Models of Communication

Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VI – Western Visayas
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PASSI CITY
Passi National High School
Passi City, Iloilo

Self - Learning Module

for Senior High School
Learners

Grade Levels: Grade 11/12

Core Subject: Oral Communication
Semester: First

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
COMPETENCIES:

The learner differentiates the various models of communication.

(EN11/12OC-Ia-3)
Uses various strategies to avoid communication breakdown.
(EN11/12OC-Ia-6)
 Models of Communication
Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown

Republic of the
PhilippinesDepartment of
EducationRegionVI-
WesternVisayas
SchoolsDivisionofPassiCity
PASSI NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
PassiCity,Iloilo

ORALCOMMUNICATION
Quarter 1, Weeks 2 and 3

Most Essential Learning Competenc

Competencies:

The learner differentiates the various models of communication. (EN11/12OC

(EN11/12OC-Ia-3)
Uses various strategies to avoid communication breakdown. ((EN11/12OC-Ia-6)

What I Need to Know

This module was written and designed with the learner in mind. Its primary goal is to help
you identify the various models of communication.
This module is also here to help you identify various strategies that could be used in order
to avoid communication breakdown. It will lead you to understanding how communication works
among people to foster mutual understanding and good relationship.
Thiss module consists of three lessons,, namely:Various Models of
Communication,Communication
,Communication Breakdown and Various Strategies to Avoid Communication
Breakdown.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify
dentify the various models of communicatio
communication;
2. compare
ompare and contrast various models of communication;
3. use
se various models of communication in a setting
setting;
4. identify the different kinds of barriers to effective communication;
5. explain the causes of communication breakdown; and
6. use appropriate strategies to avoid communication breakdown and achieve the
goals of relationship and community building.

What I Know
Test 1. Directions: WriteTrueifif the statement is correctandFalseifit is
not.Writeyouranswerson a one whole sheetofpadpaper.

1. ShannonWeaverModelisaninteractivecommunicationmodel.
2. TransactionModelisaone
TransactionModelisaone-wayprocess.
3. Transaction Model emphasizes the collaborative exchange of messages between communicators.
4. Shannon-WeaverModelshowsthatabarriersuchasnoise
WeaverModelshowsthatabarriersuchasnoise mayinterferewiththeflowof
communication.
5. Thesourceisreferredtoasthedecoderofthemessage.
6. Shannon-WeaverModel
Model isthemotherofallcommunication models.
7. TransactionModelisatwo
TransactionModelisatwo-wayprocesswiththeinclusionoffeedbackasoneelement.
wayprocesswiththeinclusionoffeedbackasoneelement.
8. Atransmitterpertainstotheencoderofmessageintosignals.
9. Feedbackdetermines
rmines whetherthereceiverunderstandsthemessageornot
 Models of Communication
Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown

10. Transactionmodelinessenceshowsthattherolesofthespeakerandreceivershouldnotbeseparatedas
ifapersonisdoingonlyoneortheotheratonetime.

Test II. Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a one whole
sheet of pad paper.

1. It happens when the sender fails to communicate his/her message properly or when the
intended message is not clearly understood by the receiver.
A. communication
B. communication barrier
C. strategies to avoid communication barriers
D. process of communication

2. It refers to the natural or environmental conditions that hinder a successful communication

transaction.
A. cultural barrier
B. external noise
C. physical barrier
D. psychological barrier

3. These are issues like trauma, lack of confidence, fear, anger, frustration, and depression that may
affect the communication process.
A. external Noise
B. linguistic barrier
C. psychological barrier
D. semantic Noise

4. It refers to the way a person responds in a communication situation affected by personal norms
and traditions.
A. cultural barrier
B. linguistic barrier
C. physical barrier
D. psychological barrier

5. This is an example when linguistic barrier to communication becomes evident.

A. A professor explains his lessons eloquently in class.
B. Elena is afraid to deliver her opening remarks.
C. People do not understand each other’s language.
D. The transmitter disrupted the speech of Ms. Speaker.

6. It is the main cause of semantic noise.

A. jeepneys beeping
B. constructing building
C. using excessive technical jargon
D. people talking too loud

7. Which best defines NOISE in the context of communication?

A. It is the sound of karaoke from your neighbor.
B. It is any sound that occurs during the communication process.
C. It is a sound that blocks or interferes communication situations.
D. It is anything that interferes with the communication.

