STUDENTS LEARNING PLAN

Third Grading Period

S.Y. 2023-2024
Date: February 19, 2024
Subject: Physical Science
Activity Title: Polarity of Molecules
Learning Target/s:
21st Century Skill/s: Critical Thinking Skills
Institutional Values: Critical Thinking Skills
References: Wright, G. (2022, June 2). molecule. WhatIs.
https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/molecule#:~:text=A%20molecule%20is
%20two%20or,with%20the%20number%20of%20atoms.
Questions and Answers - What is the difference between atoms and elements? (n.d.).
https://education.jlab.org/qa/atoms_and_elements.html#:~:text=element%20%2D%20a
%20basic%20substance%20that,6%2C%20etc. . .)
CHED-PNU. (2006). Teaching Guide in Senior High School-Physical Science. Commission on
Higher Education. C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman, Quezon City. Retrieved from
https://lrmds.deped.gov.og/detail/14519 last May 19, 2020
Libretexts. (2023b, January 23). Lewis Structures. Chemistry LibreTexts.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Or
ganic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Lewis_Structures
Key Concept:

Atom – the basic building blocks of matter

Molecule – a two or more atoms connected by chemical bonds

Element – a substance that cannot be broken down by any physical or chemical means into
simpler substances.

Compound – a substance that contains more than one element

Bond Polarity – is a result of combining atoms of element having different electronegativity

values.

Covalent bond – formed when two identical atoms evenly shared their electrons.

Ionic Bond – a type of bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely
charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities.

Non-Polar Covalent Bond – when two atoms having similar electronegativity will share
electrons equally

Polar Covalent Bond – when two bonded atoms do not equally distribute the electrons, one
atom is more electronegative than the other atom, meaning one atom is partially positive and
the other atom is partially negative.

Molecular Polarity – the total of the bond polarity of bonded molecules

Electronegativity – the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons

Two Factors that determined the polarity of molecules

A. the polarity of bonds and electronegativity

Type of Bond Electronegativity Difference (EN)

Ionic ≥1.7
Polar Covalent 0.5 to 1.6
Nonpolar Covalent ≤0.4
Example:
 STUDENTS LEARNING PLAN
Third Grading Period
S.Y. 2023-2024
What type of bond is present between the following pairs of atoms?

1. Ca and Cl

Solution: ENCa = 1.0 & ENCl = 3.0 ( ∆ EN ) =1.0−3.0=|−2.0|=2.0 ionic bond

2. Cl and Cl

Solution: ENCl = 3.0 & ENCl = 3.0 ( ∆ EN ) =3.0−3.0=0 nonpolar covalent bond

3. H and Cl = polar

4. S and O = polar

5. C and N = polar

Figure 1. Pauling Electronegativity Values

Polar Covalent Bonds – formed when electrons are shared equally by two atoms in a

compound. The bonded pairs of atoms form an electric dipole (represented by )

Dipole – two poles

Electric dipole – a molecule has one positive end and one negative end. (The atom with the
higher EN value becomes the partial negative pole ¿ ¿) while the atom with the lower EN value
becomes the partially positive (¿ ¿pole.

B. Geometrical Shape Of The Molecules

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) – used to predict the shape of the
molecules from the electron pairs that surround the central atoms of the molecule.
 STUDENTS LEARNING PLAN
Third Grading Period
S.Y. 2023-2024
Lewis Dot Structure – show the bonding relationship between atoms of a molecule and the
lone pairs of electrons in the molecule

Figure 2. Different Molecular Shapes

Nonpolar Molecule – if a molecule is symmetric meaning all electrons are equally shared or
bonded.

Example: Methane has a chemical formula of (CH4). It is a tetrahedral molecule and an

example of non-polar bond.

Polar Molecule – asymmetric, meaning the distribution of electrons in a covalent bond is not
equal. It also contains lone pairs of electrons on the central atom or atom bonded with different
electronegativity values.

For example, ammonia (NH3) is a polar bond and has a molecular shape of trigonal pyramidal.
 STUDENTS LEARNING PLAN
Third Grading Period
S.Y. 2023-2024

Example for Molecular geometry of some compounds

Application:

Activity 4: Which is Which?

Directions: Identify which molecule is polar and which is nonpolar given the Lewis structure
and molecular shapes of the following molecules.
Molecule Lewis EN Bond Molecular Polarity of
Structure Polarity Geometry Molecule
1. PCl5
2. BeCl2
3. CH4
4. OF2
5. SF6
 STUDENTS LEARNING PLAN
Third Grading Period
S.Y. 2023-2024
Date:
Subject: Physical Science
Activity Title: Polarity of Molecules and Its Properties
Learning Target/s: I can relate the polarity of a molecule to its properties (S11/12PS-IIIc-16)
21st Century Skill/s: Critical Thinking Skills
Institutional Values: Critical Thinking Skills
References:

Key Concept:

Solubility is defined as the ability of a solid substance to be dissolved in a given amount of

solvent

Miscibility is the ability of the two liquids to combine or mix in all proportions, creating a
homogenous mixture.

Type of IMFA Interacting Substances Examples

Ion-dipole Ion (cation or anion) and a polar Sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in
molecule water (H2O); Calcium ion (Ca2+) and
Phosphorus trichloride (PCl3)
Hydrogen Polar molecules containing H chemically Water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), methanol
bonding bonded to a small and highly (CH3OH)
electronegative nonmetal atom such as
N, O, and F
Dipole –dipole Polar molecules Fluoromethane (CH3F) and Dihydrogen
sulfide (H2S); Hydrochloric acid (HCl);
Dipole-induced Polar and nonpolar molecules Hydrogen iodide (HI) and methane
dipole (CH4)
London forces All substances and solely for nonpolar diatomic oxygen (O2), diatomic nitrogen
molecules and noble gases (N2), Helium (He) gas, diatomic bromine
(Br2)
Table 1. Summary of Types of Intermolecular Forces of Attraction (IMFA)

Polar molecules Nonpolar molecules

 IMFA type: H-bonding and
dipole-dipole
 exist as solids or liquids at
room temperature
 High boiling point
 High melting point
 High surface tension
 Low vapor pressure
 Low volatility
 Soluble in water
Table 2. General Properties of polar and nonpolar molecules
 IMFA type: London dispersion
 exist as gases at room
temperature
 Low boiling point
 Low melting point
 Low surface tension
 High vapor pressure
 High volatility
 Insoluble in water

Physical Properties Of Substances:

A. Boiling point: temperature at which the vapor pressure and atmospheric pressure of
a liquid substance are equal.
B. Melting point: temperature at which solid becomes liquid.
C. Surface tension: is measured as the energy required increasing the surface area of a
liquid by a unit of area
D. Viscosity: the resistance of the liquid to flow
E. Vapor pressure: pressure exerted by a substance in its gaseous state.
 STUDENTS LEARNING PLAN
Third Grading Period
S.Y. 2023-2024
F. Volatility: measures the rate at which a substance vaporizes (changes from liquid to
gas).

In the simplest sense, boiling point, melting point, viscosity and surface tension increase as the
strength of intermolecular forces increases. On the other hand, vapor pressure and volatility
decrease with increasing strength of IMFA. London dispersion forces increase as the molecular
mass of a substance increases. Unlike in H-bonding, as the molar mass increases, the boiling
point, melting point, viscosity and surface tension decrease.

Application:

Directions: Using the Venn Diagram, compare and contrast polar and non-polar molecules
based on its properties.

Polar Molecules Non-Polar Molecules

STUDENTS LEARNING PLAN
Third Grading Period
S.Y. 2023-2024