CONTROL AND INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE

ENERGY RESOURCES
Lecture on: Wind energy

Dr Anil K Naik
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India

1
STTP on Smart Grid Technology
 Wind energy and Development

Electricity generation Wind Energy First, research is on

started in 19th century Conversion Systems wind turbines with
with fossil fuels (WECS) has revived larger capacity

Oil crisis in
1973

Successful research on Small turbine, an

WECS, a new asynchronous technical problems
generation of wind generator, a gearbox, and high cost of
energy systems has and a simple control manufacturing
been developed method

Making low-
price turbines

3
 CONTD……

According to AWEA, today’s large wind turbines produce

120 times more electricity than early turbine designs

4
Current Status of Wind Energy

5
Historic development of new installations
(GW)

6
Historic development of new installations
(GW)

7
8
9
10
Wind mills

Started first appearing around 8th

and 9th century in middle east and
Western Asia.
Generally used for water pumping
and grain grinding.

Oriented in the direction of wind it

was found by Dutch and called Dutch
wind mills.

11
Wind energy harvesting

12
Wind turbine

• Wind turbines produce electricity

using the power of the wind to
drive an electrical generator.
• Wind passes over the blades,
generating lift and exerting a
turning force.
• The rotating blades turn a shaft
inside the nacelle, which goes into
a gearbox.
• The gearbox increases the
rotational speed to that which is
appropriate for the generator,
which uses magnetic fields to
convert the rotational energy into
electrical energy.

13
 History

The first known US wind

turbine created for
electricity production is
built by inventor Charles
Brush to provide electricity
for his mansion in Ohio.

14
Wind Turbines
Wind turbines have produce electricity using the power of the
wind to drive an electrical generator.
Today, all WT operating on the aerodynamic principles not on
thrust.

1 3 8
PTHRUST   Ar vw
2 27

1 3 16
PAERO   Ar vw
2 27

Watch NPTEL: https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108105058

15
CONTD……
• Wind energy extracts kinetic energy from the swept area of the blades. The
power in air flow given by
1
Pair   Ar vw3
2
Power transferred to the wind turbine rotor is
1
Pwind turbine  C p Pair  C p 3
 Ar vw
2

Where  is the air density factor (kg/m3), Ar is the blade impact area (m2), vw is
wind speed (m/sec) and C p is power coefficient .

A maximum value of C p is defined by the Betz limit, which states that a turbine can
never extract more than 59.3% of power from the air stream.

16
CONTD……
The tip speed ratio (TSR) of a wind turbine is defined as

2 NR

vw
Where, N is rotational speed of rotor (rpm) and R is radius of rotor swept
area (meter).

Notice:
•As the wind speed changes the speed
of the wind rotor can be maintained
constant if TSR value is changes.
•As the wind speed changes, always we
can obtain maximum power coefficient
by changing speed of rotor rotation this
can be possible by using pitch angle
controller.

17
Classification of Wind Turbine

18
CONTD……

Typical vertical-axis turbine Horizontal-axis wind turbine

19
CONTD……
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

ADVANTAGES
First windmills, incorporated in small
scale installations.
Easy maintenance for ground
mounted generator .
Receive wind from any direction (No
yaw control required.
Simple blade design and low cost of
fabrication
ADVANTAGES
The most common design of modern
turbines for large scale installation.
Higher efficiency
Ability to turn the blades
Aerodynamic torque oscillations are
less due to strong tower design.

DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Lower efficiency The generator and gearbox should be
Difficulty in controlling blade over- mounted on a tower, thus restricting
speed servicing
Oscillatory component in the More complex design required due to
aerodynamic torque is high the need for yaw or tail drive

20
Wind Energy System

21
Wind Energy System

22
 TOWER
Tower carry the weight of WT, gearbox and generator system.
While designing tower frequency of all systems must be taken into account.
The height of tower is approximately twice the length of the blade .

