PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

WEEK 6-7

ACTIVITY 1.
Explain the term the way you understood them in relation to research.
1. Related Literature

- Related literature is a synthesis of different published articles relevant to the

researcher’s main topic which requires proper citation as credits to the source of ideas
that they contain. If one fails to cite sources, the paper losses its credibility. Related
literature is an evaluative report of information that is composed of discussions of facts
and principles to which the present study is related.
2. Review of Literature

- A literature review is a survey of everything that has been done about a particular
topic, theory, or research question. It may provide the background for larger work, or it
may stand on its own. Review of literature provides a description, summary, and critical
evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated and it
also designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching a
particular topic
3. Primary sources

-Sources that provides first-hand information about experts’ and other researchers’
publication. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were
created by people or things that were there at the time or event. These sources have not
been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. Primary
sources are original materials, regardless of format. Primary sources can include: Texts
of laws and other original documents. Newspaper reports. Speeches, diaries, letters and
interviews. Original research. Datasets, survey data, Photographs, video, or audio that
capture an event.
4. Secondary sources

-Sources that are written by authors to describe another researcher’s works.

Secondary Sources are one step removed from primary sources, though they often
quote or otherwise use primary sources. They can cover the same topic, but add a layer
of interpretation and analysis. Secondary sources can include: textbooks, academic and
research journals

5. General reference

-Sources that are first accessed by researchers to give them information about other
sources. General reference includes: books, monographs, conference proceedings,
dictionaries, encyclopedias, bibliographies, almanacs, directories, atlases, and
handbooks.

Activity 1.1 Reflect on Me

Based on the lesson, I have realized that;
Review of related literature is

-I’ve realized that Review of related literature is important in doing your research
because it helps the researcher gain an understanding of the existing research and
debates relevant to a particular topic or area of study, and to present that knowledge in
the form of a written report. Conducting a review of related literature helps you build
your knowledge in your field. You’ll learn about important concepts, research methods,
and experimental techniques that are used in your field. You’ll also gain insight into how
researchers apply the concepts you’re learning in your unit to real world problems.
Another great benefit of conducting this is that as you read, you’ll get a better
understanding of how research findings are presented and discussed in your particular
discipline and helps the researcher to familiarize technical terms related to their study. It
is also an important component of research regardless of the type, you spend time and
effort in reviewing the related literature is one of the major activity in research that
makes you examine or study again the concepts or ideas related to your research that
people have published in books, journals, or other reading materials in the past.
Activity 1.2 Try Me
After learning how to review the literature relevant to your research topic, please answer the
following questions using the references you are using as your guide. (USE MS WORD)
1. Is the problem important or worth researching? Yes or No and Why?

-Yes, because it might be a great help for future references and can give answer to the
existing problem.
2. Have others researched your research topic before?
 -Yes, there are already researchers who conducted our study though there are only few
because the existing problem only occur this year.
3. What conclusions did they reach towards the question?

-We find that in Germany, 60% of the considerably increased inflow into unemployment
in April 2020 was due to the shutdown measures. Further, we find that the hiring margin
accounted for additional 82% of the unemployment effect coming from the separations
margin. Evidently, saving existing jobs, e.g. via short-time work is not enough to prevent
a severe labor market drop (Merkl and Weber 2020) In sum, the shutdown measures
increased unemployment in the short-run by 64,000 + 53,000= 117,000 persons (or +0.3
percentage points in the unemployment rate).When assessing these results, two points
should be kept in mind: First, the available data measure effects up to mid-April.
However, later effects cannot be ruled out either, for example, with regard to notice
periods. Secondly, we consider immediate effects. Without the measures, however, an
uncontrolled spread of the virus could possibly have caused much greater damage in
the medium run.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13504851.2020.1789544

4. What impact in the community might this research have?

-It will impact the community in a way that this research will give them a lot of
knowledge about the existing problem we are facing this pandemic.
5. Did you find the references very helpful in your research? Why?

-I find it helpful because it helps us support our study and also tell and prove that the
study that we are conducting needs to be researched.

