Q1.

Which one of the following bond polarities is not correct?

A in ethane

B in bromoethane

C in ethanol

D in ethanal
(Total 1 mark)

Q2.
Which one of the following molecules is not planar?

A BF3

B NCl3

C C2 H4

D HCHO
(Total 1 mark)

Q3.
The ester methyl ethanoate is hydrolysed as shown in the following equation.

CH3COOCH3(l) + H2O(l) CH3COOH(l) + CH3OH(l) ΔH = +3 kJ mol−1

Which one of the following compounds from the reaction mixture has no hydrogen
bonding between its molecules when pure?

A CH3COOCH3(l)

B H2O(l)

C CH3COOH(l)

D CH3OH(l)
(Total 1 mark)

Q4.
This question is about the reaction between propanone and an excess of ethane-1,2-diol,
the equation for which is given below.

Page 1 of 16
 In a typical procedure, a mixture of 1.00 g of propanone, 5.00 g of ethane-1,2-diol and
0.100 g of benzenesulphonic acid, C6H5SO3H, is heated under reflux in an inert solvent.
Benzenesulphonic acid is a strong acid.

Which one of the following statements is not true?

A Ethane-1,2-diol and water can form hydrogen bonds.

B Ethane-1,2-diol is soluble in water.

C Propane has a higher boiling point than ethane-1,2-diol.

D Y and water are polar molecules.

(Total 1 mark)

Q5.
Which one of the following has a shape which is not influenced by a lone pair of
electrons?

A CH3OH

B H2F+

C BF3

D NF3
(Total 1 mark)

Q6.
Which one of the following molecules or ions is pyramidal in shape?

A BF3

B CH

C CH

D SF
(Total 1 mark)

Q7.
Predict which one of the following has the highest boiling temperature.

A CH3COOCH2CH3

B CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

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 C CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

D CH3CH2CH2CHO
(Total 1 mark)

Q8.
Which one of the following ions has three lone pairs of electrons around the central atom?

A BF

B NH

C ClF

D PF
(Total 1 mark)

Q9.
Which one of the following is the most likely value for the bond angle α shown in the
diagram of SF4 below?

A 118°

B 101°

C 90°

D 88°
(Total 1 mark)

Q10.
(a) (i) Describe the bonding in a metal.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Explain why magnesium has a higher melting point than sodium.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 3 of 16
 (4)

(b) Why do diamond and graphite both have high melting points?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Why is graphite a good conductor of electricity?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Why is graphite soft?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q11.
This question is about compounds that contain fluorine.

(a) Sodium fluoride contains sodium ions (Na+) and fluoride ions (F–).
Na+ and F– have the same electron configuration.

Explain why a fluoride ion is larger than a sodium ion.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why the melting point of sodium fluoride
is high.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 4 of 16
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The ion H2F+ is formed when hydrogen fluoride gains a proton as shown in the
equation

HF + H+ → H2F+

Name the type of bond formed when HF reacts with H+

Explain how this bond is formed.

Type of bond ________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Fluoroantimonic acid contains two ions, SbF6– and H2F+

Draw the shape of the SbF6– ion and the shape of the H2F+ ion. Include any lone
pairs that influence the shape.

Name the shape of each ion.

SbF6– H2F+

Shape

Name
of
shape
(4)

Page 5 of 16
 (e) Hydrogen fluoride reacts with ethyne (C2H2) as shown in the equation. All
compounds are in the gaseous state.

The table shows some mean bond enthalpy data.

Bond C–H C≡C H–F C–C

Mean bond enthalpy / kJ

412 837 562 348
mol–1

Use the data in the table above to calculate a value for the bond enthalpy of a C–F
bond in the product.

C–F bond enthalpy _________________________ kJ mol–1

(3)
(Total 13 marks)

Q12.
(a) The shape of the molecule BCl3 and that of the unstable molecule CCl2 are shown
below.

(i) Why is each bond angle exactly 120° in BCl3?

______________________________________________________________

Page 6 of 16
 ______________________________________________________________

(ii) Predict the bond angle in CCl2 and explain why this angle is different from that
in BCl3

Predicted bond angle ____________________________________________

Explanation ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

(b) Give the name which describes the shape of molecules having bond angles of 109°
28'.
Give an example of one such molecule.

