SHS

General Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 – Week 3
Module 3 - Octet Rule in the Formation of Molecular
Covalent Compounds
General Chemistry 1
Grade 11/12 Quarter 2 - Module 3 - Octet Rule in the Formation of
Molecular Covalent Compounds
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: MARIZA R. MAPALO, T-III

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D., EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

 General Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 – Week 3
Module 3 - Octet Rule in the
Formation of Molecular Covalent
Compounds
 Target

The octet rule dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence
shells are filled with eight electrons. It is based on the observation that the
atoms of the main group elements tend to participate in chemical bonding in
such a way that each atom of the resulting molecule has eight electrons in
the valence shell. The octet rule is only applicable to the main group elements.

The molecules of the halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon are known to
obey the octet rule. In general, the elements that obey this rule include the s-
block elements and the p-block elements (with the exception of hydrogen,
helium, and lithium).

In your previous lesson, you are done with the drawing of Lewis Structure of
the Ions.

These modules will provide you with information and activities that will help
you understand the Octet Rule in the formation of molecular covalent compounds.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define octet rule.

2. Identify molecular covalent compounds
3. Apply the Octet Rule in the formation of molecular covalent compounds
STEM_GC11CBIId-g-76
4. Write the formula of molecular compounds formed by the nonmetallic
elements of the representative block
STEM_GC11CBIId-g-77

Before you begin, answer the pretest below

Pre-Test Activity 1: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. What dictates the stability of the atoms during chemical bonding?

A. Electronic Configuration C. Magnetic property of the atom
B. Lewis Dot Structure D. Octet Rule

2. What is valence electron?

A. The atomic number
B. Electrons in the first level
C. Electrons in the second energy level
D. Electrons in the outermost energy level

3. Which of the following bonds of elements follows the octet rule?

A. H-H C. H-F
B. Cl-Cl D. H-Cl

4. In the Lewis structure for the OF2 molecule, the number of lone pairs
of electrons around the central oxygen atom is _____.
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3

5. Which one of the following violates the octet rule?

A. PCl3 B. CBr4 C. OF2 D. AsF5

6. In the ground state, which of the following has a completely filled valence
electrons?
A. Potassium C. Radon
B. Radium D. Sulfur

7. How many electrons does Nitrogen need to gain in order to have an octet?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

8. According to the octet rule, atoms of element react with each other in order
to attain ___ in their outermost energy level. Which among the numbers
below completes the sentence?
A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8

9. Who formulated the Octet Rule?

A. Richard Abegg C. Isaac Newton
B. Gilbert N. Lewis D. Dmitri Mendeleev

10. How many electrons needed by Phosphorus in order to complete the Octet
Rule?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

11. Which of the following statement is TRUE?

A. A covalent bond is the same as ionic bond.
B. The Octet rule only applies to molecules with covalent bonds.
C. A molecule is polar if the shared electrons are equally shared.
D. A molecule is nonpolar if the shared electrons are equally shared.
12. When atoms tend to share their electrons with one another to satisfy the
Octet rule, the type of bond formed is ________________.
A. Covalent B. Ionic C. both D. none of these

13. Which of the following statement is TRUE about Octet rule?

A. The octet rule states that atoms with six valence electrons are most
stable.
B. An atom is “incomplete” when its valence shell has eight electrons;
"complete" atoms share electrons and in so doing end up with full
valence shells.
C. The octet rule is a formal measure of how favorable a chemical bond is
between atoms.
D. Atoms follow the octet rule because they always seek the most stable
electron configuration.

14. What type of diagram is use in order to illustrate the octet rule?
A. Histogram C. Lewis Electron Dot Diagram
B. Pie graph D. Venn Diagram

15. Determine the Lewis structure of Oxygen gas.

A. C.

B. D.
 Lesson
1 The Octet Rule

Jumpstart

Graduation is one of the most exciting moments in one”s life. It marks the end
of a stage of life and the beginning of another one. The ceremony is challenging for
the organizers. The seats are just enough for the graduates and one parent. In order
for the smooth flow of people in the program, ushers and usherettes are assigned to
guide the graduates and parents to their assigned seats. Electrons in atoms behave
the same way. There are rules that determine where electrons go in compounds.

