-= PHYSCI MODULE 1 =-

Chemical
BONDING
Topic: The VSEPR Model
Objective: To use the VSEPR Model in predicting the electron and molecular geometry of certain
molecules.

Valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) model accounts for the geometric arrangements of
shared and unshared electron pairs around a central atom in terms of the repulsions between electron pairs.
For a molecule to be stable, each atom connected to the central atom must attain the maximum angle of
separation from its neighboring atoms.

To determine the shape and geometry of a molecule, you will have to:

1. Draw the Lewis structure of the molecule or ion. (Note: Wrong Lewis Structure of an atom will give you
incorrect information in determining the geometry of the molecule)

2. Determine the electron-domain geometry by counting the number of electron domain or the total number of
bond pairs and lone/non-bonding pairs in a molecule.
➢
Each lone/non-bonding pair and single/multiple bond CONNECTED TO THE CENTRAL ATOM
counts as one electron domain

3. Determine the molecular geometry by counting the number of bond pairs and lone/non-bonding pairs in an
atom.
➢
Electron Domain = Number of bond pairs + number of lone/non-bonding pairs

Refer to the handout about the corresponding VSEPR model per every number of bond pairs, lone pairs, and
electron domain for each molecule.

Example 1 H2O

The water molecule consists of two bonding pairs (blue circle) and two lone/non-bonding pairs
(red circle), having an electron domain of 4. Thus, its electron domain geometry is tetrahedral, and its
molecular geometry is bent.

# of Bonding # of # of Electron Electron Molecular

pair Lone/non- Domain Geometry Geometry
bonding (bonding + lone)
pair
2 2 4 Tetrahedral Bent
 Example 2 CO2

A CO2 molecule consists of 2 bonding pairs (blue color) and 0 lone/non- bonding pairs, having an electron
domain of 2. Thus, its electron domain geometry and molecular geometry is linear.

# of # of # of Electron Electron Molecular

Bonding Lone/non- Domain Geometry Geometry
pair bonding (bonding + lone)
pair
2 0 2 linear linear

Example 3 SF4

An SF4 molecule consists of four bonding pairs

v

(blue color) and two lone/ non-bonding pairs (red

color), having an electron domain of 6. Thus, its
electron domain geometry is octahedral, and its
v

molecular geometry is square planar.

# of Bonding # of # of Electron Electron Molecular

pair Lone/non- Domain Geometry Geometry
bonding pair (bonding + lone)
4 2 6 octahedral Square
planar
References:
Chang, R. & Goldsby, K. (2016). Chemistry. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, Inc.
Unday, J.E., Makalintal, N., and Dinglasan, M.G. (2017). Physical Science for Senior High School. Malabon City: Mutya
Publishing House

For additional learning references:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrqcZ3zaYRA
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/molecule-shapes

Written Work No. 1

omplete the table below by filling up the missing information. Refer to the handout of VSEPR model for the
orresponding geometry.
Molecule Lewis # of # of Electron Electron Molecular
Structure Bonding lone/non- Domain geometry Geometry
Pair bonding (bonding
pair + lone)
CS2

PCl3

BrF5

CCl4

XeF4

CH4

Note: Copy the table and send a picture/file of your answers via messenger or email.

You can also view our written work and upload your answers via google forms. Just click this
link
https://forms.gle/Nhj2dve34WYvpZUVA

-= PHYSCI MODULE 2 =-
Chemical
 BONDING
Topic: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
Objectives:
1. Differentiate intermolecular and intramolecular forces of attraction; and
2. Discuss the intermolecular forces of attraction and its effect on the physical properties of matter.

Intermolecular forces are much weaker than the intramolecular forces of attraction but are important because the
determine the physical properties of molecules like their boiling point, melting point, density, and enthalpies of fusion an
vaporization. Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms together within a molecule. Intermolecular forces a
forces that exist between molecules.