All system (WT, gearbox , generator and

tower have the certain frequencies due to
movements.
Due to resonance tower may damage.

23
TOWER

24
 TURBINE Blades
The modern wind turbine possesses tape shaped
blades as.
Large WT made up of fiber glass.

Why should we go for tape shaped instead of

uniform shape..?
WT divided into different compartment, angular F  Ar vw2
velocity is same.
At each compartment power extracted is
different.

Thus damage the blades

Therefore well designed WT blades

have tapper and twists.

25
BLADE

26
Pitch Angle control
Servo motors are used to turn the
blades according to wind called
pitch angle.
Location of pitch drive gear motor
is inside the hub.

Working principle:
2 NR
To get max. power always orient the TSR ( ) 
vw
aerofoil in relative wind speed
direction.
Each blade has a maximum
aerodynamic efficiency at a specific
value of angle of attack ‘i’.

i  I 
27
 Stalling Mechanism
Stalling mechanism must be incorporated to
prevent damage of the turbine during abnormal
weather conditions.
Two types of stalling controls
Passive stall control
Active stall control

Principle: Increased angle of attack results in

decreasing lift-to-drag ratio i.e. FL
FD
28
 Active stall control
Active stall is a pitch angle control but at this
stalling power is obtained.
 Important difference from the pitch controlled
machines:
It will increase the angle of attack of the rotor
blades in order to make the blades go into a
deeper stall. i  I  
Larger wind turbines (1 MW and up) are being
developed with an active stall power control
mechanism.

29
Passive stall control
 For small WT pitch controller
doesn’t justify for stalling.
 The rotor blades bolted onto the
hub at a fixed angle call pitch
angle.
 As the wind speed changes-will
changes the angle ‘I’ and angle
attack ‘i’ also changes.
 This logic is build in small WT i  I   fixed
during design itself
 As the angle of attack changes the power output varies (or)
drops i.e. passive stall.
 Aerodynamically designed to ensure that when the wind
speed becomes too high, it creates turbulence on the side of
the rotor blade which is not facing the wind. 30
 Yaw control
 Nacelle consist of gearbox, Brake and
generator system.
 The movement of Nacelle is called yaw
control.
 Why yaw control is necessary….?
 Wind constantly changes direction.
 Turning the rotor into the wind is called
yawing.
 This control orients the turbine continuously
along the direction of wind flow.
 In the large machines this can be achieved
using motorized control systems.

31
CONTD……
In small turbines this is achieved with a tail vane.
In case of wind farms by a centralized instrument for
detection of the wind direction.
In case of down wind WT no need of yaw control.
Disadvantage that it has larger tower shadow.
However, this method is rarely used where pitch
control is available, because of the stresses it
produces on the rotor blades.

Up wind WT Down wind WT

32
Wind Energy Conversion System

 Composed of wind turbine blades, an electric generator, a

power electronic converter and the corresponding control
system.
 Converting the wind kinetic energy into electric power and
injecting this electric power into a utility grid.

33
Main control subsystems of a WECS

 Different types of control mechanics.

 The first control subsystem affects the pitch angle following
aerodynamic power limiting targets.
 The second implements the generator control, in order to
obtain the variable-speed .
 The third one controls the transfer of the full (or a fraction) of
electric power to the electric grid, with effects on WECS
output power quality.
34
Pitch angle controller

 Above rated wind speed controller works in power regulated

control mode.

35
The studied grid-connected WES
1.5MW Wind Energy System

PCC Grid

0.69/25kV 25/120kV
Vw IG
r 1km RTL  jX TL
 Pitch
Pg
V C
Controller
Infinite bus
rTH
REF
Pg

36
37
Wind energy systems configurations

38
Variable-Speed Turbine versus
Constant-Speed Turbine

Power output disturbance of a typical wind turbine with

(a) constant-speed method and (b)
39
variable-speed methods
Fixed speed WES
Bypass switch

Transformer

Grid
Gearbox SCIG Soft starter

Capacitor bank
Typical fixed speed WES configuration
• Features: More reliable, Robust, Low manufacturing and maintenance cost.
• Drawback: Speed range <1%, Reactive power compensation is needed and
low energy conversion efficiency except at rated speed.

