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Morison Denklemleri Orijinal Metin
Morison Denklemleri Orijinal Metin
2846
THE FORCE EXERTED BY SURF ACE The horizontal component of the orbital velocity IS obtained
by differentiation with respect to time as
WAVES ON PILES
2".
The force exerted by unbroken surface waves on a cylin- cosh - (d + z)
".H L 2".t
drical object, such as a pile, which extends from the bottom u = -- ------- cos-- (2)
t/ / II
~j
The preceding equations permit several important conchl-
sions as to the distribution and variation of the force exerted, o. • .,,,
..y o· - ci
:q f--~ '"q0
0
namedly,
Vv
/
1. The drag force decreases with distance below the ,mr-
face more rapidly than does the inertia force.
2. The maximum force at any position (z/ d) develops
before the crest passes and the angle (or time) of
o
vv
6
8/ II
J
!I
J
' 'I
advance increases with the ratio h,/fD • I 1/
3. The maximum forces applied at different values of z/ d
do not occur simultaneously and the angle of advance
o
°b I \.,
01 10
A
I .0
0.00I
of the maximum forces, measured forward from the crest,
in(;fea~es from the surface to the bottom. '\,
0. 1 - - "
'\,
cur~ when tbe run-up of water on the structure reaches
..
ib maximum elevation. 1.00'--'- ----- -=-=-",
-_._-------_.
The angle II corre,ponding to the maximum force may be
obtained analytically from Eq. (5) by differentiating with
re"pcd to II and cCllIating to zero, as
10 .0
-
-
--~
--~
"
-+ f" cos II ± 2f., sin II co.-; II = 0
10
oC:==:. -. -------- _-'L.._'- __
f"
SinO =~-
Z d
2£" FIG. 1 - - VERSUS A AND A' FOR VARIOUS -
d L
f ' 4f,,' - fM
Cos' 0 = 1 - ----=-
4C.'
= ----
4f,,'
Since the angle 0 is in the fourth quadrant, i.e., tLe force lead5 / '7
V V
the wave, we have
1/ / V /
P D H'
dF )
J.-+ ~
f' ( 4f" f' .
l V V V-
7r'
-+ fv D' - .. - ) I/V I/
(
~ max = 21" l 2f" 4£,,' f /
v:v/V
/ /
/ /V
=-D. -
H" {
7r' P f'r'}
flJ-+-~ 0
'V/
/
/ / /
21" 4-f"
<i / / V /
which is the maximulll furce at a particular depth z. / ~
0 V / 7
The moment exerted by the wave force ahout the buttolll of
/ / ~~ /v
v7~
/ /
the pile is / .... -
dM = (d -+ z) d F
/
V/V / /
o.17
M=r (d+z) d F / / /
-d / V / V V -- ---
p D H' L'
~------
T
(6) ~[7V/
V [IV
/ ---- f -
~VV~
21Td 21Td ---.-1---- - ~
~--cosh
L L
o 01 /
0.1 1.0 10
A
n
fill D
FIG. 2 - - - VERSUS A FOR VARIOUS-
elll H
-
10
1/
and the wave force were recorded simultaneously on the same
oscillograph record. The wave velocity just ahead of the pile
was obtained by means of a second wave profile on the same
/
/
record. Time was measured by a 60-cycle frequency traced by
the oscillograph. Thus, aU the data for analysis appeared on
V the same record, with the exception of the still-water depth
V
7 which was measured directly. Details of the experimental
equipment are available in reports of the Fluid Mechanics'
Laboratory and will not be presented here. Fig. 4 is a sample
o.
..
I 10'. 1<1'
of the records obtained for each wave condition .
Analysis of the data took advantage of the fact that the two
components of the total force are out of phase. Writing a
FIG. 3 - K, AND K2 VERSUS d/L dimensionless moment coefficient as
MT' 7r D
M = pDH'L'
= - -4 CM -
H'
K sin 8 ± r K cos' 8
~,
(7)
WAVE 'it 20 1-·
the equation may be solved for C" and CD by measuring the
T • 1.68 SEC.