Discover

The octet rule in chemistry is the principle that bonded atoms share their
eight outer electrons. (A pair of electrons that is shared between two atoms is called
a bond pair. A pair of electrons that is not shared between two atoms is called a lone
pair.) This gives the atom a valence shell resembling that of a noble gas. They have
completed outer electron shells, which make them very stable. Other elements also
seek stability, which governs their reactivity and bonding behavior.

The octet rule is a "rule" that is sometimes broken. However, it applies to

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, the halogens are one electron away from filled energy
levels, so they are very reactive. (chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine), and most

metals, especially the alkali metals ( lithium ,sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium

and francium). and alkaline earth metals (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium,

barium and radium).

 Why Elements Follows the Octet Rule

Atoms follow the octet rule because they always seek the most stable electron
configuration. Following the octet rule results in completely filled s- and p- orbitals
in an atom's outermost energy level. Low atomic weight elements (the first 20
elements) are most likely to adhere to the octet rule.

A Lewis electron dot diagram may be drawn to illustrate the octet rule. In such
a structure, electrons shared in a covalent bond between two atoms are counted

Examples:

1. Single Covalent Bonds

H.+ H. H -H The shared pairs of electrons are bonding pairs

. . ... The unshared pairs of electrons are lone pairs or

H + .F..
nonbonding pairs
F-H

` 2. Double and Triple Covalent Bonds

.O..... + .O.....
Some atoms can satisfy the octet rule by
sharing two pairs of electrons to form a
O O double bond

Double bonds are shorter and stronger

than single

..N. . + ..N. . N Some atoms can share three pairs of

. . electrons to form a triple bond

Triple bonds are shorter and stronger

than single

Limitations of Octet Rule :

(1) Hydrogen with 1 electron attains stability by sharing, gaining or losing 1 valence
electron. It does not need to complete octet to attain stability. Also, He has only 2
electrons and is stable.

(2) Incomplete octet: In certain molecules such as BeH2, BeCl2, BH3, BF3, the central
atom has less than 8 electrons in its valence shell, yet the molecule is stable.

(3) Expanded octet: In certain molecules such as PF5, SF6, IF7, H2SO4, the central atom
has more than 8 valence electrons, yet the molecule is stable
 Explore

Enrichment Activity No. 1: Use separate sheet of paper for your answer.

A. Draw the Lewis Dot Structure of the following molecules.

1. H2S
2. SO3
3. CH2Br2
4. HCN
5. NaCl

B. Identify what kind of bond present in the following molecules.

1. CH4
2. O2
3. N2
4. CO2
5. Cl2

Deepen

Give your brief explanation on the following questions. Use a separate sheet
of paper for your answer. Use the rubrics below for your possible score.
5 4 3 2
Distinguished Proficient Basic Unsatisfactory
Shows a thorough Show a complete Shows partial Shows serious
understanding of the and correct mastery of misconceptions or
concept or material understanding of the prerequisite lack of
and extends the concept or the ability knowledge and a understanding of the
understanding to perform the skill rudimentary or concept or an
beyond the as articulated. incomplete inability to perform
requirements (e.g., understanding of the the skill.
relating concept or a
concepts/materials rudimentary ability
to other to perform the skill
concepts/materials, as articulated.
offering new ideas,
by a deep and
nuanced analysis, or
by demonstrating a
level of skill beyond
expectations for
proficiency)
 1. What is an octet rule?

2. How does the octet rule influence bonding?

3. Why is the octet rule important in chemical bonding?

Gauge

Direction: Write the letter of the best answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. What dictates the stability of the atoms during chemical bonding?

