FORMATION OF IONS

2nd Quarter
Science 9

GREGSON E. GUCELA
Teacher

BABY ZENY P. TABAG

Head Teacher III
After this discussion, you should be able to:
1. Explain how ions are formed
2. Demonstrate how elements are combined using the
Lewis Dot Structure
3. Name some chemicals that undergo covalent
bonding.
 G. N. Lewis (1875-1946) Linus Pauling (1901 –
1994)
 
Did you know them?
 Lewis proposed that Covalent bonds consist of
shared pairs of electrons. He created a powerful
empirical formalism (Lewis dot structures) for
understanding bonding in simple compounds

 In 1916 G. N. Lewis proposed that atoms combine in

order to achieve a more stable electron configuration

 Maximum stability results when an atom is

isoelectronic with a noble gas
 Linus Pauling created a picture of covalent
bonding that employed Quantum Mechanics
(and won the 1954 Nobel Prize for it).

 covalent bond is a chemical link between two

atoms or ions in which the electron pairs are
shared.
Covalent compound (molecular compound)
- formed from the covalent bonding between non-metallic
elements.
- Electrons are shared between atoms in covalent compounds.
 Important Rule: Octet rule (Lewis, 1916)
- elements gain or lose electrons to attain an electron configuration of the
nearest noble gas.
Sulfur trioxide
SO3
Lewis Dot Structure of Carbon dioxide
 Covalent bonds can be written with dots or lines.
 
a. H:O or H-O
 
 Every atom in a completed molecule must have a complete outer shell of
electrons.
Hydrogen or helium: two electrons
All other elements: eight electrons Up to three covalent bonds can be
formed between two atoms, Depending on how many unpaired electrons are
available.
 A single bond contains two shared electrons (one pair).
 A double bond contains four shared electrons (two pairs).
 A triple bond contains six shared electrons (three pairs).
Lone pairs
 Electrons that are paired but not part of a bond
Bonding Electrons
 electrons between elements 
Non - Bonding Electrons
 those not used in bonding
The Octet Rule
 In forming compounds, atoms gain, lose, or share
electrons to give a stable electron configuration
characterized by 8 valence electrons.
 The octet rule is the most useful in cases involving
covalent bonds to C, N, O, and F.
Lewis Formula
 
 According to Lewis: At least two electrons are shared between
two atoms. These atoms reach noble gas configuration.
 
 The electrons are symbolized by dots or a line (bond = 2
electrons between the elements
Further valence electrons which do not contribute to the bond
remain as non – bonding “free electrons” next to the element
symbol.
 Covalent Naming
 Binary covalent compounds are characterized by having two nonmetals.
 
 Naming these compounds involves the use of numerical prefixes:
  
 If there is only ONE atom of the first element, you DON’T need a prefix.
 
 The FIRST element is named as a normal element.
 
 The SECOND element has an –IDE ending.
Number Prefixes
1 Mono
2 Di
3 tri
4 tetra
5 penta
6 hexa
7 hepta
8 octa
9 nona
10 deca
Covalent Naming
 Naming these compounds involves the use of numerical

CO2 prefixes:
  
 If there is only ONE atom of the first element, you DON’T
need a prefix.
 
 The FIRST element is named as a normal element.
 
 The SECOND element has an –IDE ending.
Let’s Try This!
 Matching Type
Compound Formula Compound Name
___1. N2O4 a. Nitrogen dioxide
___2. SO3 b. Carbon tetrachloride
___3. NO c. Diarsenic pentoxide
___4. NO2 d. Phosphorus trichloride
___5. As2O5 e. Sulfur trioxide
f. Selenium hexafluoride
___6. PCl3 g. Nitrogen monoxide
___7. CCl4 h. Dinitrogen tetroxide
___8. SeF6
Continuation
CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE
 
 a set of rules to generate systematic names for chemical compounds
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)
 
the body responsible for naming compounds. It ensures the use of a
consistent, practical way of naming compounds that allows scientists
to communicate clearly and precisely
 
Ions
 electrically- charged particles formed when atoms lose or gain
electrons
 atoms form ions when they lose or gain electrons.
 Cations form when atoms lose electrons and form a positive charge.
 Anions form when atoms gain electrons and form a negative charge
Ionic compounds
 
 formed from strong electrostatic interactions between ions, which result
in higher melting points and electrical conductivity compared to
covalent compounds.
 When two ions combine to form a neutral molecule, it is called an ionic
compound.
 The electrostatic attraction between the atoms is called an ionic bond.
Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds
 Binary Ionic Compounds containing a metal and a nonmetal
- Binary compound is a compound formed from two different elements.