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Upgradation of Existing Substation into a Smart Substation

Article  in  Advances in Research · March 2020

DOI: 10.9734/air/2020/v21i130181

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 Advances in Research

21(1): 50-66, 2020; Article no.AIR.54992

ISSN: 2348-0394, NLM ID: 101666096

Upgradation of Existing Substation into a

Smart Substation
Veena Kumari1* and Preetinder Singh2
1
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
2
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, India.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author VK proposed, designed the
study, managed the literature searches, performed the simulation, analysis and wrote the first draft of
manuscript. Author PS supervised every stage of the work. Both authors read and approved the final
manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/AIR/2020/v21i130181
Editor(s):
(1) Dr. Carlos Humberto Martins, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, The State University of Maringa, Brazil.
Reviewers:
(1) Bruno Miguel Gonçalves Mataloto, Portugal.
(2) Okure, Inimfon – Abasi George, University of Uyo, Nigeria.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/54992

Received 18 December 2019

Accepted 25 February 2020
Original Research Article
Published 05 March 2020

ABSTRACT

The evolution of existing grids to smart grids for power supply is technologically the most prominent
research area. It is one of the hot projects considered to contribute in national economy, also at the
top priority for the country and involves hefty investments, although the entire research and
development area is still immature. The work in this paper describes smart substation and its
components which is fully in compliance with IEC61850 standard. It demonstrates a functional
architectural framework of smart substation with its three layers. This work compares both systems
and proposes a new system in single line diagram. The way to the establishment of smart fully
digitized substation is although just in the initial stage in India, but work on improvement must carry
on to keep up in pace with the fast growing technology especially integration of information
technology for the communication between different entities. This paper presents a model of power
system in case of fault how a merging unit can send information with high speed Ethernet in the
form of sampled value messages. Intelligent substation can consist of various smart equipments
capable of functioning instantaneously replacing the huge web of copper wires with fibre optic
cables. Hence Smart substation is the first step in the implementation of smart grid.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Corresponding author: E-mail: er.veena11@gmail.com;

