KENYA MEDICAL TRAINING COLLEGE

RESEARCH TOPIC: DETERMINANTS OF TEENAGE PREGNANCIES AMONG 13-16

YEARS AT THIKA LEVEL 5 HOSPITAL IN MCH/FP CLINIC.

PRESENTER

STUDENT NAME: ELIAN MAINA KAMAU

COLLEGE NO: D/NURS/19005/5617

CLASS SEPTEMBER 2019

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF NURSING KENYA MEDICAL TRAINING

COLLEGE THIKA CAMPUS AS A PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

DIPLOMA IN COMMUNIY HEALTH NURSING

THIKA MEDICAL TRAINING COLLEGE

P.O BOX 729

THIKA
DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project is a result of my original work that has never been presented

anywhere for academic purpose for award of any certificate, diploma, or degree from any other

college or university. No part of this work shall be reproduced in any means without the author’s

consent.

NAME : ELIAN MAINA KAMAU

REG.NO : D/NURS/19005/5617

Signature……………………….

Dates …………………………..

This research Project has been submitted with the approval of the undersigned to the Kenya

Medical Training College - THIKA Campus.

Supervisor: MRS NJOROGE

Signature……………………………

Date…………………………………

i
DEDICATION

I do thank my family a lot for provision of financial support and encouragement. It was a tough

moment especially during collection of data but family and friends always stood with me. 

This gave me moral. Thanks a lot for everything you did for me to accomplish and successfully

finish my research 

ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I want to thank Almighty Father for giving me a clear mind and good health throughout the three

year period and also my beloved parent for her financial and moral support that she gave to me

during my research period. I also thank KMTC Thika fraternity for their contribution especially

my supervisor and my colleagues. May Almighty God grant them good and successful life.

iii
ABSTRACT

Determining factors contributing to teenage pregnancies among 13-16 years it's important since

it reduces the occurrence of teenage pregnancies from continuing also reducing the impacts and

consequences of teenage pregnancies in teenagers among 13 to 16 years in Thika level 5

hospital, Kiambu County. The study was conducted in thika level 5 hospital Kiambu County

because there were incidents of teenage pregnancies among 13 to 16 years attending Thika level

5 hospital 

it aimed at determining factors contributing to teenage pregnancy among 13 to 16 years of age

attending thika level 5 hospital, kiambu county. Specific objectives were to determine teenagers

knowledge on Safer sex practices among teenagers 13 to 16 years at the thika level 5 hospital in

MCH/FP clinic, to determine the alternatives of safer sex practices on self, family and

community and also to establish social culture or practices which lead to teenage pregnancy At

Thiaka level 5 hospital in MCH/FP clinic .

Thika level 5 hospital, Kiambu County was purposively selected then systematic random

sampling methods was used at an interval of 5 respondents 

The targeted publication in the study what teenagers age 13 to 16 attending thika level 5 hospital,

kiambu county 

Questionnaire schedule was used to collect data fischer’s et al 2011 was used to determine the

sample size which was 60 respondents. 

The researcher interviewed 50 respondents due to inadequate finances and time. Data was

analyzed manually by the use of a scientific calculator and resulted in form of tables, figures and

charts.  

iv
Their findings showed that where are most teenagers get information about sex and sexuality is

media and those who have who had knowledge on sex and sexuality who are the most affected

by teenage pregnancies 

In whereby, out of 50 respondents, 22 respondents get informed information from the media

making it 44% and the rest from colleagues. 

Their findings leads to the following consequences. The majority of the respondents have

knowledge on teenage pregnancies but still get affected due to ignorance and arrogance in this

society. 

It was recommended that creation of awareness by health caregivers, peer groups and religion

and religious lead us through health education and campaigns are important to help the

community to embrace eradication and prevention of teenage pregnancy a man 13 to 16 years of

age. 

v
Contents

DECLARATION..........................................................................................................................................i
DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..........................................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................1
1.1Background of the study.....................................................................................................................1
1.2PROBLEM STATEMENT........................................................................................................................2
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY....................................................................................................................3
1.3BROAD OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................3
1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES.........................................................................................................................3
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.......................................................................................................................4
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY...................................................................................................................4
1.5SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.............................................................................................................5
1.6 HYPOTHESIS.......................................................................................................................................5
1.7 LIMITATION........................................................................................................................................6
1.8 ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY.............................................................................................................6
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................................7
2.1Introduction........................................................................................................................................7
2.2To determine teenager’s knowledge on safer sex practices among teenagers...................................8
2.3 education policy.................................................................................................................................8
2.4 abortion legislation............................................................................................................................8
2.5 The child act.......................................................................................................................................9
2.6 to determine the alternative off safer sex practices on self, family and community at Thika level 5
hospital in MCH/FP clinic.......................................................................................................................10
2.7.1 Poverty and child headed household........................................................................................12
2.7.1 Man contraceptives you said due to nice attitudes...................................................................12
2.7.2 Media........................................................................................................................................13
2.7.3 Culture......................................................................................................................................13