A. Electronic Configuration C. Magnetic property of the atom
B. Lewis Dot Structure D. Octet Rule

2. What is valence electron?

A. The atomic number
B. Electrons in the first level
C. Electrons in the second energy level
D. Electrons in the outermost energy level

3. Which of the following bonds of elements follows the octet rule?

A. H-H C. H-F
B. Cl-Cl D. H-Cl

4. In the Lewis structure for the OF2 molecule, the number of lone pairs
of electrons around the central oxygen atom is _____.
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3

5. Which one of the following violates the octet rule?

A. PCl3 B. CBr4 C. OF2 D. AsF5

6. In the ground state, which of the following has a completely filled valence
electrons?
A. Potassium C. Radon
B. Radium D. Sulfur
7. How many electrons does Nitrogen need to gain in order to have an octet?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

8. According to the octet rule, atoms of element react with each other in order
to attain ___ in their outermost energy level. Which among the numbers
below completes the sentence?
A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8

9. Who formulated the Octet Rule?

A. Richard Abegg C. Isaac Newton
B. Gilbert N. Lewis D. Dmitri Mendeleev

10. How many electrons needed by Phosphorus in order to complete the Octet
Rule?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

11. Which of the following statement is TRUE?

A. A covalent bond is the same as ionic bond.
B. The Octet rule only applies to molecules with covalent bonds.
C. A molecule is polar if the shared electrons are equally shared.
D. A molecule is nonpolar if the shared electrons are equally shared.

12. When atoms tend to share their electrons with one another to satisfy the
Octet rule, the type of bond formed is ________________.
A. Covalent B. Ionic C. both D. none of these

13. Which of the following statement is TRUE about Octet rule?

A. The octet rule states that atoms with six valence electrons are most
stable.
B. An atom is “incomplete” when its valence shell has eight electrons;
"complete" atoms share electrons and in so doing end up with full
valence shells.
C. The octet rule is a formal measure of how favorable a chemical bond is
between atoms.
D. Atoms follow the octet rule because they always seek the most stable
electron configuration.

14. What type of diagram is use in order to illustrate the octet rule?
A. Histogram C. Lewis Electron Dot Diagram
B. Pie graph D. Venn Diagram

15. In a chemical bonding, the unshared electrons are called ______________.

A. Alone pair C. lone pair
B. Bonding pair D. metal pair
 Lesson
Jumpstart
2
Formula of Molecular Compounds

Jumpstart

A. Write the formulas for the following covalent compounds:

1) disulfur tetrafluoride
2) carbon trioxide
3) nitrogen pentoxide
4) nitrogen tribromide
5) dinitrogen heptachloride
6) carbon tetrachloride
7) hydrogen monochloride
8) trihydrogen monophosphide
9) dihydrogen monoxide
10) nitrogen monoxide
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
__________________________

B. Write the name of the following covalent compounds.

1. N2O __________________________
2. S2Cl2 _________________________________________

3. Cl2O7 _________________________________________

4. NH3 _________________________________________

5. CH4 ________________________________________

6. H2O ________________________________________

7. H2O2 ________________________________________

8. NH4 ________________________________________

9. C8H18 ________________________________________

10. CO2 ________________________________________

 Discover

Chemical Nomenclature

The primary function of chemical nomenclature is to ensure that a spoken or

written chemical name leaves no ambiguity concerning to what chemical compound
the name refers. Each chemical name should refer to a single substance. Today,
scientists often refer to chemicals by their common names: for example, water is
not often called dihydrogen oxide. However, it is important to be able to recognize
and name all chemicals in a standardized way. The most widely accepted format for
nomenclature has been established by IUPAC.

Molecular compounds are made when two or more elements share electrons
in a covalent bond to connect the elements. Typically, non-metals tend to share
electrons, make covalent bonds, and thus, form molecular compounds.

Rules for Naming Molecular Compounds:

1. Remove the ending of the second element, and add “ide” just like in ionic
compounds.

2. When naming molecular compounds prefixes are used to dictate the number
of a given element present in the compound.

1 mono
2 di
3 tri
4 tetra
5 penta
6 hexa
7 hepta
8 octo
9 nona
10 deca

3. If there is only one of the first element, you can drop the prefix. For example,
CO is carbon monoxide, not monocarbon monoxide.
 4. The a or o at the end of a prefix is usually dropped from the name when the
name of the element begins with a vowel. As an example, four oxygen atoms,
is tetroxide instead of tetraoxide.