How to know if the molecules are polar/non- polar?

Nonpolar
1. Elements with same kind of atom in a molecule; diatomic (e.g. H2, N2, Cl2)
2. Noble gases
3. Elements containing only carbon and hydrogen (e.g. CH4, C6H6)
4. If a molecule has symmetry (e.g. CF4, SBr6, CO2, BH3, PCl5)
5. Different elements but belongs to the same group (e.g. IBr, BrCl)
Polar
1. If H is directly connected to N, O, and F (H2O, NH3, HF, CH3OH)
2. Shape of molecule can affect polarity (e.g. SO2 is bent)

Types of Intermolecular Forces of Attraction (IMFA)

1. Dipole-dipole interactions:
✓ These forces occur when the partially positively charged (+) part of
molecule interacts with the partially negatively charged (- ) part of th
neighboring molecule.
✓ Among polar molecules
Example: HCl molecules
2. Hydrogen bonding:
✓ a special type of intermolecular attraction between the hydrogen
atom in a polar bond (particularly H-F, H-O, and H-N) and lone
pair on a nearby atom usually F, O, or N
✓ Strongest intermolecular force between polar molecules
Example: H2O

3. London dispersion forces:

✓ The only forces that exist among atoms of non-polar compound
✓ dispersion forces tend to increase in strength with increasing
molecular weight
✓ Weakest intermolecular forces of attraction
Examples: Cl2, N2

Relative strength of Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

How Forces of Attraction Affect Properties of Compounds

Strength of Intermolecular Forces of Attraction Effect to the Physical Properties

Strong Intermolecular Forces of Attraction High boiling point/melting point

Weak Intermolecular Forces of Attraction Low boiling point/melting point

Strong Intermolecular Forces of Attraction High viscosity /surface tension

Weak Intermolecular Forces of Attraction Low viscosity/surface tension

References:
Chang, R. & Goldsby, K. (2016). Chemistry. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, Inc.
Unday, J.E., Makalintal, N., and Dinglasan, M.G. (2017). Physical Science for Senior High School. Malabon City: Mutya
Publishing House
Additional Learning Reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08kGgrqaZXA&t=78s
-= PHYSCI MODULE 3 =-
 CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
Topic: Chemical Reactions and Equations
Objectives:
• Explain what a chemical reaction is;
• Discuss and examine a chemical equation; and
• Describe the different types of chemical reaction and examine the factors affecting reaction rate

A chemical reaction is a process through which one or more substances are changed into different
substances. The original substances are called reactants, and the resulting substances are referred to as
products.

Representing Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions are represented by chemical equations. Consisting of symbols and formulas,
chemical equations show what happens during chemical reactions. (See Table 1 for symbols in chemical
equations).

2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l)

Reactant Product

Compounds at the left- hand side (blue color) are the reactants needed for the reaction to take place.
Those at the right- hand side (red color) are the products formed in the reaction.

coefficient 2 H2 subscript

You may notice that there are two types of numbers in our example- the big number (green color)
written before the chemical formula and the small (dark-red color) one written after some elements in the
formula.
Big numbers are called coefficients , which gives the idea of the number of molecules or formula units.
The small numbers are termed as subscripts, which tell how many atoms are present in specific compound.
(Note: the absence of coefficients or subscripts means the number is equal to “1”).

Table 1. Symbols in Chemical Equations

Symbol Function
Written between the symbols and/or formulas of
+ reactants or products
Left side: read as “combines with” or “reacts with”
Right side: read as “and”
Separate reactants from products
Read as “yields” or “produces”
(s) Indicates a solid reactant or product
(l) Indicates a liquid reactant or product
 (g) Indicates a gaseous reactant or product
(aq) Indicates that the reactant or product is in aqueous
solution (homogeneously dispersed in water)
Indicates that heat must be supplied to reactants
before reaction occurs
catalyst The substance written above the arrow is a catalyst or
a solvent.