vi
CHAPTER 3:.............................................................................................................................................15
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METODOLOGY.....................................................................................................15
3.1INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................15
3.2 STUDY POPULATION AND SAMPLE..................................................................................................15
3.3STUDY AREA......................................................................................................................................17
3.4 RESEARCH DESIGN...........................................................................................................................18
3.5 SAMPLING DESIGN...........................................................................................................................18
3.6DATA COLLCTION INSTRUMENT METHODS AND ANALYSIS...............................................................18
3.7 PRE - TESTING THE QUESTIONNAIRES..............................................................................................19
3.8 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS..............................................................................................................19
CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................................21
4.1 ANALYZING DATA; PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION...............................................................21
Demographic data.................................................................................................................................21
4.2 Level of education of the respondents............................................................................................22
4.3 Religion of the respondents table....................................................................................................23
4.6 Marital status of the respondents....................................................................................................25
4.7 SECTION B: LNOWLEDGE ON SEXUALITY.........................................................................................25
CHAPTER 5..............................................................................................................................................32
5.1 Discussion and interpretation..........................................................................................................32
6.2 The researcher recommended that relevant information and knowledge on teenage pregnancy
and its effects be shared with teenagers...............................................................................................36

vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1Background of the study
Teenage pregnancy is that pregnancy which occurs in an adolescence, according to World Health

Organization definition is the period between 10 - 19 years. This period is characterized by rapid

physical growth and development, sexual maturity and the start of sexual activities (teenagers

simple English Wikipedia, Free encyclopedia).

It is also the period in which adolescent passes from the stage of childhood to adulthood.

Sexual activities in adolescents is common in many communities in the whole World Kenya

being included. The breakdown in family system, urbanization and influence of the mass media

are just some of the factors contributing to the increased incidence of teenage pregnancies.

(Daily Newspaper dated 24th February 2018), the public health Minister Am Ogen said teenage

pregnancy accounts for almost half of the maternity case handled in governments hospitals.

Teenage pregnancy has become a social as well as a major health problem circumstances leading

to this could be ignorance to sexually poverty pleasure, rape or even forced marriages in some

communities where girls are forced to marry men of their fathers age (obstetrics by ten teachers,

19th edition edited by philip N. Boxes).

Early pregnancy can result to serious health problem for the young women becoming a parent at

an early stage age, one is more likely to suffer from complications during pregnancy and

childbirth e.g Birth may be difficult because the pelvis and the birth canal are not big enough to

let the baby through. This may result in a tear in the bladder or rectum causing urine and faces

into the virginal. ( Teenage mothers and girls association of Kenya 2009).

Becoming a mother at a young age may also limit education and employment opportunities;

1
pregnant girls are often expelled from school and few dropouts return to school.

In Kenya, 18% of young women aged 15 - 19 years have already being child bearing: 15% are

mothers and additional 3% are pregnant with their first born (Kenya Health Development System

(2008 - 2009). Young motherhood is slightly more common in urban areas than in rural areas,

where approximately 30% of adolescent’s girls get pregnant in most urban centers.

1.2PROBLEM STATEMENT.
Despite the extensive attention given to adolescent, sexuality and teenage pregnancy in the past

30 years, many teenagers were still getting pregnant. In most cases, by the time a young girl

becomes pregnant, especially in income countries context, she loses the opportunity to education

and thus exposes herself to limited economic prospects. Once pregnant teenage pregnant girl in

most of the developing countries are likely to drop out of the school (Ajala, (2014) hindering

their chances for better paying jobs.

Marisa and Marisa (2018) discussed that in Zimbambwe, girls who avoid pregnancy are more

likely to stay in school and eventually secure a more inactive job or other income learning

opportunities while teenage mothers get trapped in poverty and often become an economic

burden to a family and country.

Furthermore accumulating evidence indicates that reduced access to information on

contraceptives and barriers to reproductive health services among adolescents and young adults

were associated with teenage pregnancy ( Kaphagawani and Kalipeni, 2017; Trerino - Moute

mayor 2018).

Various studies discussed that parental guidance and control over young girls are essential factors

for lessening teenage pregnancy ( Odejimiet al, 2016; Odemegwo and mwakanzi, 2016). Poverty

2
and young and young age of household heads put them into a weak position to advise their teen

girls on risky sex ( Demenico and Jones, 2007).

In Kenya approximately 1300 girls leave school annually due to teenage motherhood (United

Nations Developments Program UNDP 2010). Dynamics such a gender inequality, preference for

boys over girls for schooling as well as poverty and humanitarian crises together work to

encourage adolescent pregnancy (Juma, Askew, Alaii, Bartholomeuw and Yan Den Borne, 2014;

Loaiza 2013).

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to be able to attain a qualification as a Kenya Registered Community

Health Nurse (KRCHN) as it is a requirement by Kenya Medical Training College (KMTC).

This research will help determine the factors contributing to increase teenage pregnancy among

teenagers aged 13 - 16 years and focus on their sensitization and health education on safer sex

practices to prevent the early or unwanted teenage pregnancies.

With the research, teenagers will attain more information on how to prevent early or unwanted

pregnancies in order to improve quality of teenager’s life. With this study teenager will also learn

more about efforts of early pregnancies and better prevention methods.