L • 12.25Ft
. H '
.
0.244FT.
°0" • t20
0 >11.32
force when cos 8 or sin 8 are zero, respectively. When the
d _, 2.03l Ft
o ' 0.083 I'"T.
H/L' 0.0199
". " ,4.$1;'10' crest passes the pile, 8 = 0 and sin 8 =
0, and the value of
d/H , 8.32 1\1 at this instant may be solved for CD' When the instantane-
dlL' 0.lS6
ous water-surface elevation is at the still water level, the
velocity is zero and the corresponding value of M may be
~olved for C". It is to be noted that the actual wave profile,
which is very nearly trochoidal, has been used and that the
instant of zero velocity has been assumed to occur when the
water surface crosses the still water level. The acceleration at
the same instant lias been taken as the theoretical value from
[-'2 RESlSTANOE
ELEMENT TRACE Eq. (3). The important requirement is that the determination
of C" be made from the measured moment at the instant of
zero velocity.
REFERENCE
LINE After determining the values of C" and CD at the instants
of zero velodty and zero acceleration, these values were then
FIG. 4 - SAMPLE OSCILLOGRAPH RECORD employed to compute the remainder of the moment curve
m.easur.ed {or each ·run. ThJ~ agreement hetween the measured The virtual ma~" coefficient of a cylinder a~celerated per-
and computed moment curve was good over the entire wave pendicular to its axis has been measured in a number of ways.
length and this result confirms the analysis. Fig. 5 shows the The principle involved in the idea of a virtual mass is that
wave profile as measured and the measured and computed the flow field around a cylinder contains kinetic energy in
moments. amount proportional to the square of the velocity of the cylin-
der and an increase in the velocity of the cylinder requires
The experimental values of C" and CD showed some scat-
that work be done through the application of a force to
tering but no trend as a fu~ction of d/L, H/L or Reynolds
increase this kinetic energy. Thus the cylinder appears to
number. The average values obtained for runs with the pile
have a mass greater than its true mass. Measurements of the
on a horizontal bottom and without impulsive forces, were
virtual mass of cylinders gives values between 0.5 and 1.0 to
C M = 1.508 ± 0.197 which must be added unity, representing the mass of water
CD = 1.626 ± 0.414 displaced by the pile, for comparison with the results of these
The Reynolds number, corresponding to the maximum sur- experiments.
face orbital velocity, ranged from 0.22 x 10' to 1.11 x 10'. The Surface profiles followed closely the trochoidal form corre-
Reynolds number decreased from these maximum values both sponding to the ratio of the horizontal to vertical axis of the
downward along the pile and with time. The drag coefficient wave orbits which in turn depends upon the ratio djL. In
0.8 3 ELEMENT
0.4 \. of' ~ #
\ I \ I
o \ sw . t l
\ l \ I
-0.4 \ V \y ~
i'e'"
o 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 1.8
x'/, _ t'/
L- T
o. WAVE PROFILE
WAVE #5 6 28-49
The variation in the moment arm between trough and crest incipient breaker greatly exceeds the ·force corresponding
was not considered in the integration to obtain M and has to the orbital velclcity, which under breaking conditions, is
been neglected in the analysis. The effect is generally small the wave velocity. The impact force is of short duration and
for unbroken waves. Refinement of the analysis to consider its impulse may not be great. In future work, the force meas-
this variation seems justified only in the case of breaking uring system will be revised in order to follow these impulsive
waves, where the percentage variation in moment arm would forces and relate them to the wave velocity and height of
be large. The additional experiments contemplated will breaker.
include measurement of the moment at three positions along
0
the pile and the analysis of these data will include the effect 1 /
of variation in the lever arm. -0.2
F M liFo
Fig. 6 show the record obtained for selected runs in which -0.4
ZI
impact forces occurred. The trace of the force measurement d
-0.6 /
shows that the instrument oscillated after impact and the
values are not regarded as quantitatively reliable but it is -0.8
evident that the maximum force produced by a breaker or
---
-1.0
o D 00 ~ ~ ~ ro ro 00 ~ 00
200
\ \ I .,.:
-60
-80
rc V
100 \ \ \L.
a:
11.1
o \ I II \ I
0..
