Prepared by:

ANDRINA B. TOCGONGNA
Science Teacher
Covalent Bonds
❑ between two non-metals
❑ happens when electrons are shared between two atoms.
❑ when atoms share electrons, molecules are formed.
❑ can formed between atoms of the same element and atoms of different
elements.
 Formation of a hydrogen molecule

H H H H

Two hydrogen atoms one hydrogen molecule

Because a hydrogen atom can only hold up to two electrons, it is only needs one
more electron to have the duplet configuration. The hydrogen atoms are joined
together using a single bond. Single bonds are used when two atoms share only one
pair of electrons.
Structural formula Model Molecular Formula

H─H
H H H2
Formation of an oxygen molecule

O O O O

Two oxygen atoms One oxygen molecule

An oxygen molecule has six valence electrons and need two more electrons to
achieve the octet configuration. With this, it uses a double bond. A double bond is
used to share two pairs of electrons.
Structural formula Model Molecular Formula

O O O2
O═O
Formation of an nitrogen molecule

N N N N

Two nitrogen atoms One nitrogen molecule

A nitrogen atom have five valence electrons and thus needs three more to
achieve the stable configuration. The two nitrogen atoms share three pairs of
electron through an triple bonds
 Structural formula Model Molecular Formula

N N N2
N≡N

❑ Another way a covalent compound is formed when atoms of different elements

are joined by a covalent bond. Examples of covalent compounds are water,
carbon dioxide, methane, sulphur trioxide and acetic acid.
 Formation of water molecule

H O
H H
O
H
Two hydrogen atoms One water molecule
One oxygen atom

Water is made up of two elements- hydrogen and oxygen. An oxygen atom has six
valence electrons and needs two more electrons to achieve a stable configuration. And
hydrogen atom need one more electron to have duplet configuration. So, two
hydrogen will share their electrons with oxygen atom using a single bond to be stable,
thus forming H2O or commonly known as water.
 Formation of methane (CH4)

H H H
H
c
c H H
H H

One carbon atom four hydrogen atoms

One methane molecule

Methane is a colorless gas that is composed of one carbon atom and four hydrogen
atom. It forms four single bonds for the compound to be stable. Carbon needs four
more electrons to be stable. It shares its electrons to four hydrogen atom to achieve
the octet configuration for stability.
Writing the chemical formula of the covalent compound
❑ Write the element symbol for both elements.
❑ Place a subscript after each element according to its prefix.
Note: Don't write the subscript '1'
mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona deca
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Write the chemical formula of the compound: carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

The first element (carbon) The second element contains the

contains only 1 atom prefix “di”, which means that it
contains 2 oxygen atoms

CO2
Writing the chemical formula of the covalent compound
❑ Write the element symbol for both elements.
❑ Place a subscript after each element according to its prefix.
Note: Don't write the subscript '1'
mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona deca
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Write the chemical formula of the compound: dinitrogen trioxide

dinitrogen trioxide

The prefix “di” means that The second element contains the
there are 2 nitrogen atoms prefix “tri”, which means that it
contains 3 oxygen atoms

N2O3
 Writing the chemical formula of the covalent compound
❑ Write the element symbol for both elements.
❑ Place a subscript after each element according to its prefix.
Note: Don't write the subscript '1'
mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona deca
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Write the chemical formula of the compound: phosphorus pentachloride

phosphorus pentachloride

The first element (phosphorus) The second element contains the

contains only 1 atom prefix “penta”, which means that
it contains 5 chlorine atoms

PCl5
Writing the chemical formula of the covalent compound
❑ Write the element symbol for both elements.
❑ Place a subscript after each element according to its prefix.
Note: Don't write the subscript '1'
mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona deca
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Write the chemical formula of the compound: sulfur hexafluoride

sulfur hexafluoride

The first element (sulfur) The second element contains the

contains only 1 atom prefix “hexa”, which means that it
contains 6 fluorine atoms