Word Equations
Chemical reactions may also be written through word equations. A word equation presents reactants
and products of a chemical reaction using words. It only identifies the reactants and products involved, but not
their quantities.

Hydrogen gas + chlorine gas hydrogen chloride gas

The word equation above is read as “hydrogen gas and chlorine gas react to produce hydrogen
chlorine gas” or simply, “hydrogen gas and chlorine gas produce hydrogen chlorine gas”.

Converting a word equation into chemical equation

A word equation can be converted into chemical equation by replacing the names of the reactants
and products with their corresponding symbols or formulas. (Note: physical state of matter (e.g solid, liquid,
gas, aqueous) are indicated using italicized letters in parenthesis after each chemical element [(s), (l), (g), (aq) ]

Example 1.
Solid sodium (Na) is combined with water (H2O) to form aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and
hydrogen gas (H2).

Solution:
First, identify your reactants (left side) and products (right side) with their physical state.
In our example, the reactants and products are as follows:

Reactants: solid sodium (Na)(s)

Water (H2O) (l)
Products: sodium hydroxide (NaOH)(aq)
hydrogen gas (H2) (g)

To know the symbols for the physical state of the reactant and/or product, you can check
Table 1.

Answer:

Na(s) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

Note: Symbol “ “ is read as “form”, “produce” and “yield”.

 Example 2.
The reaction between aqueous calcium hydroxide [ Ca(OH) 2] and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas
produces calcium carbonate (CaCO3) solid precipitate and liquid water (H2O).

Solution:
First, identify your reactants (left side) and products (right side) with their physical state.
Reactants:
aqueous calcium hydroxide [ Ca(OH)2]
carbon dioxide (CO2) gas

Products:
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) solid precipitate
liquid water (H2O)

Answer:
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s)+ H2O(l)

Types of Chemical Reactions

1. Combination Reaction
In a combination reaction or synthesis reaction, 2 or more substances combine to form new
compound. It takes the general representation as follows:

General: A + B AB
Example: 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
A B A B

2. Decomposition Reaction
Involves breaking down of a single compound to produce 2 or more simpler substances. It is the
opposite of combination reaction and represented by this general representation:

General: AB A+B
Example: 2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
AB A B

3. Single Displacement Reaction

When a cation or an anion is exchanged from a compound, this is called as single displacement
reaction.
General: AB + X AX + B
Example: 2KBr(aq) + Cl2(g) 2KCl(aq)+ Br2(g)
AB X AX B

4. Double Displacement Reaction

The anions are exchanged between two compounds, or salts

General: AX + BY AY+ BX
Example: AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
AX BY AY B X
 Reference:
Chang, R. & Goldsby, K. (2016). Chemistry. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, Inc.

Additional learning references:

Converting word equation to chemical equation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcF8E8aAOGs

Types of Chemical Reactions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMU1RaRulSo

Written Work
A. Convert each word equations into chemical equations. Do not forget to write the symbols for the physical
states of the reactants and products.

1. Solid potassium (K) metal combine with chlorine (Cl 2) gas to form potassium chloride (KCl) solid
powder.

Chemical equation:__________________________________________________________________

2. Aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) is combined with aqueous sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to form
liquid water (H2O) and aqueous potassium sulfate (K2SO4).

Chemical equation:__________________________________________________________________

3. Sulfur (S) burns in oxygen gas (O2) to form gaseous sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Chemical equation:__________________________________________________________________

B. Classify each reaction as combination, decomposition, single displacement, or double displacement.

1. CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) _____________________________________________

2. CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) ____________________________________________

3. 2AlCl3(s) + Ca3N2(s) 2AlN(s) + 3CaCl2(s) ____________________________________________

4. 2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) 4Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) ____________________________________________