Examples of Molecular Compound Names:

• SO2 is called sulfur dioxide

• SiI4 is called silicon tetraiodide
• SF6 is called sulfur hexafluoride
• CS2 is called carbon disulfide

Generally, the less-electronegative element is written first in the formula, though

there are a few exceptions. Carbon is always first in a formula and hydrogen is
after nitrogen in a formula such as NH3. The order of common nonmetals in binary
compound formulas is C, P, N, H, S, I, Br, Cl, O, F.

Lesson Summary

• Molecular compounds exist as a collection of individual molecules.

• The formula of a binary molecular compound shows how many of each atom
are present in the molecule. The less electronegative element is generally
written first.

• Prefixes are used in the names of molecular compounds to designate how

many of each atom are in the molecule.
 Explore

Enrichment Activity No. 2:

A: Fill in the table to indicate the number of atoms of each type in the
molecular formula. Use separate sheet of paper for your answers

Number of Number of
Molecular atoms in atoms in
Name of compound
Formula the first the second
element element
Ex: ClF 1 1 Chlorine monofluoride
ClF5
CO
CO2
Cl2O
PCl5
N2O5

B: Examine the molecular formulas given in the above table for various
molecular compounds.

1. How many different elements are present in each compound shown?

2. Do the compounds combine metals with metals, metals with nonmetals,
or nonmetals with nonmetals?
3. Based on your answer in number 2, what type of bonding must be
involved in molecular compounds
C. Give the formula of the following molecular compound.

1. boron trichloride
2. sulfur hexafluoride
3. iodine heptafluoride
4. nitrogen triiodide
5. dinitrogen tetroxide
6. dichlorine monoxide
7. tetraphosphorus decoxide
8. pentaboron nonahydride
9. tribromine octoxide
10. chlorine monofluoride

D. What suffix (ending) do all the compound names in activity C have in common?
E. Carefully examine the name of the compounds in activity C, when is a prefix
NOT used in front of the name of an element?

F. Consider the compound NO, which element would require a prefix in the
molecule name? Explain your answer
 Deepen

There are several compounds we all use in our daily life, which have become
an essential part of our growth and survival. We encounter these compounds in our
daily life; in the food we eat, the water we drink and the air we breathe.

Below are examples of molecular compounds research their uses in our

everyday lives

Molecular
Uses in our everyday lives
Compounds

1 NH3

2 CH4

3 NO2

4 PCl5

5 CO2
 Gauge

A: Direction: Write the letter of the best answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. What type of elements typically form binary molecular compounds?

A. Alkaline earth metals C. metalloids

B. Metals D. nonmetals

2. What determines the order of the elements in the formula of a molecular

compound?

A. less electronegative element C. less electropositive element

B. more electronegative element D. more electropositive element

3. Which statement is NOT TRUE on the rules for using the prefix system of
nomenclature of binary molecular compounds?
A. The order in which common nonmetals are written in binary
compound formulas is the same as their order in the following series:
P, N, H, S, I, Br, Cl, O, F, C.
B. The first element in the formula is written first in the name of the
compound, along with the appropriate prefix.
C. The a or o at the end of a prefix is usually dropped from the name
when the name of the element begins with a vowel.
D. The second element is named after the first, but the ending of the
element’s name is changed to –ide.

4. The most widely accepted format for nomenclature has been established by
IUPAC. IUPAC means _________________________.
A. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
B. International Unison of Pure and Applied Chemistry
C. Interagency Union of Pure and Applied BioChemistry
D. International Union of Pharmaceutical and Applied Chemistry

5. What determines the number of atoms in a molecular compound?

A. Number of electrons C. prefix
B. Number of elements D. suffix
B: Write the chemical name of the following molecular compounds

1. PBr3
2. SCl4
3. N2F2
4. SO3
5. BrF

C: Write the chemical formula of the following molecular compounds.

1. Disulfur decafluoride
2. Carbon tetrachloride
3. Oxygen difluoride
4. Dinitrogen trioxide
5. Tetraphosphorus heptasulfide