Name of shape ______________________________________________________

Example ___________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The shape of the XeF4 molecule is shown below.

(i) State the bond angle in XeF4

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Suggest why the lone pairs of electrons are opposite each other in this
molecule.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Name the shape of this molecule, given that the shape describes the positions
of the Xe and F atoms only.

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(d) Draw a sketch of the NF3 molecule. Indicate in your sketch any lone pairs of
electrons on nitrogen.

Page 7 of 16
 (2)
(Total 13 marks)

Q13.
(a) Name the strongest type of intermolecular force between hydrogen fluoride
molecules and draw a diagram to illustrate how two molecules of HF are attracted to
each other.
In your diagram show all lone pairs of electrons and any partial charges. Explain the
origin of these charges.
Suggest why this strong intermolecular force is not present between HI molecules.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(7)

(b) Crystals of sodium chloride and of diamond both have giant structures. Their melting
points are 1074 K and 3827 K, respectively. State the type of structure present in
each case and explain why the melting point of diamond is so high.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 8 of 16
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 11 marks)

Q14.
(a) Both HF and HCl are molecules having a polar covalent bond. Their boiling points
are 293 K and 188 K respectively.

(i) State which property of the atoms involved causes a bond to be polar.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Explain, in terms of the intermolecular forces present in each compound, why
HF has a higher boiling point than HCl.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) When aluminium chloride reacts with chloride ions, as shown by the equation below,
a co-ordinate bond is formed.

AlCl3 + Cl– → AlCl4–

Explain how this co-ordinate bond is formed.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Draw the shape of the PCl5 molecule and of the PCl4+ ion. State the value(s) of the
bond angles.

PCl5 PCl4+

Page 9 of 16
Bond angle(s) __________________ Bond angle(s) __________________
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 10 of 16
Mark schemes

Q1.
A
[1]

Q2.
B
[1]

Q3.
A
[1]

Q4.
C
[1]

Q5.
C
[1]

Q6.
C
[1]

Q7.
B
[1]

Q8.
C
[1]

Q9.
A
[1]

Q10.
(a) (i) positive ions (1)
(attract) delocalised electrons (1) (or sea of or free or mobile) (1)
Confusion with - ve ions
or ionic lattice C.E. = 0

Page 11 of 16
 (ii) more protons (1) (or Mg2+ more charge than Na+)
attracts delocalised (or bonding) electrons more strongly (1)
Delocalised: can be brought forward from (a) (i)
OR more delocalised electrons (1)
Attacks positive ions more (1)
Metallic bonding is stronger scores one mark, only given if
no other marks awarded
4
(b) macromolecular (1) (or giant molecule etc)
covalent (1)
strong covalent bonds (1)
or bonds require much energy to break
3
(c) delocalised (OR free or sea of or mobile)
electrons (1)
1

(d) Planes (1)

weak (bonds) forces between planes (1)
2
or v.dw forces between planes
[10]

Q11.
(a) Fluoride ion has (two) fewer protons/lower nuclear charge
Do not allow fluorine, but allow fluorine ion.
Any reference to different numbers of electrons
in the ions loses M1
1

Weaker attraction between nucleus and (outer) electrons

Allow answers in terms of sodium ion but must
be explicit.
Ignore references to atomic radius
1

(b) (Electrostatic) forces of attraction between oppositely

charged ions/Na+ and F–
Mention of IMF, covalent, macromolecular,
metallic, electronegativity of ions loses both
marks
1

Lots of energy needed to overcome/break forces

Allow strong ionic bonding
Allow strong forces/bonds of attraction (need to
be broken)
1

(c) Type of Bond: Coordinate bond / dative (covalent) bond

If just covalent, then do not award M1 but mark on
1

Explanation: A (lone) pair of electrons is donated from F

Page 12 of 16
 Allow both electrons (in the shared pair) come from F
1

(d)

Shape

Name of shape Bent / V-shaped /

Octahedral
angular
Lone pairs on H2F+ are essential (can be shown in lobes)
Ignore missing charges
Mark independently
4

