 6 ;
- 6
cos 3x
8
9) f (x) = Ha rrpoMi»tKY ( O; :}
sin 2 4x
1
10) f (x) = .J
2x-1
Ha npoMi»tKY (.!:.;
2
+ooJ;
11) f (x)=.Jx+4 Ha npoMimKy [-4; +oo);
6 2
12) f (x) =
3x+2
Ha npoMimKy (- ;
3
+ooJ;
13) f (x) =
(4x-3)
4
2
Ha npoMimKy (-oo; 43 J;
14) f (x) =Ji-; Ha npoMimKy (-oo; 2].
1) f (x) = sin x ;
4
2) f (x)=2cos(;-x}
5-~
2
3) f(x)=e ;
1
4) f (x) = ;
23 x+ 5
5
5) f (x) = (2x - 3) ;
69
§ 4. IHTerpan ra iiloro 3aaocysaHHH
3
6) f (x) = ( ") Ha rrpoMiJKKY (-:; "}
2 8
cos 2x- -
4
7) f (x) =
3
(3x-1) 3
Ha rrpoMimKy
3
+oo); (!;
1
8) f (x) = -- Ha rrpoMimKy (-oo; 3);
3-x
1
9) f (x) = Ha rrpoMimKy (O; 5rc);
. 2 x
Slil -
5
1 . x 1 x
3) f (x)=-s1n-+-cos-, I= (-oo; +oo), F (re)= 7;
3 3 2 2
7) f (x) =
3
.../6x+l
, I = (-!; 6
+oo) , F (4) = 7;
3
8) f (x) = e X, I= (-oo; +oo), F (0) = 1;
9) f (x) = (2 - 3x) 2 , I= (-oo; +oo), F (1) = O;
10) f (x)= (
4 . ( 7t
)' I= - - ; - , F(x)= - - .
7t) 2 .J3
cos
2 7t
6 x -- 18 9 9
6
27.6 ,l.J;JIH cpyHKn;il f Ha rrpoMimKy I 3HaH'AiTh rrepBicHy F, rpacpiK
HKOI rrpoxo'AHTh qepea 'AaHY ToqKy:
1) f (x) = 3 - 6x, I= (-oo; +oo), A (-1; O);
2) f (x) = 4x 3 - 6x 2 + 1, I= (-oo; +oo), B (1; 5);
1
3) f (x)=2x- .[;' I= (O; +oo), C (4; 10);
70
27. npasV1na 3HaXOA)KeHHfl nepsiCHO.i
1
8) f (x) = , I = (O; 8n), N (2n; -3) .
. 2 x
Slil -
8
27. 7. • ,Il;JuI cpyHKIJ;i:i f (x) = 4x 3 + 4x 3Hali,n;iTb nepBicHy F, o,n;HH 3 HY-
JiiB HKOl ,n;opiBHIOe -1. 3Hali,n;iTh pemTy HyJiiB n;ie1 nepBiCHOl.
27 .8. • ,Il;JIH cpyHKn;il f (x) = x 2 - 12 3Hali,n;iTh nepBicHy F, o,n;HH 3 HYJiiB
HKOl ,n;opiBHIOe 3.
27.9: <l>YHKWI F 1 i F 2 e nepBiCHHMH cpyHKn;il f Ha npoMimKy (-oo; +oo).
fpacpiK <}>yHKn;il F 1 npoxo,n;HTh 11epe3 To11Ky A, a <l>YHKn;il F 2 -
Tiepe3 T011Ky B. fpa<}>iK HKo1 3 cpyHKn;ili, F 1 a6o F 2 , po3TamOBaHHH
BHm;e, HKm;o:
1) f (x) = 5x4 - 3x 2 - 2, A (l; 2), B (O; 5);
2) f (x) = (2x - 1)2 , A (2; 6), B (-1; l)?
1
27.10.' <l>yHKIIil F 1 i F 2 e nepsicmtMH 4>YHKI:\ii f (x) = '1 Ha npo-
5x -1
Mi:amy ( ~; +oo). fpa4JiK 4>YHKIIil F 1 npox 0/1HTh <re pea TO<r -
71
§ 4. IHrerpan ra illoro 3acrocysaHH~
1) Jcos 2
2x dx; 2) Jcos x cos Bx dx.
27 .17 ... 3HaHAiTb Ha rrpoMiJKKy (1; +oo) 3araJibHHH BHrJI.HA. rrepBiCHHX
tPYHR:a;il:
3
1) f (x) = / ; 2) f (x) = x + x + 1 .
x -1 x-1
27.1 .. 3HaHAiTb Ha rrpoMiJKKY (-oo; -3) 3araJibHHH BHrJI.HA rrepBiCHHX
cpyaRn;il:
3 2
1) f (x) = 21 ; 2) f (x) = x + 2x + 6 .
x +3x 3+x
21.19:· 3HaHAiTb 3araJibHHH BHrJI.HA rrepBiCHHX cpyHK:a;il y = tg 2 x Ha
•
rrpOMlJKKY ( - 1t ;
2
21tJ .
7 0 . 3HaHAi Tb 3araJibHHH BHrJI.HA rrepBiCHHX cpyHRD;il y =ctg 2 x
Ha rrpoMiJKRY (0; n).
2
21.21:· ,lJ;JI.H cpyHR:a;il f (x) = 2x + 3x 3HaHAiTb TaRy nepBiCHy, m;o
np.HMa y = 5x - 2 € AOTHtfHOIO AO 11 rpafPiKa.
2
27. ,lJ;JI.H cpyHR:a;il f (x) = x - 4 3HaHAiTb TaKy rrepBicHy, m;o
'rrp.aMa y = -3 € AOTHtfHOIO AO 11 rpacpiRa.
72
·28. nnow,a KplllBOniHiil!Ho·1rpaneu,iL Blll3HaYeHlllill iHTerpan
n I'(.
y y y
0 a b x 0 a b x 0 x
PHC. 28.1
73
§ 4. IHrerpan ra il!oro 3acrocysaHHH
y y
A B
0 a x bx 0 a X0 t X 0 +~XX
74
28. nnow,a Kp111soniHiiliH0·1rpaneu,i'I. Bvt3HaYeHvti71 iHrerpan
Y f (x) = 4x - x 2
y
1t 7t x
/ 0 3 2
PHc. 28.5 PHc. 28.6
nPVIKJ1 A
3HaH,D;iTb IIJIOID;y s cpirypH, o6MemeHOl rpacpiKOM cpyHK-
2
u;il f (x) = 4x - x i IIPHMOIO y = 0.
Po 3 8' Ji 3 an n Ji. I'pacpiK cpynKn;il f nepeTHHae 11pHMY y = 0 y TO't!-
Rax X1=0 i X2 = 4 (pHC. 28.6). To,n;i Q;>irypa, IIJiom;y HKOl Tpe6a
3HaHTH, e KPHBOJiiHiHHOIO Tpaneu;iero, HKa o6MemeHa rpaQ;>iKOM
cl>YHKII;il f i IIpHMHMH y = 0, X = 0, X = 4.
75
§ 4. IHrerpan ra illoro 3ckrocysaHHs:J
ff (x) dx (qHTaIOTb: «iHTerpa.rr Bi,n; a .n;o b e<P Bi,n; iKC .n;e iKC» ). 0Tme,
a
b
Jf (x) dx
a
= F (b)-F (a) (1)
fax dx=F(b)-F(a)=b 3 -a 3 •
2
a
3ayBamHMo, m;o 3HaqeHHH pi3Hl'l:a;i F (b)-F (a) He aanemHTb
Bi,!\ Toro, HKY caMe rrepBicHy <PYHKa;ii f o6paHo. CrrpM,n;i, KO:>RHY
rrepBicHy G <PYHKI.J;il f Ha rrpoMimKy I MO:>RHa rro,[\aTH y BHrJIH,L\i
G (x) = F (x) + C, ,[\e C - ,[\eHKa cTaJia. To,n;i
G (b)-G (a)= (F (b)+C)-(F (a) +C) = F (b)-F (a).
IIi.n; qac ,n;oBe,[\eHHH TeopeMH 28.1 BCTaHOBJieHo, m;o <PYHKI.J;iH
y = s (x) (pHC. 28.2) e rrepBiCHOIO HerrepepBHOl Ha Bi,n;pi3Ky <PYHKD;ll f,
HKa Ha6yBae Ha HbOMY JIHme HeBi,n;' eMHHX 3HaqeHb. IJ;e TBep,n;meHHH
iJirocTpye Toli <PaKT, m;o KO]ICna nenepepBna na BiopiaKy <jJynKq.i.R .Mae
nepBicny na q.bo.My BiopiaKy. Y cBoro qepry :u;e oaHaqae, r:u;o ,n;JIH
KO:>RHOl HenepepBHOl Ha Bi,n;piaKy [a; b] <PYHK:u;il icHye BH3HaqeHHH
b
76
28. nno~a KpvrnoniHiii1Ho·1rpaneu,i'i. Bvt3HaYeHvtii1 iHTerpan
6
iHTerpa.JI fcos x dx. MaeMo:
0
7t
6 It
. x
fcos x d x = sin 16 = sin
. -7t - •
sin 0 = -1 .
0
0 6 2
.HKu~o cpyHKD;iH f
Mae rrepBicHy F Ha Bi,n;pi3KY [a; b] i c E (a; b),
TO 3 cpopMyJIH HhIOTOHa-Jleli6Hin;a BHIIJIHBae TaKa BJiaCTHBiCTh BH-
3HaCieHoro iHTerpa.rra:
b c b
a
Jf (x) dx =ft (x) dx +ff (x) dx.
a c
CrrpaB,n;i,
b
77
§ 4. IHrerpan ra ~oro 3acrocysaHH~
S= ft (x)dx
a
y y y = f(x) + c0
0 x
y = g(x)
78
28. nno~a Kp111so11iHill1Ho'I rpaneu,i"I. 81t13HaYeH111!11 iHTerpa11
..... .....
s,,
______
I
•Y = g(x) +co'
I
a b a b
0 x 0 x
a 6
P:ac. 28.9
2 2 2 2
=( / + 4 . 3 -6 . 3)-( - / +4 ·1 - 6 · 1) = : . •
79·
§ 4. IHrerpan Ta 171oro 3acrocysaHH~
BnpaaM
28.1. 3Hali,n;iTh ITJIO~Y KpHBOJiiHiHHOl Tpane:u;il, 306pameHOl Ha
0
pHCYHKY 28.11.
y
y = x2
0 1 x
0 1 2 x
(
a 6
y
0
6 3 2
-1 0 1 x
8
0 4 x -3-2 0 x
r j)
y
1
Y=2
x
0 .11 x
-2 2
e e
PRC. 28.11
80
28. nnoli.\a Kp111soniHiii1Ho'I rpaneuJi. B1t13HaYeH1t1ii1 iHTerpan
Y y = sinx
a 6
y = -2x-x 2 Y
0 1 2 x
8
y
y
1
y= x4
y=-
xa
0 1 3 x
0 1 e x
()
PHc. 28.12
0
28.3. 06T.J:MCJiiTh:
7 2 100
1) fx dx; 4) fx 4
dx; 7) f dx;
5 -1 16 J;
8
-1t ea
3
2) fdx; 5) fsin x dx; 8) fdx;
2 x
3 0 e
1t
-
0 3 10
dx
3) fx 2
dx; 6)
It
f
cos 2 x '
. 9) fd~;
1x
-3 -
4
81
§ 4. IHrerpan ra i71oro 3acrocysaHHH
1C
3 -2
f3x dx;
2
10)
-2
12) J(2x+4)dx;
-4
14) fC4 sin x + 2 cos x) dx.
0
8 6
11) f~ dx; 13) fC3x 2 -x) dx;
1 0
0
28.4. QfrqHcJiiTh:
-7t
1)
-2
J2dx; 4) j dx . 7) J dx;
-4 n sin x ' 2
1 x
-4
2)
2
Jx 3
dx; 5) Jdx.
3
4' 8)
9
J.fx" dx;
1 1 x 4
7t
-
2 4 1
3) Jcos x dx; 6) Jex dx; 9) fC1-5x )dx.
4
0 0 -1
1) y = x 2 - 1, y = 0, x = 2;
2) y = -x 2 - 4x, y = 0, x = -3, x = -1;
8
3) y = --, y = 0, x = - 4, x = -2;
x
82
r
28. nnow,a Kp1t1soniHiLiiH0°l rpaneu,i'I. BV13HaYeHV1Lii iHTerpan
1 y
4) y- y = 0, x = -1, x = 1;
- (x+2) 2 '
5) y ='1x+4, y ~ 0, x = -3, x = 5;
6) y=GJ-1, y=O, x=-2, x=-4.
~o KpHBOJiiHiliHi Tpane:a;il,
0
28. 7. ,I:(oBe,u;i Tb,
3a<t>ap60BaHi Ha pHCYHKY 28.13, piBHO~e
PHc. 28.13
JIHKi.
0
28.8. 06"l!HCJiiTb:
3 1
dx
1) J<4x -4x+3) dx;
1
3
7
) J3-2x;
-1
3it
x
2) Jcos-dx;
2
lt 3
-2
lt
3)
J 3 dx
3
2
.
'
n sin 2x
-6
1 0 x
4) J(x-3) 2
dx; 10) Je-6 dx;
-2 -6
1
1 2
dx
5) J<5x-3) dx;
5
11) f .
.!
_
1
(4x+1) 3 '
5
J dx 12) 116~
6
6) ; Jax-2dx.
2 '13x-2 -24 4
0
28.9. 06't!HCJiiTb:
J(2x -1)
0
4
dx; 1
3
I
> 3x+l;
dx
7
41t 7 6
2)
4it
-
3
Jsin x4 dx; 5
) J '1ax +4;
dx
8
) ! dx
(6x - 5) 2 ;
ln4 4
3
) f
n dx
2(X 7t); 6) Je- 2
x dx; 9) J'17x-3 dx.
0 cos 2- 3 ln3 1
83
§ 4. IHTerpan ra Lltoro 3aaocysaHHH
84
28. nnow.a KpV1BOniHi~H0°l Tpaneu,i'I. BV13HaYeHV1~ iHTerpan
2) J 0, 2x dx > ln0,2
a 19
, ,n;e a > log
·
02
6?
log 0 ,2 6
12 2
1) ftg 2
3x dx; 3) Jcos 3x cos x dx;
0
0
f ex :xe
0 2 x 3
2) f 2sin 2
x dx· 4) x
dx.
- Tt
4 ' 1
1)
5n
f ctg
4
2
x
-dx;
5
3) f sin 7x cos 3x dx;
It
-4 2
It
2 -1
x 2 -e x
2) fcos
It
2
2x dx; 4)
f
_
2
x 2e
x dx.
2
28.22: 3HaH,D;iTh nnorn;y cpirypM, o6MemeHOl JiiHiHMH:
1) y = x2 - 3x - 4, y = 0, x = 0, x = 3;
2) y = - x 2 , y = x - 2;
3) y = x 2 - 4, y = 4 - x 2 ;
4) y = x 2 - 2x, y = x;
27t
5) y = 3sin x, y = -2sin x, x = 0, x = -;
3
4
6) y = - -2, y = 2, x = 2, x = 4.
x
85
§ 4. IHTerpan ra ~oro 3aCTocysaHHf!
x:::::: -2, x = O;
y = 0.
86
28. nno~a Kp1-10oniHiVIHo·i rpaneu,i'i. B1t13HaYeH1t1ill iHrerpan
1) J.J1-x dx;
2
3) f.Jsx-x dx; 2
5) JI x Idx;
-1 4 -4
0 1 5
2) 2
f .J9 - x dx; 4) J.J5-4x-x dx;
2
6) fI x - 21 dx.
-3 -5 0
28.36. •• 06'CIHCJiiTb:
5 5
1) J.J25 - x 2
dx; 3) J.J6x-x 2 -5 dx;
-5 1
2../3 2
2) J.J12- x 2
dx; 4) JI x+l ldx.
-2
0
2 ~
28.37:· 3Hali,n;iTb
-2
f 2~ +-l1 dx.
2
x
1
87
§ 4. IHrerpan ra Vloro 3acrocysaHH~
J
S = l (x) dx. (1)
a
y y=f(x)
f(x 0 f'- ---
l (x0)
y= (x)
g(xo)
y=g(x)
0 x
0 x
PHc. 29.1 PHC. 29.2
88
29. 06'11t1cneHHH o6'E:MiB Tin
V= JS(x)dx (2)
a
PRC. 29.3
11.10 <POPMYJIY MOJKHa ,D;OBeCTH, BHKOpHCTO-
BYIO"t!H i,n;e10 ,D;OBe,n;eHHH TeopeMH 28.1.
IloKameMO, HK 3a ,D;OIIOMOrOIO OTpHMaHOl <}>opMyJIH BHBeCTH cpop-
MYJIY 06' eMy rri paMi,n;H.
Hexa:H: ,n;aHo rripaMi,n;y 3 BHCOTOIO OM, piBHOIO h, i ocHOBOIO, nJio-
m;a HKOl ,n;opiBHIOe s (pHC. 29.4). ,IJ;oBe,n;eMO, m;o o6'eM nipaMi,D;H
A
PHC. 29.4 PHc. 29.5
89
§ 4. IHrerpan Ta V!oro 3aaocysaHH5t
y
y A
y
A
0 1 x
P:ac. 29.6 PHc. 29. 7 Pnc. 29.8
ToMy
i 1 (xs 2xa ) i
V =JS (x)dx= f n(x 4 +2x 2 +l)dx=n -+-+x
0 0 5 3 0
=1t (! + +1J =
5
2
3
287t .
15
90
«Po3yMOM BiH nepesepWV1B piA IllOACbKV1 Vt»
V =1t ff
a
2
(x) dx
1) y=~cosx, y = 0,
1t
X= - -, X -
- - ·'
7t
3) y=rx, y = 1, x :::; 2.
4 4
2) y = x - x 2 , y = 0;
91
§ 4. IHrerpan ra il!oro 3aaocysaHH5l
IcaaK HhIOTOH
r OTcppi,n; Bi.JrbreJibM
Jleli6HiD;
(1643- 1727)
(1646-1716)
• 92
«P03YMOM BiH nepesepWV1B pi,o. mo,o.CbKl.-1~»
93
§ 4. IHrerpan ra il!oro 3aaocysaHHH
---£--- ---
. . ~ -.. y--~
(pHc. 29.12). KomHa BepTHKaJihHa rrp.aMa
rrepeTHHae o6H,n;Bi cpirypH IIO Bi,n;pi3Kax
D - o,n;HHH't:IH01 ,n;oBmHHH. To,n;i a rrpHHD;Hrry
KaBaJihepi BHIIJIHBae, ~o rr;rom;a «KpHBO-
JiiHiiiHoro 't:IOTHPHKYTHHKa» ABCD ,n;opiB-
1 x
HIOe IIJIO~i O,ZJ;HHH't:IHOro KBa,n;paTa, T06TO
O,ZJ;HHHD;i.
IIpocropoBHli aHa.rror rrp:mm;mry KaBaJihe-
PRC. 29.12 pi ,ZJ;03BOJIH€ o6't:IHCJIHTH, HarrpHKJia,n;, o6'eM
rriBKyJii qepe3 o6'eMH D;HJiiH,n;pa i KOHyca.
Ha pHcyHKY 29.13 ao6pameHo rriBKyn10 pa,n;iyca R i D;HJiiH,n;p,
3 HKOro «BHPiaaHO» KOHyc. Pa,n;iycH OCHOB, a TaKOm BHCOTH D;HJiiH,n;pa
i KoHyca ,n;opiBHIOIOTh R. MomHa rroKaaaTH (apo6iTh u;e caMocTlliHo),
m;o KomHa ropH30HTaJihHa IIJIO~HHa rrepeTHHae rriBKyn10 no Kpyry,
IIJIO~a HKOro ,n;opiBHIOe IIJIO~i KiJihD;H (pHC. 29.14).
94
EnEMEHTVl KOM61HATOPV1KV1, '
TEOPH VlMOBIPHOCTEVl
I MATEMATVlY HO.i
CTATV1CTV1K.V1
EneMeHTM KOM6iHaTopMKM
Ta 6iHOM HblOTOHa
P.=~
a Ha 'I e SI. By,zi;L-JIKHi k-eJieMeHTHHi ynopJI,a;ROBaHHi Ha6ip eJie-
MeHTiB ,ZJ;aHOl n-eJieMeHTHOl MHOatHHH Ha3HBaIOTL p 0 Mi w; H M
3 n eJieMeHriB IIO k eJieMeHTiB.
95
§ 5. EneMeHH-1 KOM6iHaTOp1'1Kl'1, Teopi1 iilMOBipHOCTeii1 i MaTeMaTl'1YHO'I crar1i1cn1K"1
cit= n!
n (n-k)! k!
96
30. EneMeHTVI KoM6iHarop111K111 ra 6iHoM HbtOTOHa
~k + l = Ckan
l
.5I1<m;o y cpopMy Jii 6iHoMa HhIOTOHa 3HaK 3MiHHo1
n
- kbkJ
J
b rroMiHHTH Ha
rrpOTHJieJKHHH, TO 0TpHMa€MO <POPMYJIY
(a-br =an - C~an - 1 b 1 +C!an - 2 b2 -C!an - 3 b3 + ... +(-l)"bn.
nPlllKnAA 1 P03KPHHTe ,ZJ;YJKKH y BHpa3i (a+ b)5 •
Poae'Jl3allllJl. OcKiJibKH c~ =5, =10, =10, c: c; c; =5, TO
MOJKHa 3aTIHCaTH
4
(a+b) 5 =a 5 +5a b+10a 3 b2 +10a 2 b3 +5ab 4 +b 5 • •
nPlllKnAA 2 BHpa3
(
v5
+ 2x 3 J40 p03KJia.T.IH aa ¢>opMyJIOIO 6iHOMa
3
,IJ;o,n;aHOK Tk + l He 6y,n;e 3aJieJKaTH Bi,n; x, HKm;o --(40-k)+3k=O.
4
3Bi,ZJ;CH k =8 i Tg = c:o 5 32
2
8
•
32 8
Bionoeiob: T9 = C!0 5 2 •
97
§ 5. EneMeHTVI KOM6iHaTOpV1Kll1, Teopi'i iilMOBipHocreilt i MaTeMaTw-mo'i CTaT111CTll1Kll1
(a+b) 1 : • a1 . b1 +
2 2 1 1 2
(a+b) : · a + 2 •a b + ·b
(a+b)
3
: 1 . aa + . ~ . a2b1 + 3 . a1b2 + . ba
(a+b) 4
: • a4 + . aab1 + 6 . a2b2 + . aiba + 1 · b4
(a+b) 5 : • as + 5 • a4 b 1 + 0 · a 3 b2 + 0 · a 2 b 3 + 5 • a 1b4 +
1
l )l j( 1
1 )(. 2 Jt l
1 j( 3 )l 3 )lj( l
PHC. 30.1
BJiea IlacKaJih
(1623-1662)
98
30. EneMeHTll1 KoM6iHarop111K111 ra 6iHOM Hbt0T0Ha
1
3 iHmHM ,D;OBe,n;eHH.HM n;ie! BJiaCTHBOCTi BH 03HaHOMHJIHC.H B ni,n;p~ -
HHKY «Anre6pa-9», c. 246.
2
TaKi cpiryp.H B MaTeManrn;i Ha3HBaIOTb cppaKmaJtaMu (JiaT. fractus -
no,n;pi6HeHHH, ,n;po60BHH).
99
§ 5. EneMeHH1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, reopi'I ~MOBipHOCTeVI i MaTeMaTV1YH0·1 CTaTV1CTV1KV1
BnpaeM
0
30.1. 3ain1miTh yci lJ.BOu;:mppoBi qHcJia, YTBopeHi a u;:acpp l, 2, 3 a6o
4. IIi/1,paxyliTe KiJihKiCTh TaKHX .qHcen.
0
100
30. EneMeHr111 KOM6iHarop111K111 ra 6iHOM HblOTOHa
101
§ 5. EneMeHTVI KOM6iHaTOpVIKVI, reopi'I liiMOBipHOCTeiil i MaTeMaTW-lHo'I CTaTVICTVIKVI
P:ac. 30.3
3 37 Hexa:li B TPHKYTHHKY IlacKa.rr.H o6paHo ,n;e.HKe "CJHCJIO. ,JJ;o-
Be,n;i Th, m;o cyMa 't!HCeJI TPHKYTHHKa IlacKa.rr.H, poaTarnoBaHHX
napa.rreJibHO CTOpOHi Tj>HKYTHHKa Bi,n; o6paHoro "t!HCJia ,n;o O,l.1;HHHD;i
102
30. EneMeHT1t1 KOM6iHarop1t1K1t1 ra 6iHOM HblOTOHa
103
§ 5. EneMeHTlll KOM6iHaTOp111Kll1, reopi'I ii1MOBipHOCTeii1 i MaTeMaTlll'·IH0°I CTaTlllCTlllKlll
y
HaBe,n;eHHX rrpHKJia,n;ax eKcnepHMeHT BH3Hal!a€TbC.H .HKHMOCb
KO.MITJieKCOM YMOB. HanpHKJia,n;, cpyT60JibHHH MaT"tf noBHHeH rrpoxo-
,n;HTH aa npaBHJiaMH; Kyp.Htii .HHIJ;.H MaIOTb 3Haxo,n;HTHC.H B iHKy6aTopi
He MeHrne Him 21 ,n;eHb 3 ,n;oTpHMaHH.HM BH3HatieHOI MeTO)J;HKH 3MiHH
TeMnepaTypH i BOJIOrOCTi IIOBiTp.H.
