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BSH240-Differential
Equations
By
Dr. Mushtaq Ahmad Khan
LECTUER: 9-B
CLO: 3, PLO: 2, C: 3

Method of variation of parameters

The general form of second order ODE is given as under.

d2y dy
2
 A  B y  F ( x ).
dx dx
Or
(D 2
 A D  B ) y  F (x ).

Where A and B are constant values.

This differential equation is 2nd order ODE with constant coefficients.

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Method for solution of variation of parameters

method.
d2y dy
2
 A  B y  F ( x ).
dx dx
(D 2
 A D  B ) y  F (x ).
The Complementary function (CF) from above equation (homogenous equation)
will be
y c  c1 y1  c 2 y 2
 The particular integral (P.I) is given as

y2 F y F
y p   y1  dx  y2  1 dx
W W

Cont.

 Where

F  F ( x ) (nonhomgenous part)
y1 y2
W= and is called Wronskian determenet.
y1/ y2/

 We can use this method if rules for particular method or

undetermined coefficients method fails to work.

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Examples:

Cont.

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Cont.

Cont.

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Cont.

Cont.

5
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Cont.

Cont.

6
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Cont.

Cont.

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cont.