1.3BROAD OBJECTIVES
To establish the determinants of teenage pregnancy among teenagers aged 13 - 16 years at Thika

Level 5 Hospital in MCH/FP clinic.

1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

To determine teenagers knowledge on safer sex practices among teenagers aged 13 - 16 years at

Thika Level 5 Hospital in MCH/FP clinic.

3
To determine the attitude of safer sex practices on self, family and community at Thika Level 5

Hospital in MCH/FP clinic.

To establish socio cultural practices which leads to teenage pregnancy at Thika Level 5Hospital

in MCH/FP clinic.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Does the teenager have the knowledge on safer sex practices among teenagers aged 13 - 16 years

at Thika level 5 Hospital in MCH/FP clinic?

What are their level of awareness on effects of pregnancies on self, family and community at

Thika Level 5 Hospital in MCH/FP clinic?

What are the socio cultural practices that lead to teenage pregnancy at Thika Level 5 Hospital in

MCH/FP clinic?

1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY

The research is going to make a contribution to the preventive measures taken by teenagers on

the safer practices of safer sex. It will help to establish bodies that will help find much interests

on researching and find out various ways about the determinacy of teenage pregnancies. The

bodies will help to identify preventive measures that can be taken to reduce teenage pregnancy.

Early sexual debut and premarital sex are increasingly common features of female adolescents in

Kenya putting girls at a risks of unwanted pregnancy and even infections such as sexually

transmitted infections such as sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS. Little discussion

has also addressed to the reasons young girls give for leaving school prematurely. Except in

qualitative studies; the simultaneous decisions related to pregnancy for discounting her

education, whether she is also pregnant at the same time she leaves school is rarely taken to

4
account. Particularly for those who give such dominant concerns as financial issues, family

obligations or lack of interest in school, a pregnancy may serve as an unacknowledged catalyzing

force for timing of school drop outs.

Girl’s dropping out of school due to pregnancy is a prevalent issue as reported in most schools in

Kenya and this makes the issue of pregnancy as a reason or school dropout a subject worth

investigating. Seemingly most of the studies and references materials available in this area are

dating back to the 90s and this thus leaves a gap and room for further investigation as to what the

situation would be in the current times.

1.5SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

As already seen above on the justification, outcome of this is very important study has provided

a more precise understanding of how pregnancy teenage pregnancy influences school dropout

and how that affect the education of the girl child in this particular region, the causes of teenage

pregnancy as well as the possible remedies that can be employed to control the problem.

Those most likely to benefit from the finding of this study are the ministry of education and

school management authorities, especially in the formulation and strengthening of policies that

guard teenage pregnancy in schools and the possible readmitting of the affected girls back to

school.

The study is also to help create an environment of clear understanding o teenage pregnancies in

school, singling it out for clarity as one of the major cases of opposed to the many reasons that

may cause school dropouts.

1.6 HYPOTHESIS
Teenage pregnancy significantly contribute to school girls’ dropout among adolescents girls at

5
Thika Level 5 Hospital and extends to the most Kenyan communities.

Adverse effects of early teenage pregnancy increases the incidences of high chances of mortality

because the girls are not able to give birth well. Low economic status increases the incidences of

complication of early child bearing.

1.7 LIMITATION
Financial constrains to the researcher because of the amount of money required to but foolscaps,

printing funditioneries and to type the research. Time is limited for condition of this study before

the competition of the course.

1.8 ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY

Secondary school going girls are at a great risk of dropping out of school due to pregnancy.

Girls who withdraw from school due to pregnancies would have otherwise continued in school

had they not become pregnant.

6
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 

2.1Introduction
This study will add value to this academic field firstly because there have been few previous

studies relating to socio cultural factors of the teenage pregnancy aged 13 - 16 years at Thika

Level 5 Hospital in the MCH/FP clinic. Secondly in this experimental study will be the mean age

at child bearing formula using the (ENDEMAIN 20) data and not only using the census data to

calculate the fertility rate in the age group (13 - 16 years old) which is not considered within

survey information (Teenage mothers and girls association 2013).

According to the national Institute of Child Health and human development (NICHD) in United

States of America religion reduces the like hood of adolescent engaging in the early sex by

shaping their altitudes and beliefs about sexual activity. Teenagers particularly girls with

religious views are less likely to have sex than the less religious; largely because their religious

views lead them to view the consequences of having sex negatively.

A better understanding of religious adolescents are less likely to engage in early sexual activity

may help in designing preventive program for this behavior. Parents attitude and sexual attitude

do not affect directly their children attitudes to have sex but they do influence the formation of

children towards sex, therefore adolescents own religious and sexual attitudes are more

important predictors of their subsequent sexual behaviors than their parents attitudes towards

adolescent se. ("Duano Alexander “Director NICHD).

7
2.2To determine teenager’s knowledge on safer sex practices among teenagers.
Among teenagers aged 13 - 16 years at THIKA LEVEL 5 HOSPITALIN MCH/FP CLINIC.