TaKom Ba.IKJIHBOIO pHcoro poarJI.HHYTHX ,n;ocJii,n;iB e Te, m;o !x MOJI<.Ha
Bi,n;TBoproBaTH 6araTo paaiB. HarrpHKJia,n;, cpyT60JihHi MaT"tfi npoxo,n;HTh
npaKTHtIHO m;o,n;eHHO.
104
By,n;h-.HKHH pe3yJihTaT eKcnepHMeHTY Ha3HBaIOTh eJieMeHTapHHM
uacJiiAKOM. MHO)KHHY Bcix eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;KiB Ha3HBaIOTh
npOCTOpOM eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJiiAKiB ,n;aHOI'O eKcnepHMeHTY i II0-
1
3Ha"t!aIOTh U •
HanpHKJia,n;, KOJIH MH KynyeMo JIOTepeliHHH 6iJieT, Hae U.iKaBHTh,
BHrpaeMO MH "'C!H Hi, TOMY Ma€MO ,n;Ba eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,n;KH:
ul = «6iJieT BHrpaB » Ta U2 = «6iJieT He BHrpaB ». 'Y II;bOMY ,n;ocJii,n;i
rrpocTip eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,n;KiB - u;e MHO)KHHa u
= { «6iJieT BH-
rpaB », «6iJieT He BHrpaB »}.
lHmHli npHKJia,n;. HKru;o HaBMaHH.H Bi,n;KpHTH u;ro KHHry i 3anH-
caTH HOMep Bi,n;rro;si,n;HOl CTOpiHKH, TO B TaKOMY ,n;ocJii,n;i eJieMeHTap-
HHM HaCJii,n;KOM € 6y,n;h-.HKe HaTyparrbHe "'C!HCJIO Bi,n; 1 ,n;o 272, TOMY
u = {l, 2, ... , 272}.
HaroJIOCHMO, ru;o npocTip eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;KiB rroBHiCTIO BH-
3Ha""Ciae BCi MO)KJIHBi pe3yJihTaTH ,n;aHoro eKCII HMeHTY.
HKru;o U - npocTip eJieMeHTapHHX HacJii,n;KiB ,n;ocJii,n;y, TO BHna,zi;-
KOBOIO IlOAi€IO Ha3HBaIOTh 6y,n;h-.HKY ni,n;MHO)KHHY MHO)KHHH u.
HaBe,n;eMo npHKJia.n;. MHO)KHHa X = {'95, 96, ... , 172} e ni,n;MHO)KH-
HOIO MHO)KHHH u = {l, 2, ... ' 272} TOMY II;.H MHO)KHHa € BHIIa,D;KOBOIO
rro,n;iero B OIIHCaHOMY BHm;e )J;OCJii,n;i 3 ni,n;py-qHHKOM. TaKa BHIIa,n;KOBa
x
rro,n;i.H 03Ha"'C!ae, ru;o, Bi.n;KpHBaIO"'C!H HaBMaHH.H II.IO KHHry' BH IIO-
TpaIIHTe .n;o rr' .HToro naparpacpa, a.n;)Ke BiH IIO"tlHHaeThC.H Ha c. 95
i 3aKiH""CIY€ThC.H Ha c. 172.
HKm;o eJieMeHTapHHH HacJii,n;oK x 3 rrpocTopy eJieMeHTapHHX Ha··
cJii.n;KiB U e eJieMeHTOM BHrra.n;KoBo1 no,n;il A, ,n;e A c U, TO Ka)KyTh,
m;o eJteMenmapnuu nacJLiooK x cnpuJie eunaoKoeiu nooi'i A. HKru;o
pe3yJihTaTOM ,n;ocJii,n;y € eJieMeHTapHHH HacJii,n;OK X, .HKHH cnpH.H€ BH-
Ila,ZI;KOBiH no.n;il A, To Ka)KyTh, ru;o B pe3yJihTaTi .n;ocJii,n;y eio6yJLacJl
eunaoKoea nooiJl A.
TaK, .HKIIJ.O B ,n;ocJii,n;i 3 rri,n;py-qHHKOM KHHry Bi.n;KpHTO, HarrpHKJia,n;,
Ha CTopiHu;i 105, T06TO x = 105, TO KHHry Bi,n;KpHTO B rr'.HTOMY rrapa-
rpacpi, T06To Bi.n;6yJiaC.H BHIIa,n;KOBa no,n;i.Hx = {95, 96, ... , 172}.
3a3HaqHMO TaKO)K, ru;o OCKiJihKH u cu i 0 cu, TO MHO)KHHH u
i 0 TaKO)K BBa)KaIOTh BHila,D;KOBHMH rro,n;i.HMH. IlopO)KH.H MHO)KHHa 0
He MiCTHTh )KQ,D;HOI'O eJieMeHTa, TOMY BHrra,n;KOBa rro,n;i.H 0 HiKOJIH He
MO)Ke Bi,n;6yTHC.H. TaKy BHrra.n;KoBy no,n;iro Ha3HBaIOTh HeMOjKJIHBOIO.
Bo,n;Ho"t!ac, ocKiJihKH MHO)KHHa U MiCTHTh yci eJieMeHTapHi HacJii,n;KH,
1
,Il;JI.a rrpocTopy eJieMeHTapHHx HacJii,n;KiB BHKOpHCTOBYIOTh :H iHUii no-
3Ha~eHHH, HarrpHKJia,n;n.
105
§ 5. EneMeHTlll KOM6iHaTOp111K111, Teopi'I iilMOBipHOCTeilt i MaTeMaTwmo'1' CTaTll1CT111Kll1
1
IlHTaHHH, IIOB'H3aHi 3 o6JiaCTIO BH3Ha'C{eHHH <PYHKD;il p, BHXO.ZJ;HTb 3a
Me.mi mKiJihHOl nporpa.MR i B rri,n;p~HHKY He po3rJI.a,n;aIOThCH. Ha,n;aJii 6y,n;e-
MO poarJI.a,n;aTR TiJihKH BHila,ZJ;KOBi no,n;ii:, ~o HaJie.maTh o6JiaCTi BH3Ha'tJeHHSI
<PYHKIJ,ii: p.
106
31. Yaaora ra il!MosipHiCTb s11maAKOB0·1noAi.I
107
§ 5. EneMeHr111 KOM6iHarop111K111, reopi'i iilMosipHocreiit i MareMarw-iH0·1· crar111cr111K111
108
no,n;n. LfUM 6i.nbULY 1<:i.nb1<:icmb eunpo6yeanb npoeecmu, muM 6i.nbwi
wancu ompuMamu mo11,niwy OlltinJCy iiMoeipnocmi eunao1<:oeo!£ nooff
3a Li 11,acmomo10.
TaRy on;iHKY liMoBipHocTi BHIIa,n;KoBoi: rro,n;i1 Ha3HBaIOTb cTaTHC-
Tll'IHOro. h BHKOpHCTOBYIOTb y pi3HHX ra.rry3.HX ,n;i.HJibHOCTi JIIO,D;HHH:
cl>i3HD;i, xiMil, 6ioJioril, CTpaxOBOMY 6i3Heci, con;ioJiorii:, eKOHOMin;i,
oxopoHi a,n;opoB' .H, crropTi Tom;o .
.HKm;O B rrepllIOMY rrpHKJia,n;i BHna,n;KOBy rro,n;iro «Hapo,n;meHH.H
XJIOII't!HKa» rroaHa't!HTH 6YKBOIO A, TO oTpHMaHHH peayJihTaT 3aIIH-
cyIOTb TaK:
p (A) z 0,512.
3 orJIH,n;y Ha Ha6JIHmeHHH xapa.KTep CTaTHCTJ{t{HOl on;iHKH OTPHMa-
Hi 3Ha"CieHH.H ,n;o3BOJI.HeThC.H oRpyrJIIOBaTH. HarrpHKJia,n;, KOJIH 't!aCTOTa
BHIIa,n;KoBo1 rro,n;il A ,n;opiBHIOe 0,512, TO MomHa narr11caTH, m;o
p (A) z 0,51 a6o p (A) z 0,5.
109
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaTOp111Kll1, reopi'I i11MosipHOCTeil1 i MaTeMaTW·-IH0°l CTaTll1CTll1Kll1
Bnpaaa.t
31 .. Ha IITaxo<l>epMi 3 1000 .Hen;h BHJIYIIHJIOC.H 84 7 Kyp"t!aT. qoMy
y D;hOMY ,n;ocni,n;i ,n;opiBHIOe "<IacToTa Hapo,n;meHH.H Kyp-qa 3 alin;a?
31.2. 1IacToTa ,n;e.HKo1 BHrra,n;KoBo1 rro,n;il A ,n;opiBHIOe 0,48. CKiJibKH
pa3iB Bi,n;6yBanac.H rro,n;i.H A, .HKill;O 6yno rrpoBe,n;eHo: 1) 50 ,n;oc;ri,n;iB;
2) 150 ,n;OCJii,n;iB; 3) 575 ,n;ocni,n;iB?
3 .. Y 't!eMrrioHaTi YKpa1HH 3 <1>YT6ony 2009-10 poKiB 6y;ro airpaHo
240 Ma~iB. CKiJihKH MaTqiB aaBepIIIHJIHC.H a paxyHKOM 3 : 0 Ha
KOpHCTb o,n;Hie1 3 KOMaH,Zl;, .HKID;O "t!aCTOTa u;ie1 BHTia,ZJ;KOBOl rro,n;il
,n;opiBHIOe 0,0625?
31 . . IlpH npoBe,n;eHHi ,n;eaKoro ,n;ocni,n;y 6yno BCTaHOBJieHo, m;o -qac-
TOTa BHIIa,n;KOBOl no,n;il A ,n;opiBHIOe 0,9. 1IH MOJKHa rapaHTyBaTH,
ru;o npH npoBe,n;eHHi 10 TaKHX ,n;oc;ri,n;iB BHna,n;KoBa rro,n;i.H A Bi,n;6y-
,n;eTbC.H 9 pa3iB? npH rrpoBe,n;eHHi 100 ,n;ocni,n;iB rro,n;i.H A Bi,n;6y,n;eTbC.H
IIpHHaHMHi O,ll;HH pa3?
31. . Bi,n;oMo, m;o -qacToTa no,n;il KYIIHTH 6paKoBaHHli eneKTpo-
npHna,n; ,n;opiBHIOe 0,007. 1IH npaBHJibHO, ru;o B 6y,n;h-.HKili napTil
3 1000 eJieKTponpHna,n;iB e 7 6paKOBaHHX?
3 06qHcJIHBIIIH -qacToTy, BcTaHOBHJIH, ru;o HMOBipHiCTb B.rrycIHTH
B MiIIIeHb CKJia,n;ae rrpH6JIH3HO 25 o/o. qH Mome 6yTH TaK, m;o
B cepil 3 100 IIOCTpiJiiB 6y,n;e 98 BJiy"tleHb y MimeHb?
110
31. LJaCToTa ra iliMOBipHiCTb s111naAKOB0·1noAi"I
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
111
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6it-raropV1KV1, reopi "i illMOBipHOCTeill i MaTeMan1YHo"i cra·i'V1CTV1KV1
HoMep cepu 1 2 3 4
KiJibKiCTh eKcnepHMeHTiB (KH,n;aHh)
10 20 50 100
y cepii:
KiJihKiCTh eKcnepHMeHTiB, y .HKHX
BHIIaJIO ,ZJ;Ba rep6H
KiJibKiCTh eKcrrepHMeHTiB, y SIKHX
BHIIaB JIHIJJe O,ZJ;HH rep6
KiJII>KiCTh eKcnepHMeHTiB, y SIKHX
He BHrrano mo,n;Horo rep6a
112
31. Yacror a r a LilMosipHiCTb svmagKoso·i nogi·i
l\iJihKiCTh
,ZJ;OCJii,n;iB
KiJihKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB a pe3yJihTaToM « 1 »
KinhKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB 3 peayJII>TaTOM «2 »
KinhKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB 3 peayJihTaTOM «3 »
KiJihKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB a pe3yJihTaToM «4 »
...
3 .2 .• EKcrrepHMeHT rronHrae B o,n;HotiacHoMy KH,n;aHHi 5 o,n;HaKOBHX
MOHeT. Pe3yJihTaTOM eKcnepHMeHTY € KiJihKiCTh rep6iB, HKi BMIIa-
Jili Ha D;liX 5 MOHeTax. 3Hali,n;iTh npocTip eJieMeHTapHliX HaCJii,n;KiB.
IIpoBe,n;iTh TaKHli eKcnepHMeHT 100 paaiB. PeayJihTaTH aaHeciTh
y Ta6JIHD;IO i 3HaH,D;iTh tiaCTOTY Bliila,D;KOBOl rro,n;il «Blina,n;e 6iJibIIIe
TphOX rep6iB » .
KiJihI·dCTL
,n;ocni,n;iB
KiJihKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB, y HKHX BHrrano 0 rep6iB
KiJihKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB, y HKHX BHTiaB 1 rep6
KiJihKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB, y HKHX BHrrano 2 rep6H
KiJihKiCTh ,n;ocJii,n;iB, y ·HKHX BHnano 3 rep6H
KiJihKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB, y HKHX BHnano 4 rep6H
KiJihKiCTh ,n;ocni,n;iB, y HKHX BHrrano 5 rep6iB
113
§ 5. EneMeHH1 KOM6iHaTOp111Kll1, Teopi 'I iliMOBipHOCTeili i MaTeMaTW·IH0°l CTaTll1CTll1Kll1
114
-
,ZI;aui npo yqacHHRiB aoBHiIIIHLoro ueaaJie~uoro ou;imoBaHHH a 'MaTeMaTHRH .
B M. KueBi aa 2010 piK
Paiiou M. Ku£Ba
I=
.,Q .,Q ~ Co>
~ •...C
Co>
=
:...c
.,Q
=-
.,Q
Co>
Co>
=
.,Q
0
~
.,Q
.,Q
()
a = ..=
ti:
~
=
~
•...C
0 = =
ti:
0
~ =
0
0
~
.,Q
~ 0 ~
Q)
~ ~
0
~ =
~ =
0 = ~
0
Q)
~
•...C
~
E-c
a:
0
~ = 0 w
.....
=
~...c
Q) (')
ca
u=
= ca
--> 0 Q) '\O Q) 0 0 L
u
= =
-->
Vl ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ OJ
Q
0
-i
B~ 100 JJ.O 135,5 6an:i.B 95 98 158 165 81 29 61 120 75 74 956 OJ
-i
OJ
S<
Bm 136 JJ.O 150 6an:i.B 126 156 230 291 151 89 95 181 137 124 1580 ~
0
OJ
"O
B~ 150,5 JJ.O 183 6a.JtiB 468 557 653 736 527 597 302 525 769 602 5736 I
Q
er
OJ
B~ 183,5 JJ.O 195 6aniB 102 122 70 151 91 160 58 64 241 106 1165 s
:J
OJ
):J
B~ 195,5 JJ.O 200 6aJriB 25 23 15 50 23 86 10 14 70 35 351 7"
0
OJ
0
Pa30M ycnri.B: 816 956 1126 1393 873 961 52Q 904 1292 941 9788 :J
0
):J
-:
r l.O'I
U1
,U:aui npo TeMIIepaTypy i BOJIOriCTL IIOBiTpH Ha 12.00 y M. XapKOBi aa 2009 piK m
I ::J
ro
. ~
ro
J(ianaaoH BOJIOrocri DOBhps: I
-i
:s
A
'0::R. 0
<fl. '0::R. <fl. '0::R. ~
<fl. 0
0
~
0
<O
0
It '-
0
CX)
0
(S)
0
...-4 °'
I
OJ
l(ianaaoH TeMDepaTYJIH IlOBiT}UI
-=
0 0 0 0 -i
0 SQ 0
0 t{ t{ t{ t{ t{
t{ "O
'0::R. '0::R. ~
:s
~
<fl. 0 '0::R. ~ 7'
:s
0
...-4 P'4 P'4 ...-4 ...-4 ~
0 ~
= to- CX) (S) 0
~
. s s s !f ....t{
!f "'
QS "O
~
~
CJ')
SQ
= CQ CQ CQ SQ ~ - :
S c
~
0
MeHille -11 °C 0 1 1 3 2 0 7 OJ
"O
I
Bi.'A -10° p;O -1 °C 0 0 11 15 13 5 44
Bl~ 0° p;o 10 °C 10 19 12 13 19 47 120 I ~.
~
Bi,n; 11° ~O 20 °C 23 27 15 6 10 2 83 OJ
-i
ro
~
Bi,n; 21° ~0 30 °C 57 32 6 2 1 0 98 OJ
-i
:s
6i.JII>me 31 °C 9 4 0 0 0 0 13 ...c:
I
0- :
PaaoM .n;HiB: 99 83 45 39 45 54 365
~-i
:s
Q
:s
A
:s
32. Knac111YHe Blt13HaYeHH~ iiiMosipHoaeiii
117
§ 5. EneMeHn1 KOM6iHarop1t1Kll1, reopi"I ii1MosipHOCTeii1 i MaTeMaTW·iHo"I CTaT1t1CTl11Kll1
118
32. KnaCV1YHe BV13HaYeHHs:! illMOBipHOCTeill
119
§ 5. EneMeHTVI KOM6iHaTOpVIKVI, reopi'I iltMOBlpHOCTeill i MaTeMaTVIYHo'( CTaTV1CTV1Kll1
1 2 3 4 5
--- 6
»
::i::
:sl
~12
»
~
0
,.Q
tr: 3
1::i::
.i ~4~~~~~-4-~~ ~+-~~~~4--~~~--1f.--~~~-4~~~~-1
......
.~ 51
~
I6
PHC. 32.2
jl\:HTTE;BHM ,ll;OCBi,n; rri,n;Ka3y€, III,O BCi 36 eJieMeHTapHHX HaCJii,D;KIB
e piBHOMomJIHBHMH. Harne rrpHrrym;eHHSI MOmHa rri,n;KpirrHTH TaKHMH
MipKyBaHH.HMH. PosrJI.HHeMo, HarrpHKJia,n;, ,n;Ba eJieMeHTapHHx HacJii,n;-
KH (l; 2) i (3; 5). HMoBipHiCTh BHrra,n;iHH.H KOM6iHaII,il (1; 2) TaKa caMa,
.HK i liMoBipHiCTh BHrra,n;iHH.H KOM6iHaII,il (1; 5). Crrpas,n;i, napH (l; 2) i
(1; 5) Bi,n;pi3H51IOThC.H JIHme 't!HCJIOM, SIKe BHIIaJIO Ha mOBTOMy Ky6HKy,
a moBTHM rpa.JihHHM Ky6HK e CHMeTpWIHHM. ToMy mo,n;Ha 3 nap (l; 2)
121
§ 5. EneMeHTV'I KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, reopi'I' LirMOBipHOCTe~ i MaTeMarwrno'I CTaTV1CTV1KV1
C200
;i
6
9
s.
Bnp L1
125
§ 5. EneMeHH1 KOM6iHaTOp111Kll1, Teopi"I LllMOBipHOCTeLlt i MaTeMaTl!1LfH0°l CTaTl!1CTll1Kll1
126
32. Knac1111.1He BV13HaYeHHfl LilMosipHocreLil
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
127
§ 5. EneMeHTlll KOM6iHaTOp111KLll, reopi'I iilMOBipHOCTetil i MaTeMaTLllYH0°I era fLllCTLllKlll
128
32. KnaCV1YHe BV13HaYeHHs:l illMOBipHOCTeill
129
§ 5. EneMeHTvt KOM6iHaTOpvtKvt, Teopi'I il!MosipHOCTeill i MaTeMan1YH0·1 CTaTvtCTVIKvt
130
33. Onepau,i'I 3 s11maAKOBV1MV1 noAiflMll1
131
§ 5. EneMeHn.1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, reopi'i ii'1MosipHOCTeii'1 i MaTeMan1YHo'i CTaTV1CTV1KV1
132
33. OnepauJi 3 svmaAKOBV1MV1 noAiHMV1
p(A)+ p(A)=l
!{ 0 6 ea e
n JI,. Po3rJIHHeMO Ta:Ki BHila,D;KOBi no,n;il:
H,
134
33. Onepau,i'l 3 s11maAKOB111M111 noAis:IMlll
JIHme To,n;i, KOJIH 0611:,n;Ba pa3H BHna,n;yTb IlliCTKH, TOMY p (C) = _!_,
36
HKm;o m Bi,n;oMo, m;o Bi,n;6yJiac.H BHIIa,n;KoBa no,n;i.H A, TO BHna,n;KoBa
no,n;i.HcBi,n;6yBa€TbC.H TO,ZJ;i, KOJIH IIPH ,n;pyroMy ni,n;KH,ZJ;aHHi TaKOJK
135
§ 5. EneMeHH1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, Teopi "I ii1MOBipHOCTeii1 i MaTeMaTW4H0°l CTaTV1CTV1KV1
(A)=p(AnB)_ ( 5)
PB p (B)
136
33. Onepau,i'1' 3 svmaAKOBVIMVI no,o,i~MVI
T op 33. 2. HK~O
6Unao1'06i nooa A i B 0€Jl1(,0ZO 6Unpo-
6y6a1£1£Jf, e ne3ane:HCnuMu, mo
p(AnB)=p(A)p(B). (6)
j{oBeaennR. CrrollaTKY po3rJIHHeMo BHrra,n;oK, KOJIH p(B)=O.
OcKiJihKH An B c B, TO p (An B) ~ p (B) = 0. 3Bi,ZJ;CH MaeMO, ru;o
p (An B) = 0. 0Tme, piBHiCTh (6) BHKOHyeThCH.
Po3rJIHHeMo Terrep BHrra,n;oK, KOJIH p (B).> 0 . .HKm;o Ai B - He-
3a;remHi BHIIa,n;KoBi no,n;il, TO liMoBipHiCTh rro,n;il A He 3aJiemHTh Bi,n;
Toro, l!H Bi,n;6y;racH rro,n;iH B, T06To
PB (A)= p (A).
A;re 3 cpopMyJIH (5) MaeMo, = p(AnB). To My
m;o PB (A) P (B)
1
lHO,D;i D;IO BJiaCTHBiCTb BliKOpliCTOBYIOTb RK 03HatieHHR He3aJiemHliX
(HeaaJiemHHX y cyKynHOCTi) BRila,D;KOBHX no,z:i;ili.
137
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaropviKvi, reopi 'i LllMosipHocreill i MaTeMarwmo·i aarviaviK111
139
§ 5. EneMeHT"1 KOM6iHaTOpV1K"1, reopi 'I ii1MOBipHOCTeii1 i MaTeMaTW-lHO'I CTaT"1CTli1K"1
140
33. Onepau.i·1· 3 svma,o,KOBV1MV1 no,o,is:iMV1
141
§ 5. EneMeHTl/1 KOM6iHaTOpll1KV1, Teopi"i iliMOBipHOCTeiil i MaTeMaTW-IH0°i CTaTVICTVIKVI
142
33. Onepau/l 3 svma,o,KOBV1MV1 no,o,iHMlll
p
p
p
p
144
33. Onepau,i'I 3 s111naAKOB111M111 noAiHMlll
p p p
p p p
p p p
p p
p p
145
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6 iHarop111K111, r eopi'i illMosipHocTeiit i MaTeMan11YH0·1 a aTV1CTV1KV1
146
34. reoMeTpV1YHa 111MOBipHiCTb
147
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHarop111K111, reopi'I iilMosipHocreiil i MareMarwrno'i craTV1CTV1KV1
p(A)= SA
s
u
t e ) u
A
..
x
p(A)= lA
l
y ,z:r;ocJii,z:r;i 3 BH60pOM TOl!KH 3 TiJia u 06 'eMy v BHKOpHCTOBYIOTb
cpOpMyJIY
VA
p(A)=-,
v
,z:r;e VA - o6'eM TiJia A, m;o e tiacTHHOIO TiJia U.
llMOBipHiCTb BHIIa,Zl;KOBOl rro,z:r;ii, m;o BH3HatieHa B TaKHH cnoci6,
Ha3HBaIOTh reoMeTpKCiaoro HMOBipaicTro.