5. NH3(g) + HCl(g) NH4Cl(s) ____________________________________________

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and upload your answer at this link: https://forms.gle/E9Viycw7jdCQZ38A6
-= PHYSCI MODULE 4 =-
CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
Topic: Balancing Chemical Equations
Objectives:
• Discuss and examine a chemical equation; and
• Describe the different types of chemical reaction and examine the factors affecting reaction rate;

To complete the process of writing a correct chemical equation, the Law of Conservation of Mass
must be considered. This law states that, in a chemical reaction, the total amount of products must be equal
to the amount of the reactants. The process of adjusting the relative amounts of both reactants and products
in a chemical reaction so that numbers of each type of atom are the same at both sides of the equation is
called balancing an equation.

Balancing an equation requires the following pointers to be observed:

1. Identify the reactants and products in the chemical reaction and write their chemical formula.
2. Count the number of atoms of each element in the reactants and in products.
3. If the number of atoms of at least one element is not equal on both sides of the equation, then the
reaction is not yet balanced. Change the coefficients of the molecules until the number of atoms of
each element on either side of the equation is balanced. (Note: Only the coefficient and not the
subscripts can be adjusted.)
4. Check the inclusion of extra details (e.g phase of each reactant and product)

Example 1
Ammonia, a colorless, pungent gas, is widely used in pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. It is
also used as an ingredient in commercial cleaning products. Ammonia (NH3) gas is industrially produced
from hydrogen (H2) gas and nitrogen (N2) gas through the Haber process.

Solution:

a. Considering the gaseous states of all reactants and products, the reaction is represented by:

H2(g) + N2(g) NH3(g)

b. Based on the unbalanced equation, count the number of atoms (subscripts in red color) in both
reactant and product sides of the equation.
Reactant Side Product Side
H atoms 2 3
N atoms 2 1
(Note: if an element has no subscript, automatically we count the no. of that element’s atom as 1.)

Notice that the number of H and N atoms (counting the subscripts) are not equal for both the
reactant and product. This means that the chemical equation is UNBALANCED.

To balance the equation, we should add certain coefficients so that the number of atoms will be
equal.
First let us take nitrogen, adding a coefficient 2 (big number in blue color) for NH3 will make the number of
N atoms at both sides of the equation to be equal. Note: Coefficients can be placed only at the front of a
chemical formula and NEVER in the middle of a formula. You cannot change, add, erase the subscript of the
element.

H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g)

Reactant Side Product Side
H atoms 2 3x2=6
N atoms 2 1 x 2= 2
(Note: Coefficients are multiplied by the subscripts of all the elements at the chemical formula)

Now, as you can see at the table above, H atoms at the reactant side lacks 4 H atoms to match those
at the product side. Since there are 6 H atoms at the product side divide it by the 2 H atoms at the reactant
side to get the coefficient needed for the H atoms.

3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g)

Reactant Side Product Side
H atoms 2x3=6 3x2=6
N atoms 2 1 x 2= 2

Since the number of each atom is equal on the reactant and the product side, the equation now is
balanced.

Example 2
Balance this chemical reaction:
CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Solution:
a. Based from this unbalanced equation, count the number of atoms (subscripts in red color) for
each element at the reactant and product side.
Reactant Side Product Side
C atoms 1 1
H atoms 4 2
O atoms 2 2 + 1 =3
As you can see, O appears to the two chemical formulas on the product side. To count the total
number of the O atoms, you just need to add the subscripts of O for each chemical formula on the product
side together.

b. To balance the equation, we need to add certain coefficients (big numbers in blue color) at the
front of a chemical formula. Looking at the number of atoms, it looks like the H and O atoms are
unequal. So, let us look at the H atom first.
 For the H atoms to be equal, we need to add 2 more H atoms at the product side. With this, we can get a
coefficient (blue color) of 2 to be add at the front of H2O.