8. Which of the following is an example of psychological barrier?

A. ability to read minds
B. dissatisfaction to customer service
C. inattentiveness to detail
D. poor listening skills

9. Which factors are considered cultural barriers to communication?

A. economic status, age, and gender
B. ethics, standards, and grammar
 Models of Communication
Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown

C. politics, administration and government

D. religion

10.. Why does communication breakdown occur?

A. because the information is overloading.
B. because of lack of attention among the audiences or receivers.
C. because the listener or rece
receiver has a very short attention span.
D. All of the above

Lesson

1 Models of Communication

What Is it?
ModelsofCommunication
1. Shannon-Weaver
Weaver Model
Knownasthe mother of all communicationmodels
communicationmodels,theShannon
theShannon-Weavermodel (1949) depicts
communication asalinearorone
asalinearorone-wayprocess
wayprocess consisting of five elements: a source (producer of
message); a transmitter (encoder of message into message into signals); a channel (signals
adapted for transmission)
transmission); a receiver (decoder of message from the signal);
signal) and a destination.

Figure 1. Shannon Weaver Model

Thismodel,howeverhasbeencriticizedformissing one element in the communication process:

the feedback.
Withoutfeedback,thespeakerwillnotknowwhetherthereceiveru
Withoutfeedback,thespeakerwillnotknowwhetherthereceiverunderstandsthemessageornot.
nderstandsthemessageornot.

2. TransactionModel
 Models of Communication
Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown

Figure 2. Transactional Model

This model is more interactive. Thereisacollaborative exchange of messages between the
communicators with the aim of understanding each other. It also shows that a barrier, such as
noise, may interfere with the flow of communication.

Lesson

2 Communication Breakdown

Communication is a process of exchanging thoughts, ideas, and opinions in order to connect

with other people. Its goal is to achieve a clear and effective understanding resulting to good
relationships in the community. However, there are times when this goal is not reached due to
certain factors. When this happens, there is communication breakdown.

The elements involved in communication are important in the success or failure of this
process. These very same elements (sender, message, receiver, feedback, etc) can pose a threat to
the efficiency or effectiveness of the process. Communication breakdown may occur when
problems in any of the elements involved arise. They become barriers to communication.

Simply put, communication breakdown results when the intended message of the sender is
not understood exactly by the receiver. Barriers to communication are present.

Recognizing the barriers or obstacles to effective communication is important in order to

avoid communication breakdown. Here are some of the barriers that may cause communication
failure.

Barriers to Communication

Physical Barriers are the natural or environmental condition that act as a barrier in
communication in sending the message from sender to receiver.
Examples:
1. People talking too loud.
2. Noise from a construction site
3. Loud sound of a karaoke
4. Blaring of jeepney horns

Psychological Barriers are called as mental barriers. These refer to social and personal
issues of a speaker towards communicating with others.

Examples:
1. trauma
2. shyness, lack of confidence
3. depression
4. fear, stage fright

Cultural Barriers pertain to communication problems encountered by people regarding

their intrinsic values, beliefs, and traditions in conflict with others. People’s culture affect the way
they communicate and relate to others
Examples:
1. different beliefs
2. traditions, and customs
3. manners of dressing
4. speaking
 Models of Communication
Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown

Linguistic Barriers pertain conflicts with regard to language and word meanings. Because
words carry denotative and connotative meanings, they can sometimes cause confusion and
misunderstanding. Meaning of words and symbols also vary depending on culture.
Examples:
1. difference in language
2. accent and dialect
3. use of jargon and slang
4. speech defects or language impairments
Verderber (1991) gives a similar idea of barrier when he classifies noise into three kinds:
External, Internal and Semantic noise.

External Noises are the “sight, sound and other stimuli that draw people’s attention away
from intended meaning.”
Examples:
1. noise from vehicles
2. singing at the neighborhood
3. visual aids in front of the classroom
4. the dog barking
5. the sound of airplane
Internal noises are the “thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaning.”
Examples:
1. confrontation with a friend
2. fear of speaking in front of the class.
3. racial prejudice
Semantic noises are the “alternate meanings aroused by a speaker’s symbols.” This idea
means that a word may have another meaning in the minds of the students. This is affected by the
language in which they grew and the culture in which they are exposed.
Examples:
1. incorrect grammar
2. using excessive technical jargon
3. using idiomatic expressions