148
34. leoMeTpV1YHa iilMOBipHiCTb
[ y ~x ~ y +lO.
x<y~x+20,
1
149
§ 5. EneMeHTVI KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, reopi'i illMOBipHOCTeiil i MaTeMaTW-IHo·1 CTaTVICTVIKVI
Bnpae1,1
0
150
34. reoMeTpV1YHa illMOBipHiCTb
151
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, reopi·i iilMOBipHOCTeill i MaTeMaTwmo·i CTaTV1CTV1KV1
y ~ ZX
2
TaKe l!HCJIO z, m;o MMOBipHiCTb BHKOHaHH.H HepiBHOCTi
,n;opiBHroe 30 °/o •
34.22.·· AHAPili Ta MHKOJia ,n;oMOBMJIMCH rrpo 3ycTpitI o 12:00. Ko.mHHM
3 HHX rrpMXO,ZJ;HTb Ha 3YCTpitI y 6y,n;b-.HKHM "tJaC 3 11:50 ,n;o 12:10
He3aJie.mHO Bi,n; iHIIIOro. ,Zl;py3i ,ZJ;OMOBHJIHC.H "tleKaTH O,ZJ;HH o,n;Horo
10 xB. HKa liMoBipHicTh Toro, rn;o 3ycTpitI Bi,n;6y,n;eThC.H?
152
MeTOA MOHTe-Kapno i 3a,D,aYa 5tacpcpoHa
1
I'pacpiK p;aHOl HepiBHOCTi, 306pameHHH Ha pHCYHKY 34.6, no6y,n;OBa.HO
3a ,ll;OIIOMOrOIO KOMII'IOTepa.
153
§ 5. EneMeHTl/1 KOM6iHaTOp111KV1, reopi"i illMOBipHOCTeiit i MaTeMaTW·IH0°l° CTaTll1CTV1KV1
CTaHicJiaB Y JiaM
(1909- 1984)
154
MeroA MoHre-Kapno i 3aAaYa 6t0cpcp0Ha
'' y
'
2 H G
B
''
'' y
''
''
x ', }
0 x -1t x
2
PHc. 34.8 PHC. ·34.9
155
..
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, Teopi'1' VlMOBipHOCTeVt i MaTeMaTV1YHo'I CTaTV1CTV1KV1
1
.n;opIBHroe S = n · 2 = n. ToMy p (A)=.!. 3Bi.n;cH n =
2 n p(A)
0Tme, BeJIHtIHHa, o6epHeHa .n;o HMOBipHocTi Toro, m;o ronKa nepe-
THe npoBe.n;eHi npHMi, .n;opiBHIO€ n.
BasyrotIHCb Ha OTpHMaHoMy BHCHOBKY, HayKoBn;i npoBO)'.(HJIH
eKcnepHMeHTaJihHe BH3HatieHH.H tIHCJia n. Ix pesyJihTaTH HaBe.n;eHo
B Ta6JIHII;i.
- - - --;;::_- _---:-;-
'
KiJibKiCTb Ha6JIHmeae 3HatieHHJJ
.[f;ocJii)'.(HHK
:a:HnpooyBaHb ,HCJia 1t
.
Bo JI hep 5000 3,1596
, CMiT 3204 3,1553
<l>OKC 1120 3,1419
156
35. Crar111cn1YH111ilt aHani3 ,o.aHV1X
I'eHepaJibHa cyKynHiCTb
BH6ipKa
0
• •• 0
•
•
Pnc. 35.1
le
PiK 2001
. 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
··' •'
2007 2008 2009 2010
KiJihKiCTb
6 4 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6
Me,n;a.rreli
157
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, reopi ·I ~MOBipHOCTei71 i MaTeMaTW-lH0·1 CTaTV1CTV1KV1
poaMim;eHe nocepe.n;HHi.
HanpHKJia.n;, y 6araTI>OX yHiBepcHTeTax °YKpfilHH aarrpoBa.n;.meHo
ou;iHIOBa.HH.H 3HaHb CTy.n;eHTiB :ae 3a 't!HCJIOBOIO illKaJIOIO, a aa IIIKaJIOIO
6YKB: A, B, C, D, E, F (A- HaliBHm;a, F- HaHHH.m't!a ou;iHKa). Hexali
rrpH OIIHTYBaHHi 9 CTJT.D;eHTiB npo peayJihTaTH CKJia.n;aHH.H HHMH OCTaH-
HhOro eK3aMeHY 6yJio OTpHMa.HO TaKY IlOCJii'AOBHiCTb ou;iHoK (BH6ipKy):
F,F,D,D, C,C,C,B,A.
Ba'tlHMo, m;o rrocepe.n;HHi poaMim;eHa JiiTepa C. OT.me, Me.n;ia.HoIO
.D;aHOl BH6ipKH e on;iHKa «C» •
.HKm;o BH6ipKa CKJia.n;aeThCH 3 rrapHOl KiJibKOCTi .n;aHHX:
X1 ~ X2 ~ ••• ~ X2n' TO Me,n;iaHOIO .D;aHOl BH6ipKH Ha3HBaIOTb 6y.n;h-HKe
xn + xn +l
BBa.maTH i BeJIH'IHHY • HarrpHKJia.n;, HKm;o poarJI.HHYTH BH-
2
6ipKy 3 't!OTHpbOX 'tlHCJIOBHX .D;aHHX:
1, 2, 3, 7,
2 3
TO llHCJIO ; =2,5 € Me.n;iaHOIO u;ie! BH6ipKH.
158
35. Cr ar 111CTV1YH111ili aHan i3 AaH111x
Hexaii BH6ipRa CRJHt,z:r;aeThC.H 3 ,ZJ;aHHX X1' X2' ••• ' xn. Mo,n;o10 ,z:r;aHOI
BH6ipRH Ha3HBaIOTh Te 3 ,z:r;aHHX, .HRe 3YCTpi'tlaeTbC.H B rrepeJiiRy
X1 , X 2 , ••• , Xn Ha.iftiaCTiIIIe . .flRIIJ;O TaKliX HaH~acTiIIIHX ,ZJ;aHHX RiJih-
Ka, TO KO.mHe 3 HHX e MO,ZJ;OIO ,z:r;aHOl BH6ipKH. HarrpHRJia,z:r;, .HKIIJ;O
BH6ipKa CKJia,z:r;aeTbC.H 3 rr'.HTH pi3HHX ,z:r;aHHX: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, TO RO.mHe
3 II;HX rr' .HTH 't!HCeJI e MO,ZJ;OIO ,z:r;aHOl BH6ipKH.
3BepHeMO yBary Ha Te, m;o MO,ZJ;Y BH6ipKH MO.mHa Bli3Ha't!HTH ,ZJ;JI.H
,ZJ;a.HHX 6y,z:r;h-.HKOl rrpHpO,ZJ;H, Ha Bi,ZJ;MiHy Bi,z:r; ,z:r;aHHX, Heo6xi,z:r;HHX ,ZJ;JI.H
BH3Ha'tleHH.H cepe,ZJ;Hhoro 3Ha'tleHH.H ('tIHCJIOBi ,z:r;aHi) a6o Me,n;iaHH (,z:r;aHi,
.HKi MOmHa rropiBHIOBaTH o,n;He 3 O,ZJ;HHM).
Hexali y BH6opax ,z:r;o rnKiJibHoro rrapJiaMeHTY 6epyTh y'tlaCTh TPH
rrapTil: «3a MaTeMaTHKY»' «3a CY't£aCHY MY3HKY» i «3a RpacyHh ,n;i-
B~aT». OrrHTaBIIIH 30 Y't£HiB, 3'.HcyBaJIH, m;o rrapTiIO «3a MaTeMaTHKY»
rri,z:r;TpHMye 7 oci6, «3a cy'tlaCHY MY3HKY» - 14 oci6, «3a RpacyHh
,n;iB'tlaT» - 9 oci6. :Ue 03Ha~ae, m;o cepe,z:r; 30 oTpHMaHHX ,z:r;aHHX, m;o
YTBOpIOIOTh BH6ipKy' Hali6iJihIIIY rri,n;TpHMKY Mae rrapTi.H « 3a CY't£aCHY
MY3HRY». ToMy Ha3Ba :a;ie! rrapTil e Mo,z:r;oro ,z:r;aHo! BH6ipKH.
3ayBa.mHMO, m;o B HaBe,n;eHOMY rrpHKJia,z:r;i HeMo.mJIHBO BH3Ha't!HTH
Hi cepe,z:r;He 3Ha'tleHH.H, Hi Me,n;iaHy BH6ipKH.
He3BamaIO~H Ha Te, m;o OIIHCaHi BHm;e y3araJihHIOIO'tli IIORa3HHRH
(cepe,n;He 3Ha~eHH.H, Me,z:r;iaHa, MO,z:r;a) rro-pi3HOMY xapaRTepH3YIOTh BH-
6ipRy, ~acoM !x He,n;ocTaTHhO ,ZJ;JI.H Toro, m;o6 ,z:r;aTH KopeRTHY o:a;iHRY
BCie! reHepaJibHOl cyRyIIHOCTi.
Hexali rroTpi6Ho 3'.HcyBaTH cepe,z:r;Hili piBeHh 3apo6iTH01 rrJiaTH
B YRpa!Hi. 3a iHQ:>opMa:a;iero o,n;Horo s cTaTHCT~HHX ,z:r;ocni,n;.meHh Bi,n;o-
Mi ,z:r;aHi rrpo 3apo6iTHY rrJiaTy B reorpaQ:>i't!HHX perioHax YRpai:HH.
159
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHarop111K111, reopi 'i i71MosipHoaeii1 i MaTeMarw-rno·i aa r111a111K111
160
35. Crar111cr111YH111ii1 aHani3 AaH111x
161
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, Te opi'i illMosipHOCTeill i MaTeMaTW-lHo'i CTaTV1CTV1KV1
__ 24·22 + 76·47 - 41
y- 100 - .
BeJn1qHHY 41 rpH MOJKHa BBaJKaTH ou.iHKOIO cepe,n;Hhoro piBHH BH-
TpaT Ha JiiKapcbKi saco6H ,D;JIH O,D;Hie1 JIIO,D;HHH Ha MiCHIJ,b y IJ,bOMY MiCTi.
BnpasM
3anHIIIiTb rrpi3BHm;a ~HiB, HKHX 6yJio OIIHTaHO B"tlHTeJieM Ha
0
35.1.
. . .
BaIIIOMY OCTaHHbOMY ypou;1 II~ qac nepeBlpKH ,D;OMaIIIHbOro 3aB,n;aH-
HH. ~o € reHepaJibHOIO CyKYIIHiCTIO i BH6ipK010 B CTaTHCTHqHoMy
,n;ocni,n;JKeHHi B"tlHTeJIH 3 rrepeBipKH ,D;OMaIDHbOro 3aB,n;aHHH?
0
31.2. PesyJibTaTOM po6oTH KOMrr'10TepH01 rrporpaMH, m;o Mo,n;en10e
CTaTHCTHt.IHe ,n;ocni,n;JKeHHH, € ,n;eHKe IJ,iJie t!HCJIO B ,n;iarra30Hi Bi,n;
-128 ,n;o 128. 'Y pesyJibTaTi rr'HTH IIOCJii,n;OBHHX sanycKiB rrporpaMa
BH,D;aJia TaKi pesyJibTaTH: 62, - 15, 31, 103, - 22. ~o B ,n;aHOMY
CTaTHCTHt.IHOMY ,n;oc.rr.i,n;JKeHHi € reHepaJibHOIO cyKyrrHiCTIO? ~o
€ BH6ipKOIO? 3Hali,n;iTb poaMax BH6ipKH.
0
35.3. 'Yt!HiB OIIHTaJIH npo IX yJII06JieHHH rrpe,n;MeT y lIIKOJii . .ffKi CTa-
THCTHt!Hi IIOKa3HHKH (cepe,n;He 3Hat£eHHH, cepe,n;He 3Ba.JKeHe 3Ha-
t£eHHH, Me,n;iaHa, MO,n;a) MOJKHa BH3HaqHTH ,ZJ;JIH si6paHHX ,n;aHHX?
35 Ha 3aMOBJieHHH rri,n;rrpHeMCTB nerKo1 rrpoMHCJIOBOCTi rrpoBe,n;eHo
,n;ocni,n;JKeHHH, pesyJibTaTaMH HKOrO e p03MipH O,D;Hry B MiJKHapo,n;-
HOMY <PopMaTi (cHMBOJIH: XS, S, M, L, XL, XXL, XXXL) . .ffKi
CTaTHCTH"tIHi IIOKa3HHKH (cepe,n;He 3Ha"tleHHH, cepe,n;He 3BaJKeHe 3Ha-
t£eHHH, Me,n;iaHa, Mo,n;a) MOJKHa BH3Ha"tlHTH ,D;JIH si6paHHX ,n;aHHX?
35.5.° KopHCTyIO"tlHCb Ta6JIHIJ,eIO cepe,n;Hix TeMrrepaTyp IIOBiTpH B Cit!Hi
B ,n;eHKHX MiCTax CBiTy, o6t£HCJiiTb p03Max, cepe,n;He 3Hat.IeHHH,
Me,n;iaHy i MO,D;y ,n;aHOl BH6ipKH.
"
TeMne- TeMne ..
MicTo MicTo
paTypa, °C paTypa, °C
AMcTep,n;aM 3 MocKBa -10
A<l>iHH 8 Haii:po6i 27
ByeHoc-AHpec 23 Hb10-Ilop1< 0
I'oHKOHr 24 Pio-,n;e-maHelipo 30
€pyCaJIHM 8 PHM 8
KHIB -6 CiHrarryp 27
MoHpeanb - 11 To Kio 3
162
35. Crar111cr111YH1111it aHani3 ,o,aH111x
Ypomaihlicn, YpomaHHicTL,
PiK PiK
.u/ra ~/ra
1991 15 2003 11
1993 13 2004 9
1995 14 2005 13 .
1997 12 2006 14
1999 10 2007 12
2001 9 2008 15
2002 12 2009 15
0
35.7. Y t.JeMnioHaTi YKpa!HH 3 cpyT6oJiy 2009-2010 pp. KoMaH.n.a
«IIlaxTap» sirpaJia 30 MaTt.JiB, cepe.n. .HKHX OJI.HR pa3 sa6HJia
5 roJiiB, 3 pa3H - 4 roJIH, 6 pasiB - 3 roJIH, 9 pasiB - 2 roJIH,
9 pasiB - OJJ.HH roJI i y 2 MaTt.Jax He 3a6HJia mo.n.Horo roJiy. 06-
t.JHCJii Th, CKiJihKH B cepeJJ.HhOMy KOMa.HJJ.a «IliaxTap» sa6HBaJia
M' .Ht.JiB B 0,l1.HOMY MaT'lii.
35.8. CTyJJ.eHT npoT.HrOM HaBt.JaHH.H B iHCTHTyTi oTpHMaB 45 on;iHOK,
cepe.n. .HKHX 7 n'.HTipoK, 22 t.JeTBipKH Ta 16 TpiifoK. 06t.JHCJiiTb
cepe.n.HiH 6aJI CTy,l1.eHTa.
35.9: Ha y-qHiBChKHX oJiiMrria.n.ax rri.n. t.Jac BH3Hat.JeHH.H peifTHHry
KOMaHJJ. iHJJ.HBiJJ.YaJihHi pesyJihTaTH Yt.JaCHHKiB on;iHIOIOTh TaKHM
'IHHOM: JJ.HIIJIOM rrepmoro CTyIIeH.H .IIPHHOCHTh KOMaHJJ.i 5 6aJiiB,
JJ.HilJIOM .n.pyroro CTyrreH.H - 3 6aJIH, JJ.HilJIOM TpeTbOrO CTyneH.H -
.1 6aJI, JJ.HIIJIOM y-qaCHHKa OJiiMrri~H - 0 6aJiiB. y Ta6JIHD;i IIOJJ.aHO
.n.aHi rrpo pe3yJibTaTH .n.e.HKOl OJiiMni~H. 3Haif.n.iTh MO,l1.y, Me.n.iaHy
i cepe.n.He 3Hat.JeHH.H KOMaHJJ.HHX 6aJiiB, Ha6paHHX y-qaCHHKa.MH
OJiiMIIi~H.
163
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaTOpV1Kll1, reopi'I iilMosipHOCTeiil i MaTeMaTV1YHo'I CTaTV1CTV1KV1
9o/o
A
23°/o B
DB
•r
,n;
8%
PRC. 35.2
35.11: Te;recpOHHa KOMIIaHiH xoqe ,n;i3HaTHCH rrpo KiJibKiCTb TeJie-
cpOHHHX ,D;3BiHKiB, HKi po6HTb JIIO,D;HHa rrpOTHrOM .n;o6H. ,IJ;aHi m;o.n;o
100 JIIO,n;eli IIO,D;aHO Ha ,n;iarpaMi (pHC. 35.3). Q6qHcJiiTb p03Max,
cepe,n;He 3Ha"CJeHHH, Me,n;iaHy i MO,D;Y n;ie1 BH6ipKH.
>" 20
til 14 15 14
C:J
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~ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
lCTb ,D;3Bll l
PRC. 35.3
35 2 • Ha ,n;iarpaMi (pHc. 35.4) HaBe,n;eHo ,n;aHi rrpo KiJibKiCTb KHH-
moK, HKi rrpoqHTaJIH rrpoTHrOM MiCHD;H 50 OIIHTaHHX IlIKOJIHpiB.
Q6qHcJiiTb p03Max, cepe,n;He 3HaqeHHH, Me,D;ia.Hy i MO,D;Y ,n;aHOl BH-
6ipKH.
164
35. CTaTL4CTll1YH111li1 aHani3 ,o.aH111x
0 1 4 6
KiJibKicTb npoq1 TaHH KHH.iKOK
P:ac. 35.4
35.13: y ,n;e.HKOMY JI1n;e1 O,ZJ;HHa,n;n;.HTHKJiaCHHKH, .HKi HaBqaIOThC.H
B KJiacax cpi3HqHoro, eKoHoMiqHoro Ta cpinonoriqHoro rrpocpiJiiB,
HaIIHCaJIH crriJihHY KOHTpOJihHY po6oTy 3 MaTeMaTHKH. 3a ,lJ;aHHMH
a,n;MiHicTpan;fi nin;e10 cepe,n;Hiii 6an yqHiB cpi3HqHoro rrpocpinro ,n;o-
piBHroe 8, 9, eKOHOMiqHoro - 7, 7, a cpinonoriqHoro - 7, 1.
1) On;iHiTb cepe,n;Hiii 6an yqHiB n;horo Jiin;ero 3a KOHTPOJihHY po6oTy
3 MaTeMaTHKH.
2) HK cni,n; 3MiHHTH Bi,n;rroBi,n;h, .HKrn;o ,n;o,n;aTKOBO Bi,n;oMo, rn;o B KJia-
ci cpi3HqHoro rrpocpiJIIO HaBtiaIOThC.H 23 yqHi, eKOHOMiqHoro -
25 yqHiB, a y ,n;Box KJiacax epiJioJioriqHoro rrpocpiJI10 - 46 yqHiB?
35. 4: y illKOJii OIIHTaJIH ,n;e.HKHX XJIOIID;iB i ,n;iBtiaT rrpo qac, .HKHH
BOHR BHTpaqaIOTh Ha ,ZJ;OIIOMOry 6aThKaM no ,n;oMamHhOMY roc-
rro,n;apCTBY. BH.HBHJIOC.H, rn;o xnorrn;i B cepe,n;HhOMY BHTpaqaIOTh
1, 1 ro,n; Ha ,n;o6y, a ,n;iB'CJaTa - 1, 7 ro,n; Ha ,n;o6y.
1) KopHCTYIO'CJHCh n;liMH ,n;aHHMH, on;iHiTh cepe,n;Hiii tiac, .HKHH
BHTpatiae yqeHh illKOJIH Ha ,ZJ;OIIOMOry 6aTbKaM Ha ,n;o6y.
2) HK cni,n; 3MiHHTH Bi,n;rroBi,n;h, .HKrn;o ,n;o,n;aTKOBO Bi,n;oMo, rn;o
y illKOJii HaBqaeTbC.H 400 ,n;iBqaT i 560 XJIOIID;iB?
35.15: y Ta6JIHD;i HaBe,n;eHO ,n;aHi rrpo l:!aCTOTY BHIIa,n;iHH.H rep6a IIPH
rri,n;KH,ZJ;aHHi MOHeTH B ,n;ocni,n;ax, rrpoBe,n;eHHX ,n;e.HKHMH B'qeHHMH.
qaCTOTa
J];ocJii,n;HHK
BHUa,n;imu1 repoa
mopm BrocpcpoH 0,5069
OracTec ,n;e MopraH 0,5005
BiJih.HM ,IJ;meBoHc 0,5068
BceBoJio,n; PoMaHOBChKliH 0,4923
Kapn IlipcoH 0,5005
BiJih.HM <t>ennep 0,4979
165
§ 5. EneMeHTVl KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, reopi 'I iilMosipHocreiil i MaTeMaTW·lHO'I CTaTV1CTV1KV1
. KiJibKiCTb
)J;ocJiiAJIHK
KH~RiB MOHe'tH
I•
HoMep I'
6aHKY 1 2 3 :t 5 6 1;
7 8 9 10
y BH6ipu;i
'
Po3Mip
rrpon;eHTHOl 11 17,2 11,3 14,5 14 14 11,9 15,8 12 15,5
CTa.BKH, o/o
CyMa
BKJia,n;iB, 2242 783 42 4793 2222 239 296 1204 2768 5564
MJIH rpH
166
35. Crar111cT1t1YH1t1tl1 aHani3 .o,aH111x
BBilna~na- KiJILKiCTb
M Kpalua ceJieHHH, THC. AO- uaceJieBHH,
JiapiB CIDA MJIH
167
§ 5. EneMeHH1 KOM6iHaTOpV1Klt1, Teopi'I i71MOBipHOCTei71 i MaTeMarwrno'I CTaTVICTVIKVI
1
'Y rrapa,n,oKci BepTpaHa poarJrn:,n,~T1>csi Jrn:me xop,n,n, Bi,n;MiHHi BJA ,n,ia-
MeTpiB.
168
3aga11a ogHa - signosigi pi3Hi
-(~)
2
~ ~4
2
nr
2
nR 2
-(!:_J
- R - 2 - 4'
TO TaKa MMOBipHiCTb ,u;opiBHIOe •
170
3agaYa ogHa - signosigi pi3Hi
BnacHe, i,n;eThCH rrpo TPH piaHi aa,n;aqi i Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ho rrpo TPH KopeKT-
HMX p03B' H3YBaHHH • .
,Il;JIH Toro m;o6 ,n;eTaJibHime poai6paTMCH B CKa3aHOMY' HaM ,n;oBe-
,n;eTbCH Kpam;e rrpoa.HaJii3yBaTH yMOBH HMOBipHiCHHX 3a,n;aq.
3ra,n;aeMo, m;o iHKOJIM IIPH CJIOBeCHOMY OIIHCi YMOBH 3a,n;aqi He
B,n;aeTbCH a6COJIIOTHO TOY.J:HO YHBMTH, HK cPaKTHqHo Bi,n;6yBaeTbCH BH-
rrpo6-yBaHHH, a OTme, HeMO)KJIHBO KOpeKTHO OIIHCaTH rrpocTip eJie-
MeHTapHMX HaCJii,n;KiB, ,n;oBeCTH lX piBHOMO)KJIHBiCTb TOIIJ;O.
HanpHKJia,n;, HKm;o cKa3aHo «3 MHOmHHH {l, 2, 3} HaBMaHHH o6H-
paIOTh ,n;Ba Y.J:MCJia»' TO He3p03YMiJIO, HK caMe 6epyTb n;i ,n;Ba Y.J:HCJia:
CIIOY.J:aTKY o,n;He, a IIOTiM iHllie, Y.J:H o,n;pasy ,n;Ba Y.J:HCJia KYIIOIO. y rrep-
llIOMY BapiaHTi Ma€MO 6 eJieMeHTapHHX Hac.hi,n;KiB:
u1 = {(l; 2), (l; 3), (2; 1), (2; 3), (3; 1), (3; 2)}.
Y ,n;pyroMy crroco6i e JIHIIIe 3 eneMeHTapHMx Hacni,n;KH:
u2 ={{1; 2}, {1; 3}, {2; 3}}.
<l>aKTHY.J:HO li,n;eThCH rrpo ,n;Ba pi3HMX eKcrrep:aMeHTH.
HaliY.J:acTirne roJIOBHa npo6neMa BHHHKae Y.J:epe3 Te, m;o cnoBo
. . .
«HaBMaHHH» ,n;onycKae 3aHa,n;To BlJibHl TpaKTyBaHHH 1 ,n;y.me CHJlhHO
CIIHpaeTbCH Ha no6yTOBMH ,n;ocBi,n; i Tpa,n;:an;il.
Po3rJIHHeMo, HanpMKJia,n;, aa,n;aqy.
y miHo-ciili CYMOY.J:IJ,i e ,n;Ba Bi,n;,n;iJieHHH, y KO.'>KHOMY 3 HKHX JiemaTh
no ,n;Ba TI06HKH 3 IIOMa,ZJ;OIO. y nepIIIOMY Bi,n;,n;iJieHHi o6H,n;Bi IIOMa,n;H
pomeBi, a B ,n;pyrOMY - Y.J:epBOHi. jKiHKa HaBMaHHH BHTHrye i3 Cy-
MOY.J:KM ,n;Ba TI06HKH 3 IIOMa,ZJ;OIO . .HKa HMOBipHiCTb Toro, m;o o6M,n;Bi
BHTHrHyTi IIOMa,ZJ;H BHSIBJIHTbCH po.meBHMH (no,n;iSI A)?
