10/31/2022

Wind Power Generation

Rotor Blade
India
Wind
Nacelle with installed capacity:
Gearbox and
Generator 10,000 MW
Induction Generators Canadian:
Hub
Height
126 MW (25,200 homes)
Wind Tower

Remote communities:
630 kW (210 homes)

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Wind Energy Conversion Systems How do wind turbines convert wind

to electricity?

¤ Wind turns rotors (kinetic energy)

 WECS: A device
that converts ¤ Rotors turn drive train (mechanical
wind energy to energy)
electricity,
commonly called ¤ Drive train turns generator (electrical
 wind turbines energy)
¤ Electricity travels via cable to inverter
¤ Inverter converts from DC to AC
power
¤ AC power goes to source load (home
appliances, lights, etc.)
¤ Extra electricity stored in batteries or
sold back to utility company via the grid
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Example 1: Traditional Windmill Turbine Example 1 Continued: Traditional Windmill Turbine

Good for use in areas that have access to large amounts of
unobstructed wind.

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Example 2: Vertical Axis & Helix Turbines Example 2 Continued: Vertical Axis & Helix Turbines
Good for use in tight areas or areas that have access to
minimal amounts of unobstructed wind.

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Example 3: Horizontal and Ball Turbines Small Hydro

Good for use in all scenarios.

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Small Hydro Plant Installed in Rural Quebec Isolated Pico Hydro Energy Conversion

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Typical Pico Hydro Site Hydropower to Electric Power

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ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR ADVANTAGES

Torque-Slip Characteristics  The induction generator is generally simpler, cheaper, more
reliable, and perhaps more efficient than either the ac generator
or the dc generator.
 The induction generator and the PM generator are similar in
construction, except for the rotor, so complexity, reliability, and
efficiency should be quite similar for these two types of
machines.
 The induction generator is likely to be cheaper than the PM
generator by perhaps a factor of two, however, because of the
differences in the numbers produced.
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 The stator requires excitation current from the grid if it is grid-

 Induction motors are used very widely, and it may be expected connected or by incorporating external capacitors
 generator shaft to exceed synchronous speed
that many will be used as induction generators because of such
 Wind speed forces
factors as good availability, reliability, and reasonable cost.
 An induction machine can be made to operate as an isolated ac
generator by supplying the necessary exciting or magnetizing
current from capacitors connected across the terminals of the
machine

Single-phase, self-excited, induction generator

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Grid Connected Three-Phase Induction Generator

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EFFECT AT VARYING POWER INPUT

Induction Generator

VAr Source

Induction
◦ Excitation provided externally
◦ Start up like a motor
(no sync. equipment needed)
◦ Less costly than synchronous machines
◦ Limited in size to 500 KVA 21 22

Flow of Power for an Induction Machine in Generator Operation Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem

 Thevenin’s theorem can be used to transform the

network to the left of points ‘a’ and ‘b’ into an
equivalent voltage source VTH in series with equivalent
impedance RTH+jXTH

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Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem
VTH VTH
I2  
ZT  R2 
2

 RTH  s   ( X TH  X 2 )
2

 

Then the power converted to mechanical (Pconv)

R2 (1  s)
Pconv  3I 22
s
jX M XM
VTH  V , | VTH || V | And the internal mechanical torque (Tint)
R1  j ( X 1  X M ) R12  ( X 1  X M ) 2 R
Pconv Pconv 3I 22 2 P
Tint    s  ag
RTH  jX TH  ( R1  jX 1 ) // jX M m (1  s )s s s
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2
I 22 R2'  
Air gap power Pg  3  
s 3  VTH   R2 
I 2 R ' (1  s ) Tint 
 Pg  3 I 22 R2'  3 2 2 s   R2 
2
  
  s 
s
where 3 I 22 R2'  Rotor Cu loss   RTH  s   ( X TH  X 2 )2 
   
I R (1  s )
2 '
3 2 2  Pm  Mechanical Power Input
s
I 2 R ' (1  s ) R 
3 2 2 3VTH2  2 
P s 3I 2 ( R ' / s) 1  s 
Tint  m   2 2 Tint 
m  s (1  s ) s s  R2 
2