Activity 1.3 Paint Me

1. List down the 4 different forms of Plagiarism. Explain

A. Cut and Paste

- is an act of copying sections of articles or books directly from the Internet. It is

the most common form of plagiarism that involves copying the text word per-word
without recognizing the source.
 B. Mosaic Plagiarism

-Involves in copying text from another source without using quotation marks and
changing several words, while maintaining the original structure of the sentence. Mosaic
plagiarism usually involves partial revision such as replacing certain words with
synonyms, adding or deleting a few words here and there, and taking short phrases
from the source and lumping them together

C. Misattribution Plagiarism

-It is another form of plagiarism that involves attributing an excerpt, quote or an idea
to the wrong author, or the incorrect source – or worse, a nonexistent source. This is
considered as plagiarism because the source is incorrect and the correct source is not
given due credit.

D. Self-Plagiarism

-It is another way of scientific dishonesty that is committed in two instances,

duplication and replication. Duplication is done when the researcher copied the
contents of his/her own work from the previous research without proper attribution.
Replication on the other hand is another serious act for which the researcher submits
ones work multiple times. Simply combining previous works to create a new one is also
considered as self-plagiarism.

2. What are the other areas of scientific dishonesty? Explain

A. Fabrication
-is another area of scientific dishonesty that involves in “making up data” and
claiming this as fact.

B. Falsification
-is a scientific dishonesty committed when the researcher produces and
manipulates the data of other researchers. Manipulating research materials,
 equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the
research is not accurately represented in the research record.

3. How can you avoid plagiarism in writing a scientific paper?

-There are various ways in avoiding plagiarism in writing a scientific paper such as;
present your own idea, paraphrasing others work, avoiding cut and paste but the best
way in avoiding plagiarism is citing your sources.

Activity 1.4 Present your work (Encode your answer in MS Word)

Present your review of related literature for class for critiquing……

Foreign Literature

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant effect

on unemployment in every state, industry, and major demographic group in the United
States. This report provides information on which groups have experienced the largest

increases in unemployment rates since the onset of the pandemic in 2020. Young

workers, women, workers with low educational attainment, part-time workers, and racial
and ethnic minorities had relatively high unemployment rates in April. Many, but not all,

of these groups had relatively high rates in November as well. The report also compares

the overall unemployment rate during the current recession with the unemployment

rate experienced during the Great Recession.

After experiencing the longest expansion in history, the US labor market is now

undergoing tremendous stress because of the COVID-19 outbreak and subsequent

mitigation efforts. As a result of stay-at-home orders, nonessential business closures,

health concerns, and reduced demand for products and services, many workers have
stopped working.
 Among common labor market indicators, the first sign of massive job losses

came with the initial unemployment insurance claims report for the week ending on
March 21. More than 3.3 million workers filed for unemployment insurance that week,

an unprecedented number even during deep recessions. The surge in initial claims for

unemployment insurance continued, and within five weeks, total initial claims had

reached the 26 million mark. While a great deal of uncertainty surrounds how many of
these workers will return to their previous jobs or which companies will still remain in

business when social-distancing measures are eased, it is important to obtain our best

estimates for how much the unemployment rate will increase and how persistent the
increase will be.

Across the United States, millions of workers of all ages suffered job losses in the
coronavirus-driven recession, but the economic impact on young workers has been even

more intense. Not only have many young people in this country faced the harsh reality

of returning to school without in-person classes at their colleges and high schools, the
job prospects for those seeking employment have been particularly bleak. Historically,

young people are disproportionately disadvantaged in many ways during economic

downturns, but this recession has been particularly acute given the sectors of the
economy that were hit the hardest. Furthermore, many have been all but blocked from
receiving jobless benefits even with meaningful expansions to the unemployment

insurance system.

This paper investigates several important questions regarding young workers, defined as
workers ages 16 to 24 years old. Our main findings of the experience of these workers in

the labor market are summarized below.