IlpoY.J:MTaBIIIH TaKy yMoBy, MH ySIBJISieMo, SIK pyKa miHKH Bi,n;-
KpHBae cyMOY.J:KY, o6Mpae o,n;He 3 ,n;Box Bi,n;,n;ineHh i BHTSirye HKHHCb
TI06HK IIOMa,D;H 3 IJ,bOro Bi,n;,n;iJieHHSI. IloTiM D;SI rrpon;e,n;ypa IIOBTOpIO-
€TbCSI m;e pa3.
HMoBipHiCTb o6paTH Bi,n;,n;ineHHH 3 pomeBMMH noMa,n;aMM ,n;opiBHIOe
1
HK y nepmili, TaK i B ,n;pyrm cnpo6i. OcKiJihKM ,n;pyre Blirrpo6y-
2
BaHHSI Bi,n;6yBa€TbCSI He3aJiemHO Bi,n; pe3yJibTaTiB nepmoro, TO HMO-
,n;opiBHIO~
2
1 1
BipHiCTb BHTSirHyTH o6M,n;Bi pomeBi IIOMa,D;H ( 2 ) - 4.
171
§ 5. EneMeHTV1 KOM6iHaTOpV1KV1, Teopi 'I iltMOBipHOCTeilt i MaTeMaTV1YHo'I CTaTV1CTV1KV1
172
KOMnnEKCHI V1CnA
173
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi 41t1cna
. za +5 .
B HKOHaBIIIH 3aMIHY = t' OTpHMa€MO plBHJIHH.H t2 + 1 = 0.
10
3BicHo, piBH.HHH.H t 2
+ 1 =0 He Mae KopeHiB. AJie 6amaHHH
p03B'H3aTH IIO"tlaTKOBe Ky6i"t£He piBH.HHHH CIIOHYKaJIO B't!eHHX BBeCTM
,n;o poarJIH,n;y ,n;eHKMR HOBMH o6'eKT (rro3Ha"t£MMO lioro, HarrpMKJia,n;,
CMMBOJIOM i) TaKMH, :m;o i 2 +1=0. BHKOHyIO"t!H ,n;il 3 D;MM o6'eKTOM
.HK 3 ,n;iHCHMMM llHCJiaMM, iTaJiiHCbKi B't!eHi 3MOI'JIM BMpa3MTM -qepe3
Hhoro sHa"tleHH.H 3MiHHo1 z, a rroTiM aHa:HTM ii x. BMHBMJIOCH, :m;o BM-
pa3M ,ZJ;JI.H 3Haxo,n;meHH.H 3MiHHOl x He MiCT.HTb CMMBOJIY i Ta BM3Ha-
lla:IOTb ,n;ilicHi KOpeHi ,ZJ;aHOro Ky6i'tJHOro piBH.HHH.H...
TaKMM 't!MHOM, poamMpeHH.H MHO:>KHHM JR ,n;o MHOmHHH, Ha HKili
2
piBH.HHH.H x +1=0 6y,n;e MaTM KOpeHi, € ,n;on;iJibHMM.
0KpeCJIMMO Ha:IIp.HMM IIOIIIYKY HOBOl 'tJMCJIOBOl MHO.iKMHM (6y,n;eMO
11 Ha3M~aTM MHO.iKMHOIO 1COMnJle1CC1iUX llUCeJl ):
1) MHO.iKMHa KOMIIJieKCHMX 'tJMCeJI IIOBHHHa MiCTHTM B co6i MHO-
)RMHY ,ZJ;iHCHHX 't!MCeJI;
2) Ha,n; eJieMeHTaMH MHO.iKHHM KOMIIJieKCHMX l:!MCeJI MaIOTb 6yTH
BM3Ha'tleHi apM<lJMeTHtIHi ,n;il (,n;o,n;a.BaHH.H, Bi,ZJ;HiMa:HH.H, MHO:>KeH-
HH i ,ZJ;iJieHH.H);
3) apM<lJMeTH't!Hi ,n;il IIOBMHHi MaTM BJiaCTHBOCTi Bi,n;IIOBi,ZJ;HMX ,n;ili
ia ,n;iHCHMMH l:!HCJiaMH;
4) piBH.HHH.H x 2 + 1=0 IIOBHHHO Ma TH p03B' .H30K Ha MHO)RMHl
KOMIIJieKCHHX 'tJHCeJI.
174
36. MHO>KV1Ha KOMnJleKCHV1X YV1CeJl
ozl + --
--
oz2= -
oz-2+ --
oz1
a6o
CHe 'l'.!MCJIO x
36.1). I HaBIIaKH, KOm-
(pHC.
z HOMY ,n;iHCHOMY 'IHCJIY x Bi,n;nOBi,n;ae BeKTOp
0 x x
OZ s Koop,n;HHaTaMH (x; 0). HaBe,n;eHa Bi,n;-
IIOBi,n;HiCTb ,D;03BOJI.H€ OTOTOmHHTH ,n;ilicHe
PHc. 36.1 'l'.!HCJIO x i BeKTOp oz 3 KOOp,n;HHaTaMH
(x; 0). MHom11Ha TaKHX BeKTopiB e ni,n;MHO-
175
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi Y111cna
y y
b
1 B
i i
1 A
0 1 x 0 1 a x
PHc. 36.2 PHc. 36.3
176
36. MHO)f(l!1Ha KOMnneKCHll1X Yl!1Cen
1) Zi+2z 2; . 2)-i-a(z,+i}
Po3e'Jt3annJt. MaeMo:
1) Z1 +2z2 =(3+2i)+2(-4+i)=3+2i-8+2i=-5+4i;
Z1 ( z +-
2) ---3 Zl) =--z
1 3 =-2z -3z =
2 2 2 21 -3z2 --z
21 1 2
=-6-4i+l2-3i = 6-7i.
nP"1KJ1AA 2 3Hali,n;iTh ,n;ilicHi lIHCJia X i y 3 piBHOCTi
(3x + 2yi) + (-5y + 4xi) = · 1 + lOi.
p 0 3 e' Jl 3 an n Jl. ,Il;o,n;aMo KOMIIJieKCHi lIHCJia, .HKi CTOHTb y JiiBili
"CiaCTHHi piBHOCTi:
(3x - 5y) + (2y + 4x) i = 1 + lOi.
,IJ;ani, CKOpHCTaBllIHCb YMOBOIO piBHOCTi ,D;BOX KOMIIJieKCHHX lIHCeJI,
oTpHMyeMo:
3x-5y=l,
{ 2y+4x=10.
3Bi,n;cH 3Haxo,n;HMO, ~o x = 2, y = 1. •
I i I= '10 2 2
+ 1 = 1, I - 5 I= ~( -5) 2 + o~ = 5.
3 03Ha"t!eHH.H MO,n;yJI.H KOMIIJieKCHOrO qHcJia BHITJIHBae, rn;o ,D;JI.H
6y,n;h-HKoro z E C BHKoHyeThC.H HepiBHiCTb I z I~ 0, IIpH"t!OMY I z I= 0
To,n;i i TiJibKH To,n;i, KOJIH z = 0.
Ha MHO»<HHi C BH3Ha"t!eHo onepan;il ,n;o,n;aBaHH.H, Bi,n;HiMa.HH.H Ta
MHOmeHH.H Ha ,n;ilicHe "t!HCJIO. Hara,n;aeMO, rn;o O,D;HHM 3 MOTHBiB BBe-
,n;eHH.H KOMITJieKCHHX "t!HCeJI 6yJia Heo6xi,n;HiCTb 3HaHTH TaKe KOMIT-
JieKCHe qHCJIO, .HKe e p03B '.H3KOM piBH.HHH.H x 2 + 1=0, T06TO piB-
H.HHH.H x. x + 1=0. l];JIH D;bOrO 110Tpi6Ho ,n;aTH 03Ha"t!eHH.H ,n;o6yTKY
KOMIIJieKCHHX qHceJI. 3ayBamHMO, rn;o Bi,D;OMHH BaM CKaJI.HpHHH ,n;o-
6yTOK BeKTopiB ,n;JIH n;ie1 MeTH He ni,n;xo,n;HTh. CnpaB,n;i, CKaJI.HpHHH
,n;o6yTOK z. z ,D;JIH 6y,n;h-.HKOro BeKTOpa z E c ,n;opiBHIOe ,n;iHCHOMY
z 1 ~ 0,
2 2 2
"t!HCJIY I z1 • OcKiJihKH I TO z +1>0 npH 6y,n;h-.HKOMY z E C.
Cnpo6yeMo BBeCTH ,n;o6yToK KOMnJieKCHHX qHceJI z 1 = a 1 + b1 i
D;bOro y BHpaai (al+ b1i) (a2 + b2i) p03KpHeMO ,n;ymKH 3BlfCIIDIM CIIOCOOOM:
(a1 +b1 i)(a2 +b2 i)=a1 a 2 +a1 b2 i+a2b1 i+b1b2 (i·i). (1)
BaqHMo, m;o ,n;JIH 03Ha"t!eHH.H ,n;o6yTKY KOMIIJieKCHHX qHceJI
Z1 =al +bl i i Z2 = a2 + b2i Tpe6a JIHIIIe ,D;OMOBHTHC.H rrpo 3HaqeHHH ,n;o-
178
36. MHO>KvtHa KOMnneKCHVIX '-lvtcen
a 2 -b 2 =-8,
CHCTeMH
{ 2ab=6.
3 3 a=l,
b=-, 3 b=-, { b=3,
a b=-, a
2
a --=-8;
a2
9 {
a4 :8a 2
-9 =0;
a=l,
[ a=-1;
a:-1,
{b--3.
0Tme, aa.,n;a-qa Mae ,n;Ba poaB' .ff3KH: z 1 = 1 + 3i, z 2 = -1 - 3i. •
O a na11eHHSI. KoMIIJieKcHi 'IHCJia a+ bi Ta a - bi HaaHBaron cnpSl-
~eHHMH .
b z = a +bi = a - bi.
HarrpHKJia,n;, 5 + 7i = 5-7i, i = -i.
x CnpHmeHi KoMnJieKcHi '1HCJia - n;e
BeKTOpH, CHMeTpH't!Hi Bi,n;HOCHO oci a6cn;Hc
(pHC. 36.6).
P:iac. 36.6 "l1Hcno, crrpHmeHe ,n;i:HcHoMy 't!HCJIY a,
a6iraeThC.ff a '1HCJIOM a. H~npHKJia.,n;, 5 = 5.
,D;JIH 6y,n;h-.ffKHX KOMIIJieKCHHX '1HCeJI Z1 i Z2 BHKOHYIOTbC.ff piB-
HOCTl:
1) z1 + Z 2 = Z1 + Z2 ;
2) z1 - Z 2 = Z1 - Z 2 ;
3) z1z2 = Z1 Z 2 •
,D;oBe,n;iTh :a;i BJiaCTHBOCTi caMOCTiHHO.
179
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi YvKJla
zz2 z2 .= z 1 z2 • z
2
eMO TaKe: 3Bi,n;cH z I z2 1 = z1 2•
IlOMHO:>l<:HBilIH o6H,n;Bi qaCTHHH OCTaHHhOl piBHOCTi Ha ,n;ilicHe
. 1 Z1Z2
l.JHCJIO 2' OTpHMyeMo: z= 2.
I Z2 I I Z2 I
zz
HeBamKo nepeKoHaTHCH, rn;o oTpHMaHe -ciHcJio z= 1 2
2
aa,n;oBOJih-
1 Z2 I
H.ae piBHiCTh Z • Z 2 = Z1 •
TaKHM "t!HHOM, ,n;oBe,n;eHo, rn;o qacTKa KOMrrJieKCHHX --ciHceJI z 1 i z2 ,
,n;e Z2 ;;/:: 0, icHye Ta BH3Ha-ciaeThC.H O,ll;H03Ha't!HO.
., . 2-3i
nPMKJIAA 3 HaH,ll;lTh qacTKY . •
2+i
Z1
p 0 3 8' Jl3a1-l 1-lJl. ,[(JIH 3Haxo,n;meHHH qacTKH apyqHO ,ll;OMHO:>l<:H-
180
36. MHO>KV'!Ha KOMnJleKCHV'IX 4V1CeJl
4) piBHHHHH x
2
+1=0 Mae p03B' H30K Ha MHO)KHHi c.
BnpaaM
0
36.1. Ilo,n;aiiTe B aJire6paltIHiM <PopMi KOMIIJieKCHi l!HCJia, 306pameHi
Ha pHCYHKY 36. 7.
aa.2.· Ha3BiTh ,n;iiicHy i YHBHY tiaCTHHH KOMII- Y. z
·~
JieKCHOro l!HCJia:
, I
.
z
1) -5;
2) 3i;
86. ."
3) 3 + 2i;
4) 4 - 5i;
"YKamiTh, HKl 3 ,n;aHHX KOMIIJieKCHHX
5) i - 2;
6)-l-6i.
Z, -
'Ill[
--- i
j
I~
/ \ 1
--il
,. ~ ~
l!HCeJI piBHi:
~ z,
z 1 = 2 - 3i; Z
3
= 3 - 2 i; z5 = .J9 - j4;
lZ ,.
*"
Z2 =2-~ i; Z 4 = j4 - 3i; Z 6 = ~ - 3i. P:ac. 36. 7
0
181
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi Y111cna
0
36.11. HarnnniTb T.JHCJIO, cnpH)KeHe ,n;aHOMy:
1) 2 - 7i; 2) -3 + 5i; 3) 6; 4) -7i.
0
36. 2. HanHIIriTb T.JHCJio, crrpH)KeHe ,n;aHoMy:
1) 8 - 3i; 2) -6 + lli; 3) -12; 4) 9i.
0
2) (1 - .J2. i) (1 + .J2. i) + (1 + i) 2 ;
0
4) (- + ~ ~ ir
36.25. 3nali,n;iTb yci TaKi KOMIIJieKCHi T.JHCJia :rn;o:
Z,
1) z = i;
2 2
2) z = - 5 + 12i.
36. 6. 3nali,n;iTb yci TaKi KOMIIJieKCHi 't!HCJia z, :rn;o:
1) z 2 = -i; 2) z 2 = 15 - Si.
0
36.27. 06't!JiICJiiTb:
1) - 1. 2) 2 + i. 3) 4 . 4) 3i 5) 1+4i 3+4i
6
i ' -i ' 2- i' 1 + 2i ; 2 + 3i ; ) 3 - 4i
182
36. MHO.>KV1Ha KOMnneKCHV'IX Yvicen
36.28. Q6qHCJiiTb:
3 5i 7 +i 4-5i
1) . 2) . 3 ) 2 +i; 4
-i' 3 + 2i' ) 4+5i
0
2
4+i
> (-2 + 3i) (1+2i);
4) (l-il9 )15.17
1 +i
36.33. ,ll;aHo: z 1 1 + i, z 2
0
= = 3 - 2i. 06qHCJiiTb:
1) zl f " 2) - Z1 3)
Z2 Zi + Z2
36.3 . ,11;8.Iio: z 1 =
0
1 - i, z 2 = 3 + 2i. Q6q11cJiiTb:
1) zl + ~2 ; 2) :: - Z2 ;
(z2) Z1 -Z2
183
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi Y111cna
TaK: M(2-3i).
0TpMMaHa B3aE:MHO O,l.l;H03Ha't!Ha Bi,n;noBi,n;HiCTb Mim MHOmMHOIO
KOMIIJieKCHHX 't!MCeJI i MHOmMHOIO TO't!OK KOOp,n;MHaTHOl IIJIOID;HHH
,n;oaBOJIHe OTOTOmHIOBaTM eJieMeHTH u;:ax ,n;Box MHOmMH. TaK, 3aMiCTb
CJiiB «TOqKa, HKa 306pamye 't!HCJIO 2 - 3i» (p:ac. 37.2), KOPOTKO ro-
BOPHTb «TO't!Ka 2 - 3i». TaKom, HaIIpMKJia,n;, roBopHTb «TPHKYTHMK
3 BepIIIMHaMM 1.- i, 1 + i, -i» (p:ac. 37.3).
y y
2 1 +i
0 x
0 x
x
-i 1-i
-3 -------- (2 - i)
PHc. 37.1 PHC. 37.2 PHc. 37.3
184
37. KoMnneKcHa n11ow,111Ha. Tp111roH0Merp111YHa cpopMa KoMnneKcHoro YlllCJla
185
§ 6. KoMnneKCHi Y1t1cna
1 Re -3 1 \ -1 ,, 0 ,'1 Re
, __ .,.... I
1 Re
,, /
----
P:ac. 37.5 P:ac. 37.6 P:ac. 37. 7
-1 0 .J2 Re
186
37. KoMnneKcHa nnow.1i1Ha . Tp1i1roH0Merpw-1Ha cpopMa KOMnneKCHoro Y111cna
2.= 2(
i cos 1t
2
+ i.sin
• 1t) ;
2
- 3 i. = 3 ( cos 3n + i. sin
. 3n) .
2 2
OcKiJihKH Mo,n;y Jih KOMIIJie~cHoro 'IHCJia z =a+ bi ,u;opiBHIOe
r = .Ja 2 + b2 ' TO apryMeHT <p KOMIIJieKCHOro 'tIHCJia z, ,u;e z * 0, MOJI<Ha
3HaMTH i3 CHCTeMH:
a.
cos <p = I ,
v a2 + b2
(2)
. b
sin <p = I •
2 2
va +b
Im Im
1
r 0 I
I Re
Re I
I
I
-Ja ----:
PHC. 37.10 PHc. 37.11
TPH'IHiH <PopMi.
I z 1=~1 2 +(-.J3)
2
z=l-.J3i. To,u;i =2. BHKOPHCTosyroqH <PopMy-
JIH (2), 3HaxO,ZJ;HMO:
1
cos <p =-,
2
3Bi,ZJ;CH
1t
<p =-- +27th, k E Z.
3
187
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi '-!V1cna
J
z = 2 (cos ( - ; + i sin ( - ; J}
z= 2 ( cos 5n +z.s1n
.. 5nJ . •
3 3
3ayBa.mHMO, ~o KOMIIJieKcHe 'CiHCJIO z = 1- i .J3 MO.mHa rro,n;aTH li
TaK:
BnpaaM
Il03Ha'tJTe Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIO~HHi TOqKy, .HKa Bi,n;noai,n;ae
0
37.1.
KOMIIJieKCHOMY 'tJHCJiy:
1
1) 3; 3) 1 + 2i; 5) 2 - 3i; 7) - 1.;
-l
2) -5i; 4) -3 + i; 6) -4 - i; 8) (1 + i)4.
0
37.2. 3o6pa3iTh Ha KOMIIJieKCHiii IIJIOIIJ;HHi BCi qHcJia z, .HKl 3a,l1;0-
BOJihH.HIOTh YMOBy:
1) Re z=3; 4) Im z ~2;
2) Re z ~ 4; 5) Rez=Imz;
3) Im z=-1; 6) (Re z) 2 =Im z.
-
3o6pa3iTh Ha KOMIIJieKCIDH IIJIO~HHi BCi
.l. &1 i•
A
z, .HKi aa,n;OBOJihH.HIOTh yMoBy:
qHcJia - -
.r.,
1) Rez=-2; 4) Imz~-3; 'I...
-
1
188
-
37. KoMnneKcHa nno~V!Ha. TpV1roH0Merpw-1Ha cpopMa KOMnneKcHoro YV1cna
37.5.
0
1t 21t
n < arg z < 2n ..
1t
1) arg z =-; 2) -<arg z <-· 3) 6 3 '
6 6 3' {
I z I=2.
3" . 8o6paaiTh Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOID;HHi BCi tIHCJia z, .HKl 3~0-
BOJihH.HIOTh YMOBy:
1t 1t
1t 1t -- <arg z<-
2) --< argz<-· 3) 4 2'
4 2' {
I z I=L
3Hali~iTh yci apryMeHTH KOMIIJieKCHoro tIHCJia:
0
37.9.
1) 7; 2) 4i; 3) -2 - 2i; 4) -13 + i.
7. 3HaH~iTh yci apryMeHTH KOMIIJieKCHOro tIHCJia:
1) 3 (cos _2:_ _ i
11
sin -2:_);
11
5) 4 (cos(-:)+i sin:}
2) 9 (cos 3n + i sin 3n); 6) cos (-~) +i sin (-~}
3) -2( cos~ +isin 7t);
2 2 2
"} 7) 6 (sin n + i cos
3 13 13
2) 4i; 4) -13 + i; 6) -3 - i; 8) 2 + i.
' l+i
189
§ 6. KoMn11eKcHi Y11tCJla
. . 197t) ; . 7t • 7t
1) 5 ( cos ( - l97t) +isin 3) sin-+i cos-;
5 5 8 8
7 7t . • 7 7t)
2) 7 ( c o s
29
--i sin- ;
29
4) 3(-
21t .. 2rt)
COS-+l s i n - •
11 11
0
37.16. ,Il;oBeAiTh, m;o KOJIH <p - apryMeHT KOMIIJieKCHOro 1.J:HCJia Z,
TO -cp - apryMeHT KOMIIJieKCHoro 'tJHCJia z.
37. 7 ,Il;oBeAiTh, m;o KOJIH <p - apryMeHT KOMIIJieKCHoro 1.J:HCJia z,
1
TO -cp - apryMeHT KOMIIJieKCHOro 't!HCJia - •
z
0
190
38. MHo:>KeHHH i AineHHH KOMnneKCHV1X 11111cen
....
11111
..,. MHo>KeHHHi AineHHH KOMnneKCHPAX "IPAcen,
3anv.caHMX y TpMrOHOMeTpM"IHiVI <1>opMi.
KopiHb n-ro CTeneHH 3 KOMnneKCHOro "IMC/la
191
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi 4111cna
Im Im
I
I
~<p / I
1,.)..' I
0 ~cp /
Re 1,...)..'
0 Re
PHc. 38.1 PHc. 38.2
z r1 (cos cp1 + i sin cp1 ) r1 (cos cp1 + i sin cp1 )' (cos cp 2 - i sin cp 2 )
-1= - -
z2 r2 (cos cp 2 + i sin cp 2) r2 (cos cp 2 + i sin cp 2 )(cos cp 2 - i sin cp 2 )
_ r1 (cos cp1 cos cp 2 +sin cp1 sin cp 2 + i (sin cp1 cos cp 2 - cos cp1 sin cp 2 )) _
-
r2 ( cos 2 cp 2 + sin
. 2
cp 2 )
Z2 Z2 Z2
192
38. MHo>KeHHH i AineHHH KOMnneKCHvtx 411tcen
n M aeMo: cp+-=-.
1t To arg ( zi') =<p+-.
argi=-, n 7t
Re 2 2 2 3
0 . 1t
3 Bl,Zl;CH <p = - - .
6
IIIyKaHa MHomHHa 'lHCeJI - u;e npoMiHb,
Pnc. 38.3 y HKOro «BHKOJIOTO» II0'1aTOK (pHc. 38.3) . •
12
.
nPMKnAA 2 06'1HCJI1Tb (.J3l+i+i. J
P 038' R3 an nR. MaeMo: z .J3 + 2 (cos:+ sin:),
1 = i= i
12 =
1 2 (cos ; + i sin : ) (
J2. ( cos ( : J+ i sin (: - : JJ)12
( )
; = - :
2
J2 (cos : + i sin : )
0
=(F2
a
(cos (-1~J+i sin (-1"J)
. KopeaeM n-ro cTeneas a KOMnJieKcaoro
r =26 (cos(-it)+ i sin (-1t)) =-64 . •
'IHCJia z, .zi;e n E N, n > 1, uaaHBaJOTL TaKe KOMIIJieKcHe 1111cJio w,
n
~ow = z.
HanpHKJia,n;, 'lHCJIO 1 + i e KBa,n;paTHHM KopeHeM a 'lHCJia 2i.
2 2
CnpaB,n;i, (1 + i) = 1+2i + i = 2i. "l!HcJio -1- i TaKom e KBa,n;paTHHM
KopeHeM a tIHCJia 2i.
0"tieBH,n;Ho, m;o 'lHCJIO 1 e Ky6i'1HHM RopeHeM 3 'lHCJia 1. BH aH·a -
eTe, m;o Ha MHO.mHHi ~ lCHye TlJI.bKH o,n;He "t!HCJIO, m;o e KOpeHeM
193
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi '-11t1cna
3 o,n;HHHII;i. CnpaB,n;i,
~ ~
(- + i J 2
= (cos " + i sin " )'
3
2
3
= cos 21t + i sin 21t = 1,
(3)
194
38. MHo:>KeHH~ i AineHH~ KOMnneKCHvix Yvicen
w1 = v r
nf ( cos
cp + 27t
n
. .
+ i sin
cp + 2n)
n ,
W n _1 =
nf(
vr COS
cp+2n(n-1) . . <p+2n(n-1))
+ i Slil •
n n
3a3HalIHMO, m;o "tJHCJia WO, w1, w2, ... , wn - 1 e nonapHO pi3HHMH,
<p <p+2n cp+2n(n-1)
OCKiJihKH 6y,ZJ;h-HKi 3 ,ZJ;BOX KyTiB , , ... , Bi,n;pi3-
n n n
HHIOTbCH MeHme Him Ha 2n.