According to the American Academy of teenagers, 2013, it states that most of the adolescents

lack information and knowledge on the sexuality and contraceptives as most of the education is

being presented on this matter is limited. The study of Kaufman de wet and staler (2011)

2.3 education policy 

According to education policy every child has a right to education and also stipulates education

is important to break the poverty cycle in which most of the teenagers I'm trapped in (Oliver,

2013). 

One would argue that both teenagers girl as boy who impregnated the girl should be expelled

together ask the minister of education had suggested. They stipulated that in order to curb

teenage pregnancy hello should be implemented that forces the young boy who had impregnated

the teenager to also leave school as a sort of punishment asked the teenage mother usually suffers

alone the news are supported by a study conducted by the (new and World Report pull 2018).

But the lack of expulsion of the pregnant teenager as a larger role in influencing teenage

pregnancy. 

2.4 abortion legislation 

Abortion act was legalized in 2005. The choice of termination of the pregnancy (act 92 of 2011)

was passed, providing abortion on demand. 

Abortion was legalized due to the high death rate of women especially of poor back women who

used to backstreet abortion services. 

8
According to (dawes 2013) study conducted showed a major disease in maternal death as a result

of backstreet abortions after the after the legislation of abortion (teenage mothers and the girls

association 2015) abortion is provided free of charge in variety of governmental institutions such

as hospitals and the clinics. A woman of any age going to get an abortion by simply requesting it

with the reason given if she is less than 12 weeks pregnant. 

If she is between 13 and 20 weeks pregnant, she can get an abortion if her own physical and the

mental health is at state. If the baby will have a severe mental or physical abnormality, if she is

pregnant because of rape or if she is of opinion but her economic or social situation sufficient

reason for termination of pregnancy if she can get the abortion is more than 20 weeks, she can

get the abortion only if the fetus life is in danger (mafnad 2011 and Annie E. Casey foundation). 

2.5 The child act 

Holgate (2016) argue that our laws and the policies play a major role in the perpetuating teenage

pregnancy. 

A classic example if the children bill you which gives of 12 years a right to access contraceptives

as well as abortion without their parents’ consent. 

This is a major concept for many parents the message given is “children you can have sex and if

you get pregnant you can go for abortion and our parents don't have to know” 

In this (HOLGATE 2016) argues that such lows have need to be varied if the teenage pregnancy

has to be dealt with effectively. 

The law became controversial, because it's a criminal offense for our parents to take for Virginia

for virginity testing without a child consent. (mthefwa 2013). 

However, a child has the right to go for an abortion and use of contraceptives without parent

consent. While virginity testing does not do any harm to the child contraceptives have medical

9
side effects which may threaten the health of the child concerned. (mthetwar 2013) therefore

recommends that the law should encourage and exercise cultural practices such as virginity

testing to assist in curbing the spread of teenage pregnancy and HIV/AIDS. 

2.6 to determine the alternative off safer sex practices on self, family and
community at Thika level 5 hospital in MCH/FP clinic.
Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing are common in Kenya. Almost 1/4 of Kenya women

give birth by the age of 18, and nearly half by the age of 20. To realize the suitable development

goals (SDGS) in Kenya; it is important to reduce the number of teen pregnancies in the country.

When adolescent girls go up healthy and at able to go to school, they are more likely to escape

poverty and they facilitate the upward social and economic mobility of their families and society.

Latest statistics on adolescence (between age 15 and 19 years) from the demographic health

survey (Republic of Kenya and the Kenya Bureau of Statistics, 2014) reveals that teen pregnancy

and the mother who dreads in Kenya stand at 18%. About one in every five adolescent girls has

either had a live birth, with her first child.  Rate increases rapidly with age? From 3% among

girls at 15 years old to 40% among guys at 19 years 

About half of all adolescents big analysis (15 to 19 years) in developing regions and wanted and

more than half end up in abortion often under unsafe conditions (Daroch, etat, 2016). 

When I girl becomes pregnant, I life can change radically high education may end, and her job

prospects diminish she becomes more vulnerable to poverty and exclusion and her health often

suffers (UNFPA, 2017). 

Complications during pregnancy I'm second cause of death for 15 to 19 years or the girls (WHO,

2014) First off 

According to the previous report by (UNFPA) reports that consequences are dropping out of

school I was green and cyclical as it is not adversely affects the victim’s socioeconomic well-

10
being but their children too by limiting the resources available cater for them.

TEANAGE pregnancy is also a health issue Given that the risk of premature birth, low birth

weight and the perinatal death I'm higher I'm teenage mothers. Notably call mark more beginning

in are an intended, with over 1/3 resulting in about school 

Teenage mothers are also at high risk of developing complications and DYING during childbirth.

Adolescence heightened risk of sexual and reproductive health related morbidity and the

mortality thanks,, among other they are limited capacity to negotiate for safer sex and the

consent, prevent sexually did transmitted disease Oh my lack of access two contrasted

information and services TO prevent sexually transmitted diseases, lack of access two

contraceptive information and services to prevent unplanned pregnancy. 

WHO has been on preventing early pregnancies and reduce it health outcomes (example

reducing early marriages, reducing pregnancy before the age of 20; increase the use of

contraception reducing go EX6, reducing the rate of unsafe abortions, and post Natal care (WHO

2014; Patlon et al 2016) additionally, legal rights and institutional arrangements for well-being of

children and adolescence in a violent revolt, high risk contents. Have been secured under UNS

correction on the right of the child. 