Despite its disadvantages, this wind energy system is still widely accepted in
industry with a power rating up to a couple of megawatts

40
Variable speed WES

Variable-speed WECS configuration with variable rotor resistance

• Features:
1) In this configuration, the external rotor resistance is controlled by means of a
power electronic converter
2) it is possible to adjust the speed range typically at about 10% above the
synchronous speed of the generator
Drawback: This system captures more power from the wind due to variable
operation, but it incurs power losses due to rotor resistance. This system
also requires a capacitor bank and a soft starter for reactive power
compensation

41
Variable speed WES
DFIG
Transformer

Grid
Gearbox

Reduced capacity
Power converter

Typical variable speed WES configuration

• Features:
1) Independent control of active and reactive power by employing back- to-back
voltage source converters .
2) Converter rating can be kept fairly low (approximately 25%-30% of the total
machine power).
3) Speed range upto 30%.
• Drawback: Cost effective compared to fixed speed WES.

Currently, DFIG based WES occupies close to 50% among the total wind power
generation
42
Variable speed WES with Full
PE

Variable-speed configurations with full-capacity converters

• Features:
1. The converter power rating is same as that of the generator power rating.
2. The total turbine power goes through the converter that converts varying
generator frequency (due to the variable wind speed) into a constant grid
frequency.
3. Therefore, with the help of converter, the generator is fully decoupled from
the grid and can be operated in the full speed range by making use of the
converter

Drawback: The main limitation of this configuration is more complexity and cost

43
Summary of large WECS
configurations
Wine turbine
Fixed speed Variable speed
type

WRIG + rotor
Generator SCIG DFIG SCIG WRSG PMSG
resistance

2- and 3-level 2- and 3-level

2- and VSC, VSC,
Power converter Diode rectifier 2-level
No 3-level VSC, diode rectifier diode rectifier
topologies + chopper VSC
PWM CSC + boost, + boost,
PWM CSC PWM CSC

Converter Not
Small Reduced Full Full Full
capacity applicable
Speed range <1% < 10% ± 30% Full Full Full
Gearbox Yes Yes Yes Yes Optional Optional
Aerodynamic Stall,
Pitch Pitch Pitch Pitch Pitch
Power control active stall,
External
reactive power Needed Needed No No No No
compensation
Active power
Not Limited
control and Yes Yes Yes Yes
applicable range
MPPT
 Wind energy system grid
integration issues
• Power, frequency and voltage fluctuations due to wind speed variation.
• Transient stability.
• Grid code requirements.

45
STTP on Smart Grid Technology
 Contd…
Power, frequency and voltage fluctuations
• Wind speed is intermittent and stochastic in nature.
• Due to wind speed variation, wind generator output power, frequency,
and terminal voltage fluctuate.
• In other words, power quality of the wind generator deteriorates.
• Frequency, grid voltage, and transmission line power should be
maintained constant.

46
STTP on Smart Grid Technology
 Contd…
Transient stability
• Induction machines (SCIG and DFIG) are mostly used
as wind generators.
• IG have stability problems, similar to the transient
stability of synchronous machines.
• During the transient fault.
• If this voltage drop continue, make rotor speed
unstable.
• This condition leads power system stability problem
due to large wind farm installation.
dr 1
Te  v 2  Tm  Te 
s dt 2H

47
STTP on Smart Grid Technology
 Contd…
Grid code requirements
• The grid codes are originally defined keeping in mind with conventional
generators.
• Rapid increase in installation of wind generators in the power system.
• power system has pushed wind farm operators to set new grid code
requirements.
• One of the most relevant grid code requirements is low voltage ride
through (LVRT).
V / VN (%) Start of fault