0Tm.e, <tlOPMYJia (3) 38.,ZJ;ae piBHO n
lIHCeJI W 0 , W 1 , W 2 , ... , Wn _ 1 ,
KOm.He 3 HKHX e KOpeHeM n-ro CTeIIeHH 3 't!HCJia z. .&.
TaKHM 't!HHOM, MH ,n;ilimJIH BHCHOBKy, m;o BCi n KOpeHiB n-ro
CTeneHH 3 't!HCJla z = r (cos cp + i sin cp) , 3aIIHCaHOro B TpHrOHOMeTpH"'t!-
wk nC (
=vr
. . <p +n2nk) , JJ.e k
cos <p +n2nk +ism E
{0, 1, 2 ,._•• ,n- 1} (4)
w1 = a'1(
"J. cos
n+27t . . 7t + 27t)
3
+ i sm
3
= -1,
a'1(
w 2 =-\11. COS
7t+47t
+l Slil
.. 7t+47t) . J3
= 12 -i2. •
3 3
195
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi Y11101a
1
e1 =-·- +i-
. ./3 Im Im
2 2
e2 = -12- -.-13
i-
2 e3 =0-i
Bnp Blil
1) z1 = 2 (cos 7t
6
+ i sin n),
6
z2 = 3 (cos -2:._ + i sin -2:._);
12 12
2) z1 =5( cos(-
1
:)+ sin (-
i
1
: )), z, =cos 1 +i sin 1;
196
38. MHO)KeHH5l i gineHH5l KOMnneKCHl!1X Yl!1Cen
Z2
7 1 3 3
1) Z1 =12 (COS " + i sin ;), Z2 = 8 (COS ; + i Sin ; }
4
5 5
2) z1 =9( cos 6" +i sin :), z2 =-3 (cos; +i sin;}
3) z1 = 15 (cos 6 + i sin 6), z2 = 5 (sin 2 + i cos 2).
38.5. 3arrHmiTh y ·TpHrOHOMeTpHqHiH cpopMi "C{HCJIO z, .HKm;o:
0
1) z = (2
20 20
3) z =(cos_.!._+ i sin
35
_!_)
35
•
1) (1 + i)
20
; 4) (1-i)
12
(~ + ~
2) (~- ~ir 5) (1 + i)l08
(-13-i)
3) (3 + 4i) 4 ;
197 '
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi Y111cna
2) z=125(cos~+isin~),
11 11
n=3; 4) z=./3-i, n=4.
38.11: 3o6pa3iTh Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOiqHHi 'lHCJia, .HKi e KOpeH.HMH
n-ro cTerreH.H a 'lHCJia z, .HKm;o:
1) z=i, n=3; 3) z=-i, n=6.
2) z = 1 + i, n = 4;
38 • 3o6pa3iTh Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOID;HHi 'lHCJia, .HKi e KOpeH.HMH
n- ro cTerreH.H s llHCJia z, .HKm;o:
1) z = -1, n = 4; 3) z = 1, n = 8.
2) z = 1 + ./3i, n = 3;
38.13 .• Hexa.H eo' el' ... ' en - 1 - KopeHi n-ro CTerreH.H 3 l!HCJia 1.
3Haif,n;iTh ,n;o6yTOK eOel •...• eri-1.
38. . Hexa.H eo, el' ... , en - 1 - KopeHi n-ro CTerreH.H 3 llHCJia 1.
3Hali,n;iTh cyMy e0 +e1 + ... +en - i·
38.15:· 3Haif,n;iTh yci TaKi ,n;ilicHi x i y, m;o (x + yi) 6 =x-yi.
8. 6 .• 3Ha.H,n;iTh yci TaKi ,n;iHCHi x i y, m;o (x + yi) 4 = x -yi.
38.17 :~ BacHJih 3arrJiyTaHKO ,n;oBo,n;HTh «piBHiCTh » 1 = -1 TaK:
1 = ~(-1) 2 =(J~.)
2
2
= i = -1. ¥ "t!OMY IIOJI.Hrae IIOMHJIKa BaCHJI.H?
38.18:· ,[(oBe,ZJ;iTh, m;o TO"t!KH zl i z2, Bi,n;MiHHi Bi,n; TO'lKH z = 0,
JiemaTh Ha rrp.HMiH, .HKa rrpoxo,n;HTh -qepea IIOtiaTOK KOOp,ZJ;HHaT,
Z1 Z1
TO,ZJ;i i TiJihKH TO,ZJ;i, KOJIH BHKOHY€ThC.H piB_HiCTh - -
Z2 Z2
198
38. MHo)l<eHHH i AineHHH KOMnneKcH111x Y111cen
3 .2 .. ,[(Bi TO"CJKH M (z
1
) i N (z 2 ) KOMIIJieKcHo1 IIJIOIIViHH HaJiejKaTb
KOJIY I z I= 1. ,[(oBe,n;iTb, ru;o piBHHHHH rrpsiMo1, siKa npoxo,n;HTb
-qepea ToqKH Mi N, MO*Ha rro,n;aTH y BHrJIH,n;i z + z1 z2 z = z 1 + z2 •
38.24:· To"CJKH M (z 1 ) i N (z 2 ) KOMnJieKcHo1 nJIOIIJ;HHH Bi,n;MiHHi Bi,n;
TO"tfKH 0 (0). ,IJ;oBe,n;iTb, :m;o BeKTOpH OM i ON rreprreH,n;HKyJisip-
Hi TO,ZJ;l 1 TiJihKH TO,ZJ;i, KOJIH BHKOHyeTbCH piBHiCTh ~- - ~l •
Z2 Z2
199 '
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi 111t1cna
3 .)
( 1 + "\/1n
6Z.
101
= 2101 ( COS -
10l7t
- + Z..' Sln
. -lOln)
- = 2101 (1
- - J3 ·J = 2100 -
-Z: 3.
2100 "\/1n
6Z..
3 3 2 2
TaKHM qHHOM, 3HaqeHHH ,n;aHoro BHpaay ,n;opiBHIO€ 2100 .
Bif)noel,f)b: 2100 •
3aYBaJRHMO, m;o ni,n; qac p03B' H3YBaHH.H npHKJia,D;Y 1 MH OTpHMa.JIH
i TaKy piBHiCTb:
In 1 ( in) 3 3 ( in)99 99 ( in)lOl 100 In
-v~ c101 - -v3 c101 + ·•· - -v3 c101 + -v3 = -2 -v3.
(cos a.+ i sin a.) 5 = cos5 a.+ 5 cos4 a. (i sin a.)+ 10 cos 3 a. (i sin a.)2 +
+ 10 cos 2 a. (i sin a.) 3 + 5 cos a. (i sin a.) 4 + (i sin a.) 5 =
=(cos 5 a.-10cos 3 a.sin 2 a.+5cosa.sin 4 a.)+
+ (5 cos 4 a. sin a.-10 cos 2 a. sin 3 a.+ sins a.) i.
3a.rrHlllHJIOC.H rrpHpiBH.HTH YHBHi 't!aCTHHH OTPRMaHHX BHpa3iB.
Bionoeiob: sin 5a. = 5 cos 4 a. sin a. -10 cos 2 a. sin 3 a.+ sins a.
3aYBamHMO, m;o rri,n; -qac posB'.asyBaHH.H rrpRKna,zzy 2 MH oTpHMaJIH
i TaKHM pe3yJibTaT:
cos 5a. = coss a. -10 cos 3 a. sin 2 a. + 5 cos a. sin 4 a..
Im
M
PHc. 38.6
201 I
§ 6. KoMnneKcHi y111cna
1t
TO"t!Ka De o6paaoM TO"t!KH A npH noBopoTi a :u;eHTpoM B Ha KYT ,
2
a TOqKa L - o6paaoM TO"t!KH C npH noBopoTi a n;eHTpoM B Ha KYT - n.
2
To,n;i KOMnJieKcHi Koop,n;HHaTH TO"t!OK D i L ,n;opiBHIOIOTb tIHCJiaM ia
Ta -ic Bi,n;noBi,ZJ;HO.
3Ha.H,n;eMO KOMIIJieKCHi KOOp,ZJ;HHaTH Zol ' Zo2 i ZM2 TO"t!OK 01, 02
I M 2• OcKiJibKH n;i TO"t!KH e cepe,n;HHaMH Bi,n;pi3KiB AD, CL i AC Bi,n;-
a + ia c - ic a+c
IlOBi,n;Ho, TO ZDi = 2 ' Zo2 =-2-, ZM2 =-2-·
IloKa.meMo, m;o TOtIKa M2 - BepmHHa piBHo6e,n;peHoro rrp.HMO-
KYTHoro TPHKYTHHKa 0 1 M 2 0 2 • ,II;n.H n;horo ,n;ocTaTHbO nepeKoHaTHC.H,
MaeMO
·• . (
L Zol - zMz
) _ . ( a + ia
- L 2
2
a+c
- -2- -
J-
2 2
i (ia - c) _ -a - ic .
2 - 2 '
c - ic a+c -a - ic
z02 -zM2 =-----=---
2 2 2
MipKYJOllH aHaJiorillHO, MO.iKHa noKaaaTH, m;o M1 - BepmHHa
piBHo6e,n;peHoro np.HMOKYTHoro TPHKYTHHKa 0 1 M 10 2 •
nP~KnAA KoJIO 3 II;eHTpOM 0 BilHCaHO B tIOTHpHKYTHHK ABCD.
,II;oBe,n;iTh, m;o TOlJKa 0 i cepe,n;HHH ,n;iaroHa.rreli tIOTHPHKYTHHKa Jie-
maTb Ha o,n;HiH np.HMiH.
Po3e'.n,3ann.n,. YBe,n;eMo KOMTIJieKCHY nJio~HY TaK, m;o6 TO"tJKa 0
a6ira.nac.H 3 IlOlJaTKOM Koop,n;HHaT, a pa,n;iyc KOJia ,n;opiBHIOBaB 1
(p:ac. 38. 7). IloaHa'1HMO '1epea M, N, P i Q T0'1KH ,n;oTHKY KOJia ,n;o
cTopiH AB, BC, CD i DA Bi,n;noBi,n;Ho. He-
xali ZM, ZN, Zp i ZQ - KOMilJieKCHi KO-
op,n;HHaTH T0'10K M, N, Pi Q Bi,n;noBi,n;Ho.
PiBH.HHH.H np.HMHx AB i AD MalOTh BHrJI.H,n;
-
zMz+.zMz =2 i ZQZ+ ZQZ =2 Bi,n;noBi,ZJ;HO
(,n;HB. aa,n;aqy 38.27). To,n;i KOMIIJieKCHY
Re
:Koop,n;11HaTy TO"t!KH A MO.iKHa aHaHTH,
p03B '.H3aBIIIH CHCTeMy
{ ~Mz+zM! =2,
ZQZ+ZQZ =2. PHc. 38. 7
202
3aaocysaHHH KOMnneKCHlllX YlllCen
2zMzQ
(zQ + ZM) z = 2zMzQ. 3Bi,ll;CH z = .
ZM +ZQ
C8.MOCTiHHO. e
Im .. Im Im
0
K
..
Re
E•
P:ac. 38.8 PHc. 38.9 P:ac. 38.10
204
3acrocysaHHs:i KOMnneKcHvix Yvicen
Bnpae111
38.28. BHpa3iTh cos 6a ~epes cos a i sin a.
38.29. l(oBe,n;iTh piBHiCTh
7t 3n 5n 7n 9n l ln 1
cos-+ cos-+ cos-+ cos-+ cos-+ cos - = -.
13 13 13 13 13 13 2
38.30. l(oBe,n;iTh, m;o
100
cos cp = !9 (cos 1 OOcp + c;oo cos 9 Sep + c:Oo cos 96cp + •.. + c;go).
2
38.31. l(oBe,n;iTh, m;o
. 100 cp = 1 ( cos 1 oocp - c 1 cos 98 cp + c2 cos 96 cp - ... + c5o ).
sin 99 100 100 100
2
rr . plBHlCTh
38 •32 • r'-'IOBe,ZJ;ITh . . co - c251 + c451 - c651 + • • • + c4s
51 - cso
51 = - 225 ·
51
38.33. 3Hali,n;iTh TaI<.i HaTypaJihHi t.IHCJia x ~ 18 i y ~ 18, m;o
x 2 + y 2 = 37 · 53.
206
MH r YnEHVl
- b±JD
X1,2 = (1)
2a
. .
I IpH n1,n;cTaHOBII;l "'C!HCeJI x 1 2 = - b±JD .
y p1BHHHHH ax 2 +bx+c=O
· 2a
oTpHMaeMo npaBHJihHY piBHiCTh. IIi,n; tiac n;ie1 ni,n;cTaHOBKH B JiiBili
llaCTHHi piBHHHH.H ,ZJ;OBe,n;eTbCH BHKOHyBaTH JIHIIIe apH$MeTHtIHi one-
panJi. OcKiJihKH ,n;JIH ,n;ilicHHX i KOMIIJieKCHHX lIHCeJI apH<}>MeTH"'C!Hi
orrepan;il MaIOTb CIIiJihHi BJiaCTHBOCTi, TO Ha MHOJKHHi KOMIIJieKCHHX
lIHCeJI KOpeHi KBa,n;paTHoro piBHHHHH MOJKHa 3HaxO,D;HTH aa <l>OPMYJIOIO:
- b ± L).
X2
1 = '
' 2a
,n;e aa ~ Tpe6a B3.HTH 6y,n;h-.HKe 3HatieHH5I KBa,n;paTHoro KopeH.H 3 ,D;HC-
KPHMiHaHTa D = b2 - 4ac.
PoarJIHHeMo, HarrpHKJia,n;, KBa,n;paTHe piBHHHHH x 2 - 6x+10 = 0.
Moro ,n;HcKpHMiHaHT D = 6 2 - 4·10 = -4 - Bi,n;'eMHe 't!HCJIO. qHcJia 2i
i -2i e KBa,n;paTHHMH KopeHHMH a ,n;HcKpHMiHaHTa. TaKHM "'C!HHOM,
"'C!HCJia
6+2i . 6-2i .
X1 = =3+i Ta X 2 = =3-i
2 2
e KOMIIJieKCHHMH KOpeH.HMH ,n;aHoro KBa,n;paTHOro piBH.HHHH.
MaIO't!H KOMIIJieKcHi KopeHi KBa,n;paTHoro TPHtfJieHa, lioro MOJKHa
p03KJiaCTH Ha MHOJKHHKH aHaJiori"'C!HO BHIIa,n;Ky ,n;iHCHHX KopeHiB.
HanpHKJia,n;, MOJKHa aanHcaTH:
x 2 - 6x + 10 = (x - (3 + i)) (x - (3 - i)).
I
207
§ 7. MHoroYneHvt
- 9+i+(3+3i) -6
Z1 - - + 2·i, - 9+i-(3+3i) -3
Z2 - -
.
- l. •
2 2
<Pop Mi.
MaeMo:
f1. 2 = ( x 2 - y 2 ) + 2xyi = -15 + Bi. 3Bi,n;cH
x 2 -y 2 =-15,
{ 2xy = B.
PoaB 'H3aBIDH II;IO CHCTeMy' OTpHMaeMO TaKi 3Ha'tleHHH KBa,n;paTHHX
KopeHiB 3 ,D;HCKpHMiHaHTa: 1+4i, -1- 4i. .
Terrep MO.mHa 3arrHcaTH KopeHi ,n;aHoro KBa,n;paTHOrQ piBHHHHH:
(3+2i)+(1+4i) . 2 3·
Z1 = 2 = + i,
- (3+2i)-(1+4i) -1 .
Z2 - 2 - -l.
208
1
39. P038 fByBaHHH anre6pa'IYHV1X piBHHHb Ha MHO>KV1Hi KOMnneKCHV1X '-lV1CeJl
209
§ 7. MHoroYneHvt
BnpaeH
0
39.1. PoaB' .amiTb piBH.HHH.H:
1) z2 + Bz + 2 5 = O; 3) z 2 -3z+ll-3i=O;
2) z 2 -(3-2i)z+10=0; 4) z 2 +(i-5)z+8-i=0.
39.2. PoaB' .amiTb piBH.HHH.H:
0
210
.[laMa i3 co6aYKOfO
3" 3 .' "(·la icHye cpyHKD;iH, rpacpiK .HKOI Mae cniJibHY TO"l!Ky 3 6y,n;h-
2
HKOIO napa60JIOIO BH.D;Y y = ax +bx+ c?
39.14.* 3Hali,n;iTb yci TaKi n E N, ~o MHOrO"l!JieH p (x) = xn + x + 90
2
,n;iJIHTbC.H Hau;iJIO Ha x - x + 2 .
39.15. * Hexali P - ,n;eHKHH HeHyJihOBHH MHOrO"l!JieH. ,il;oBe,n;iTh ic-
HyBaHH.H TaKHX HeHyJihOBHX MHoro"t!JieHiB Q i R, ~o
p (x) Q (x) =R (x2012 ).
3 . 6 · Hexa:H: MHOrO"l!JieH P(x)=X 2 n +a2 n _ 1 X 2 n - l + ... +a1 x+a 0 Mae
2n pi3HHX ,n;o,n;aTHHX KopeHiB. ,il;oBe,n;iTb icHyBaHH.H TaKOro MHOro-
"l!JieHa Q, ~o P(x )=Q(x)Q(- x).
2
AaMa i3 co6a&.1Koto
y nonepe,n;HbOMY IIYHKTi BH 03HaHOMHJIHCH 3 O.D;Hiero 3 rOJIOBHHX
TeopeM ycie1 MaTeMaTHKH - OCHOBHOIO TeopeMOIO aJire6pH.
,il;oBe,n;eHHHM u;ie1 TeopeMH 3aHMaJIHCH 6araTO BH,D;aTHHX HayKOB-
u;iB: JKaR ,II;' A.rraM6ep, JieoHap,n; EliJiep, JK03ecp-Jly1 JiarpaR:m, Kap.TI
raycc Ta iHmi. HanpHKJia,D;, K. raycc HaBiB l!OTHPH pi3Hi ,D;OBe,n;eHHH
u;ie1 TeopeMH. IlpH'IHHa TaKo1 KiJihKOCTi ,n;oBe,n;eHh noJIHraJia B TOMY,
~o B Ti 'IaCH caMi MHO:>KHHH ,n;iHCHliX 'IH KOMilJieKCHHX "l!HCeJI He
MaJIH TO'IHHX 03Ha'IeHb i TOMY MipKyBaHH.H HayKOBD;iB He 6y.JIH ne-
peKOHJIHBHMH.
CyqacHi ,ZJ;OBe,n;eHHH OCHOBHOl TeopeMH aJire6pH CilHpaIOTbC.H Ha
u;iJiy HH3KY BJiaCTHBOCTeH ,n;iHCHHX a6o KOMilJieKCHHX "l!HCeJI, HKi He
BHB'IaIOTb y cepe,n;Hili mKoJii. IIpoTe icHyIOTh u;iKaBi reoMeTpH"llHi
iJIIOCTpau;il ,n;o ,n;eHKHX i3 II;HX ,D;OBe,n;eHb. 0,n;He 3 HHX OTPHMaJIO o6-
pa3HY Ha3BY «,il;aMa i3 co6a"l!KOIO».
Po3rJI.aHeMo MHOrO'IJieH
p (Z) = Zn + an -1 Zn - 1 + ••. + al z + ao.
Ilepm aa Bee 3ayBa:>KHMO, ~o KOJIH a0 = 0, TO TBep,n;meHH.H Teope-
MH Ol!eBH,D;HO BHKOHY€TbC.H, 60 "l!HCJIO z = 0 € KOpeHeM MHOrO"l!Jie-
Ha P.
Hexali a0 :;:. 0. Ha MHO:>KHHi KOMnJieKCHHX "l!Hcen po3rJIHHeMo
cpyHKu;i1 w = P (z) i w = Q (z), ,n;e Q (z) = zn. IIopH,n; 3 KOMTIJieKCHOIO
Il.JIO~HHOIO (z), Ha HKiH II03Ha"t!aTHMeMO apryMeHTH cpyHKD;iH pi Q,
211
§ 7. MHoroyneHV1
(w)
(z)
PHc. 39.2
IIpocTemHMO 3a THM, .HK rriA qac TaKoro pyxy TOtIKH z 6yAe py-
xaTHC.H TOqKa Q (z) =Zn Ha KOMIIJieKCHiH IIJIOID;HHi (w). ToqKy Q (z)
6yAeMo Ha3HBaTH «AaMOIO». 3a <PopMyJioro MyaBpa
212
AaMa i3 co6aYKOIO
an - 1 an - 2 ao
OcKiJihKH Iz I= R, TO ,n;nH BeJI:H'llHHH - - + -
.Z
- + ... + -
Z2 Zn
MOJKHa
.
an -1 an - 2 ao ~ an - 1 ao
--+-2-+ ... +---;- ""' - - + + ... +
z z z z
an - 1
ToMy rrpH ,n;ocHTb BeJIHKHX 3HaqeHHHX R BeJIHqHHa --+
z
an - 2 ao
+ -2- + ... +----;- - ,ll;OCHTb MaJia. [(e 03Haqae, ~o TpaeKTOpiH pyxy
z z
TQqKH p ( z) MaJIO Bi,n;pi3HH€TbCH Bi,n; TpaeKTOPll pyxy TQqKH Q ( z) = Zn
(Hara,n;aeMo, ~o ToqKa Q (z) pyxaeThCH KOJIOM pa,n;iyca Rn). HarrpH-
KJia.,n;, HKIIl;O o6paTH TaKe 3HaqeHHH R, m;o
an -1 an - 2 ao 1
- - + -2-+ ... +- <-, TO
Z Z Zn 10
_!_ pa,n;iyca KOJia, HKHM pyxaeTbCH ToqKa Q (z) (pHc. 39.3). I'OBOpH-
10
qlf He<t>opMaJibHO, KOJIH «,n;a.Ma» Q (z) pyxaeTbCH KOJIOM, «co6aqKa»
p ( z) 6irae 6iJIH «,ll;a.MH » ' Bi,n;,n;a.rrHIOqHCb He 6iJibme Him Ha ,ll;OBJKHHY
Rn
IIOBi,D;~H - BeJIHqHHy - •
10
OcKiJihKH «,n;aMa» Q (z) po6HTb n o6epTiB HaBKOJio rroqaTKY Ko-
op,n;HHaT, TO i «Co6aqKa» p (z) TaKOJK n pa3iB o66irae HaBKOJIO 110-
qaTKY KOOp,n;HHaT i IIOBepTa€TbCH B rroqaTKOBY TQqKy.
,
213
§ 7. MHoro11neH1t1
(z)
p
.........--..
R
PHc. 39.3
IIepeli,n;eMo ,n;o ,n;pyroro BHna,n;Ky. IIpocTeJKHMO sa pyxoM «co6aq-
KH» p (z), KOJIH T0'1Ka z KOMITJieKCHOl ITJIOID;HHH (z) pyxaeTbCH ROJIOM
,n;e.aKoro ,n;ocHTh Ma.Jioro pa,n;iyca R 3 :n;eHTPOM y notiaTKY Koop,n;HHaT.
Tenep pyx «co6atIKH»
P(z)=(zn +an _1zn - l + ... +a1z)+a0
He 6y,n;e BH3HaqaTHCH pyxoM «,n;aMH» Q (z) =Zn . y IJ;bOMY BHITa,n;Ky
«co6atIKa» 6y,n;e 6iraTH 6iJIH TOqKH ao, ,n;e, MOJKJIHBO, JieJKHTb CMa"t!Ha
KiCTKa. Cnpas,n;i, Bi,n;cTaHh Mim «co6a'1KOIO» P(z) i TOtIKOIO a0 MOJK-
Ha o:n;iHHTH TaK:
I p ( z) - ao I=IZn +an Zn +... + z I~ I Zn I+Ian
-1 -1 al -1 Zn - 1 I+
+... +I alz I~ Rn+ I an -1 IRn- 1+... +I IR. al
IP(z)-ao l<I :~ 1.
II;e osHatiae, m;o «co6a't!Ka» P (z) 6irae B Kpysi pa,n;iyca
I ao I
10
3 u;eHTpoM y TO"ll:n;i a0 (p:ac. 39.4). ~Tme, HKID;O pa,n;iyc R ,n;ocHTh
Ma.JIHH, TO «co6a't!Ka» P (z) ni,n; qac pyxy mo,n;Horo ·pa3y He o66irae
HaBKOJIO IlOtiaTKY KOop,n;HHaT.
laol (w)
10
(z)
p ;
.... --- .... '
I
I
' \
.........---.. I
I
I
I
I
I
\
.... ___ , ,,
, I
''
PHc. 39.4
214
.0,aMa i3 co6aYKot0
a 6
(w) (w)
8 2
HanpHKJia,n;, MHoro't!JieH
P(x)=(x-1) 4 (x 2 +1) 2
Mae KpaTHHH KopiHb x 0 =1. KpaTHiCTb KopeH.H x 0 =1 ,n;opiBHIOe 4.