• Young workers’ already-high unemployment rates have jumped much

higher. The overall unemployment rate for young workers ages 16–24 jumped from
 8.4% to 24.4% from spring 2019 to spring 2020, while unemployment for their

counterparts ages 25 and older rose from 2.8% to 11.3%. Spring 2020
unemployment rates were even higher for young Black, Hispanic, and Asian

American/Pacific Islander (AAPI) workers (29.6%, 27.5%, and 29.7%, respectively).

• Young workers are more likely to be in jobs impacted by COVID-19. Younger

workers have had disproportionate job loss, in part, because of their concentration
in the industries and occupations that were hardest hit. About a quarter of young

workers are employed in leisure and hospitality, where employment declined by

41% between February and May 2020.

• The economic effects of the COVID-19 economy on young workers may persist
for years. Absent a much more effective policy response than was undertaken

following the Great Recession, today’s young workers may experience serious and
long-term labor market repercussions.

• Young workers have been excluded from certain COVID-19 assistance. The

CARES Act provided a vital safety net for many young workers, but others were left

out. For example, those who were seeking but had not yet secured employment
were not able to take advantage of the unemployment insurance expansions.

• A return to a strong economy would disproportionately help young

workers. In particular, young workers would see faster wage growth than other
workers.

Young workers have experienced worse outcomes than older workers leading up

to and during the pandemic recession

Among workers across the age distribution, young workers have had the largest
job losses since February 2020. As a group, they are the most likely to be unemployed or

underemployed, least likely to be able to work from home, and more likely to work in

industries and occupations with the largest job losses in the COVID-19 labor market.
While young workers are historically disadvantaged in weak economies, they have been

even more negatively affected by the current recession.

Young workers (ages 16–24) historically have higher unemployment and

underemployment rates compared with their peers ages 25 and older—and these

rates have spiked even higher during the pandemic

Since February 2020, the labor market has deteriorated, as evidenced by massive
numbers of unemployment insurance claims and huge net job losses. Even after job

gains in May, June, July, and August, the U.S. economy is still facing a jobs deficit of over
12 million jobs, given recent historical growth, and payroll employment is 7% below its
February level (Gould 2020).

Although the economy was still floundering in September 2020, as millions more

workers filed unemployment insurance claims and employment growth slowed, our
analysis looks at trends between spring 2019 and spring 2020 to get a sense of the

devastation experienced at the initial and deepest part of the recession thus far. In this

section, we compare average unemployment and underemployment rates for April,

May, and June combined to allow for sufficient sample sizes among demographic
groups. It is also important to note that the data we use are not seasonally adjusted,

which is why we compare this spring with the same months in 2019 to avoid

inconsistencies based on seasonal fluctuations. Furthermore, evidence of nonresponse

may bias our results for this spring toward better reported outcomes than actually

occurred, as lower-income and Black workers were less likely to respond to the survey as

the pandemic took hold (Rothbaum and Bee 2020). By any measure, the data show that

younger workers ages 16–24 historically have worse labor market outcomes and have
experienced disproportionately more job losses in this recession than workers ages 25

and older.
 Social distancing and the partial economic shutdown in response to the COVID-

19 pandemic have had a profound impact on the U.S. economy, including on people’s
jobs and livelihoods.

The overall immediate effects on the labor market have been easy to see:

The unemployment rate shot up in the early months of the COVID-19 crisis in the U.S.,

and payroll employment numbers show that more than 20 million jobs were lost in
April—a record amount for one month. (Employment has increased every month since

then, and unemployment declined to 7.9% in September after a 14.7% April peak.)

But these aggregate numbers don’t tell the whole story. There are many ways to
dissect data to get a more complete sense of how the pandemic has affected the U.S.
labor market, including which workers have felt the most impact.

This post provides a roundup of some recent St. Louis Fed analyses that examined
different aspects of unemployment and employment during the pandemic. Some

takeaways:

• When other measures of unemployment started declining, the share of those

unemployed for at least 15 weeks continued to rise.

• The youngest workers saw the biggest decline in employment.