P  Prot .  RTH   ( X TH  X 2 )2
Tsh  m  s 
m

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 An induction motor can be operated as a generator by driving it
above synchronous speed
 A prime-mover such as wind or hydro turbine supplies the
mechanical power
 In generator operation all the losses of machine are subtracted
from the shaft mechanical input
 But it is interesting that the flow of reactive power is not
reversed
 The reactive power required to produce a magnetic field can
neither be supplied by the prime-mover nor by the squirrel cage
rotor itself
 The induction machine can only supply active power if
connected to an external source of reactive power
 When connected to a grid with other power sources, the reactive
power might be supplied by synchronous generators working in
the overexcited range
 In stand-alone operation, a capacitor bank must be connected in
parallel to the stator winding to form a resonant circuit which
supply the necessary reactive power to the induction machine
 An induction motor of a given rating can not deliver the same
electrical power in generator mode as it would be absorb from a
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Reactive Power Requirement and Cos Ф in Generator Operation Variation of Magnetizing Requirements

IsR1
jIsXl
Motoring IsR1 V1 V1
jIsXl E1

Is E 1
Induction Induction Is
Motor Generator
Generating

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 The air gap power Pg is higher in generating mode by

the fact that the power compensating for the stator
losses must be transmitted across the air-gap when
generating
 Apparent power S is same in both mode
 Transmitting an increased power also requires more
magnetizing current to set up the magnetic field which
links both stator and rotor
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 Increasing magnetic power can only take place on the
expense of a reduction of the permissible active power
because active power is same
 There is a drop in power factor for generating
operation than motoring
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Effect of Saturation Self-excited Three-Phase Induction Generator

Induced
Voltage generating
saturation
motoring

Magnetising
current

Typical magnetizing curve of a common core material and increase

of reactive current in generator operation 35 36

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Self Excited Generator How Can the Process Start

 If an induction machine can work as a generator in parallel to a

 Stator and rotor iron cores have been magnetized during
large network which supply the necessary reactive power to
previous operation, they usually maintain a small amount of
magnetize the magnetic circuits of the induction machine
magnetism or remanence.
 If operating on an isolated mode, the magnetizing current may
 This residual magnetism is represented by the offset of the
be furnished by capacitors
magnetization curve
 When starting the turbine/generator unit, there is no reactive
 The process of voltage built up is shown in next slide
current available in the stator winding to produce a magnetic
field nor can the capacitors supply reactive power without being
charged by inductive power first
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Self Excited Generator Compensation of the Reactive Power demand

 Consider a single phase network having a rated voltage V and

supplying a motor
 The power factor should be corrected from cosФ1 to cosФ2 by
capacitors, while P remains same

Active PowerP= VI1 cos 1  VI 2 cos 2

and reactive power Q:
before compansation Q1  P * tan 1
after compansation Q 2  P * tan 2
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The reactive power to be generated by the The Problem of Voltage and Frequency Control
capacitance is:
Q c  Q1  Q2  V 2 / X c  V 2C  V 2 2 fC
 The induction machine requires increased magnetization when it
Q1  Q2 P (tan 1  tan 2 )
C  farad is loaded
V 2 2 f V 2 2 f
 However selected capacitors can supply a constant reactive
For three-phase Induction generator, the capacitance required
is given by current at nominal frequency and voltage only
Q  Large capacitors create overvoltage at no-load
C per phase =
3VL2 * 2 f  Connections of the capacitors in step might improve the
If the capacitors are connected in star (Y), the capacitance situation
required per phase is three times larger than   connection.
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Loading At Constant Frequency Loading At Decreasing Frequency

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Operation of an IAG Operating in Parallel to a Large Grid Practical Selection Criteria

 Efficiency
 Full-load or rated speed
 Ratio between starting torque and pull-out torque
 Starting Current
 Power factor cosФ
 Saturation
 Internal Connection (Ү/∆)
 For parallel operation
 For stand-alone three-phase operation with transformer
 For stand-alone three-phase operation with transformer
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Practical Selection Criteria Comparison Between Electrical limit And Thermal Limit
 Enclosure
 Rated synchronous speed

Selection Procedure

 Electrical limit (I<In)

The electrical output power=apparent power
 Thermal limit (permissible temperature rise)

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Schematic diagram of self-excited induction generator

with the back-to-back connected thyristor-based ELC References

1. Say, M.G. "Alternating Current Machines" Fifth Edition.

London: Pitman (1983).
2. S K Bhattacharya “Electrical machines” New Delhi, Tata
McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Ltd., 2009.
3. I. J. Nagrath and D.P. Kothari, “ Electric Machines”, TMH, New
Delhi, 2004.
4. Arthur Eugene Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, Stephen D. Umans
“Electrical machinery” Tata McGraw-Hill publishing company
Limited, New Delhi, India,2009.
5. Guru Bhag Singh, H. Hiziroglu “Electric Machinery And
Transformers” 3nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2005.

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