KamyTI> TaKom, .r.u;o 't!HCJIO x0 = 1 e KopeHeM KpaTHOCTi 't!OTHpH.
217
§ 7. MHoro'-tneH111
BnpaeM
0
40.1. YKa.miTh KpaTHiCTh KOJKHoro ,n;ilicHoro KopeH.a MHOrO"'tlJieHa:
1) P(x)=(x+l) 5 ; 3) P(x)=(x-l)(x~2)(x-3) 2 ;
2) P(x)=(3x+2) 2 (x-4)7; 4) P(x)=(x-7) 2 (x 4 +2).
0
1) P(x)=(x -6x+8) 2 ;
2
3) P(x)=(x 3 +x 2 +x)(x 3 -x) 3 ;
2
2) P(x)=(x +4x-5)(x 2 -25); 4) P(x)=(x 4 -1) 2 (x 2 -1) 3 (x-1) 4 •
40 YKamiTh KpaTHiCTh KO.iKHoro ,n;ilicHoro KopeH.H MHoroqneHa:
219
§ 7. MHoroYneHvi
2) X1 =i KpaTHOCTi ,ZJ;Ba;
2) X 1 = -i KpaTHOCTi TpH;
3) X1 = 2 - i KpaTHOCTi O,ZJ;HH Ta X2 = 1 + i KpaTHOCTi TpH.
220
40. KparHi KopeHi
221
§ 7. MHoroYneH111
222
41. Ky6iYHi piBHflHHfl
Ky6i~Hi piBHSIHHSI
y 8 Ta 9 KJiacax BH ,n;eTa.JibHO 03HaMOMHJIHCH 3 BJiaCTHBOCTHMH KBa-
,n;paTHllHOl <l>YHKD;ll, OTPHMa.JIH cpopMyJIH ,D;JIH p03B'H3YBaHHH KBa,n;paT-
HHX piBHHHh, II03HalioMHJIHCH 3 TeopeM010 BieTa, HKa ycTaHOBJIIOe
3B'H30K KOpeHiB KBa,n;paTHOro piBHHHHH 3 lioro KOecpiu;ieHTaMH.
y D;bOMY IIYHKTi BHB'1HMO ,n;e.aKi BJiaCTHBOCTi Ky6i'1HHX piBHHHb.
p
1
0 3 8 Jl3 a Ii H,Jl • .HKID;O ,D;OIIOBHHTH ,D;Ba rrepIIIHX ,D;O,D;aHKH x 3 + 3x 2
JiiBOl '1aCTHHH piBHHHHH ,n;o cpopMy JIM Ky6a cyMH x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1 =
3
= (x + 1) ' TO piBHHHHH (1) MOJKHa nepernrcaTH y BHrJIH,D;i
(x+l) 3 -6x-12=0.
3po6HBIIIH 3aMiHy t = x + l, OTpHMa€MO
3
t - 6 ( t -1) -12 = O;
t 3 -6t-6=0. (2)
3
0TJKe, BH,n;iJieHHH B piBHHHHi (1) IIOBHOrO Ky6a (x + 1) ,n;arro 3MO-
223
§ 7. MHoro'-lneHV1
U3+V3=6, (4)
{
uv=2.
2
Ili,n;cTaBJIHIO't!H v =- y rrepme plBHHHHH CHCTeMH, 3Haxo,n;HMO
u
3 8
u +-a=6,
u
u 6 -6u 3 +8=0.
u 3 = 4 a6o
3Bi,n;cH u 3 = 2.
3
HKn:t;O u = 4, TO 3 rrepmoro piBHHHHH CHCTeMH ( 4) OTpHMyeMo:
3 3
v = 2, a HKn:t;o u = 2, To oTpHMyeMo: v 3 = 4. OcKiJihKH aHa't!eHHH
t = u+ v He 3MiHIOeTbCH, HKID;O IIOMiHHTH MiCD;HMH ,IJ;O,IJ;aHKH u i v , TO
3
u =4,
3
MOmHa poarJia,n;aTH JIHI.IIe BHrra,n;oK v = 2, OcKiJihKH plBHHHHH
uv=2.
v 3
=2 BHIIJIHBae 3 ,IJ;BOX iHI.IIHX piBHHHh OCTaHHhOl CHCTeMH, TO .n;o-
u3 =4,
CTaTHhO p03B'H3aTH CHCTeMY
{ uv=2.
BHKOpHCTOBYIO't!H cpopMy JIH ,IJ;JIH KopeHH n-ro CTerreHH 3 KOMITJieKC-
3
Horo 't!HCJia, poaB'HmeMo piBHSIHHH u =4. MaeMo:
u1 =if4,
u2 = v 4
3J; (
COS S2n + l.Slil
. S2n) ,
3J; (
u3 = v 4 COSS+ l
4n . . S4n) . Slil
2
3Bi,IJ;CH 3a cpopMyJIOIO v =- OTpHMyeMo:
u
v1 = W.,
v 2 = ef2 (cos -~" + i sin -~it),
3fn (
v3 =vL. cos -47t +is1n
. . -47t) .
3 3
TaKHM '!HHOM, 3Haxo,n;HMO TPH poaB'H3KH piBHSIHHH (2):
tl =if4 +W.,
224
41. Ky6iYHi piBHHHHH
t3 = v
'J,/; (
4 cos S47t + i. sin
. S47tJ + v3/n2 (
Li cos
-47t + i. s1n
3
. -47tJ =
3
=- if4 +ifi. -i.J3
. ( if4 - ifi. J.
2 2
IloBepTaIO"t!HCb p;o 3MiHHo1 x, MO.JKHa 3arrHcaTH Bci TPH po3B'H3KH
piBHHHH.H (1).
Bi8no8i8b: v
X 1 -- 3/;4
4 + v3ln2Li -1 , X 2 -- if4 +ifi. +2+ l.'\/ln36 (if4 - ifi.J ,
2 2
X3 = if4+ifi.+2
2
. (if4-ifi.J .
-i.J3 2
Bip;3Ha"t!HMo, m;o MeTop; Kap,D;aHO Mo.me 6yTH 3acTocoBaHHH ,D;O
6y,D;b-HKOro Ky6i"tJHOro piBHHHHH ax
3
+ bx 2 +ex+ d = 0, ,D;e a-;;/= 0.
HaBe,D;eHHH rrpHKJia,D; rrepeKOHJIHBO rroKa3ye, m;o BHKOPHCTaHHH
MeTO,lJ;Y Kap,D;aHO BHMarae Hea6HHKHX 3YCHJib i YBajKHOCTi. Bop;Ho"t!ac,
HKID;O B 3a,D;a"t!i IIOTpi6HO 3HaHTH ~e CaMi KopeHi X1' X2' X3 Ky6i"t!HO-
ro piBHHHHH, a 3HatieHHH ,D;e.HKHX BHpa3iB, HKi MiCTHTb KOpeHi, Ha-
npHKJia,ll; xl + X2 + X3 a6o X1 X2X3' TO MO.IKHa o6iliTHCH rrpocTiIIIHMH
po3paXYHKaMH. 'Y II;bOMY p;orroMarae TeopeMa BieTa.
c
X1X2 +X1X3 +X2X3 =-, (5)
a
d
X1X2X3 =--.
a
/{ 0 8 e 8 e 1i llJl • .flKIIJ;O 'CJHCJia X 1 , X 2 , X 3 e KOpeH.HMH MHOrO"tJJieHa p,
TO MHOrO'CJJieH p MO.IKHa IIO,ll;aTH y BHrJI.a,D;i ,ll;06yTKY
p ( X) = a ( X - X 1 ) ( X - X 2 ) ( X - X 3 ).
OcKiJibKH MHorolIJieHH
3 2
ax +bx +cx+d (6)
1
8 2
ax -a (xl + X2 + X3) x +a (X1X2 + X1X3 + X2X3) x-aX1X2X3 (7)
Ha6yBaIOTb O,D;Ha:KOBHX 3HalleHb rrpH Bcix 3Hal!eHH.HX x, TO IX KOe<}>i-
n;ieHTH rrpH o,n;HaKOBHX cTerreH.HX 3MiHHo1 x 36iraIOTbC.H. ToMy
- a(x1 +x2 +x 3 )=b,
a (X 1 X 2 + X1 X 3 + X 2X 3 ) = C,
-ax1 x 2 x 3 =d.
3Bi,D;CH BHIIJiliBaIOTb piBHOCTi CHCTeMH ( 5).
HaBIIaKli, .HKID;O BHKOHyIOTbC.H piBHOCTi CliCTeMli (5), TO MHOro-
lIJieHH (6) i (7) MaIOTb piBHi Bi,D;IIOBi,n;Hi Koe<}>in;ieHTH, TOMY n;i MHOro-
"tIJieHH piBHi rrpH Bcix 3Ha'IeHH.HX x. OcKiJibKH MHOrO'IJieH (7) MOmHa
rreperrHca TH y BlirJIH,n;i
a (x - X1 ) ( x - Xz) ( x - X3)'
TO MaeMo, m;o
3 2
ax +bx +cx+d=a(x-x1)(x-x2 )(x-x3 ).
D;e 03Ha'Iae, r:a;o 'IliCJia X1' Xz' X3 e KOpeH.HMH MHOrO'IJieHa p . •
nPMKnAll 2 3Hali,n;iTb CYMY i ,n;o6yTOK ycix KOMIIJieKCHliX KOpeHiB
Ky6i"tIHOro piBH.HHH.H
3 2
x + 3x - 3x -11 = 0.
Po a 8' a a an n Ji. Y poaB 'HaaHHi rrp:aKJia,n;y 1 aHali,n;eHo Bci KopeHi
X1' X2' X3 ,n;aHoro piBH.HHH.H. IlpoTe HaBiTb .HKID;O Bi,n;oMi TO'IHi 3Ha-
"tieHH.H n;Hx :KopeHiB, o61I:acJieHH.H !x CYMH i ,n;o6yTKY BHMarae rreBHOI
TexHilIHOI po6oT:a (crrpo6yliTe rrpoBecT:a n;i poapaxyHKH).
Bo,D;Ho"tlac, BHKop:acTOBYIOllli TeopeMy BieTa, o,n;paay MaeMo, m;o
X1 + X 2 + X 3 = -3,
X 1X 2 X 3 =11. •
nPMKnA.Q J CKiJibKli ,n;rncHHX KOpeHiB Mae piBH.HHHH
x 3 -2x 2 -x+l=O?
3Haii,n;iTb CYMY IX KBa,n;paTiB.
1
Po3,8 .R3annJi. 3'.HcyeMO, CKiJibKH ,n;iHCHHX KOpeHiB Mae MHOro-
'IJieH P (x) = x 3 -2x 2 - x + 1. MaeMo:
P(-1)=-1<0, P(O)=l>O, P(l)=-1<0, P(3)=7>0.
Oc:KiJib:Kli Ha KiHn;Hx KomHoro a Bi,n;pi3KiB [-1; O], [O; l], [1; 3]
MHOrOlIJieH p Ha6YBae 3Ha"tieHb pi3HHX 3HaKiB, TO Ha KOJKHOMY 3 iHTep-
Ba.JJ:iB (-1; 0), (O; 1), (1; 3) MHOrO'tJJieH p Mae ,n;iHCHHH KOpiHb. 3Bi,n;CH
BliIIJIHBae, r:a;o MHorolIJieH p Mae Tpli ,n;i.HCHHX KOpeHi X1' Xz' X3 •
226
41. Ky6iYHi piBH5lHH5l
X1X2 + X 1 X 3 + X2Xa = 2,
X1X2 X8 = -1.
To,n;i ,n;JISI t.IHcen t 1 = x 1 x 2 , t 2 = x 1 x 3 Ta t 3 = x 2xa BHKOHYIOThCH piB-
HOCTl
tl +t2 +ta =X1X2 +X1Xa +X2Xa =2,
t 1t 2 +t1 t 3 +t2t 3 =x:x2x 3 +x;x1x 3 +xix1x 2 =x1x 2xa (x1 +x2 +x3 )=-l,
tl t2 ta = X12 X22 Xa2 = 1 .
ToMy 3a TeopeMoro BieTa tIHCJia t 1 , t2 Ta ta e KopeHHMH piBHSIHHH
2
x 3 -2x -x-1 =0. •
nP~KnA.Q 5 Po3B'HmiTb y ,n;iHCHHX t.IHCJiaX CHCTeMy piBHHHb
x+ y+z=3,
2 2 2
x + y + z = 11,
x 3 + y 3 + z3 = 2 7.
2
Po 3 8 'R 3 an n R. Po3r JIHHeMo MHorot.IJieH P ( t) = t 3 + pt +qt+ r
3 KOpeHJIMH X, y, Z.
3a TeopeMoro BieTa p = -(x + y + z) = -3. OcKiJihKH
(x + y +z) 2 = x 2 + y 2 +z 2 +2 (xy+xz+ yz), TO 9=11+2 (xy + xz+ yz).
3Bi,D;CH
q = xy + xz + yz = -1.
ToMy MHorot.IJieH P MomHa aarrHcarH TaK:
P(t)=t 3 -3t 2 - t+r.
3Hali,n;eMo Koecpio;ieHT r. OcKiJibKH t.IHcJia x, y, z e KopeHJIMH
MHOrOtIJieHa p' TO
227
§ 7. MHoroYneH111
x 3 -3x 2 -x+ r = 0,
y 3 -3y 2 -y+r=O,
z 3 - 3z 2 - z + r = 0.
,Il;oAaBIIlH TPH OCTaHHi piBHOCTi, OTpHMa€MO
(x 3 +y 3 +z 3 )-3(x 2 +y 2 +z 2)-(x+y+z)+3r=0.
3BiACH, BHKOPHCTOBYIO't!H yMoBy 3Mat.Ii, MaeMo:
27-3·11-3+3r=0; r=3.
TaKHM "llHHOM,
P(t)=t 3 -3t 2 -t+3.
P03KJIMaIO"tlH MHOrO"ll.JieH p Ha MHOJKHHKH, Ma€MO, m;o
P(t)=t 2 (t-3)-(t-3)=(t-3)(t 2 -l)=(t-3)(t-l)(t+l).
OT.me, KopeH.HMH MHoroq.JieHa e qHc.Jia 3, 1 i -1.
BiiJnoeiiJb: (3; l; -1), (l; 3; -1), (l; -1; 3), (3; -1; 1), (-1; 1; 3),
(-1; 3; 1). •
BnpaaM
0
41.1. TpH KOMIIJieKCHHX "llHCJia xl' x 2, x 3 e KopeH.HMH p1BHHH-
3x 3 -
0
41.3. xl' x 2, x 3 - KOMIIJieKcHi KopeHi
Hexaii piBH.HHH.H
x 3 = 0. 3HaHAiTb X 1 X 2 •
228
41. Ky6i4Hi piBHHHHH
1 1 1
1) -+-+-;
Xl X2 X3
2 2
2) x l2 + x 2 + x 3'•
3 2
4 . .
Bi.zi;oMo, m;o piBH.HHH.H x + 2x - 5x + 1=0 Mae Tp:a .zi;iiicH:ax
KopeHi xl' X2, X3· 06"tIHCJiiTb 3HatJeHH.H BHpaay:
1 1 1
1) --+--+--;
X1 X2 X2X3 Xl X3
2) + X 2 ( X 3 - X 2 ) + X 3 ( X 1 - X 3 );
X 1 ( X 2 - X1 )
229
§ 7. MHoroYneHvi
1) z 3 +6z+2 =0;
2) z 3 +6z 2 +9z+1=0.
41 23; PoaB'HmiTb piBHHHHH:
1) z3 + 18z + 15 = O;
2) z 3 - 9z 2 + 24z -1 7 = 0.
41.24:· PoaB' HmiTh cHcTeMy piBHHHb y ,n;ilicHHX "t!Hcnax:
xyz=-6,
x+ y+z=-1,
xy + xz + yz = l,
x 3 + y 3 + z 3 = -25,
I
l) 1 1 1 2 3)
-+-+-=--; xy + xz + y z =-5.
xy yz xz 3
.x; + y + z = 6,
2
2) x + y 2 + z 2 =14,
[
xyz =6;
230
41. Ky6iYHi piBHHHH5l
41.26 .•• )l;aHO ,ZJ;Ba TpHKYTHHKH - O,ZJ;HH 31 CTOPOHa.MH al' a2' a3'
a ,n;pyrHH ai CTOpOHaMH bl' b2, ba. )l;oBe,n;iTh, ru;o u;i TPHKYTHHKH
piBHi TO,ZJ;i i JIHllle TO,ZJ;i, KOJIH
a1 + a2 + aa = b1 + b2 + ba'
aia2 + aiaa + a2aa = b1b2 + b1ba + b2ba,
lli a2aa = b1 b2ba ·
41.27 :· II po ,n;ilicHi "t!HCJia x, y' z Bi,ZJ;OMO, m;o x + y + z, xy + xz + yz
i xyz - pau;ioHa.JihHi "tIHCJia. ~H MomHa rapaHTYBaTH, m;o cepe,n;
't!HCeJIx, y, z e pau;ioHa.JihHi?
41.28:· )l;aHO 't!HCJia a, b, c, cepe,n; .HKHX HeMae piBHHX. 3HaH,n;iTh
3Ha'tleHH.H 3MiHHHX x' y' z' .HKID;O
x +ya+ za 2 = -a 3 ,
x+ yb+zb 2 =-b 3 ,
x +ye+ zc 2 = -c 3 •
~t.20:· IIpo 't!HCJia x' y' z Bi,ZJ;OMO, m;o
1
(x + y +z)-3 (xy +xz+ yz) + 9xyz =-.
3
1
)l;oBe,n;iTh, m;o rrpHHaHMHi o,n;He 3 I.I;HX 't!HCeJI ,n;opiBHIO€
3
a+b+c = 0,
41.30:· ~H icHylOTh TaKi ,n;iHCHi 't!HCJia a, b, c, m;o 1 1 1
{ -+-+-=0?
a b c
41.31:· ~HCJia x, y, z, a 3a,ZJ;OBOJihH.HIOTh CHCTeMy
x+ y+z =a,
1 1 1 1
{ -+-+-=-.
x y z a
)l;oBe,n;iTh, ru;o rrpHHaHMHi o,n;He a 't!HCeJI x, y, z ,n;opiBHIOe a.
41.32:· Ilpo ,n;ilicHi "t!HCJia a, b, c Bi,ZJ;OMO, m;o:
a +b+c ~ 0, ab+ac+bc ~ 0, abc ~ 0.
)l;oBe,n;iTh, m;o 't!HCJia a, b i c - HeBi,n;'eMHi.
41 .33:· Ilpo ,n;iHCHi "t!HCJia a, b, c Bi,ZJ;OMO, m;o
abc =1,
1 1 1
{ a+b+c=-+-+-.
a b c
)l;oBe,n;iTh, ~o rrpHHaHMHi o,n;He 3 't!HCeJI a, b, c ,n;opiBHIO€ 1.
231
§ 7. MHoroYneH1-1
41.34.* Ilpo ,n;ii-IcHi qHcJia £li < a2 < a 3 Ta b1 < b2 < b3 Bi,n;oMo, m;o
lli + a2 + aa = b1 + b2 + ba'
a1a2 +a1aa +a2aa =b1b2 +b1ba +b2ba,
at < b1.
,II;oBe,n;iTh, m;o a2 > b2 i a3 < b3.
41.35.* Ilpo ,n;ilicHi "CJHCJia x, y, z Bi,n;OMO, m;o
x+y+z=5,
x2 + y2 + z2 = 9.
112
,II;oBe,n;iTh, m;o 4<xyz<-.
27
. a b c
41.36.* ll;ini qHcJia a, b, c TaKi, m;o 'IHCJia a+ b + ..:_ 1 -+-+- TaKO)K
b c a c a b
I I= I I= I I·
n.iJii. ,II;oBe,n;iTh, m;o a b c
41.37.* IJ;ini qHcJia a, b, c TaKi, m;o KO:>RHe 3 "lllfCeJI a+b+c i
a 2 + b 2 + c2 ,n;iJIHThCH HalJ,iJIO Ha HenapHe 'tlHCJIO n. ,II;oBe,n;iTb, m;o
"CJHCJIO a 5 + b 5 + c5 TaKO)K ,n;iJIHThCH Han.ino Ha 't!HCJIO n.
41.38.* CyMa HeBi,n;'eMHHX 'IHcen a, b, c ,n;opiBHIOe o,n;HHHU.i. ,IJ;o-
Be,n;iTh, m;o
7
ab+bc+ca-2abc <-.
27
232
BIAnOBIAI TAB A31B ,,, AO BnPAB
233
BiAnoBiAi ra BKa3iBKV1 AO an pas
7t
9) (O; 2) U (2; 3); 10) (-3; -2) U (-2; -1) U (O; +oo); 11) --+ 2nk <
2
7t 1C
< x < -+ 2nk, k E Z; 12) nk < x < - + nk, k E Z. 22.23. 1) (-oo; 0) U (O; +oo );
2 2
2) yci ,n;ilicHi q11cJia, KpiM q11ceJI BH,n;y - 7t + 2nk, k E Z; 3) IR; 4) yci
2
1t
q11cJia BH,n;y - + 2nk, k E Z; 5) (-8; -2) U (-2; -1); 6) (O; 7) U (7; 8);
2
7) (-2;-Fa)u(-.J3;.J3)u(.J3;2); 8) (O; 4) u (4; 5); 9) (-1; 1) u (l; 2);
10) [-5; 0) U (0; 2]; 11) 2nk < x < 7t + 2nk, k E Z. 22.24. 1) [1; log 3 5];
2) [0; +oo ). 22.25. 1) [1; 3]; 2) (-oo; 1]. 22.26. 3) ,Il;HB. pHCYHOK;
4) ,D;HB. PHCYHOK. 22.27. 3) ,Il;HB. pHCYHOK.
y y
1 1
0 x 0 x
-1 -1
PHc. 11,0 3a,n;a"CJ.i 22.26 (3) PHc. 11,0 3a,n;a-qi 22.26 (4) i 22.27 (3)
IIlCJI.H KOMH -
•
TplHKa. B Ka3L8Ka.
•v • TT •
""""OBe,n;lTb •
HeplBHOCTl - < 1g 2 <-.
• 3 1
10 3
22.35. log 2 3 <log 3 7. BKa3ieKa. ,Il;oBe,n;iTb HepiBHOCTi log 2 3 < ~ < log 3 7.
. 3
22.36. 4 78. B1Ca3i81Ca . .HK~O HaTypaJibHe qHCJIO a MiCTHTb y CBOeMy
,n;ec.HTKOBOMY aainici m ~cpp, TO 1om - i ~a< 1om. 22.37. 1) 0. BKa3ie1Ca.
234
-
BiAnosiAi ra BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
0
PHc. 11,0 aap;ai:ri 22.39
1
235
BiAnosiAi ra sKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
y y
n n
\ \
\ \
\ , 'J = 1 "
l
~
\ , u = j ri,.r
~
,_ - - \
\
\ \
--
.
' .........
,_
·- - 1
- -
- ,_
,_ --
·-- ,_,_ ' ""'r-...
·- "'
--
·-
.I.. ,~, ,
·= ' ~
.! - - ,_
1 n x 1 n ;x
a 6
Plic. ,n;o 3~aqi 22.40
236
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
In 1 1 1
23.27. 1) -Vil; 2) - ; 5; 3) -; -. 23.28. 1) (l; 3); 2) (9; 3), (3; 9);
3) (8; 2), c; ~}
625 8 2
237
BiAnosiAi ra BKa3iBKll1 AO snpas
r.Vro f (t) =Ji+ log3 t. 23.51. 1; 3. 23.52. (-2;- ~) U(-: ;-1] U{- !}·
B1Ca3i61Ca. PiBHHHHH 2x 2 - x + 3 = x 2 + 2x + 1 e HacJii,n;KoM 3a,D;aHoro.
BoHo Mae ,n;Ba KopeHi x 1 = 1, x 2 = 2. Ilo'tiaTKOBe piBHHHHH Mae e,n;HHHH
p03B '.K30K, HK~O O,D;HH i3 D;HX KOpeHiB Ha.JieJKHTb o6JiaCTi BH3Ha'tleH-
23.54. [~; 1J. BKa3Unca. ,rinsr roro 1I1o6 Kopim, piJrn.!IHHH log3(x - 2) = b
3' IIOBHHHa BHKOHyBaTHCb YMOBa b < 0. To,n;i CJii,n;
6yB MeHIIIHM Bi,n;
2
3HaHTH, rrpH HKHX 3Ha'tleHHHX rrapaMeTpa a piBHHHHH (a-1) t -
- 2 (a+ 1) t +a - 3 = 0 Mae JIHIIIe Bi,n;' eMHi KopeHi. 23.55. 1. B1Ca3iB1Ca.
Ili,n;cTaBTe B ,n;aHe piBHHHHH a = 1. 23.56. 5. 23.57. Hi. B1Ca3iB1Ca.
y= (2-)x'
16
y =log 1
16
X, Ha rrpoMiJKKY [..!:.; ..!:.]