2.7 establish the sociocultural practices which led to teenage pregnancy at thika level 5 hospital

inMCH/FP Clinic 

Teenage pregnancy have been associated with a number of courses and it's perceived as a social

problem. However the gap is that hardly any attention he spayed to the diving forces what magic

was contributing to Nancy teenage pregnancy might also be associated with GOING activities

call ma cohesion substance abuse, as well as made parties, 

11
COVID-19 also has brought a contributing factor to this, this is due to larger. Ever and he's of

which most end up in activities but associate them with the sexual activities which later bring

about pregnancies and school dropout. 

Due to the fact that many of the parents spend the most of their time at work and the children

often left without supervision during the day and oh after school, the lack of wood proper

parental supervision also create an opportunity for the adolescents to get involved in sexual

activities. 

According to BURGES 2015 there is considerable knowledge about the practices off

adolescence in general and the outcome of their pregnancies but limited understanding of the

factors but place particular adolescent at increased risk of teenage pregnancy the most common

courses are; 

2.7.1 Poverty and child headed household 

Poverty and child headed households identified by Elkin 2018 as the major contributors to

teenage pregnancies. As a result most poor or no parental guidance and the control, children

engage in sexual activities at a very young age. 

This is confirmed by Mfono (2013) who conducted a study on teenage pregnancy and this results

revealed that teenage pregnancy is high a mile child headed households. The teenagers in those

households often engage in sexual activities in exchange for money to assist them to survive (the

assistant principal told the press) 

2.7.1 Man contraceptives you said due to nice attitudes 

The study conducted by the Medical Research Council (2011) showed that the attitudes of Nas at

the hospital and other health centers are a barrier to adolescent contraceptive use the attitude

12
Hindi the teenagers from seeking help and it's therefore are contributing factor to teenage

pregnancy; the findings of describe the showed that most nurses feel uncomfortable to provide

yes with the contraceptives because of their belief systems; they feel that the adolescent should

not be having sex at an early age. 

This study also find out but masses attitude to request of contraception has Hayley being

judgmental and they, what perceived as helpful to teenage mothers (Maynard 2016 and Annie E.

Casey foundation this 

2.7.2 Media  
The mass media it's like it's sexualized consent this another contributing factor that perpetuate

teenage pregnancy as if it gives dinner is easy access two pornographic film, others television

programs and multimedia text messages it seems but many societies are you going through high

moral DJ lameshur as pornographic information is accessible free of charge via devices such as

computers and cell phones free access to photographic materials in Internet is also likely to

influence teenager smiles. Therefore; it is recommended that there should be strict First off

restrictions in accessing pornographic materials taking into consideration that the Internet should

be a learning device for the young people (newspaper dated on 26 of February 2014) 

2.7.3 Culture 
Apart from the nurses attitudes and the media,, cultural differences I'm also contributing factor as

far as teenage pregnancy is concerned 

According to (Marclead 211) some cultures forces teenagers to fall pregnant and accept them as

women only if they have proof their fertility video some others also force they are daughters to

become pregnant so that they should have a baby at home. Yeah teenagers our first to fulfill their

mothers cultural beliefs and norms in order to please their parents. 

13
A report by (Marule 2018) noted that most adolescence he respective of their cultures, I have a

sexually active before the age of 20 this results in alamba of unplanned and unwanted pregnancy

among the adolescents who are too young you assume you the physical and cytological burden to

their parenthood (teenage mother and the girls association of Kenya 2011). 

14
CHAPTER 3:

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METODOLOGY

3.1INTRODUCTION
This chapter essentially contains a description of the research design and methodology used to

conduct the research process. The primary aim and secondary objectives of the study, Research

questions sampling procedures research questions, sampling procedures research tools, methods

of data collections and data analysis will be presented. The limitation of the study and the ethical

consideration will also be addressed.

3.2 STUDY POPULATION AND SAMPLE

The targeted population study is the teenagers aged 13 - 16 years who attended Thika Level 5

Hospital in MCH/FP clinic. The approximated number of teenagers aged 13 -16 years who attend

MCH/FP clinic in Thika Level 5 Hospital within 9 months from January to

September(2020)were (400).

The researcher will then determine sample size using the following method. Sample size will be

derived from the target population and following formula will be employed as used by fisher`s

(1998).

n =Z2 PQ

D2

15
Where n = the desired sample size (If the target population is more than 10,000).

Z = The standards and deviation act required confidence level (The standard deviation set at 1.96

which corresponds to 95%.

P = The proportion is the target population estimated to have the characteristics being measured

(in this case it is taken as 50% = (0.5).

Q = Proportions in the target Population.

Q =1-P

Q =1-0.5

Q = 0.5

D2 = Level of statistical significance set 0.05

Z2 = 1.962

P = 0.5

N = Z2 PQ
D2
N = 1962 X 0.5 X (1-0.5)
0.52

N = 384.16 X 0.5 X 0.5

0.0025

16
N =384.16

N = 384

Since the accessible population is less than 10,000 the formula that will be used here is; (NF)nf.

nf = The desired sample size (when the population is less than 10,000)

n = The desired sample size (when the population is more than 10,000)

n = The estimate of population size.