SF6
 Writing the chemical name of covalent compounds
❑ Write first the names of the first element in the compound.
❑ Then look at the subscripts it tells which prefix should be used.
Note : No prefix is added to the first element’s name if there is only one atom.
mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona deca
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Writing the chemical name of N2O5

N2O5
The first element is a nitrogen atom with a
The second element is an oxygen with a subscript of
subscript of 2. It means that there are 2
5. It means that there are 5 oxygen atoms, so we will
nitrogen atoms, so we will be using prefix
be using the prefix “penta” and the suffix “ide” at the
“di”
end

dinitrogen pentaoxide
 Writing the chemical name of covalent compounds
❑ Write first the names of the first element in the compound.
❑ Then look at the subscripts it tells which prefix should be used.
Note : No prefix is added to the first element’s name if there is only one atom.
mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona deca
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Writing the chemical name of CO

CO
The first element is a carbon atom with no
subscript. This means that there is only 1
carbon atom. There is no need to write the
prefix mono.
The second element is an oxygen atom with no
subscript. This means that there is only 1 oxygen
atom, thus the prefix mono is used and the suffix
“ide” at the end

carbon monoxide
 Writing the chemical name of covalent compounds
❑ Write first the names of the first element in the compound.
❑ Then look at the subscripts it tells which prefix should be used.
Note : No prefix is added to the first element’s name if there is only one atom.
mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona deca
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Writing the chemical name of ClF3

ClF3
The first element is a chlorine atom with no
The second element is a fluorine atom with
subscript. This means that there is only 1
subscript of 3. This means that there is 3 fluorine
chlorine atom. There is no need to write
atom, thus the prefix “tri” and the suffix “ide” at the
the prefix mono.
end

chlorine trifluoride
 Writing the chemical name of covalent compounds
❑ Write first the names of the first element in the compound.
❑ Then look at the subscripts it tells which prefix should be used.
Note : No prefix is added to the first element’s name if there is only one atom.
mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona deca
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Writing the chemical name of SeCl

SeCl
The first element is a selenium atom with
no subscript. This means that there is only 1
selenium atom. There is no need to write
the prefix mono.
The second element is a chlorine atom with no
subscript. This means that there is only 1 chlorine
atom, thus the prefix mono is used and the suffix
“ide” at the end

Selenium monochloride
 Properties of Covalent Compounds

❑ Simple molecular structure(iodine)

1. Low melting and boiling point.

2. Usually insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents.
3. Most substance do not conduct electricity.

paraffin wax melts easily

oil separate from water
Ethanol
No conductivity
 ❑Giants molecular structure (diamond)
1. Very high melting point and boiling points.
2. Do not conduct electricity.
3. Insoluble in both water and organic solvents.

Diamond has a very high With the exception of graphite

melting point because a Graphite does not mix
large amount of energy is with water
needed to overcome the
many strong covalent
bonds.
END OF THE LESSON
REFERENCES AND WEBSITE LINKS USED IN THIS LESSON:

Book :
1. Connecting Science 9 (A Progressive Approach)
Cynthia D. Cinco et.,al

Website:
1. https://www.thoughtco.com/why-oil-and-water-dont-mix-609193
2. https://cleaning.lovetoknow.com/floor-cleaning-tips/how-remove-candle-wax-from-hardwood-
floors
3. https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/11-2-electrolytes/
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itAImEdLywY
5. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8kgqhv/revision/2
6. http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-216082186/stock-photo-diamond-on-black-background-with-
reflection-and-empty-space-for-custom-text.html?src=4TafZkSZc4uZOmS-GeFeFA-1-30
7. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Solubility-of-graphite-and-GO-in-water-a-Graphite-and-
GO-in-water-b-Graphite-and-GO_fig1_329604914
8. https://wou.edu/chemistry/courses/online-chemistry-textbooks/ch150-preparatory-
chemistry/ch150-chapter-4-covalent-bonds-molecular-compounds/