100
90
WT
remain
connected
WT
Disconnected

0
t t+0.15 t+1.5 Time (sec)

LVRT requirement for various grid code Germany grid operator

48
STTP on Smart Grid Technology
Stability enhancement Using
pitch angle controller

49
• The pitch-angle controller is generally used to limit the
aerodynamic power to its rated value when the wind speed
crosses the above rated wind speed
• Beside this, pitch-angle controller is also employed to stabilize
the WES during transient faults.
• Therefore, it is important to carry out the transient stability
analysis so as to investigate the impact of WES into utility grid.

50
WT characteristics

Pm C p ( ,  ) Pw
Tm  
r r

C p ( ,  )  c1 c2 / i  c3  c4  e
 c5 / i
 c6

The relation between mechanical torque

and pitch angle with respect to rotor speed
Wind turbine Cp   curve
obtained as
1
Beta=0 deg
(Tm )

Turbine output power (p.u)

Beta=5 deg Max. power at base wind speed (14 m/s) and beta = 0 deg 14 m/s
0.8 Beta=10 deg
1
Mechanical torque

Beta=20 deg 12.4 m/s

0.6
0.5 10.8 m/s
9.2 m/s
0.4 7.6 m/s
6 m/s
0
0.2

0 0 0.5 1
0 0.5 1 1.5 Turbine speed (p.u)
Rotor speed (r )
Turbine Power characteristics
Mechanical torque versus rotor speed
51
 Contd…

• The mechanical-electrical equilibrium of the IG

dr 1

Tm /Electrical torque Te (p.u)

 Te  Tm  1
Te N L
dt 2H Tm    0  P
0.8 Tm    20 

Pre and Post

fault curve
0.6

0.4
 Before the fault occurred the
generator operating at point K. O
Mechanical 0.2 t0
 When the fault is initiated at K
tN tcrit tP
time t0
0 s 0.5 N crit 1P crit new
 one can understand that stable 0 1.5
 r 
0
M During fault Rotor speed
operating point of the system curve
can be improved from crit to Characteristics of Te and Tm versus rotor speed
crit new by make use of pitch angle
controller.

52
 Proposed Pitch angle controller

Pg



1 Type-1/Type-2
c 1 
P g
REF
c FLC T s  1
2
Rate Pitch angle
Pitch Servo
r 
limiter saturation
  rTH
Control mode selection
rTH switch

 Above rated wind speed controller works in power control mode.

 When the IG rotor speed exceeds threshold speed value then pitch
angle controller operates in speed control mode.
53
Equivalent electrical circuit of the
system-an analytical approach
1.5MW Wind Energy System

PCC Grid

0.69/25kV 25/120kV
Vw IG
r 1km RTL  jX TL
 Pitch
Pg
V C
Controller
Infinite bus
 TH REF
r
Pg

RT jX T RS jX S jX R
A
Transformer+Line
IS IM
IR
VPCC  jX C VS jX M E
RR
s

Pm
B

Induction Generator
VS  I S ( RS  jX S )  E

E  jI M X M RR 2 RR VTH2
Te  IR 
s s  RTH  RR / s 2   X TH  X R 2
R 
Pm  3I R2  R 
 s  54
Contd…
When the wind speed is at the rated level, the fault has been initiated
from 10s to 10.15s.

1.025
Conventional PI
Generator speed (p.u)

1.02 Type-1 FLC

Type-2 FLC
1.015 Threshold Speed

1.01

1.005

1
9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12
Time (sec)

(a) Generator rotor speed

55
 Contd…
1

Mechanical Torque (p.u)

1
0.99
0.95
(c) Generator mechanical Conventional PI
Type-1 FLC
torque 0.98 Type-2 FLC
0.9

0.97
0.85

9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12

Time (sec)

0.08
Conventional PI
Pitch angle (deg)

Type-1 FLC
0.06 Type-2 FLC

(d) Pitch angle

0.04

0.02

0
9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12
Time (sec) 56
Output power smoothing of
WES using pitch angle
controller

57
Problem of wind speed variation

1
Pm   R 2C p ( ,  )Vw3
2

Causes IG output power to

fluctuate results in
fluctuations in frequency and
voltage in the grid.
This becomes more concern
as the wind power
installations are increasing in
number.

