Q1.

The polymer poly(tetrafluoroethene) is made from the monomer C2F4

(a)  Draw the repeating unit of poly(tetrafluoroethene).

 
(1)

(b)  Define the term standard enthalpy of formation.

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(2)

(c)  The monomer C2F4 can be made as shown in the equation.

2CHClF2(g) ⟶ C2F4(g) + 2HCl(g)   ΔH = +127 kJ mol−1

Some standard enthalpies of formation are shown.

 
Substance C2F4(g) HCl(g)

ΔfHө / kJ mol−1 −658 −92.3

Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation, in kJ mol−1, of CHClF2

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

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 Enthalpy of formation ______________________ kJ mol−1

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Q2.
This question is about enthalpy changes.

(a)  Define standard enthalpy of combustion.

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(2)

(b)  The equation for the formation of one mole of ethanol from its elements is shown.

2 C(s) + 3 H2(g) + O2(g) ⟶ C2H5OH(l)

Table 1 shows some enthalpy of combustion data.

 
Table 1
 

  C(s) H2(g) C2H5OH (l)

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 ΔcH⦵ / kJ mol−1 −394 −286 −1371

Use data from Table 1 to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of formation,
in kJ mol−1, of ethanol.

Standard enthalpy of formation ____________________ kJ mol−1

(2)

(c)  Ethanol vapour burns in oxygen.

 

H(g) + 3 O2 ⟶ 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g) ΔH = −1274 kJ mol−1

Table 2 shows some mean bond enthalpy data.

 
Table 2
 

  C−C C−H C−O O=O C=O

Mean bond enthalpy

348 412 360 496 805
/ kJ mol−1

Use the equation and the data in Table 2 to calculate a value for the mean bond
enthalpy of the O−H bond.

Bond enthalpy _______________ kJ mol−1

(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q3.

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 This question is about cyclohexane, C6H12

(a)  A student collects data to calculate the enthalpy of combustion of liquid cyclohexane.

Method

•   Weigh the spirit burner containing the cyclohexane and place it under the
container of water.
•   Measure the initial temperature of the water.
•   Allow the cyclohexane to burn for five minutes.
•   Measure the maximum temperature of the water.
•   Reweigh the spirit burner containing the cyclohexane.

Results
 
Initial temperature of water 18.5 °C

Maximum temperature of water 49.0 °C

Mass of cyclohexane burned 1.51 g

Calculate a value for the enthalpy of combustion, in kJ mol−1, of cyclohexane.

The specific heat capacity of water, c = 4.18 J K−1 g−1

You should ignore the heat capacity of the container.

Enthalpy of combustion ______________________ kJ mol−1

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 (4)

A value for the enthalpy of combustion of cyclohexane can be calculated from mean bond
enthalpy data.

(b)  Define the term mean bond enthalpy.

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(1)

(c)  Cyclohexane (C6H12) burns in oxygen as shown.

C6H12(g) + 9O2(g) ⟶ 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)

This table shows some mean bond enthalpy data.

 
  C―C C―H O═O C═O O―H

Mean bond
348 412 496 743 463
enthalpy / kJ mol−1

Use the equation and the data in the table to calculate a value for the enthalpy of
combustion, in kJ mol−1, of cyclohexane.

Enthalpy of combustion ______________________ kJ mol−1

(3)

(d)  The enthalpy of combustion value calculated using bond enthalpy data in part (c) is
different from the value calculated in the experiment in part (a).

Give two reasons why these values are different.

Reason 1 ___________________________________________________________

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 ___________________________________________________________________

Reason 2 ___________________________________________________________

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(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q4.
(a)     Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction for which the energy
change is the standard enthalpy of formation of nitric acid, HNO3(l).

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(1)

Some standard enthalpy of formation values (∆fHθ) are shown in the table.
 
Substance H2O(l) NO2(g) O2(g)

∆fHθ / kJ mol–1 –286 +34 0

(b)     State why the value for the standard enthalpy of formation of O2(g) is zero.

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(1)

The following equation shows how nitric acid (HNO3) is formed in the Ostwald Process.

2H2O(l) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g) → 4HNO3(l)       ∆H = −254 kJ mol–1

(c)     Use the standard enthalpies of formation in the table to calculate the standard
enthalpy of formation of nitric acid.

Standard enthalpy of formation ____________________ kJ mol–1

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 (3)

(d)     Give the oxidation state of nitrogen in nitric acid.

Use oxidation states to explain why the reaction in question (c) involves the
oxidation of nitrogen.

Oxidation state of nitrogen in nitric acid ___________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

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(2)
(Total 7 marks)

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