• The leisure and hospitality sector lost the most jobs in the early months of the

pandemic.
• The lowest-earning occupations were hit the hardest by the pandemic.

Which industries have been most affected?

 In a Regional Economist article published in August, Senior

Economist Maximiliano Dvorkin noted that safety measures have impacted businesses
that involve direct contact with customers or clients in particular. He examined which

industries were the most affected by labor market disruptions during the early months

of the pandemic. (He also analyzed which occupations were most affected, but this post

focuses on industries.)

Dvorkin looked at several goods-producing industries and service-

providing industries.1 He found that the leisure and hospitality services sector

saw the largest decline from February to April, with nearly half of these jobs being
lost. This was followed by the “other services” sector—which includes businesses
such as repair and maintenance and beauty shops—where about one in five jobs

was lost.

Which wage earners have been hit the hardest?

In an Economic Synopses essay published in July, Economist Serdar Birinci and

Research Associate Aaron Amburgey looked at how the pandemic has impacted various

occupations across the earnings distribution.

Overall, they found that workers in occupations with lower average earnings were

disproportionally displaced by the pandemic, whereas workers in occupations with

higher average earnings were impacted to a lesser extent.

The authors noted that the majority of the jobs that were furloughed or lost

between January and April were in the lower-earnings occupations. In particular, they

found that occupations in the lowest and second-lowest earnings groups accounted for

34% and 25%, respectively, of the increase in unemployment over that period.
They also found that the unemployment rates for the lower-earnings groups increased

by much more than for the higher-earnings groups. For example, workers in
occupations in the lowest-earnings group saw their unemployment rate increase by 20.4

percentage points from January to April. In comparison, workers in occupations in the

highest-earnings group experienced only a 3.2 percentage point increase in their

unemployment rate over that period.

“These results provide further evidence that the COVID-19 crisis has had an unbalanced

effect on different earnings groups in the labor market,” they wrote.

Local literature

Unemployment soared to 17.7% in April 2020, equivalent to around 7.3 million

jobless Filipinos amid the coronavirus pandemic, the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)

announced on Friday, June 5. National Statistician Dennis Mapa said this is the highest
unemployment rate on record. Unemployment was only at 5.3% in January 2020, or 2.4

million people, and 5.1% in April 2019, or 2.3 million people. After January 2020, an

additional 4.9 million people became jobless.

The Department of Labor and Employment earlier estimated 5 million jobs would be lost
due to the pandemic. Records began in 1987, with the highest rate for that year at

10.2%. Mapa also said the last double-digit jump in unemployment was in the 2nd

quarter of 1991, when it hit 14.4%.

Mapa noted, however, that figures before 2005 are not comparable to the current rate,

since the PSA revised the metrics of measuring unemployment in 2005. All regions hit

badly
All regions reported double-digit unemployment rates in April 2020, with the

Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao suffering the worst at 29.8%. The
employment rate fell to 82.3%, from 94.7% in January 2020 and 94.9% in April 2019.

Mapa noted that 38.4% of employed workers reported that they were not working,

primarily due to the strict coronavirus lockdown. Underemployment, or people who

have jobs but are looking for more to meet their needs, rose to 18.9% in April from the
13.4% in the same month last year. This represents 6.4 million workers or an additional

781,000 people looking for more jobs. The labor force participation rate among Filipinos

15 years and older is estimated at 55.6%, the lowest since 1987, when data was first
available.

Affected sectors

The arts, entertainment, and recreation sector posted the largest drop in employment,
where 54% of workers lost their jobs. From 436,000 in April 2019, there were only

200,000 workers in April 2020. The electricity, gas, steam, and air-conditioning supply

sector recorded a 43.1% drop. From 108,000 workers, only 61,000 were employed in

April 2020. Information and communication (-40.6%), accommodation and food service
activities (-35.8%), and construction (-33.8%) also posted drastic drops in employment.

Workers worked 35 hours per week on average in April, lower than the 41.8 in the same

period last year.