Lesson
Various Strategies to Avoid
3 Communication Breakdown
Here is an article entitled 5 Ways to Avoid Communication Breakdown by Ronnie Peterson.
Communication breakdown can cause issues or problems at home, school, and community.
There are so many barriers to communication like, physiological, psychological, cultural, and
linguistics. Sometimes some communication barriers are too difficult to solve and this will lead to
slowing the progress and efficiency. Here are the possible strategies to avoid communication
breakdown:
1. Have Clarity of thought before speaking
Arrange your thoughts before verbalizing them this can help you communicate much more
clearly and succinctly. It's a better idea to say something like, "I've got a few ideas here. Let me go
through them one at a time. We can treat each one on its own merit."
2. Learn to Listen
As simple as it sounds, you’ll be surprised how many people out there don’t know how to
listen well. Not understanding those who you are trying to communicate with will lead to a
conversation fraught with misunderstandings. Don’t be afraid to ask them to repeat or explain
further in polite manner once you don’t understand the point.
3. Take Care of your Body Language and Tone
 Models of Communication
Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown

Keep your emotions in check, try to maintain eye contact, and adopt a relaxed tone when
conversing with others.
4. Build up your confidence by asking for feedback and observing others
Focus on improving your skills by practicing in front of those who you may feel more
comfortable with. You can also ask those whose advice you value to give you feedback and critique
your communication style after a discussion.
5. Communicate Face to Face on the important issues
Having that face to face dialogue means you can convey your point more clearly, with your
body language as well as your tone of voice.
It can also help to clear up any misunderstandings or distortion of the message that could
occur through other mediums.
Remember, becoming an effective communicator takes time and practice. Over time, using
these strategies can lead to better communication in your personal relationships, and more
productive workplace environments as well.

Here are some strategies to avoid communication breakdown (Quipper n.d.).

Keep Focused
One way of being focused is to put in mind the purpose communication. As a speaker
identify your purpose for speaking and as a listener find the speaker’s purpose thru his/her verbal
and non-verbal cues.

Speak Intelligibly
Speaking intelligibly or clearly means using the appropriate speaking volume, pitch rate,
proper enunciation, stress, and acceptable pronunciation. We speak in order to be understood.

Listen with your Ears and Eyes

Pay attention to verbal and non-verbal message. Effective communication depends on what
people say and how they say it.

Minimize Distractions
Look for a place where you can minimize distractions or noise like closed area, empty room,
or quiet places. Lessening the cause for confusion means giving more room to focus and
concentrate.

Be Specific
Use simple and concise words as much as possible in delivering a message. Being specific
means being particular and direct to the point.

Do not Jump to Conclusions

Before you give your comments and judgement, be sure that you have listened attentively to
the speaker. Conclusions should be drawn after a thorough analysis of point given or information
received.

Tips on How to Avoid Communication Breakdown

Broom, Cutlip and Center (2012) listed the 7Cs of Effective Communication in their book
Effective Public Relations. These are Completeness, Conciseness, Consideration, Concreteness,
Courtesy, Clearness, and Correctness.

1. Completeness – Complete communication is essential to the quality of the communication

process in general. Hence, communication should include everything that the receiver needs to hear
for him/her to respond, react, or evaluate properly.
2. Conciseness – Conciseness does not mean keeping the message short but making it direct to the
point.
 Models of Communication
Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown

3. Consideration – To be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant information about
his/her receiver such as mood, background, race, preference, education, status, needs, among
others.
4. Concreteness – Effective communication happens when the message is concrete and supported
by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations.
5.Courtesy – The speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture, values and
beliefs of his/her receivers.
6. Clearness – Clearness in communication implies the use of simple and specific words to express
ideas.
7. Correctness – Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and increases
the credibility and effectiveness of the message.

Helpful Expressions to Avoid Communication Breakdown

Strategies to Avoid Communication Helpful Expressions

Breakdown
Use helpful expressions to gain time to think “Really” “Uhmm”
“Uh-huh” “Anyway”
“Tell me more…”
Give positive remarks or comments “Sounds good”
“I see what you mean”
Ask for repetition “Can you please what you said?”
“What did you say again?”
“What did you mean, when you say that…”
Check for understanding “So, are you saying that…”
“So, what is your understanding of this?”

REMEMBER:

 Thereare twomainmodelsofcommunication: Shannon-

Weav erModelandTransactionModel.
 Barriers to Communication are Physical, Psychological, Cultural, Linguistic, and Noise
(External, internal, Semantic).
 7Cs of Effective Communication are Completeness, Conciseness, Consideration,
Concreteness, Courtesy, Clearness, and Correctness.