58
Research background for solution
S.no Year Authors Technique/method Remark, if any
Greigarn, T et Fly-wheel energy storage complicated control
1 2011
al. system approach

2008 Muyeen, S. M
Economically not
2 & et al. & Islam, Energy capacitor
feasible
2015 M. M et al.

2012 Li, X et al. Issues like chemical

3 & & Jiang, Q et BESS process, short life
2013 al. and slow response
2011 Sheikh, M. R. I
huge operating cost
4 & et al. & Zhang, SMES
involved
2014 K et al.

On the other hand, the WT equipped with pitch-angle controller has become
very popular method for smoothing the output power fluctuations

59
Pitch angle controller

• At first, input power command reference has need to be been obtained.

• The difference between Pg and PgREF is processed through the controllers

to generate command signal  c

The most important part is to determine the pitch controller input power
command PgREF

60
Average (AVG)

Source: Muyeen S. M. “Stability augmentation of a grid connected wind farm”

springer-verlag London Ltd. (2009) 61
Simple Moving Average (SMA)

Source: Muyeen S. M.
“Stability
augmentation of a
grid connected wind
farm” springer-verlag
London Ltd. (2009)

62
Exponential Moving(EMA)
The numerical expression for EMA is given as

EMA=  C-P  ×K  +P

Where, C is the current value, the previous period’s of EMA is P, and K

is weighting factor.
K is equal to 2/ (1+N), where N is the number of periods.

Source: Muyeen S. M. “Stability augmentation of a grid connected wind farm”

springer-verlag London Ltd. (2009) 63
Comparison among AVG, SMA, and
EMA

Source: Muyeen S. M. “Stability augmentation of a grid connected wind farm”

springer-verlag London Ltd. (2009) 64
Reference input power command
calculation
• Different approaches have been presented for determine the input
power command.
• Exponential moving average (EMA) method offers better performance.

20

Wind speed and its EMA (m/sec)

The numerical expression for EMA is Wind speed EMA
given as 18

EMA=  C-P  ×K  +P

16

14

Where, C is the current value, the 12

previous period’s of EMA is P, and K is 10
weighting factor.
8
K is equal to 2/ (1+N), where N is the -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time (sec)
number of periods.
Example of calculation of EMA

65
 Contd…
1
PWT   Ar C p ( ,  )Vw3 (1)
2

C p ( ,  )  c1 c2 / i  c3  c4  e
 c5 / i
 c6 (2)

tip speed of the blade  R

  (4)
wind speed Vw

The average value of captured Computation of controller power command

wind turbine power (EMA):

P WT   C-P  ×K  +P (13)

The standard deviation can be calculated as: • Finally, the input command power of
controller can be obtained as:
 
t 2

PWTstd
 PWT  P WT
 0
dt
(14)
REF
Pg 
 P WT  PWTstd  (15)
t 66
Model System Used

1.5MW Wind Energy System

PCC Grid

0.69/25kV 25/120kV
Vw IG
r 1km RTL  jX TL
 Pitch
Pg
V C
Controller
Infinite bus
rTH
REF
Pg

67
Results and discussions

Case 1: Wind speed is below rated

14.5
14
Wind speed
Vw(m/sec)

13.5
13
12.5
12
11.5
100
10 200
20 300
30 400
40 50
500 600
60
Time (sec)

68
 Contd… Conventional PI Type-1 FLC Type-2 FLC
1.4

Active power (MW)