60
\ V \ if <Ii
In
..J 40
\ I "\ I
-100
\\ ( \ ( \L.
20 \ Z/d =-0.5
I \ J
-200
,; / 0
'\ I r\ I
-300
1\ II 1\...... II -20 \ ./ \ ./
If
-400
'-'
, -40 1\ / V
a:
ILl
II.
-500
-60
\ 1\)
Ul
CD
oJ
60
40
1\ I 1\ I
00
\ Z/d =-1.0
I \ /
o 1\ / r\ /
-20
\ .....11 \ ./
V
if /
IFttJ?1JfUlJ
o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.0
t
T
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.6 2.0
-40
oro
o 0.2
f\:
0.4 06 0.8 1.0
~T
1.2 1.4
ICY
1.6 1.8 2.0
b. TOTAL FORCE VERSUS WAVE POSITION b. TOTAL FORCE VERSUS WAVE POSITION.
Ranges of Variables
The range of wave characteristics, water depths, and other
vari.ables used in the experiment were as follows:
ITO AMPLIFIER
POWER SUpPlY
J~:--SPRING
'AND RECORDER ' - - - PILE
D
H = 0.212 to 0.758
CHANNEL
$
D
-L = 0.0090 to 0.0419 PLAN VIEW
D
- = 0.0411 to 0.0833
d
d
- = 4.81 to 18.15
H
INOOCTION COIL ::::i:lIS--C:::;-TORSION BALANCE CONNECTION
d PICK-UP'-
- = 0.102 to 0.529
L
H DIRECTION
- = 0.0090 to 0.1135
L
8 H K, C n
= 0.1558
their maxima do not occur simultaneously. Fig. 7 (b) shows
Co~ fJ""., = 0.9878
the variation in total force with time at the surface, mid·
depth, and bottom. The arrow indicates the phase position The,e values in equation (6) yield
of the maximum total moment given by Eq. (6), that is, Moo .. = 293:000 £t·lbs
8""r = 8°57' (lead angle)
pDH'L' (-D1I" )
M= l' H 4 C" K, Sin 0 ± CD K, Cos' 8 Example 2.
where A pile 2 ft in diameter is driven in 50 ft of water where
p = 2.0 slugs/ft' (salt water) the maximum forecast wave is H 10 ft, T = IS sec. =
=
D 2.0 ft f"/C,, =
1.67 at surface
H = 20.0 ft dF (3.14)'.2.2. ]00
(- f", Sin 8 ± fo Cos' fJ)
T = 7.0 sec or L o = =
5.12(7)' 251 ft dz 2. 22,'}
d = 50.0 ft See Fig. 8(a) and 8(b)
d/L" = 0.1995 M",", =
77,600 ft·lbs
L = 225ft* (*See footnote page 150)
C" = 1.705 Model study values; further experiments
C" = 2.040 are required to completely evaluate the ACKNOWLEDGMENT
range to these terms. The work described has been conducted under a contract
211"d 211"d 211"d * with the Bureau of Ships and the Office of Naval Research.
1 + -- sinh - - - cosh - - Kenneth Kaplan has participated in the analysis of the reo
L L L
K, = - - - - - - - - - - - -
211"d
= 0.403 sults. The authors are grateful to the late Harry Epstein of the
2Sinh-- Bureau of Yards and Docks for his critical review of this
L theory. * * *
154 PETROlEUM TRANSACTIONS, AIME Vol. 189, 1950