CH4 + O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

Reactant Side Product Side
C atoms 1 1
H atoms 4 2x2=4
O atoms 2 2 + (1x2) = 4
(Note: O atoms will be also affected by the addition of coefficient at the front of the formula.)

c. Now, as you can see at the table above, O atoms at the reactant side lacks 2 O atoms to match those at the
product side. Since there are 4 O atoms at the product side divide it by the 2 O atoms at the reactant side to
get the coefficient (blue color) needed for the O atoms.

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

Reactant Side Product Side
C atoms 1 1
H atoms 4 2x2=4
O atoms 2x2=4 2 + (1x2) = 4
Since the number of each atom is equal on the reactant and the product side, the equation now is
balanced.

Rate of Reaction
- Chemical reaction is governed by the Collision Theory, which states that reactant particles require
enough kinetic energy to initiate successful collisions that will lead to formation of products.
- The speed by which reactants are converted to products is referred to as the rate of reaction.
- A reaction that takes too long to complete is described to have a low reaction rate.
-
Factors affecting the Reaction Rate

1. Temperature
Reaction rate increases as temperature also increases because at a higher temperature,
particles have more energy. Thus, they move faster and are more likely to collide with other particles

2. Pressure
As the pressure increases, the space in which the gas particles are moving becomes smaller.

3. Catalyst
 Catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up by
lowering the activation energy.

4. Surface Area
If the solid is split into several pieces, the surface area increases. This means that there is an
increased area for the reactant particles to collide with.

5. Concentration
If there are more particles in the same amount of space, the particles are more likely to collide.

Reference:
Chang, R. & Goldsby, K. (2016). Chemistry. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, Inc.

Additional Learning References:

Balancing Chemical Equation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNsVaUCzvLA
Factors affecting Rate of Reaction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4HXaUBbv04

Exercise
Balance the following equations by adjusting the coefficients.

1. ____Fe + _____Cl2 ______FeCl3

2. ____Fe + _____O2 ______ Fe2O3

3. ____SiO2 + _____C _____Si + _____CO

4. ____H2 + _____O2 ______H2O

5. ____Fe2O3 + _____Al ______Al2O3 + ______Fe

You may submit your work via fb messenger, email , and gcr. You may also view and upload
your work
at this link : https://forms.gle/TKChy9s8KjhbP3r96
-= PHYSCI MODULE 5 =-
CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
Topic: Reaction Rates and Stoichiometric Calculations
Objectives:
• Calculate the amount of substances used or produced in a chemical reaction and percent yield of reaction;
and
• Calculate the amount of product formed considering its limiting reactant.

Stoichiometry refers to the quantitative relationships between the substances that are used up and
produces in chemical reactions.

Avogadro’s Number

- Avogadro’s number is a constant used to quantify the number of particles of an element or compound.
- 6.02214076 x 1023 particles

Mole Concept

- Mole (mol) is a term used to refer to the quantity of particles of a substance.

- It is equal to the Avogadro’s number
- Either for atoms, ions, molecules, or formula units
- 1 mole= 6.022 x 1023 atoms
Example:
1 mol Au = 6.022 x 1023 Au atoms
1 mol Au = 6.022 x 1023 Au ions
1 mol CO2= 6.022 x 1023 CO2 molecules

Molar Mass
- Numerically equal to the:
o Atomic mass of the element
o Molecular mass of the compound
- Expressed in grams/mole (g/mol)
- Molar mass is obtained as the sum of the product of the atomic masses and the number of atoms of
every element that comprise the compound.
For example, the molar mass of Fe2O3 is calculated as follows:
2 atoms Fe x 55.85 g/mol Fe = 111.7 g/mol Fe
3 atoms O x 16.00 g/mol O = 48.00 g/mol O
Molar mass of Fe2O3 = 159.7 g/mol Fe2O3
The molar mass of the compound Fe2O3 is obtained by sum of the product of the number of atoms
(subscript in blue color) of an element and the atomic masses (red color) of the element. Note: You can get
the atomic mass of an element at the periodic table .
 How to solve stoichiometry problems?
Use this chart:
Mass of Mole of Mole of Mass of
Use molar mass Use molar mass
reactant reactant Use molar ratio product of product product
of reactant