The unemployment rate in the Philippines surged to 8.7 percent in the December

quarter of 2020 from 4.5 percent in the same quarter a year earlier, amid the economic

downturn caused by the coronavirus crisis. The number of unemployed persons surged

by 1.77 thousand to 3.81 million, while the number of employed dropped by 2.70
thousand to 39.84 million. Meanwhile, the labor force participation rate was down to

58.7 in the fourth quarter from 61.4 the prior year. Among employed persons, workers in
the services sector made up 57.2 percent of the total, followed by those in the

agriculture sector (24.5 percent) and industry (18.3 percent).

The unemployment rate in July likely exceeded a fifth of the labor force as more

firms shed jobs during the prolonged COVID-19 lockdown, Dutch banking giant ING

said. It projected the Philippines’ jobless rate hitting a new high of 22.9 percent last

month, up from 17.7 percent in April. The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) will
release the results of the July round of its Labor Force Survey on Sept. 4, Friday. “Job

losses undoubtedly piled on in the months after [April] given that the economy is now in

recession,” Nicholas Antonio T. Mapa, ING’s senior economist for the Philippines, told
the Inquirer last week. “The more than 20-percent unemployment should reflect the
16.5-percent decline in gross domestic product in the second quarter and [which is] not

likely to get up anytime soon,” Mapa said.

Following the longest and most stringent COVID-19 lockdown in the region

imposed from mid-March to May, the government gradually eased quarantine

restrictions starting June to facilitate economic recovery even as some jobs did not

resume.

Mapa noted that “most of the layoffs may have happened after April” as businesses

were most badly hit at the height of the lockdown.

“We also saw an influx of graduates into the workforce so we could see an increase in
the scores of the unemployed,” Mapa added.

There were an estimated 4.9 million Filipinos who lost their jobs in April,

according to PSA. It said that month saw joblessness climb to its highest rate—17.7

percent—after the engines of the economy had to stop amid one of the strictest COVID-
19 lockdowns in Southeast Asia, putting at risk recent big gains in reducing poverty

incidence.
Preliminary results of the PSA’s labor force survey showed that 7.3 million were

unemployed as of April, jumping from 2.3 million a year ago and 2.4 million in January.

The unemployment rate was only 5.1 percent in April 2019 and 5.3 percent in January

this year.

Last April’s unemployment rate was the highest since April 2005, when the

government changed its methodology in measuring employment. Using a different

methodology, government records showed the last time that the jobless rate was

double-digit was nearly 30 years ago—during the second quarter of 1991. The decline in
employment rate to 82.3 percent last April from 94.9 percent a year ago and 94.7
percent in January translated to a drop of 8 million in the number of Filipinos with jobs

to 33.8 million from 41.8 million last year. In January, 42.7 million Filipinos were

employed.

The number of Filipinos without jobs reached 4.6 million in July 2020 as the

country grapples with the economic fallout of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

pandemic, the Philippine government's latest survey data showed on Thursday. "(The

Philippines') unemployment rate in July 2020 was estimated at 10 percent. This is higher
than the unemployment rate of the same month a year ago placed at 5.4 percent, but

lower than the record high 17.7 percent during April 2020," the Philippine National

Statistician Dennis Mapa said in a virtual media briefing. He said the number of
unemployed Philippine people, who are 15 years old and over, was estimated at 4.6

million in July 2020, higher by 2.2 million compared to the same period a year ago but

lower by 2.7 million from three months ago. In Metro Manila alone, Mapa said there are

about 929,000 people without jobs, followed by the Calabarzon region, south of Manila,
with about 886,000 unemployed, and the Central Luzon region north of Manila, about

552,000. "These are the top three regions in terms of the numbers of unemployed,"

Mapa added. Metro Manila, the epicenter of COVID-19 outbreaks, the Calabarzon
region and the Central Luzon region, have been under lockdown since mid-March. The

rest of the country is under varying degrees of lockdown restrictions.

