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COMPOUND
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 - WEEK 3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. illustrate how covalent compounds are formed
2. apply the octet rule in the formation of covalent
compounds
3. draw the Lewis structure of covalent compounds
4. draw the resonance structures of covalent compounds
5. describe some exceptions of the octet rule
6. name covalent compounds given their formula and write
formula given the name of covalent compounds
7. identify covalent compounds that are used in everyday
living
KEY CONCEPTS
- COVALENT COMPOUNDS are formed when a pair of electrons are shared
between
nonmetals.
- OCTET RULE states that when atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to form
bonds
with other atoms they tend to achieve the electron configuration of the
noble gas
nearest to them with eight valence electrons.
- There are three types of covalent bonds namely SINGLE BOND, DOUBLE
BOND and TRIPLE BOND.
- Bonding electrons are electrons shared between atoms.
- Nonbonding electrons are electrons that does not participating in bonding
or not shared between other atoms
- Steps in drawing the Lewis structures of compounds
F —F
(—)single line bond is equivalent to 2 electrons
14 electrons – 2 electrons = 12 electrons
Step 4. Arrange the remaining electrons around the atom to
satisfy the octet rule except for Hydrogen which is stable
with 2 valence electrons
Check: Count the number of valence electrons whether each atom of Fluorine
satisfies the octet rule.
Fluorine = bonding electrons + nonbonding electrons
Fluorine = (1 x 2 e-) + 6 e-
Fluorine = 2 e- + 6 e-
Fluorine = 8 e-
Example: Draw the Lewis structure of CCl4
Check: Count the number of valence electrons whether each atom satisfies the octet rule.
Carbon = bonding electrons + nonbonding electrons
Carbon = (4 x 2e- + 0
Carbon = 8 e-
O—C—O
Step 4:
Check: Count the number of valence electrons whether
each atom satisfies the octet rule.
- The octet rule has limitations in many situations involving covalent bonding.
These exceptions to the octet rule are of three main types:
H— Be— H
There are only 4 electrons around Be atom.
2. Molecules containing an odd number of electrons.
Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are examples of molecules with odd
number of electrons which do not follow the octet rule.
Prefixes are added to the name of the element to denote the number of
atoms present. For the first element, the prefix “mono” is usually omitted.
When the prefix ends in “a” or “o” and the name of the second element
begins with “a”vowel, the “a” or “o” of the prefix is often dropped.
Example 1: Write the name of the following covalent compounds.
NO2 - nitrogen DIoxide
N2O4 - DInitrogen TETRoxide
SF6 - sulfur HEXAfluorid
O
THANK YOU
FOR D
LISTENING
B