Example

In a 5.00 g sample of Fe2O3, compute the following:

a. Moles of Fe2O3
b. Particles of Fe2O3
c. Moles of Fe3+
d. Ions of Fe3+

Solution:
a. Conversion from grams to moles of a substance
Use the molar mass of the Fe2O3 to convert the expression from grams to moles of the sample using
dimensional analysis. A slash (/) symbol is included to emphasize the cancellation of the units.
To review, the molar mass of Fe2O3 is calculated as follows:
2 atoms Fe x 55.85 g/mol Fe = 111.7 g/mol Fe
3 atoms O x 16.00 g/mol O = 48.00 g/mol O
Molar mass of Fe2O3 = 159.7 g/mol Fe2O3
The molar mass of the compound Fe2O3 is obtained by sum of the product of the number of atoms
(subscript in blue color) of an element and the atomic masses (red color) of the element. Note: You can get
the atomic mass of an element at the periodic table .

We are given a 5.00 g Fe2O3 and we obtained a 159.7 g/mol as the molar mass of Fe2O3. Hence,

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3
5.00 𝑔 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 × = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝑭𝒆𝟐 𝑶𝟑
159. 7 𝑔 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3
As you can see, we have cancelled the unit 𝑔 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 and have performed the needed operation.

b. Conversion of grams of a substance to its number of particles.

To convert grams to number of particles, convert first grams to moles, which was already done in
PART A. From this, use the AVOGADRO’S number to relate the number of moles to the number of
particles.

6.022 𝑥 1023 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

0.0313 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 × = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝑭𝒆𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3

c. Conversion from a mole of a compound to mole of its component particles

In 1 mole of a compound, the number of moles of an atom ( or corresponding ion) is equal to its
subscript (blue color) in chemical formula. That is 1 mole of Fe2O3, there are 2 moles of Fe atoms and
3 moles of O atoms.

1 mole Fe2O3 : 2 moles Fe3+

 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒 3+
0.0313 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 × = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟔 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝑭𝒆𝟑+
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3

d. Conversion from grams to moles to particles

From C, 1 mole of Fe2O3 has 2 moles of 𝐹𝑒 3+ . Starting from the 5.00 g sample of Fe2O3, solve for the
number of 𝐹𝑒 3+ ions through the set up below.

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒 3+ 6.022 𝑥 1023 𝐹𝑒 3+ 𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

5.00 𝑔 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 × × × = 3.77 𝑥 1022 𝐹𝑒 3+ 𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
159. 7 𝑔 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒 3+

Limiting and Excess Reactants

- The substance that is completely used up first in a reaction is called the limiting reactant.
- The substance that is not used up completely in a reaction is the excess reactant.

Sample Analogy:
Suppose you were asked by your mother to prepare as many burgers as possible for you and your
siblings. What you found in the refrigerator are 3 patties, 4 burger buns, 6 sliced cheese, and 7 sliced
tomatoes. How many burgers with complete component (patties, cheese, 2 tomatoes, buns) will you be able
prepare?

The answer is 3 because after making 3 burgers you will be out of patties. The buns, 1 tomato, and 3 sliced
cheese are said to be “excess”. Hence, they are called “excess reactants” and the patties are the “limiting
reactant”.

Reference:
Chang, R. & Goldsby, K. (2016). Chemistry. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, Inc.
Additional Learning Videos:
Stoichiometry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2raanVWU6c
Exercise:
Write your solution and answer on a clean sheet of paper.

Consider a 1.245 g sample of glucose (C6H12O6). Calculate the following:

a. Moles of glucose (C6H12O6)

b. Particles of glucose (C6H12O6)

c. Moles of carbon

d. Ions of carbon

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