NF = N

1+ ( 0.96)

384.16
(0.96)

38.16
1.96

= Sample size 50 teenagers aged 13-16 years

NB = As stated before, the approximate number of teenagers aged 13 - 16 years who attend

MCH/FP clinic in Thika Level 5 Hospital within 9 months from January to September (2020)

were 400.

17
3.3STUDY AREA
The study will be carried out in Thika Level 5 Hopital, Kiambu County In thika west District,

Thika municipality division in Biashara sub-location along General Kago Road.

Thika covers an area of 1,388 kilometers square. It’s densely populated with total of 279,429

according to 2019 national census. The county is made up of kikuyus and other tribes for

example Luo, Luhyas and many more. Thika Level 5 Hospital on the department of health

records (7th September 2019) generally it’s densely populated with over 279,429 residents

according to 2019census. The services offered in MCH/FP clinic in Thika Level 5 are ; antenatal

care, child welfare and immunization, PMTC services advice on antenatal family planning,

nutritional service advice , advice on antenatal exercises for safe deliveries and child safety and

injury prevention to ensure child and health development.

3.4 RESEARCH DESIGN

A descriptive cross section study will be used to determine factors affecting and contributing to

increased teenage pregnancy among teenagers aged 13 - 16 years at Thika level 5 Hospital in

MCH/FP clinic. The research design will help me as a researcher to understand what I want to

study before calculating data.

3.5 SAMPLING DESIGN

I will use a simple random design for it will give every teenage aged 13 - 16 years a chance to

participate in the study.

A sample of youths from the population who meet the set criteria will be used to fill the

questionnaire and return it now and then. The sample will a random selecting of every 3rd youth

that I come across and from every corner of the town to allow uniformity and avoid excessive

sampling errors.

18
3.6DATA COLLCTION INSTRUMENT METHODS AND ANALYSIS
Data will be collected using questionnaires which will include both broad and specific objectives

where the answers will be provided to the overall questions in the study.

I will distribute my questionnaires to my sample population in Thika level 5 Hospital after i

obtain an information consent. These who may not be able to fill the questionnaires on their own

will be assisted by the interviewer on how to fill the questions. Data collection will be analyzed

by descriptive measures of central technology such as mean, mode and median.

Data will be comprised, specific calculator will be used to calculate percentage and frequencies.

Data will be presented in form of bar, graph tables and pie charts.

3.7 PRE - TESTING THE QUESTIONNAIRES

The researcher will be acquired to select sample which will be similar to the actual sample. The

procedure of the pretesting the questionnaire will be identified to that which will be used during

the actual data collection. The pilot study will aid the researcher to identify the stability of the

questions, whether they are assumable or not. The pilot study will enable the researcher to

correct and rephrase the questions that are not clear to the respondents. Suggestions and

recommendations will be considered by the researcher.

3.8 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The permission to carry out the study will be granted by Kenya Medical Training College, Thika

campus and Medical superintendent of Thika level 5 hospital and in the charge of MCH/FP clinic

in the hospital. The letter will be written from the college to the administration of Thika level 5

hospital which will explain why study permission to carry out the research in their hospital.

I will explain my study purpose to my despondent so as to obtain an informed consent from

them.

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During the data collection, confidentiality and respect will be maintained throughout the research

process. The respondents will not be allowed to write their names on the questionnaire instead

numbers will be used for identification of the questionnaire.

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CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 ANALYZING DATA; PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter presents data analysis and interpretation of the findings of the study. The

organization is based on the objectives and the research questionnaire of the study.

Demographic data
Age in years No of respondents Percentage

10-11 years 2 4%

12-13 years 5 10%

13-14 years 23 46%

14 – 15 years 12 24%

Above 16 years 8 16%

Total 50 100%

The results in the table above indicates that majority of the respondents were age of 13-14 years

as representing 46% and the lower of age 10-11 years as representing while a percentage of 4%

age 14-15 years with 24%, 12-13 years with 10% and above 16 years with 16%.

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4.2 Level of education of the respondents

Level of Education
7%

15%

60%
18%

Secondary level Primary Level College Level None

The result from pie chart shows that majority of the respondents had attained education up to the

secondary level with a percentage of 60% followed by primary level with 18% then college

level with15% and those who did not attended school with a percentage of 7%

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4.3 Religion of the respondents table
Religion Number of Respondents Percentage

Christian 25 50%

Muslim 14 28%

Hindu 2 4%

Pagan 9 18%

Total 50 100%

4.4 Occupation of the respondents

60%
54%

50%

40%

32%
30%

20%
14%

10%

0%
Not employed Self Employed Employed

Occupation of the respondents Occupation of the respondents2

The results of the histogram above shows that the majority of the respondents were not employed

with a percentage of 54% followed by self—employed 32% (Business, farmer people) and the

23
least percentage of employed people with 14%, The reason could be because most of them

attained primary and secondary education only.