(e) ΔH = ΣΔH(Bonds broken) - ΣΔH(Bonds Formed)

Allow M1 if 2785 and 1996 seen (or allow M1 if
1961 and 1172 seen)

-179 = 2(412) + 837 + 2(562) – [348 + 4(412) + 2(C—F)]

1

-179 = 2785 – (1996 +2(C—F))

2(C—F) = 968
M3 consequential on any M2 if it is clear that M2
is for 2(C-F)
1

C—F = 484
-484 scores 2
1
[13]

Q12.
(a) (i) 3 (bonding) pairs of electrons (1)
allow 3 bonds
repel equally (1) (or as much as possible)
Or get as far apart as possible
(ii) Predicted bond angle: 118° (allow 117 -
119°) (1)
Explanation: lone pair (1)
repels more than bonding pair (1)
Allow EXP if < 118°
but C.E. = 0 if 120°
5

(b) Name of shape: Tetrahedral (1)

Example: CH4 etc (1)
Allow correct ion

Page 13 of 16
 2

(c) (i) 90° (1)

(ii) lone pairs (or they) repel more than bonding pairs (or most) (1)
(so are) as far apart as possible (1)
Mark independently

(iii) square planar (1)

allow square
4

(d)
Penalise sticks (i.e. N- ) once but N must be shown
2
[13]

Q13.
(a) Hydrogen bonding (full name)
1

Diagram shows at least one δ+H and at least one δ–F

(If full charges shown, M2 = 0)
1

3 lone pairs shown on at least one fluorine atom

H-bond indicated, between H and a lone pair on F

(If atoms not identified, zero for diag)

(‘Fl’ for fluorine - mark to Max 2)
(Max 1 if only one HF molecule shown, or HCl shown)
1

Dipole results from electronegativity difference or values quoted

(‘difference’ may be inferred)
(Allow explanation – e.g. F attracts bonding electrons more
strongly than H)
1

QoL Fluorine more/very electronegative or iodine less electronegative

or electronegativity difference too small in HI
Comparison required, may be implied.
1

HI dipole weaker or bonding e– more equally shared - wtte

1

(b) NaCl is ionic (lattice)

Page 14 of 16
 (Treat atoms/molecules as a contradiction)
(Accept ‘cubic lattice’)
1

Diamond is macromolecular/giant covalent/giant atomic/giant molecular

(NOT molecular or tetrahedral)
(Ionic/van der Waals’ = CE = 0)
1

(Many) covalent/C-C bonds need to be broken / overcome

(NOT just ‘weakened’ etc.)
(‘Covalent’ may be inferred from diagram)
(Treat diagram of graphite (without one of diamond) as a
contradiction – lose M2 but allow M3/M4])
2

Which takes much energy or covalent bonds are strong

(References to van Der Waals’ bonds breaking lose M3/M4)
1
[11]

Q14.
(a) (i) Electronegativity (difference) or suitable description (1)
Accept F and Cl are highly electronegative
Not both atoms are highly electronegative

(ii) HF = hydrogen bonding (1)

HCl = (permanent) dipole-dipole bonding or even van de Waals’ (1)
Hydrogen bonding stronger / is the strongest IMF (1)
Accept a statement that HF must have the stronger IMF,
even if no IMFs identified
The explanation must be based on intermolecular
forces/attractions
Note: if the explanation is clearly intramolecular = CE
4

(b) Electron pair or lone pair donated (1)

Do not accept ‘donation of electrons’

From chloride ion to Al or AlCl3 (1)

M1 can be earned by a general explanation of coordinate
bonding, even if the electron pair is said to come from Al.
The second mark, M2, is for this specific bond
Ignore missing charge
2

(c)
4

Page 15 of 16
 PCl5 shown as trigonal bipyramid PCl4+ shown as tetrahedral
[Look for: ONE solid linear Cl-P-Cl bond] NO solid linear Cl-P-Cl bonds]

Bond Angle(s) 90° and 120° (1) Bond angle(s) 109 or 109.5° (1)
[10]

Page 16 of 16