 Kumari and Singh; AIR, 21(1): 50-66, 2020;; Article no.AIR.54992
Keywords: Grid; IEC61850; smart grid; smart substation; process layer; bay layer; station layer;
merging unit; intelligent terminal; modelling.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Existing Conventional Power Grid
(Fig. 1)
An electrical grid is a large interconnected
network which carries a huge amount of
electrical energy and distributes it from the
generating stations to the potential customers. It
incorporates generating stations capable of
producing electricity. Power stations are
generallyy located far from the massively
populated areas. The generated power is then
stepped up by transformers for transmission. It is
stepped down to a low voltage at a substation.
Power grid can be categorized into main three
parts: generating station, transmission
ssion line and
distribution system. A distribution system
distributes the energy to all the end consumers
from the transmission line. Generating stations
and Distribution System are linked by the
Transmission lines. Step up and step down
transformers are installed
nstalled in the transmission line
for the purpose of decreasing and increasing the
voltage up to the desired level. In order to
minimize the transmission losses, voltage is
magnified to a higher level by step-up step
transformer. At the end spot of transmission line,
a step-down
down transformer decreases the voltage
up to a possible level. This lowered voltage is
then given out to the distribution system
coupled by feeders, sub-stations,
stations, distribution
transformers, lightning arrestor, utility lines etc.
[1].
Fig. 1.. Existing conventional power grid architecture
51
Though Conventional electrical grid system is
efficient, reliable and has good control system,
but as it is a well-known
known fact that technology
needs to be updated to help it to be in pace with
everyday modern scientific advancements.
1.2 Concept of Smart Grid
Simply, Smart Grid = Digitization + Power Grid
This implies that Smart Grid is the integration of
IT (Information Technology) with existing grid to
get better flexibility, reliability, resiliency,
efficiency and also in order to provide the bebest
services to consumers.
Smart
mart substation is the significant component of
Smart Grid. So, this is the main focus of this
paper. New generation substation employs hi- hi
tech communication technology to minimize the
construction and administrative costs. For the
said purpose, IEC 61850 standard has been
introduced [2].
1.3 IEC 61850 Standard
In the legacy systems, protocol for substation
automation and its layout equipped the
power system automation with elementary
operation and were introduced to take into
account the technical limitation of the
complex communication
on technology. Networking
technology has advanced dramatically recently.
 Kumari and Singh; AIR, 21(1): 50-66, 2020; Article no.AIR.54992
Fig. 2. IEC 61850 standard sections
To take benefits from the modern advancements
in networking, IEC’s (The International
Electrotechnical Commission) technical
committee released a universal standard IEC
61850 for substation automation. Mapping of
protocols to MMS (Manufacturing Message
Specification), GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented
Substation Event), SMV (Sampled Measured
Values) and to Web Services can be done with
standard IEC 61850. The documentation in IEC
61850 describes the networking of
communication in 10 sections out of which
primary part have been shown in grey fill (Fig. 2).
Switched Ethernet is used to get the response
time over the internet networks [3].
MMS (Manufacturing Message Specification):
It is a global standard ISO 9506 which deals with
the messaging system in the interest of
exchanging the information between the
networked equipments. MMS describes the
following set of standards:
 A set of standard objects: It must be in
each and every element so that the events
like read, write or signalling etc. can be
effectively performed.
 A set of standard messages: Includes
transfer of a set of information in order to
serve the motive of monitoring or
controlling the objects between the clients
and the server station.
52
 A set of encoding rules: When the
transfer of messages occurs, then
mapping of these data to bits and bytes is
done by virtue of the encoding guidelines
[4].
GOOSE (Generic Object-Oriented Substation
Event): On the authority of IEC 61850 standard,
a control model GSE (Generic Substation
Events) produces high-speed, reliable and
secure mechanism for the transfer of messages
over the whole electrical substation. GOOSE
(Generic Object-Oriented Substation Event) and
GSSE (Generic Substation State Events) are the
two sub-divisions of GSE. GOOSE has the
capability to exchange the instructions within 4
milliseconds. GOOSE data is straight integrated
into Ethernet. It has enhanced communication
structure. IED’s (Intelligent electronic devices)
are being installed in the substation that is
completely embraced by IEC 61850 without
having demand of particular cables or algorithms
[5].
2. SMART SUBSTATION SYSTEM
IEC 61850 standard embodies three layers in
smart substation architecture (Fig. 3) called
process layer, Bay layer and Station layer.
Transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, primary
equipments and associated intelligent elements
are included in the process layer. In the process
 Kumari and Singh; AIR, 21(1): 50-66, 2020; Article no.AIR.54992

bus, the conventional wires are replaced with decision making all are involved in the station
optic fibres that transmits GOOSE messages and layer.
optical fibre sends sampled values. Optical fibre
is made up of silica capable of transmitting at 2.1 Process Bus Layer
higher data rates over large distances. Moreover,
just like in case of wires, fibre optics cables are In the Process Level of Smart Substation, the
not affected by the electromagnetic interference. data is carried in the form of a cycle from the
The Process Layer consists of merging unit (MU) master (main) switchyard (SW) to the HMI
and intelligent terminal (IT). Data acquisition and (Human Machine Interface) and vice-versa. The
execution of command is performed by IT. Digital high voltage components of the master
fortification, processing, and conversion function switchyard surrounds bus-bars, circuit breakers,
of protocols are operated by MU. The second isolators, power transformers, current and
layer is the bay layer which is mainly for the voltage transformers (CT’s and VT’s) which are
protection, control, fault recording, monitoring, confined to merging unit and intelligent terminal
data collection, calculation and other services. in smart substation. The output obtained by CT’s
This layer has many IED’s (Intelligent electronic and VT’s are collected (from digital system) and
device). Now comes MMS which is the main sampled (from analogue system) by means of
integration to the third layer station layer. Time Merging Unit IED by the way of Sampled Value
synchronization, communication, proof-locking of (SV) messages. The Intelligent Terminal Unit
disoperation, real time monitoring and immediate takes up the commands and executes them.