4.5Gender of the Respondents

Level of Education

25%

75%

Male Female

Chart above shows the majority of respondents were female with a percentage of 75% percent

followed by male 25%.

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4.6 Marital status of the respondents
Marital status Number of respondents Percentage

In a relationship 15 30%

Single 28 56%

Married 7 14%

Total 50 100%

The table above shows that majority of respondents were single with a percentage of 56%

followed by those in relationship 30% and those who were married had 14%.

4.7 SECTION B: LNOWLEDGE ON SEXUALITY

Sources of information of knowledge about safer sex.

Source Number of respondents Percentage

Media 22 44%

Church 3 6%

Health Facility 5 10%

Relatives 6 12%

Colleges 14 28%

Total 50 100%

The table shows that majority of the respondents 44% got information on safer sex practices on

social media, followed by those e who got information from the colleagues with a percentage of

28%.

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Information on how many partners an individual should have

Partners No of Respondents Percentage

Between 1-2 partners 42 81%

Between 2-3 partners 4 8%

Above 5 partners 8%

Total 50% 100%

The table shows that majority of the respondents chose 1-2 partners with a percentage of 84%

followed by those of between 2-3 partners with a percentage of 8% then followed by those of

above 5 partners with a percentage of 8%.

4.8 SECTION C: THE ALTERNATIVES OF SAFER SEX PRACTICES

Information on safer sex practices alternative methods

Safer sex alternative methods No of respondents Percentage

Use of condoms 15 30%

Having one sexual partner 18 36%

Use of contraceptives 10 20%

Others (withdrawal , lactation 7 14%

amenorrhea method)

Total 50 100%

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Table above shows that majority of the respondents knew/heard of having one sexual partner

with a percentage of 36% followed by those of use of contraceptive with 20% and the lower with

other personal alternative methods with a percentage of 7%.

4.9 SAFER SEX PRACTICES ENHANCING WELL BEING

How practicing safer sex enhances your wellbeing

Level of Education

5%

20% 30%

75%

Reduces chances ofcontracting seually transmitted infections

Reduces chances of unwanted pregnancy42%
Gives one assurance of good health and peace of mind
Other personal

4.10 INFORMATION ON SAFER SEX PRACTICES

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 Pie chart

5%
10%
12%

63%

Oral sex with a condom

Those with vaginal sex with a male or female condom
Anal sex with male of female condom
Other personal sex forms

The chart shows the majority of respondents 63% who chose use of condoms, 10% chose

abstinence, and 5% chose prostitution and 12% had other safer practices that were bas on

religion and culture.

4.11SECTION D: SOCIO-CULTURAL PRACTICES LEADING TO TEANAGE

PREGNACY

28
Information on practices in the society and community leading to teenage8e pregnancies

Practices in the society/ Number of the respondents Percentage

community

Illiteracy and lack of 10 20%

knowledge

Culture e.g. some 18 36%

communities

Encourage early marriage 15 30%

Sexual violence and coercion 7 14%

Total 50 100%

The results in the table above indicates that most respondents chose culture with a percentage of

36% followed by those of gender inequality with a percentage of 30% then followed by those of

illiteracy and lack of knowledge with a percentage of 20% than follow\wed the lest with a

percentage of 14% who chose sexual violence and coercion.

Information on When someone is said to be sexually active and can practice sex

29
 Person said to be sexually No of respondents Percentage

active

When one is married 4 8%

When an individual is 4 8%

circumcised

When one has compiled 10 20%

schooling

When puberty stage has 32 64%

reached

Total 50 100%

Information on how culture /community view and deal with teenage pregnancy.

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 80%
72%
70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20% 18%

10%
10%

0%
Criticize and reject Accept and support Neglet and ignore

Opinion of the community Column1

The results of the histogram above shows that the majority of the respondents chose criticize and

reject with a percentage of 72% followed by those of accept and support the teenagers with a

percentage of 10% and the last group who chose neglect and ignore with a percentage of 18% .

31
CHAPTER 5

5.1 Discussion and interpretation 

In this chapter the researcher gives a clear discussion how about the study as per specific

objectives. The purpose of this chapter is to provide comment on the Quality of date to convey

the meaning, findings and also provide linkage to other section of the study; therefore in this

chapter the researcher will discuss, analyze and interpret the findings of the data he or she

collected so as to make comparison with other section of the study. 

5.2 knowledge/ attitude on sexuality 

Discussion on knowledge on sexuality from the study carried out, the researcher found that most

teenagers get information about sex and sexuality from media whereby out of 50 respondents, 22

respondents get information from the media making it 44% and the rest from colleagues 28%,

church is 6%, health facility 10% and from relatives 12%. Those who had knowledge on sex and

sexuality were the most affected by teenage pregnancies. This corresponds with ate do, 2018

who stated that “teenagers need information about their sexuality and sex blow”  

5.3 level of education of affected teenagers 

Discussion on the level of education affected teenagers. The findings on this study indicates that

most of the teenagers affected by teenage pregnancy had reached secondary level of education

with a percentage of 60% total out of 100% where in college level, 18% were in primary level

and for those who had not attained any level were presented by a percentage of 7%. 