The pandemic and lockdown restrictions also led to a significant economic

slowdown in the Philippines. The GDP growth rate of the Philippines dropped by 16.5

percent in the second quarter of 2020, the lowest recorded quarterly growth since 1981.

With 226,440 total infections, the Philippines now has the most COVID-19 cases in
Southeast Asia.

References

https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R46554.pdf

https://www.brookings.edu/research/unemployment-among-young-workers-during-covid-19/

https://www.clevelandfed.org/en/newsroom-and-events/publications/economic-commentary/2020-
economic-commentaries/ec-202009-unemployment-costs-of-covid.aspx

https://www.clevelandfed.org/en/newsroom-and-events/publications/economic-commentary/2020-
economic-commentaries/ec-202009-unemployment-costs-of-covid.aspx

https://www.epi.org/publication/young-workers-covid-recession/

https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/worlds-unemployment-ratescom

https://www.stlouisfed.org/open-vault/2020/october/how-covid19-pandemic-has-affected-labor-
market

https://www.rappler.com/business/unemployment-rate-philippines-april-
2020#:~:text=Health%20workers%20in%20Manila.&text=Unemployment%20soared%20to%2017.7%25
%20in,highest%20unemployment%20rate%20on%20record.

https://tradingeconomics.com/philippines/unemployment-rate
Activity 1.5 Conceptualize

Create a conceptual framework using the variables below and write the appropriate words in
the boxes below, and explain the relationship of the different variables.

Age Work Family Relationship

Place of Residence Teacher Factor Peer Pressure
Family Income Grandparent presence Province
School Age

Academic Variable
Background Variable
a. Age
b. family income Teacher Factor
c. Work
d. School age

School Dropout
Environmental
Variable
a. Place of
residence
b. Province
c. Grandparents
presence
d. Peer pressure
e. Family
relationship
Explanation Begins here………….

The background variable is the variables that can influence the academic
variable and environmental variables but the academic variable and
environmental variables cannot influence the background variables in any
way. These three variables are connected to each other and are the factors
that lead to school drop-out.

Activity 1. Define Me…….

RESEARCH TITLES LIST OF TERMS DEFINITION OF TERMS

Effects of Pandemic
Towards the Academic
Performance of SHS
Students in Southern City
Colleges
Social Media Marketing
Techniques for Local
Grocery Store Owners in
Zamboanga City
School Canteen Quality and
Student Satisfaction in
Southern City Colleges
1. Pandemic - is an epidemic that's
spread over multiple
2. Academic countries or continents.
performance - is the measurement
of student
achievement across various
academic subjects.
1. Social Media - is the action of creating
Marketing content to promote your
business and products on
various social media
2. Local platforms.
- an inhabitant of a
3. Grocery store particular area or
neighborhood.
- a store that sells food and
household supplies
1. Canteen - is a store that sells food
and drink at an institution.
2. Quality - is the totality of features
and characteristics of a
product or service that bear
3. Satisfaction on its ability to satisfy given
needs.
- fulfillment of one's wishes,
expectations, or needs, or
the pleasure derived from
this.
Activity 1. Predict Me for Real……
RESEARCH TITLES
Effects of Pandemic Towards
the Academic Performance
of SHS Students in Southern
City Colleges
Social Media Marketing
Techniques for Local Grocery
Store Owners in Zamboanga
City
School Canteen Quality and
Student Satisfaction in
Southern City Colleges
LIST OF HYPOTHESES REVISED LIST OF
HYPOTHESES
1. Positively and 1. It will significantly affect
Significantly affect the the students’ academic
students’ performance performance in a positive
2. Negatively and way.
significantly affect 2. It will significantly affect
student’s motivation student’s motivation
negatively.
1. Positively and 1. The stores income will
significantly affect the significantly be affected in
stores income a positive way.
2. Negatively and 2. It will affect their
significantly affect the marketing techniques
marketing techniques negatively.
1. Positively and 1. The student’s satisfaction
significantly affect will be affected positively
student’s satisfaction 2. The school canteen
2. Negatively and incomes will significantly
significantly affect the affect negatively
school canteens
incomes