Remote Dispatch Centre

Human Machine
Operator Operator Engineering Network
Interface / Gateway GPS
SCADA Workstation Workstation station Printer
MMS + GPS

Station Ethernet (100mbps)

Station Control Layer

Intelligent Intelligent Intelligent Intelligent Intelligent Intelligent Intelligent Intelligent

Bay Level
Electronic Electronic Electronic Electronic Electronic Electronic Electronic Electronic
Devices Devices Devices Devices Devices Devices Devices Devices
Protection + Control

Ethernet

Fibre optic cable

Sampled Value + GOOSE

Process Level

Intelligent Intelligent Intelligent

Merging Unit Merging Unit Merging Unit
Terminal Terminal Terminal

Intelligent Intelligent Smart Smart Intelligent Intelligent Smart Smart Intelligent Intelligent Smart Smart
CT PT CBR SW CT PT CBR SW CT PT CBR SW

Integrated Intelligent Terminal Integrated Intelligent Terminal Integrated Intelligent Terminal

Fig. 3. Smart substation architecture

53
 Kumari and Singh; AIR, 21(1): 50-66, 2020; Article no.AIR.54992

The transfer of these instructions is followed in protection of station level, monitoring,

the shape of GOOSE (Generic Object-oriented supervising, controlling, instant fault recording,
substation events) messages. Thus, the giving quality power, real time invigilation, and
communication technology used in this level are more auxiliary operations.
SV (Sampled Value) and GOOSE messages.
The GOOSE messages involve the functions like IED consists of protective relays, fault recorders,
indications, tripping signals and alarms etc. On event recorders, integrated sensors,
the contrary, SV messages transmits communication technologies, control and
instantaneous current and voltage samples from measurement automation systems. The bay
CT’s and VT’s to HMI. [6]. The Process layer level is accounted to have five fundamental
functional architecture is shown in Fig. 4. functional parameters (MMCPC): Monitoring,
Measurement, Communication, Protection and
2.2 Bay Layer Control. The first function is essential to
get the real time status of different associated
Historically defined devices known as secondary components in the system for example
equipment are connected between the process switches, transformers etc. Precise measure-
layer and station layer. This mid-layer is called ment of electrical parameters comes under the
bay layer (Fig. 5). The smart substation measurement function. Furthermore, the
constitutes IED’s (Intelligent Electronic devices) recorded information is to be shared then with
in this level in order to serve the purpose of Network Control Center that is the

HMI
CB tripping
Human Machine
closing commands etc. Interface

Process Bus

CB status etc.
Information flow
Master Switchyard
Transformer temperature
(HV components) V/I Samples

Process Layer
Intelligent Terminal Unit
Merging Unit IED

CT's VT's Busbars Circuit Isolators Power

Breakers Transformers

Collects (DS) or Breaker IED

samples (AS) in
the form of SV

Opening/Closing State/condition receives trip and close

Control monitor command from P&C IED's

Exchange of these instructions --> GOOSE messages

Fig. 4. Functional architecture of process layer

54
 Kumari and Singh; AIR, 21(1): 50-66, 2020; Article no.AIR.54992

communication part. In case of outages or faults, accurate. The control function is entailed so
protection is the most critical function that a as to get the switches performed instantaneously
smart substation must have. This operation when in need. These have to be
makes it compulsory to have the mensuration of automated via suitable communication channels
the electrical parameters very precise and [7].

Station Bus

Intelligent Intelligent Intelligent Intelligent Intelligent

Electronic Electronic Electronic Electronic Electronic
Device Device Device Device Device

Protection + Control
Bay Layer

Monitoring Measurement Communication Protection Control

Status of various elements

Precise measuring of electrical parameters

Information sharing with NCC (Network Control Centre)

Safeguard the network in case of fault

Automated functioning in need

Process Bus

Fig. 5. Functional architecture of bay layer

Remote Dispatch Centre

Human Machine
Operator Operator Engineering Network
Interface / Gateway GPS
SCADA Workstation Workstation station Printer
MMS + GPS

Station Ethernet (100mbps)