(a) Generator active power 1.2

0.8

100
10 200
20 300
30 400
40 500
50 600
60
Time (sec)

Conventional PI Type-1 FLC Type-2 FLC

1.0045
Generator speed (p.u)

1.004
1.0035
(b) Generator rotor speed 1.003
1.0025
1.002
100
10 200
20 300
30 400
40 500
50 600
60
Time (sec)

69
 Contd… Conventional PI Type-1 FLC Type-2 FLC

Power coefficient (Cp)

0.48
0

(c) Power coefficient 0.01

0.40

0.32
0.02

0.24
0.03
100
10 200
20 300
30 400
40 500
50 600
60
Time (sec)

Conventional PI Type-1 FLC Type-2 FLC

20
Pitch angle (deg)

15

(d) Pitch angle Profile 10

-5
100
10 200
20 300
30 400
40 500
50 600
60
Time (sec) 70
 Contd…
To estimate the performance of the proposed controller with PI and Type-1 FLC, the
output power smoothing Psmooth and maximum energy Wmax functions are calculated
as

T
dPg (t )
Psmooth   dt
0
dt

T
Wmax   Pg (t )dt
0

71
 Contd…
20

Smoothing function (MW)

Conentional PI
15 Type-1 FLC
Type-2 FLC
Output power smoothing
function Psmooth 10

5
100
10 200
20 300
30 400
40 500
50 600
60
Time (sec)

15000
Generator energy (MJ)

Conventional PI
Type-1 FLC (30.02%)
10000
Maximum energy function Wmax Type-2 FLC (30.31%)

5000

0
0 100
10 200
20 300
30 400
40 500
50 600
60
Time (sec) 72
Case-2:Moderate wind speed
16 2

Active power (MW)

Wind profile
15 1.5
Vw (m/sec)

14 1
Conventional PI Type-1 FLC Type-2 FLC
13
0.5
(a) (b)
12 100
10 200
20 300
30 400
40 500
50 600
60
100
10 200
20 300
30 400
40 500
50 600
60
Time (sec) Time(sec)

Generator speed (p.u)

Reactive power (Mvar)

1.005
-0.5
-0.6 1.004
-0.7
1.003
-0.8
Conventional PI Type-1 FLC Type-2 FLC Conventional PI Type-1 FLC Type-2 FLC
-0.9 1.002
(c)
(d)
-1 1.001
100
10 200
20 300
30 400
40 500
50 600
60 100
10 200
20 300
30 400
40 500
50 600
60
Time (sec) Time (sec)
20
2
Power coefficient (Cp)

Conventional PI
0.48
0
Pitch angle (deg)

15
1.5 Type-1 FLC
Type-2 FLC
0.40
0.5
10
1
0.321
0.5
0.24
1.5 (e)
2
0.16 Conventional PI Type-1 FLC Type-2 FLC 0
(f)
100
10 200
20 300
30 400
40 500
50 600
60 100
10 200
20 300
30 400
40 500
50 600
60
Time (sec) Time (sec)
73
Contd…
Smoothing function (MW) 20
Conventional PI
Type-1 FLC
15 Type-2 FLC

10

5
100
10 200
20 300
30 400
40 500
50 600
60
Time (sec)
Output power smoothing function

Generator energy (MJ) 10000

8000 Conventional PI
Type-1 FLC (4.32%)
6000 Type-2 FLC (4.51%)

4000

2000

0
100
10 200
20 300
30 400
40 500
50 600
60
Time (sec)
Maximum energy function
74
Performance of fixed speed wind farm
using STATCOM and Pitch angle
control

75
Objective
• Unified Voltage and Pitch angle Control (UVPC)
strategy for fixed speed wind farm.
• The focus put on guaranteeing the LVRT grid code
requirement when the wind farm subjected to severe
faults.
V / VN (%) Start of fault

100
90
WT
remain
connected
WT
Disconnected

0
t t+0.15 t+1.5 Time (sec)