The findings of John Hopkins communication services 2018 who stated that “69% Kenyan girls

had begun sexual intercourse during their secondary school level living 19% of the teenagers

best study corresponds also the trusted berds 2019” statistical collection that reveals 2/3 of

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teenagers girls experience sexual intercourse 50% experience pregnancy at the age between 13 to

16 years which is the age at which majority of teenagers are at high school level. 

5.4 effects of teenage pregnancy 

Discussion on the effects of teenage pregnancy from the study carried out, the researcher

discovered that teenage pregnancy has very many negative effects. One of which the researcher

shows that out of 50 respondents affected by teenage pregnancy 32 of them drop out of school

which is a total of 64%, 11 of them reported that individual is at risk of being exposed to

sexually transmitted diseases which is represented by 22% of the total, seven of them responded

on complication involved in childbearing, which is a total of 14%. This corresponds to (WHO)

World Health organization 2016 who stated that “60% of the teenagers who get pregnant drop

out of school and fail to complete their studies because of they are lower education status

whereby their parents are low earning income thus and uh bringing poverty in the family. 

There is also stigmatization of pregnant teenagers whereby out of 50 respondents teenagers 35 of

them experience stigmatization. This then corresponds to Kirby 2019 who stated that 75% of

pregnant teenagers experience stigma from all sides” bareford leading to low self-esteem. 

5.5 ways of reducing teenage pregnancy 

According to the research carried out about, the researcher discovered that there are always ways

of reducing teenage pregnancy. 

Educating the teenagers unsex and sexuality was one of the ways to reduce teenage pregnancy

which the researcher discovered in they cost of the study out of 100%, 95% say that if they get

33
information and more so the correct information education from good sources, it would help

reduce teenage pregnancy 

This corresponds 2 “our policy experts the center of disease control” [sharn grimaldi] which

stated that “lack of proper education and information on sex.

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CHAPTER SIX 

6.1 conclusion and recommendation 

They study was carried out to assess determinants of teenage pregnancy among teenagers edged

13 to 16 years in Thika level 5 hospital at MCH/FP clinic at Kiambu county. From this study the

following are conclusion that were drawn, majority of the respondents are between ages 13 to 14

years which shows the age of the teenagers. They were well informed on the topic teenage

pregnancy and we're ready to cooperate in giving necessary information and also learn more. 

It also revealed that despite some teenagers having their parents gathering for their basic needs,

having they needed knowledge and having good parents teenage a relationship they still end up

having teenage pregnancies which one majorly influenced by peer pressure and social media. 

the study also revealed that the education of the affected teenagers it's really affected because

most of them end up dropping out of school leading to poor education and making poor decisions

in life 

The study also revealed that the education of the affected teenagers is really affected because

most of them end up dropping out of school leading to poor decision and the poor education and

poverty. The study shows but the choice to engage in premature sex as teenagers as teenagers lie

in the hands of the teenagers and the parents or they society can only advise and help them in

making their choice. 

35
6.2 RECOMMENDATION
The researcher recommended that relevant information and knowledge on teenage pregnancy

and its effects be shared with teenagers.

So that they can all be aware and have the correct information which would in turn help them

when making decisions. Whether to engage in sex what a note. This would contribute to low

number of teenage pregnancy in the society. 

Creating a good parent teenage relationship through talking to the teenagers as parents, advising

them as they go through teenage., being open with them and being their parents and friends in

whom they can confide in we'll help the teenagers and thus the number of teenage pregnancy will

reduce in the great number. 

Girls who get pregnant during their teenage hood should not be stigmatized by the community,

they should not be chased away from their home, my parents and also should not be forced to

drop out of school. Instead they should be encouraged to start attending antenatal clinics, beloved

and cared for throughout the pregnancy as they are just first time mothers and need a lot of help

to carry the pregnancy two term and have a safe delivery. 

Having a school program in teaching teenagers on sexuality and sex. Most of the school assume

that the fact that teenagers need information about sex and more so on the correct information. 

There is such a recommended but this program should be introduced and the teachers stop

assuming that teenagers “already know” about sex and sexuality but instead teach and advise

them accordingly. 

36
REFFERENCES

1. World Health Organization.(2021). World Health statistics. Genera.World Health Organization

publisher.

2. World Health Organization.(2018). World Health Organization: department of reproductive

health research. World Health Organization publishers.

3. Caroline N, Xiayue X,John J, William M, Faith Y, and Bngld H.(2018). Factors influencing

choice of skilled birth attendance of ANC: evidence from the Kenya demographic health survey.

Nairobi.Taylor and Francis publishers. Sexual and reproductive health mate

journal,28(1),1804716.

4. Kenya National Bureau of statistics.(2014). Kenya demographic and health survey. Nairobi.

Demographic and health survey.

5. Joyce J, Moses M, Earnest M, Salome J, James M, and Winnie K,(2017). Perceptions about

traditional birth attendants by men and women of reproductive age in rural Migori, Nairobi.

Elsevier publishers. International journal of Africa nursing science,7,55.61.

6. Evaline L, Lilian M, and Marleen T.(2019). Effects of teenage pregnancy policy. Nairobi.

Biomed Central publishers.

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