4 2
MOJKHa rro6a-ciHTH HaHB-
24.5. 1) (l; +oo); 2) (O; 1); 3) (3; +oo); 4) (-3; -2) U (3; +oo);
5) (-oo; -3] U [4; 9); 6) (- ~~; 4JU [5; +oo). 24.6. 1) (:;4} 2) ( ~; :}
3) [5; +oo); 4) (-oo; -4] U [3; 5). 24.7. 1) [-1; 1) U (3; ~]; 2) (-2; -1) U
U (O; 1); 3) (-6; -5) U (-5; -4); 4) [-1; 0) U (3; 4]; 5) ( -oo;-:}
6) (:; 2) U (2; +oo); 7) (-oo; -2,5) U [2; +oo); 8) G; 1J. 24.8. 1) (2; 3);
2) [l; 2) U (4; 5]; 3) [-4; -3) U (0; 1]; 4) [O; 1) U (1; 2];
24.18. 1) (o;~JU[7;+oo);
49
1
2) [--;6]; 3) (3; 9] u [81; +oo);
216
239
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO an pas
U [ n; 6")
7
U(
1
~"; 2n). 2
24.36. (O; 1) U [;; ") U ( :"; ;
3
3
J. 24.37. (3; +oo).
1
24.38. (O; 3). 24.39. ( O;
10
) U (1; +oo). 24.40. (-2; -1] U (1; 2).
ln 2
2
.n;ae Ha (-oo; O] i [-- ; +ooJ, x . = 0,
nun
xmax = ~;
ln 2
5) 3pOCTae Ha (-oo; 1],
cna.n;~e Ha [1; +oo), xmax = 1; 6) 3pOCTae Ha [O; +oo), cna.n;ae Ha (-oo; O],
x mm. = O; 7) 3pocTae Ha (-oo; 2], cna.n;ae Ha [2; +oo), x max = 2; 8) apoc-
Tae Ha [3; +oo), cna.n;ae Ha (-oo; 2) i (2; 3], x mm
. = 3; 9) apocTae Ha
(-oo; l], cna.n;ae Ha [1; +oo), xmax = 1; 10) apocTae Ha [e-~;+oo), cna-
.n;ae Ha ( O; e-~], xmin = e ~; 11) apocTae Ha (O; l], cna.n;ae Ha [1; +oo),
240
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
( O; __!_]
10
i [1; 10], X
max
= 1, xmin = __!_,
10
X .
nun
= 10. 25.15. 1) e + 1; ~e -1;
1 1 1 1
2) e2 ; 0; 3) 1; -; 4) 2-; 2. 25.16. 1) 2 ; O; 2) 125; -. 25.17. 1) OrryK-
7 2 e 5
Jia Bropy Ha (-oo; O], onyKJia BHH3 Ha [0; +oo), x = 0 - TO't!Ka rrepermzy;
241
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpaa
y y
2
1
0 1 x
e
1) 2) 3)
y In9
x
-3•I •3
I
0 1 x I I
4) 5)
PHC. AO aa,n;aqi 25.19
y
1
1) 3)
242
Bi,o,nosi,o,i ra BKa3iBK~ ,o,o snpas
1
KOpiHb, npH 0 <a< e- 1 - ,D;Ba KOpeHi, rrpH a> e- KOpeHiB HeMae.
25.30. a ~ 0. 25.31. a ~
0. 25.32. a= 1, b = 0. B1'a3i8Ka. PoarJIHHb-
Te piBHiCTb (eax + b)'=(ae·~+b)'. 25.33. m ~ 0. 25.34. a~ 1.
25.35. xx (1 + ln x). BKa3i8Ka. CKopHCTaHTeCH piBHiCTIO xx = ex.lnx.
1
25.36. ; .!. . 25.40. O; 2. 25.41. 1; 2. 25.42. O; 1. B-,ca3ie-,ca. Ilo;:i;i-
2 4
niTb o6H,D;Bi "t!aCTHH~ Ha 7x. 25.43. 0; 1. 25.44. 1) 2; 4. B1'a3i8Ka.
f' (x) = (.J3f ln .J3 -2x - 1 1n 2 Mae JIHme O,Zl;HH HYJib, TO, BHKOpHCTO-
BYIO'tlH KJIIO"t!OBY aa;:i;a-qy IIyHKTY 12, OTpHMaeMO, :rn;o <t>YHKD;iH f Mae
He 6iJihme ;:i;Box HyniB; 2) O; 1; 2. 25.45. 1) O; 1; 2) 1; 2; 3.
25.46.°(0;l)U(l;+oo). 25.47. (-oo;O]. 25.48. x=-1, y=O. BKa3i81'a.
TO"t!Ka A (x; ex+l) HaJie:>KHTh rpa<t>iKy <t>YHKD;il f (x) = ex +l, TO"t!Ka
B (y; y) - rpa<t>iKy <i>YlIKD;ll g (x) = x. To;:i;i AB 2 = (x - y) 2 + (y-ex+i ) 2 •
,D;ani 3Hali;:i;iTb HaHMeHmy Bi,D;CTaHb Mi:>K TO"t!KaMH rpa<t>iKiB <t>YHK-
n;ili fig. 25.49. B-,ca3ie-,ca. PoarJIHHeMo cpyHKD;iIO f (x) = ln x. 3acTo-
1
cysasmH TeopeMY Jlarpanma, aarrmneMo: ln 2 - ln 1 = - < 1, ln 3- ln 2 =
X1
·
B Ka3l6Ka. • • • rh • ln X
,u.OCJI1)1;1Th Ha 3pOCTaHHH 1 cna,n;aHHH 'i'YHKI.I;llO y =--.
TT
x
2
25.52. ln 100 > ln ·9 9 ·In 101. B1'a3ie-,ca. PoarJIH~bTe <t>yHKn;i10
f (x) = In x . 25.53. 0. BKa3i8Ka. <l>yHKI.I;il f (x) = ex - 1 i g (x) =
In (x-1) .
=In (x + 1) e BaaeMHO o6epHeHHMH i apocTaIO"t!HMH. 0Tme, cniJihHi
TO"t!KH Yx rpa<t>iKiB nemaTh Ha rrpHMIB y = x. ToMy ;:i;aHe piBHHHHH ·
piBHOCHJibHe piBHHHHIO f (x) = x. ,D;aJii CKOpHCTaHTeCH 3a,ZJ;atieIO 25.23.
25.54. B-,ca3ie-,ca. 3acTocyliTe TeopeMy JlarpaHma ,D;JIH <t>YHKI.I;il
g (x) = e-x f (x) Ha Bi;:i;piaKy [O; 1]. 25.55. B-,ca3ie-,ca. 3acTocyliTe
TeopeMy PoJIJIH ,ZJ;JIH <t>YHKD;il h (x) = e- g<x> f (x) Ha Bi;:i;piaKy [O; 1].
243
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
3
x 10 x4
26.8. 1) y = - + - ; 2) y =-cos x - 2; 3) y =ex - 7. 26.9. 1) y =-+ 1;
3 3 4
3x 1
2) y =sin x + 2; 3) y=-. 26.10. 1) y=---6;- 2) y=tg x+2J3;
ln3 x
1 1
3) y = In (-x) + 4; 4) y = - - 3
+-. 26.11. 1) y = -ctg x + l;
3x 3
r 2 1 1
2) y=2vx +2; 3) y =In x - l; 4) y = x - 24. 26.15. -. 26.16. --.
2 2
2
x , .HKID;O X < 0, .
26.17. F (x) + C, ,n;e F (x) = C - ,n;oBl.JThHe "t!HCJIO.
.{ -COS X + 1, .HKID;O X ~ 0,
X + 1, .HKID;O X < l,
26.18. F (x) + C, ,n;e F (x) = { / C - ,u;oBiJihHe "t!HCJio.
2 '/X, .HKID;O X ~ l,
4
26 . 19. cos x + C' ,n;e C - .
,ll;OBlJibHe "'C!HCJIO. B JCa3i8JCa.
. 06"'C!liCJilTb
.
4
4
noxi,n;Hy QJYHK:a;il y = cos x . 26.20. esin x + C, ,u;e C - ,u;oBiJihHe 'tJHC-
4
JIO. 26.21. BKa3iBJCa. Hexali F - rrepBicHa HenapHo! QJYHK:a;il f. To,u;i
F' (x) = f (x) i F' (-x) = -f (-x). 3Bi,n;cH F' (x) = F' (-x). 0Tme,
F (x) = F (-x) + C, ,n;e C - ,n;eHKe "t!HCJio. IIi,n;cTaBHBIIIH x = 0, ,n;oBo-
,ll;HMo, m;o C = 0. 26.23. Hi. BJCa3iBJCa. IIepBicHa rrepio,n;H"t!Ho! QJYHK-
:a;il He 3aBm,u;H e nepio,n;H"'C!HOIO. HanpHKJia,u;, yci rrepBicHi nepio,n;WIHO!
QJYHK:a;il f (x) = 1 He e nepio,n;H"t!HHMH. IlOMHJIKa BacHJIH noJI.Hrae
B TBep,n;memri, m;o piBHiCTb F (x) +cl= F (x + T) + c2 BHKOHyeTbCH ,l.l;JIH
,ll;OBiJibHHX "'C!HCeJI C1 , C2. ,ll;JI.H KOmHOPO 3Ha"t!eHH.H C1 iCHye JIHIIIe
e,u;HHe 3Ha"t!eHHH c2. Moro MOmHa 3HaHTH, HarrpHKJia,u;, 3 piBHOCTi
C2 = F (0) - F (T) + C1 •
=-
2
3
cos3x-~;
3
5) F (x) = 8 ~x - 2 +4; 6) F (x) = !e
2 2
2
>+
1
+3,5; 7) F (x) =
5 2x 3 3x 2 2x 3 3x 2 323 x3
R (x)=-+-+-, F.2 ( x ) = - + - - - . 27.22. R1 (x)=--
1 3 2 6 3 2 24 3
3
2 x 20 17
-4x+-, F2 (x)=--4x--. 27.23. F(x)=-x 2 +5x - - . 27.24.
3 3 3 4
2
F(x)=~+x-3,5. 27.26. Hi. BKa3iBKa. Ilp11rrycTHMO, m;o F- rrep-
2
BicHa cpyHK:a;il f. To,n;i ,n;n.H 6y,n;h-.HKoro x > 0 BHKOHYE:ThC.H piBHiCTh
F(x)-F(O) l C
- . 3a TeopeMoro JI arpaHma ,n;JI.H Ci>YHKII;ll
- - - = . rrpaB,n;1, ... F Ha
x
F(x) - F(O) ,
Bi,n;pi3KY [Q; x] icHye TaKe c E (O; x), m;o = F (c) = f (c) = 1.
x
To My
lim F(x) - F(O) = 1. AHanoriTIHO MO:>KHa ,n;oBeCTH, m;o
x-+ 0+ X
245
BiAnoBiAi ra BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
. F(x)-F(O) l T . . . F(x)-F(O)
1lffi
X-+0- X
=- . OMY He lCHye rpa.HHII;l 1lffi
X-+0 X
' TO 6 TO
8) 12 - 5 ln 5. 28.12. -
a./3 -1. 28.13. 3. 28.14. 3; -3. 28.15. 2; -2.
4
28.16. 6. 28.17. -~. 28.18. 1) (O; 1) U (3; +oo); 2) (log 0 , 2 6; +oo).
4- n 3e 2 + Be - 8
28.19. (l; +oo). 28.20. 1) - ; 2) 7t - 2; 3) 0; 4) •
12 Be 2
20-5n 7t 1
28.21. 1) ; 2) -; 3) 0,2; 4) e2 -e--. 28.22. 1) 16,5; 2) 4,5;
2· 2 2 .
1 2
3) 21-; 4) 4,5; 5) 7,5; 6) 8 - 4 In 2. 28.23. 1) 4,5; 2) 10-; 3) 4,5;
3 3
1 . 5 ·1
4) 9'. 28.24. 1) 5-; 2) 1, 5. 28.25. 1) 2-; 2) 3. 28.26. 1-.
3 6 12
b
f (f (x)-g (x)) dx. 28.35. 1) n.2 BKa3iBKa. BHKopHCTaHTe reoMeTpKtI-
a
9 9
HHH 3MiCT BH3Ha"tfeHoro iHTerpa.rra; 2) n; 3) 4n; 4) 7t; 5) 8,5;
4 2
25
6) 6,5. 28.36. 1) n; 2) 3n; 3) 2n; 4) 5. 28.37. 0. BKa3iBKa. ,Il;oBe'AiTh,
2
2~ -1
m;o <l>YHKII;iH y = e HenapHOIO. 28.38. 0. 28.39. 1. BKa3iBKa.
2~ +1
3
y
y
y=-
1
1 x
-2 x 0 2 x 0 1 2 3 ... n n+l x
Ii
1 dx < 2 .
. v2 3
...;3 3
vn 3 1 vx 3
13 178 15 2 19
29.1. 1) 7t; 2) 7t; 3) 7t; 4) 7t; 5) 7t 29.2. 1) 1t .Ji;
3 15 2 15 24
7t 7t 9 a 5 a
2) - ; 3) -. 29.3. -nR , -nR .
30 2 8 24
30.7. 200. 30.8. 24. 30.9. nl. 30.11. 301. 30.12. ~5 • 30.13. A!·
30.14. c:s· c;go·
30.16. 5n, 30.17. 0. BKa3i8Ka. Ili'ACTaBTe
30.15.
y <);>opMyJiy 6iHoMa HhIOTOHa a= 1, b = -1. 30.18. 1. 30.21. 2.
247
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
248
Bi,o,nosi,o,i Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO BnpaB
1
1 1
un
1 2
un +l
1 u,. +2
5 1
15 20 15 6 1
21 35 35 21 7 1
PHc. TJ..O 3aTJ.,a;qi 30.36
1
1 1
1 2 1
1
1 4 1
1 5 1
1 6 6 1
PHc. TJ..O 3aTJ.,RC£i 30.37
•
249
Bignosigi Ta BKa3iBKV1 go snpas
r,::;:: )1000 1 1
( -V 50 -7 = (.J50 + ) 1000 < 101000 . 30.53. BJCa3i81ca. Hexali bn =an + 1.
7
To,n;i bk +I =19 (bk -1)20 + 20 (bk -1)19 +1. B1u~opHCTOByro:qH cl>op-
6iHOMa HhIOTOHa, Ma€MO bk+ 1 = 19 (1- 20bk + c:ob! - ... + b: ) -
0
MYJIY
- 20 (l - l 9bk + c; b: - ... - b:
9
9
) + 1 = b: Xk, ,n;e Xk E Z. IJ;e 03Ha"CJa€, IIJ;O KOJIH
,n;ecHTKOBHH aarrHc 't.!Hcna bk 3aKiH"CJY€ThCH Ha m eyniB, TO 3arrHc
't.!HCJia bk +l 3aKiH't.!Y€ThCH ll.l;OHaHMeHIIIe Ha 2m HyJiiB. 3Bi,n;CH BHIIJIH-
Bae, m;o ,n;eCHTKOBHH 3aIIHC 't.!HCJia b21 3aKiHl-ty€ThCH IIJ;OHaHMeHrne Ha
220 =(2 10_) 2 >1000 2 =1000 000 HyJiiB.
250
•
Bi.o.nosi.o.i ra BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
32.26.
C
6
-f.
2
32.27.
c10 3
1
4 10
3
~ 0,003. 32.28. +·
c 3
2a
32.29. - .
3
5
10
BKa3ieKa.
251
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKlt1 AO snpas
2)
5 .
3) - - . 4)
5 1
32.36. 1)
1 .
2)
125
3)
1 .
4)
5 .
18 ' 324 ' 81 36' 216' 21' 36
310 65 2 4 1 4 3 2
32.37. 10· 32.38. 5• 32.39.
C20C:0Cs ~ 0,03. 32.40.
C12CsC4 ~
9
5 7 C3s C24
3 1. n- 1 n- 2 1
~ 6·10-4. 32.41. 32.42. 1) 2) 3) =
190 n' n A3
n n (n - 1)
Co10 +C1 +C210
32.43. ~~ ~ 0,05. BKa3iBKa. YKasaHa 't!acToTa 6y,n;e MeH-
2
IIIOIO Bi,n; 0,3, .HKID;O 3 10 rri,n;KH,ZJ;aHb MOHeTH rep6 BHIIa,D;e MeHme
s c4 1 s s
Him TPH paaH. 32.44. c 35 + 535 c 10 ~o,69. 32.45. Cso ~c46 ~o,51.
C45 Cso
11
32.46. . BKa3iBKa. PoarJI.HHbTe ,n;ocJii,n;, y .HKOMY Ky6HK KH,n;aIOTb.
36
,n;Bi't!i . .H:Km;o rrepmoro pasy Ha Ky6HKY BHIIaJIO qHcJio a, a ,n;pyroro -
.
'C!HCJIO b, TO pesyJibTaTOM ,ZJ;OCJil,Zl;Y € BeJIHqHHa x=
{a
+ b, HKID;O < 3, a
a, .HKm;o a~ 3.
32.47. ~.
32.48. ~. BKa3iBKa. Ha rrapy ,n;Box cyci,n;Hix a AH,n;pieM
72 19 .
MiCD;b 3 o,n;HaKOBHMH IIIaHCaMH npeTeH,n;ye 6y,n;b-.HKa rrapa .Horo O,ZJ;HO-
KJiaCHHKiB. ToMy myKaHa HMOBipHiCTb ,n;opiBHIO€ HMOBipHOCTi o6pa-
TH rrapy ,n;iB't!aT rrpH BH6opi HaBMaHH.H rrapH, ,ZJ;BOX O,ZJ;HOKJiaCHHKiB
10 6 4
c20c20- 1oc20 - 10 - 6 201 1
AH,n;pi.a. 32.49. _!_. 32.50. 20 - 20 . 32.51. 1) - ;
6 3 10! 6! 4? 3 kn
1 kt 11
2) - -1 ; 3) m<.m;o k ~ n, TO ; .HKID;O k < n, TO 0. 32.52. - .
k n- k n (k - n)I 21
BKa3iBKa. .H:Km;o BH3Ha't!eHo Micn;e HalicHJihHimoro rpaan;.H, To Ha
KOmHe 3 21 iHmHX MiCD;b ( 10 y KOMaH,n;i HaHCHJibHimoro rpaBD;.H
252
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO Bnpas
15
32.55. . Bx:aaiex:a. y HBiMO, m;o MOHeTy He 6yJIO 3ary6JieHO i 11
16
rri,n;KHHYJIH rn;e 4 pa3H (,n;JI.H 3aKiH"t.J:eHH.H rpH aa paxyHKY 6:3 6iJibme
't.IOTHpbOX rri,n;KH,ZJ;aHb MOHeTH He 3Ha,ZJ;06HJIOC.H 6). To,n;i BCi 16 Mom-
. . .
JIHBHX pe3yJibTaTlB D;HX "t.J:OTHpbOX IIl,ZJ;KH,ZJ;aHb e plBHOMO»<JIHBHMH.
y 15 3 HHX rrepmHM Ha6Hpae 7 O"t!OK rpaBen;h A i JIHme B O,ZJ;HOMY -
rpaBen;h B. 32.56. Bi,n;rroBi,n;h 3MiHHThC.H. Y rrepmoMy BHIIa,n;Ky liMo-
4 4 1 3
. ~ 28,7 o10'
,n;opiBHIOe C1a - C10 -CaC10 - 29 ·-
BipHlCTb
c:a -c:o
/( y ,n;pyroMy BHIIB.,ZJ;-
101
3 3
KY - C12 -C10 -- ~,..,
- 45 , 5 o1 B x:aaiex:a. C4 .
KlJihKiCTb BapiaHTiB
c; 2 11
10 . 13 -
253
BiAnoBiAi Ta BKa3iBKl-1 AO snpas
254
I
I BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO Bnpas
p (A)~ 1- ( -4 7 ) - 45. -3 . ( -4 7 )
' m;o npH6JIH3HO CTaHOBHTh 76, 1 % .
50 50 50 .
33.43. 55,9 °/o. 33.44. 1) BKa3i8Ka. p(AUBUC)=p(AUB)+p(C)-
- p ((Au B) n C). ~aJii ,ZJ;O,Zl;aHOK p (Au B) nepeTBOpiTh TaK: p (Au B) =
= p (A)+ p (B)- p (An B), a ,ZJ;JIH nepeTBOpeHHH ,Zl;O,Zl;aHKY p ((Au B) n C)
CKOpHCTaHTeCH piBHiCTIO (Au B) n c =(An C) u (B n C). 33.45. TaK.
BKa3iBKa. BHKOpHcTa:liTe KJIIO'lOBY 3a,u;a'ly 33.44 ,ZJ;JIH BHIIa,ZJ;KOBHX
rro,u;i:H: x = «BHIIYCKHHK 3Ha€ aHrJiiHChKY i HiMeIJ;hKY MOBH», y = «BH-
255
Bi.o.nosi.o.i ra BKa3iBKV1 .o.o an pas
2
16 3 2 · 6R H
34.5. - . 34.6. - . 34.9. ~ . 34.10. 2 2 3/ 2 • 34.11. 2) 0,98;
25 35 v3n (4R +H)
2
3) 0,51. 34.12. 2) 75,5 °/o; 3) 64 °/o. 34.13. . BKaaieKa. IIpoBe,z:r;eMo
5
rrpHMY l, rreprreH,z:r;HKYJI.ffPHy ,z:r;o ,n;aHH~ rrpHMHx. He o6Me.myrotIH 3araJih-
HocTi, MO.mHa BBa.maTH, m;o n;eHTP MOHeTH IIOTparrHTh Ha IlPHMY l.
34.14.
3
. 34.15. 1) ~. BKaaieKa. )];JI.a o6tIHcJieHHH rrJiom;i <J>irypH
4 4
1
{(x; y) Iy ~ x 3
, x E [O; 1), y E [O; l]} ~axyii:Te iHrerpaJI Jx dx; 2) 1-~;
0
3
1t
1 5 2
3) +ln . 34.16. . Bx:aaiex:a. y KBa,z:r;paTi 3 BepmHHaMH B TOlIKax
5 3
3 KOOp,D;HHaTaMH (-1; -1), (l; -1), (l; 1), (-1; 1) Ha.BMa.HHH o6epeMO
TOlIKY Q (p; q). PiBHHHHH t 2 + 2pt + q = 0 Mae KOpeHi, HK~O TOlIKa
Q (p; q) HaJie.mHTh <J>irypi, m;o aa,z:r;aHa HepiBHicTIO D = 4p 2 -4q ~ 0.
3
2
34.17.1) ; 2) ~; 3) 2
l-ln . 34.18. C 5
5
• BKaaieKa. :AMoBipHiCTh
3 7t ·2 2
Toro, m;o o,n;Ha o6paHa HaBMaHHH B TPHKYTHHKY ABC TOtIKa rroTparrHTh
3 4
34.22. • 34.23. • 34.24. 0,5. Bx:aaieKa. EJieMeHTapHHM HacJii,z:r;KoM
4 9 .
y ,n;aHOMY BHilpo6yBaHHi e yrropH,D;KOBaHa TpiiiKa lIHCeJI (x; y; z)' ,z:r;e
KO.mHa 3i 3MiHHHX MO.me Ha6YBaTH 3HatieHh Bi.u; 0 ,z:r;o l. Bi,z:r;rroB~O ,z:r;o
YMOBH aa,z:r;a'tli TaKY TpiliKy MO.mHa OTpHMaTH, o6HpaIOlIH HaBM8.HHH
TOtIKY Q (x; y; z) y Ky6i ABCDAi_B1 C1 D 1 (,n;HB. pHc. 1). 3 Bi,z:r;piaKiB
256
Bignosigi Ta BKa3iBKV1 go snpas
x x
PHc. 1 ~o 38.)J;a"tli 34.24 PHc. 2 ~o aap;aqi 34.24
6 2
Bi,n;pi3aHHX mMaTKiB IlaJIHl!OK CKJiaCTH TpHKyTHHK CTaHOBHTh p (F) =
za
_ 2_ _g_3 _ .!. 34.25 . .!. BKa3iB1'a. Hexali ,n;oBJKHHa ,n;a.Horo Bi,n;pi3-
VKy6a l 2 4
Ka l. EJieMeHTapHHM HacJii,n;KOM y ,n;aHoMy BHrrpo6YBaHHi e napa tIHCeJI
(x; y), ,n;e KOJKHa 3i 3MiHHHX MOJKe Ha6YBaTH 3Hal!eHh Bip; 0 ,n;o l. To,n;i
TPHKYTHHK MOJKHa 6y,n;e CKJiaCTH, .HKIIJ;O rrapa (x; y) e p03B'.H3KOM
x~y, x>y,
l-y < y, l-x < x, 1
CHCTeMH a6o CHCTeMH 34.26.
y-x <l-y+x, x-y<l-x+y, 6
x<l-x y<l-y.