76
Contd…
Principle Pitch angle Breaking
SVC STATCOM SMES SFCL
functions control (PAC) resistor (BR)
Active and
Control of both Able to control Consume and Can only
Only controls reactive power Control active
active and only active dissipates only controls
reactive power can be power
reactive power power active power reactive power
controlled
Not able to Minimize Can minimize Not able to
Voltage and
Minimize only minimize the Minimize only voltage the minimize the
active power
active power voltage and voltage fluctuations fluctuations in voltage and
fluctuations
fluctuations active power fluctuations better than voltage and active power
minimization
fluctuations SVC active power fluctuations
Complexity of Little complex More complex Complex than More complex
Simplest Most complex
controller than BR than PAC SVC than BR
Stabilize the
Enhancement of
overall system, Most
transient stability Stabilize Effectively
but slower than Stabilize Stabilize effectively
during overall system stabilize the
the BR, SVC overall system overall system stabilize the
successful and effective overall system
and overall system
reclosing
STATCOM
Cannot
Enhancement of
stabilize the Most Cannot
transient stability Stabilize
conventional Stabilize Stabilize effectively stabilize the
during overall system
generator, but overall system overall system stabilize the wind
unsuccessful and effective
stabilize the overall system generator
reclosing
wind generator
Cost of Expensive Expensive Costlier than
Economical Most Costly Costly 77
manufacturing than PAC than BR SVC
The STATCOM control
scheme
PCC
Lf VSC VPCC Voltage Yes
STATCOM drop check

m  No
PWM STATCOM
STATCOM
Current Control
Vdc
Inject reactive
Yes
I d* VDC Voltage rise power
PIDC Vdcref
No
I q* V Compensate
PIAC Vref Inject reactive Reactive power
power
V
(a) (b)

STATCOM control strategy: (a) Block diagram of Control Scheme of STATCOM; (b)
Flow chart

78
 Pitch angle control scheme
Pg 
 PI N
1 1 
P g
REF
T s  1
2 Pitch Servo
Rate Pitch angle
limiter
r   FRT saturation
 C(s)

rREF
FRT Scheme

(a)

VPCC Voltage No
drop check

Yes
Normal Scheme
FRT Scheme

 FRT N

(b)

Pitch angle controller strategy: (a) Pitch angle control, (b) Flow chart 79
The proposed UVPC scheme
r VPCC
Subplant-1 Subplant-2
(WECS) (VSC)

 m 
Pg PWM current
Control Vdc


 PI N VDC
I d*
PIDC Vdcref
1
PgREF
2 I q* V
PIAC Vref
  FRT
 C(s)

rREF
FRT Scheme

Pitch anglecontrolloops Voltagecontrolloops

Vdcref UVPC

Block diagram of proposed UVPC

80
Coordination cycle of UVPC

VPCC Voltage Yes

drop check

No
FRT Scheme STATCOM
Normal Scheme

STATCOM Inject reactive

N  FRT power

Voltage rise Yes


No
Compensate
Inject reactive Reactive power
power
UVPC

81
Employed system configuration
PCC
IG1 T1
WT 1
1km
C

 IG2 T2
WT 2
1km
C T
 RTL  jX TL
Grid

IG24 T24
WT 24
1km
C

 r Pg
VPCC
UVPC

m 
VSC Lf
Vdc STATCOM

One line diagram of a single FSIG of the typical wind farm

82
Results and Discussions
• In order to observe the LVRT capability enhancement by the
proposed UVPC.
• A solid three-phase-fault (with duration of 150ms) is applied at the
PCC of the test system.
Three cases are considered
a. System without STATCOM and pitch-angle controller.
b. System with STATCOM only and
c. System with STATCOM as well as pitch-angle control (i.e. UVPC).
V / VN (%) Start of fault

100
90
WT
remain
connected
WT
Disconnected

0
t t+0.15 t+1.5 Time (sec)