Important Reminders:

*For students who have access online: You may look for further references on the internet.
*For modular learners or those who don’t have access to internet or geographically isolated: Kindly refer to this SLM
for your reference. You may also browse textbooks in Oral Communication for further references
*For learners who are currently in quarantine or lockdown areas: Kindly inform your subject teacher about your
current situation through a text message or chat on Facebook messenger. A copy of the modules and activities will be sent to
you online. You may also send pictures of your answers directly through messenger.
*You may also contact your subject teacher for questions and clarification through his/her messenger account or text
message from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM. from Mondays to Fridays.
*Only parents/guardians are allowed to get and pass the answer sheets in school. Kindly follow the schedule of releasing
the modules and passing of answer sheets.

Note: Tasks 1, 2, and 3 should be answered for Week 2.

What I Have Learned

TASK1(Required Activity to be Answered)

Directions: Study the figuresshown below and explain. Chooseone model and explain.
This is worth 5 points. Write your answerson a one whole sheet of pad paper.
 Models of Communication
Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown

Shannon- Weaver Model

Transaction Model

TASK2 (Required Activity to be Answered)

Directions: Compare and contrast the models of communication using the Venn
VennDiagram. Highlight
thestrengths andweaknesses ofeachmodel. Write your answer on a one whole sheet of pad
ofeachmodel.Write
paper.

TASK 3(Required
(Required Activity to be Answered)
Direction:Think
ofanytelevisionshoworfilm/movieclipwhichillustratestheinteractiondescribedinTransactionModel.
anytelevisionshoworfilm/movieclipwhichillustratestheinteractiondescribedinTransactionModel.
Makesurethatalltheelementsarepresent.
Makesurethatalltheelementsarepresent.Analyzethesceneinrelation
relation to
totheTransaction
Modelandpresentyour findings
findingsthroughanyofthefollowingbutnotlimitedto
throughanyofthefollowingbutnotlimitedto comic strip and/or
essay.. Your work will be rated based on the following rubric. Write your answers
answer on a one whole
sheet of pad paper.

ComicsStrip/Essay
/Essay

Criteria Description Poor Fair Good VeryG Excellent

1 2 3 ood 5
 Models of Communication
Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown

Content  Thepresentationeffectively
analyzes a
communicativeexchange
using acommunicationmodel.
 Theanalysisissoundandit
shows the
student’sunderstandingofthe
topic.
Organization  Informationispresentedina
clear,logicalway.
Originality  Thepresentationisoriginaland
inventive.
Creativity  Theoutputisattractiveandpre
sentable.
 The multimedia
materialssupportthecontent
ofthe output(ifapplicable).
Overall  Theoutputisinterestingand
impact stimulating.
TotalPoints

Scoring Poor-5
Fair-6-10
VeryGood16-20
Good-11-15
Excellent-21-25
Comments/S
uggestions

Note: *For those who do not have gadget or internet access/signal, you may choose any
movieor television show that you have watched in the past and be able to apply it in the task
required.

Note: Tasks 4 and 5 should be answered for Week 3.

TASK 4.(Required Activity to be Answered)

Directions: Identify the kind of communication barrier exemplified by each description. Tell
whether it is Physiological, Psychological, Cultural, or Linguistic Barrier. Write your
answers on a one whole sheet of pad paper.

1. lack of confidence
2. connotative and denotative meaning
3. loud party
4. different races
5. poor lighting
6. lack of interest and attention
7. different views and opinions
8. using idiomatic expressions
9. information overload
10. feel frustrated

TASK 5. (Required Activity to be Answered)

Directions: Conduct an interview with three (3) members of your family or people you know
who have experienced communication breakdowns.If the interviewees are your family
members at home, you may conduct a face to face interview following the standard health
protocols, if not, you may gather information from the interviewees through e-mail, call, text and/or
chat messages. Summarize their experiences and decide the most appropriate strategy to avoid
each communication breakdown. Explain your reason for each strategy. Write your answers on a
one whole sheet of pad paper.
 Models of Communication
Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown

Respondent Experiences Strategy to Avoid Communication Breakdown

1
2
3
4
5

References:
 Sipacio,P.J.F.&Balgos,A.R.G.(2016).OralCommunicationinContextforSeniorHighSchool.Q
uezonCity.C&E Publishing,Inc.
 ASM,EJF,RZS.(2016).OralcommunicationforSeniorHighSchool.
 Retrievedfrom:https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5b09124fc52f53001cfcb059/nature-
and-process-of-communicationonAugust4,2020
 Retrieved from https://znnhs.zdnorte.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ORAL-
COMMUNICATION11_Q1_Module3_08082020.pdf on September 14, 2020

Prepared by:

MARY FAITH M. LIDAWAN

JANETTE R. PANES
MILES P. GERAUD
MARY ANN S. LALANTACON
GERALD P. GONZALES