34.27. BKa3iB1'a. IloMHJIKOBo 6yJio 6 orrHcyBaTH yMoBy aa,n;aqi liMo-
BipHiCHOIO Mop;eJIJIIO, KOJIH Ha Bi,n;pi3KY AB HaBMaHH.H o6HpaIOTh ,n;Bi
TOl!KH, HKi rro3HatiaIOTh tiepe3 C i D TaK, m;o6 TOl!Ka D rroTparrHJia
Ha Bi,n;pi30K AC. CrrpaBp;i, 3a yMOBOIO 3a,n;atii BH6ip ,n;Box TaKHx TOl!OK
257
BiAnosiAi ra sKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
.,
He € He3a.rremHHM. H anpHKJia,n;, HMOBlpHlCTh Toro, m;o
. . AD < -AB ' KOJIH
4
AC= AB, ,n;opiBHIOE: 50 o/o; a liMoBipHiCTh Toro, m;o AD< AB, KOJIH
2 4
AB
AC=-, ,n;opiBHIOE: 100 °/o. CKop:acTaE:MOC.H iHrnoro HMOBipHiCHOIO
4
MO,D;eJIJIIO • .51Km;o B]Api30K AB TO"t!KOIO c po36HJIH Ha ,D;Bi "t!aCTHHH, TO
AC · AD
BeJIHtIHHH A1 = - E [O; 1] i A. 2 = - E [O; l] o,n;H03Ha"t!HO BH3HatiaIOTh
AB AC
TO"t!KH C i D. Bi,n;rroBi,n;Ho ,n;o yMoB 3a,n;atii o6epeMo HaBMaHH.H TO"t!-
KY Q (A 1 ; A2 ) y KBa,n;paTi OKLM 3 BeprnHHaMH 0 (O; 0), K (l; 0),
AB
L(l;l), M(O;l). MaeMo AD=A 1 A2 AB. YMoBa AD<-, To6To
3
yMoBa A1 A2 < .! , BHKOHyeTbCH JIHIIIe To,n;i, KOJIH TO"t!Ka Q (A 1 ; A2 ) rro-
3
TparrHTh ,n;o Q;>irypH F, 3o6pameHo1 Ha pHcyHKY. ,ll;JI.H 3Haxo,n;meHH.H
'
IIJIOII.J;l. <t>1rypH
. F 0 6"t!HCJIHMO f - 1 d x =-1 1n x
1 1
1
1 1n -1 = -
=-- ln-3. 0 Tme,
1 3x 3 3 3 3 3
3
rrJiom;a Q;>irypH F i liMoBipHiCTh Toro, m;o
y 1 AB . 1+ In 3 n
Mii--- - - - - L AD<-, ,n;op1BHIOe • 34.28. -.
3 3 4
BKaaiBKa. B orrHcaHoMy ,n;ocJii,n;i n 2 eJie-
F MeHTapnHx HaCJii,n;KiB - ynop.H,D;KOBaHHX
1
nap (x;y), ,n;e x EN, y EN, x~n, y~n.
3
1 Hexa.H HepiBHiCTh x 2 + y 2 ~ n2 3a,D;OBOJih-
0 1 K x HHe kn eJieMeHTapHHX nacJii,n;KiB. To,n;i
3
PHc. p;o 3Ma1ii 34.27 Pn = k~. lJOCTaBHMO Y Bi,D;II~Bi,D;HiCTb KO»<-
n
HOMY eJieMeHTapHOMY HaCJii,n;Ky (x; y)
AHHaTH K( x:l; y:l). L(:; y:l). M(:; ~). N( x:l; ~). HanpH-
258
Bi,D.nosi,D.i ra BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
1
N M
1 r-
- ~
,.._,
I" I'-
K L
1
5
1 '
1
- 10 .
-1 1 x 1 1 -x
5 10
1
35.3. Mo,n;y. 35.4. Me,n;iaHy i Mo,n;y. 35.7. 2-:::; 2,07 M'.Hqa sa rpy.
15
35.8. 3,8. 35.13. 1) 7,9; 2) 7, 7. 35.14. 1) 1,4 ro,n;/,n;o6y; 2) 1,35 ro,n;/11,o6y.
35.15. 1) 50,08 ·0/o; 2) 49,68 o/o. 35.16. 1) 13, 72 % . B1Ca3i81Ca. 06'tlHc-
JiiTb cepe,n;He 3Ha'tleHHH ,n;aHHX ,n;pyroro p.H,n;Ka Ta6JIHn;i; 2) 14, 12 o/o.
B1Ca3i81Ca. Q6qHcJiiTb cepe,n;He sBameHe 3Ha'tleHH.H ,n;aHHX ,n;pyroro
p.H,n;Ka Ta6JIHD;i 3 BarOBHMli KOeQ;>iu;ieHTaMH 3 TpeThOro p.H,n;Ka
Ta6JIHD;i. 35.17. 1) 21,8 THC. ,n;oJiapiB CIIIA; 2) 13, 7 THC. ,n;oJiapiB.
35.18. 1) c;o,8 3 0,2 4 :::::: 2,9 % . B1Ca3i8JCa. Cepe,n;He 3HaqeHH.H BH6ipKH
. 2
1-, . 3 pasH;
,n;oplBHIOBaTHMe .HKID;O cnopTCMeH BJIY't!HTh p!BHO
7
2) 1-c:o,8 0,2-c;o,81 :::;42%; 3) 3,3 % . B1Ca3ie1Ca. 06't!HcJiiTh
6
259
BiAnosiAi ra sKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
36.41. n=4k, k EN. 36.42. 50-50i. 36.43. O; l; _.!.+ .J3 i; _.!__ .J3 i.
2 2 2 2
36.44. B1Ca3i8Ka. CKopHCTaMTeC.H piBHiCTIO I Zn I=I z In.
37.2. 2) ,[(HB. pHCyHOK; 4) ,ll;HB. PHCYHOK; 5) ,ll;HB. pHCYHOK. 37.3.
6) ,[(HB. pHCyHOK. 37.5. 3) ,[(HB. pHCyHOK. 37.7. 2) ,[(HB. pHCyHOK.
Im Im
...
0 / 0 Re
PHc. 'AO aa,n;aqi 37.2 (2) PHc. 'AO aa,n;aqi 37.2 (4) PHc. 'AO aa,n;aqi 37.2 (5)
Im
/ ...
Re
i
...
Re
0 Re
PHc. 'AO aa,n;a"ll:i 37.3 (6) Pac. 'AO aa,n;aqi 37.5 (3) PHc. 'AO.aa,n;aqi 37.7 (2)
7t 3n
37.9. 1) 2nk, k E Z; 2) - + 2nk, k E Z; 3) --+2nk
4 , k E Z·,
2
7t • 7t 2n
4) -+2nk, k E Z. 37.10. 2) --+2nk, k E Z; 4) -+2nk,
6 2 3
kE z. 3
37.12. 3) 2 F2 (cos " +i sin : } 5)
4
3
v1s(cos ( arccos (- ~)J+
+i sin ( arccos (- ~))); 7) 13 (cos ( arcsin (- ~:)) +i sin ( arcsin (- ~:))}
260
BiAnosiAi ra BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
3 3
37.13. 3) 3 F2 (cos : +i sin : } 7) 10(cos( arccos (-:)) +
9
+ l. Slil
. -
26
1t) ; 5) COS ( 7t + -1 ) + l. Slil
3
J
1
. ( 7t + - . 37 . 15 . 3)
3
3
COS -
8
n + l. Slil
3
. - n;
8
13n 13nJ mz2 + nz1
4) 3 ( cos-+isin- . 37.19. • 37.21. 3) ,lJ;HB. pHCyHOK.
11 11 m+n
37.23. 1) 2 cos: (cos: +i sin:} 2) -2 cos: (cos ( 11+ :)+i sin( 7t+ : )).
+ i sin ( ";
3
'P)). 37.25. 1) EoJio 3 n;eHTPOM M (1- i) pa.11iyca F2
3 BHKOJIOTOIO TO~KOIO Z = 0 (,n;HB. pHCYHOK); 2) .ZI;HB. pHCYHOK.
37.26. 1) ,lJ;HB. PHCYHOK.
Im
Re
PHc. p;o aa.n;aqi 37.21 (3) PHC. ,ll;O aa.n;a-qi 37.25 (1)
Im
PHc. p;o aap;a"<Ii 37 .25 (2) PHc. p;o aa.n;a-qi 37.26 (1)
261
Bip,nosip,i ra BKa3iBKV1 p,o snpas
8( B9rt + .. B9rt) .
COS i Sln
. · ( --
+is1n 1t
10
)J , 2 ( cos-+is1n-
3n . .
10
3n:)
, 2 ( cos-+is1n- , 2 ( cos-+
10
7rc .. 7n:)
10 10
lln:
10
.. lln:)
+i s i n - , - 2·i. 38.11. 1) ,il;HB. p:acyHoK; 3) ,D;HB. PHCYHOK.
10
38.12. 1) ,il;HB. pHCYHOK; 2) ,D;HB. pHCYHOK.
Im
i
\, 0 ,/ Re
I
I
I
0 Re
\ I
\ I I
\
\
' I
I
I I
--
-i
Pnc . .n;o aa,n;al!i 38.11 (1) Pnc. ,n;o aa.n;a-qi 38.11 (3)
Im
-1 0 Re
262
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
Z1
03Ha"t!a€, ra;o "'l!HCJIO ,n;ilicHe. To,n;i arg i = arg z1 -
Z2
z3 -z2
"'l!HCJIO - ,n;ilicHe. 38.21. BKa3ieJCa. CRopHcTaliTec.H THM, m;o
Z3 -zl
Z1Z1 =l, Z2Z2 =l, Z3Z3 =l, Z4Z4 =l, a TaROJK pe3yJibTaTOM 3a.,n;a"'lli 38.20.
38.22. BKa3ieKa. CRopHCTaMTec.H pe3yJihTaTOM 3a,n;aqi 38.19.
38.23. BKa3i8JCa. CRopHcTaliTec.H THM, m;o z1z1 =1, z2 z2 =1, a TaROJK
pe3yJihTaTOM 3a,n;a'tli 38.22. 38.24. BKa3ieJCa. ,lJ;aHa piBHiCTh 03Haqae,
z z 7t
m;o "'l!HCJIO - 1 e cyTo y.HBHHM. To,n;i arg - 1 = arg·z1 - arg z2 = -+ nk,
z2 z2 2
k E Z. 38.25. BKa3ieKa. CRopHcTaliTec.H pe3yJibTaTOM aa,n;aqi 38.24.
38.26. BKaaieKa. CRopHCTaHTec.H pe3yJihTaTOM 3a,n;aqi 38.25. 38.27.
BKa3i8Ka. Hexa:0: M (z) - ,n;oBiJibHa TO"'l!Ra ,n;oTH"'l!HoL To,n;i OA .l MA.
,IJ;ani cRopHcTaliTec.H pe3yJihTaTOM aa,n;aqi 38.25. 38.29. BKa3iBKa.
n . . n T . 37t . . 3n 5n
a 3 =cos-+is1n-, a 5 =cos-+
v
H exaH a=cos-+is1n-. o,n;1
13 13 13 13 13
+ L. Slil
. -5n , ••• , a 11 = COS -lln + i. Slil
. -lln • T 0,ZJ;1. a+a3 +a5 + ••• +an=
13 13 13
n 3n lln)
= ( cos-+ cos-+ •.. + cos- +i s1n-+s1n - + .•• +sin -
.( . n . 3n . lln) • r1-1.aJI1,
TT •
13 13 13 13 13 13
BHROpHCTOBYIO"'l!H cpopMyJiy cyMH reoMeTpH'tIHOl rrporpecil, rrepeTBO-
3 5 11
piTh BHpa3 a+ a + a + .•• + a i rrpHpiBH.HMTe ,n;ilicHi YiaCTHHH "'C!HCeJI,
aaIIHCaHHX y JiiBili i rrpaBi:H qacTHHax piBHOCTi. 38.30. BKa3iBKa.
263
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
- .Ji + .Ji ";·, - .Ji - .Ji ;,." .Ji - .Ji z.' ·, 4) i; 1 + i; 1- i. 39.4. 2) -3; 3i;
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
-3i; 4) 1; l+i; 2-2i. 39.5. cos nk +isin nk, ,n;e k E {l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
7 7
7t + 2nk . . 7t + 2nk
39.6. cos + i sin , ,n;e k E {O, l, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9}. 39.7. -2x + 5.
10 10
2
BKa3iBKa. 3Hali,n;iTh KopeHi KBa,n;paTHoro piBHHHH.s: x -x+l=O i
2
ni,n;cTaBTe !x y piBHiCTh P (x) = Q (x) (x -x+1) +ax+ b. 39.8. -x + 6.
39.9. B1'a3iB1'a. CKop11cTaBmHCh piBHOCTHMH z1 + z2 = .Z1 + z2 , z1 • z2 =
=z1 • z2 , P (z) = P (z). 39.11. BKa3iBKa. CKop11cTaeMoc.s:
,n;oBe,n;iTh, m;o
MeTO,ZJ;OM MaTeMaTHqHol iH,n;yKn;iL .HKm;o n = 1, TO TBep,n;.meHH.H 3a-
,n;aqi e oqeBH,ZJ;HHM. Hexali TBep,n;.meHHH 3a,n;aqi Mae Micn;e ,n;JI.s: Bcix
k ~ n. Po3rJI.s:HeMo MHoroqJieH P cTeneH.s: n + 1 3 ,n;ilicHHMH Koecpin;i-
€HTaMH. 3a OCHOBHOIO TeopeMOIO a.rrre6p11 MHOroqJieH ·P M~e KOpiHb zo .
.HKm;o Zo E JR, TO iceye TaKHH MHOro"tLJieH Q 3 ,n;iHCHHMH KOecp~eHTaMH,
m;o p (z) = (Z-:-Zo) Q (z) . .HKm;o Zo ~JR, TO 3a KJIIO'qOBOIO 3a,n;aqe10 39.9
MHOI'Ot{JI~H p Mae m;e O,ZJ;HH KOpiHb Zo. To,n;i icHye TaKHH MHOro-
qJI e H Q, m;o P(z)=(z-z0 )(z-z0 )Q(z)=(z 2 -(z0 +z0 )z+z0 z0 )Q(z),
npHt{OMY Koecpin;ieHTH MHoroqJieHa Q i KBa,n;paTHoro TpHqJieHa
z 2 - ( z0 + z0 ) z + z0 z0 e ,n;ilicHHMH qHCJiaMH. ,IJ;aJii CKOpHCTaliTec.s: npH-
nym;eHHHM iH,zzyKn;il ,n;JI.s: MHoroqJieHa Q. 39.12. BKa3iBKa. 3a 3a,n;a-
qe10 39 .11 ,ZJ;aHHH MHOroqJieH MO.iKHa po3KJiaCTH Ha ,n;o6YTOK JiiHiHHHX
264
BiAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
l-z -901<1z
1 1 1+ 90<92 i l-z1 -9o1~90-1z1 1~s8, To ss<(hr <92.
39.15. BKa3i~Ka. CKOpHCTaBllIHCb OCHOBHOIO TeopeMOIO anre6pH,
p03KJia,n;iTh MHOPO'tlJieH p Ha JiiHiHHi MHO.W:HHKH: p (z) =
=a(z-z1 )(z-z2 ) · ••• •(z -zn). Po3rJIHHhTe ,n;o6yToK a(z 2012 -z;012 )x
x (z 2012 - z;012 ) •••• • (z 2012 - z!
012
). 39.16. BKaaiBKa. Ilo,n;aliTe MHOrOl.IJieH
P(x
2
) y BHrJIH,ZJ;i ,n;o6yTKY BHpa3iB BH,ZJ;Y (x
2
-(F.)2), ,ZJ;e xk -
KopiHh MHOrO'tlJieHa P, k E N, k < 2n, i CKOpHCTaHTec.H cpopMynoro
. . .
pl3HHII,l KBa,n;paTlB.
40.5. 1) Kmrunm 3 KopeHiB Z1 = l, Z2 = -1, Z3 = i, Z4 = -i Mae KpaTHi.CTb
265
Bi,o.nosi,o.i Ta BKa3iBKlt1 ,o.o snpas
2
R(x)=(x -(z0 +z0 )x+z0 z0 )m e ,n;ilicHHMH "t!HCJiaMH. MHoroqJieH P
,n;iJIHThCH Hau;ino Ha MHoro"t.{JieH R. To,n;i "tJaCTKa Bi,n; u;horo ,n;ineHHH -
MHOI'O"t!JieH Fi (x) = ( x - Zo ) k- m Q ( x) - Ta.Rom Mae ,D;IBCHi Koe<t>iu.ieHTH.
3 KJIIO"t.{OBOl 3a,D;a"tli 39.9 BHIIJIHBae, m;o z0 e KopeHeM MHoro'tfJie-
Ha Fi, TOMY Q (z0 ) = 0. 0TpHMaJIH cyrrepe"t.{HicTh. BHrra,n;oK m > k
posrJIH,n;aeThCH aHanori't:!HO. 40.32. BKa3ieKa. Hexali po3B' H3KOM He-
piBHOCTi e MHOmHHa { Xo}. To,n;i Xo - KOpiHh rrapHOl KpaTHOCTi MHOro-
'tfJieHa P. 40.33. BKa3ieKa. CKopHCTaHTecH KJIIO"t!OBOIO 3a,n;aqe10 39.11.
40.34. BKa3ieKa. CKopHcTaliTecH sa,n;aqero 40.33. 40.35. BKa3iBKa.
BHKOpHCTOByIO"t!H KJIIO"t!OBY 3a,D;a"t.{y 3 9 .11, p03KJia,D;i Tb MHOI'Ol!JieH
y ,n;o6yTOK MHOI'O"tJJieHiB rrepmoro i ,n;pyroro CTerreHiB 3 ,n;iHCHHMH
Koecp~u;ieHTaMH, ,n;e MHOI'O"t!JieHH ,n;pyroro CTerreHH MaIOTb Bi,n;'eMHi
,lJ;HCKPHMiHaHTH. ,II;oBe,n;iTh, m;o BCi MHOI'O't:!JieHH rrepIIIoro CTerreHH
BXO,D;HTh y n;eli ,n;o6yTOK y rrapHHX CTerreHHX. ,II;ani B KOmHOMY MHOro-
qJieHi ,n;pyroro CTerreHH BH,n;iniTh rroBHHH KBa,n;paT i posKpHliTe ,n;ym-
KH ,u;o6yTKY. 40.36 . .HKrn;o n- rrapHe 't:!HCJIO, TO n / 2; HKID;O n- He-
rrapHe "t.{HCJIO, TO (n + 1) / 2. BKa3iBKa. CnoqaTKY ,n;oBe,n;iTh, rn;o
266
Bignosigi Ta BKa3iBKV1 go snpas
2 cos
59" 79"
-2; 2 cos -2. 41.23.1) V9-2~; ( 2 ~2-ti9)+( t'9 +: ~),/3i;
(
2 ~ -if9J (if9 ~J -
+2 rn . 2 ) 2 cos -2n + 3; 2 cos -4n + 3; 2 cos ~
'\/ 3
tli;
8n + 3 .
2 2 9 9 9
41.24. 1) (-1; 2; 3); (-1; 3; 2); (2; 3;-1); (2;-1; 3); (3; 2;-1); (3;-1; 2);
3) (-3;1;1); (l;-3;1); (1;1;-3). 41.25. 2) (2;4;-3); (2;-3;4);
(4; 2; -3); (4; -3; 2); (-3; 4; 2); (-3; 2; 4); 3) (2; -1; 1); (2; 1; -1);
(1;-1; 2); (l; 2;-1); (-1; 1; 2); (-1; 2; 1). 41.27. Hi. Bx;a3i8Ka. HaBe,n;iTh
rrpHKJia,n; MHorotIJieHa 3 pa:u;ioHaJihHHMH Koecpi:u;ieHTaMH, HKHH
Mae TPH ippa:u;ioHaJihHHX KOpeHi. 41.28. x = -abc, y =ab+ ac +be,
267
·BIAnOBiAi Ta BKa3iBKV1 AO snpas
MHorotIJieHa P (z) = z
3
- pz 2 + qz - r. 3a yMOBOIO 3a,ZJ;atii p - 3q + 9r = .!. .
3
41.30. Hi. B1Ca3iB1'a. qHcJia a, b, c MaJIH 6 6yTH RopeHHMH piBHHHH.H
3
x +d = 0. 41.31. BKa3iB1Ca. PosrJIHHhTe Ry6itIHHH MHorotIJieH
s RopeH.HMH x, y, z i sa TeopeMoro BieTa 3HaliAi Tb 3B 'H30R MiJK :Horo
KOe<}>i:u;ieHTaMH. ,Il;aJii IIiACTaBTe y :u;e:H MHOrOtIJieH 3HatieHH.H a.
41.32. BKa3iB1Ca. PosrJI.H1:f1>Te Ry6itIHHH MHorotIJieH 3 RopeH.HMH a,
b, c Ta sa TeopeMOIO BieTa 3HaHAiTb :Horo ROe<}>i:u;ieHTH. ,Il;aJii IIORa-
JKiTb, m;o :u;eli MHorotIJieH He Mae BiA'eMHHX RopeHiB. 41.34. BKa3iB-
1Ca. PosrJI.HHhTe MHorotIJieHH P(x)=(x-a1)(x-a2 )(x-a3 ) Ta Q(x)=
=(x-b1)(x-b2)(x-b3) i AOBeAiTb, m;o BOHM BiApi3H.HIOTbCH JIHIIIe
BiJibHHM tIJieHOM. IJ;e 03Hatiae, m;o rpa<}>iR MHOrOtIJieHa Q MO.mHa
OTpHMaTH 3 rpa<}>iRa MHOrOtIJieHa p rrapaJieJibHHM rrepeHeceHH.HM
yropy tIH BHH3. 41.35. BKa3iB1'a. MaeMo q = xy + xz + yz = 8. IlosHa-
tIHMO r = xy z. To Ai x, y, z e RopeHHMH piBHHHH.H t 3 - 5t 2 + 8t - r = 0.
,Il;aHe Ry6itIHe piBH.HHHH Mae TPH (3 ypaxyBaHH.HM RpaTHOCTi) RopeHi
3 2
To.n;i piBHiCTb t -t +qt-r=(t-a)(t-b)(t-c) BHKOHyeTbC.H ,1.J;JI.H
1 1
IIJIHBae: ( 2 -a 2 -b 2 2 3 - 216 ToMy --+
8
q-2r / 1 7
+ :::,,,-. 3Bi,n;cM q-2r <-. 5IKm;o m cepe.n; qMceJI a, b, c e
2 216 27
. .
6lJibilll 1
3a - ' TO TaKe qHCJIO cepe,n; HHX e,n;MHe.
T 0,1.J;l.
2
1
x( -c ) <O. 3Bi,n;cH
1 q-2r
--+ 1
<O<-.
2 8 2 216
269
3MICT
§ 6. KoMn11eKcHi "41.1CJ1a
36. MHomHHa KOMIIJieKCHHX 'tIHCeJI ....•.•..••.••...• ~ 1 73
3 7: KoMrrJieKcHa rrJio~nHa.
TpHrOHOMeTpH'tIHa cpopMa KOMIIJieKcHoro 'tIHCJia. • • • . 184
38. MHomeHH.H i ,n;iJieHH.H KOMIIJieKCHHX lJHCeJI,
3aIIHCaHHX y TpHrOHOMeTpHlIHiH cpopMi.
KopiHh n-ro cTerreH.H 3 KOMIIJieKcHoro 'tIHCJia. . . • • • . • 191
• r dCTOCyBaHHH KOMIIJieKCHUX 'tIHCeJI 200
270
3MiCT
§ 7. MHoro"111eH1r1
39. Po3B'.a3yBaHH.a a.rrre6pfilqHHX piBHHHh
Ha MHO.mHHi KOMIIJieKCHHX 'tfHCeJI • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • 207
• )l;aMa 13 co6aqK01-0 • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 211
40. KpaTHi KopeHi • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • 216
41. Ky6i't!Hi piBH.HHH.H • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • 223
BionoBioi ma B1Caai81Cu oo Bnpa8 233
271
HaB"CJaJihHe BH,n;aHHH
AJirEBPA
11 KJiac
IIi,n;pyq:HHK
.D;JI.ff 3araJihHOOCBiTHiX HaBqaJihHHX 3aKJia,n;iB
3 rrorJIH6JieHHM BHB"CJeHH.ffM MaTeMaTHKH
y .D;BOX "CJaCTHHax
"I!acTHHa 2
TOB TO «I'iMHa3iH»,
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CBi~OIJ.TBO cy6'eKTa BH~aBHH"CIOl crrpa.BH ,ll;K N!! 644 B~ 25.10.2001
<t>op3a'-' 3 . j
...
0 1 x 0 1 x
BnacT"1BOCTi norap1.1<1>Mie
a logab b
'
loga 1 - 0, loga a = l,
loga xy = loga x + loga y,
x
loga - = loga x - log 0 y,
y
y y O < a<l
a>l
0 0
Tp1r1K}'TH"1K nacKanH
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
6iHoM HbtoTOHa
k E {O, 1, 2 ... , n - 1}