83
Without STATCOM and pitch-angle controller

2 1.6

Rotor speed (p.u)

Torque (p.u)

1.5 1.4
Mechaical Torque

1
1.2
Electrical Torque
0.5
1
0 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15
9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 Time (sec)
Time (sec)
(b)
(a) 0

PCC reactive power (Mvar)

Generator active power (MW)

2 -5

1.5
-10
1
-15
0.5
-20
0

-0.5 -25
9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15
Time (sec) Time (sec)
(c) (d)
1
PCC Voltage (p.u)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15
(e) Time (sec)

Simulation results without STATCOM and pitch angle controller: (a) Electrical and mechanical torques of the
generator; (b) Generator rotor speed; (c) Generator active power; (d) Reactive power at the PCC; (e) Voltage
84
at the PCC
System with STATCOM
2
1.025

Rotor speed (p.u)

1.5 Electrical Torque
Torque (p.u)

1.02

1 1.015

Mechanical Torque 1.01

0.5
(a) 1.005
(b)
0
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (sec) Time (sec)

PCC reactive power (Mvar)

Generator active power (MW)

2 0

-5
1.5
-10
1
-15
0.5 -20
(c) (d)
0 -25
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (sec)

STATCOM Reactive power (Mvar)

Time (sec)
0.9
1
15
2.5
PCC Voltage (p.u)

0.9
0.8 10
2

0.7
0.8 1.5

(e) (f)
0.7
0.6 10
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (sec) Time (sec)

(a) Electrical and mechanical torques of the generator; (b) Generator rotor speed; (c) Generator active power;
85
(d) Reactive power at the PCC; (e) Voltage at the PCC; (f) STATCOM reactive power injection
System with STATCOM and pitch-angle
control (i.e UVPC)
2

Electrical Torque (p.u)

Mechanical Torque (p.u)
-1
1.5
-1.02
0.95
1
-1.04
(a)
0.9

-1.06
0.85
0.5

0
(b)
0.8
-1.08 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Time (sec)
Time (sec)

PCC reactive power (Mvar)

0
Generator active power (MW)

2.5
-5
2
-10
1.5
-15
1
-20 (d)
0.5 (c) -25
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
0 Time (sec)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (sec)

1.025

Rotor speed (p.u)

0.9
1
PCC Voltage (p.u)

1.02
0.8
0.9 1.015

1.01
(f)
0.7
0.8
(e) 1.005
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
0.6
0.7 Time (sec)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (sec)

STATCOM Reactive power (Mvar)

5
15
2.5
15
Pitch angle (deg)

10
6
2
10

7
5
(g) 1.5
(h)
8
0
10
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (sec)
Time (sec)

(a) Mechanical torque of the generator; (b) Electrical torque of the generator; (c) Generator active power;
(d) Reactive power at the PCC; (e) Voltage at the PCC; (f) Generator rotor speed (g) Pitch-angle of the wind
turbine (h) STATCOM reactive power injection
86
Critical clearing time
• For a given system, it is essential to find the maximum value of CCT
(maximum fault duration) for which system remains in stable state.

1.03

1.025
Rotor speed (p.u)

1.02
Rotor speed (0.15s fault)
1.015 Rotor speed (0.452s fault)

1.01

1.005

1
9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15
Time (sec)

Rotor speed of generator with UVPC under different faults interval

87
Contd…
Performance comparison

STATCOM capacity CCT(s) for the system CCT(s) for the system
(Mvar) with STATCOM with UVPC

15 0.445 0.452

20 0.503 0.513

25 0.521 0.543
0.58

0.56
System with UVPC i.e STATCOM and Pitch angle control
0.54 System with STATCOM
CCT (sec)

0.52

0.5

0.48

0.46 18.9 19.7

0.44
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
STATCOM Capacity (Mvar)

System CCT characteristics in terms of STATCOM capacity 88