Station Control Layer

IED's IED's

Fig. 6. Functional architecture of station layer

55
 Kumari and Singh; AIR, 21(1): 50-66, 2020; Article no.AIR.54992
2.3 Station Control Layer
Station Layer (Fig. 6) accommodates the
automation system assisted with hi-tech
communication system. This layer uses IEC
61850 protocol based MMS service for
communicating with other devices.
Substation control bus utilizes Ethernet switches
for message transfer which is contrary to process
level that uses GOOSE/SV messaging
incorporating two-way communication. Station
Layer consists of unicast method. Unlike process
layer, it does not employ fiber optic cables,
mostly double stranded wires have been adopted
for interconnection in control level. However,
network analyser including additional cutting-
edge applications are prefixed to this layer
extending data scrutiny functionality to tackle any
kind of fault occurring [8].
3. DATA TRANSFER METHOD
In IEC 61850, voltage and current samples are
transmitted to protection IED by making use of
Merging Unit in the process layer. This data is in
the form of SV messages. The protection and
control equipments analyses the received
GOOSE Tripping (Ethernet)
SCADA
XCBR
Smart Breaker
Fig. 7. Data transfer method
56
samples and if any fault is spotted by it, then it
signals the breaker via trip GOOSE
message. P&C (Protection and Control) IED’s
in the bay layer functions in the form of logic
nodes.
Logical devices in IED’s in Fig. 7 are TCTR,
TVTR, PDIF, PTRC and XCBR. The first letter
indicates the logical nodes. The smallest part of
a function that exchanges data is called logical
node (LN) in IEC 61850. Logical node is a
container that holds data objects and each data
object has a data attribute. Logical node C is
used for Supervisory Control, likewise G for
Generic Functions, I for Interfacing and archiving,
L for System logical nodes, P for Protection, R
for Protection Related, S for Sensors and
monitoring, T for Instrument Transformers, X for
Switchgear, Y for Power Transformers, and Z for
further Power System equipment. TVTR node
connects to voltage transformer. TCTR node
links to current transformer. PDIF is a logical
node for differential protection and is used to
analyze the samples received. PTRC stands for
protection trip conditioning; this logical node
carries the trip information to XCBR. XCBR
signifies circuit breaker which performs the action
to control the received commands [9].
Protection IED
PTRC PDIF
SV (Ethernet)
SV (Ethernet)
Merging Unit
TVTR TCTR
V I
VT CT
 Kumari and Singh; AIR, 21(1): 50-66, 2020; Article no.AIR.54992

4. DESCRIPTION OF MAIN INTELLIGENT fundamental equipments which are essential for

COMPONENTS
Merging Unit: Merging Unit (Shown in pilot
installation - Fig. 8) is mainly constituted
of non-conventional instrument transformers
(NCIT’s) capable of measuring current and
voltage. NCIT’s are well trusted with the
objective to facilitate and close-pack the
primary components. To facilitate relays, meters
and bay devices, NCIT’s are the basic
measurement, control and giving protection to
the energy network because a precise
modification of secondary components is
crucial to deliver to Intelligent Electronic
Devices (IED’s) and digitated relays. Digital
interface is a necessity to communicate
with digital relays and IED’s and NCIT’s
only support the measurement of high
transmission analogue current and voltage
signals.

Fig. 8. Merging unit

(Courtesy: ABB)

Fig. 9. Integrated smart terminal

57
 Kumari and Singh; AIR, 21(1): 50-66, 2020; Article no.AIR.54992

Fig. 10. Pilot installation Laufenburg (Germany)

[Courtesy: ABB]

Fig. 11. Protection panel with IED

[Courtesy: ABB]

However, IEC 61850 necessitates digital Merging Unit can be described as an interface
interface in the form of smart devices. Therefore, IED that receives multiple sampled values from

58
 Kumari and Singh; AIR, 21(1): 50-66, 2020; Article no.AIR.54992
CT’s/VT’s (Optical / Conventional) and delivers
multiple digital point to point unidirectional time-
synchronized output. The use of Electronic CT’s
and VT’s is highly recommended because of no
saturation effect, no effect of electromagnetic
interference and no flammable insulation material
such as oil, etc [10].
Smart Terminal (Intelligent Terminal):
Conforming with IEC 61850, Intelligent Terminal
features an interface which acts as a nexus
between process level bus and bay layer devices
for data exchange. Synchronous sampling is
obtained through input interface for protection
and measurement equipments. The design of
intelligent terminal supports further update and
can be configured as per need. GOOSE
messages and MMS are received in milliseconds
through optical fiber linked to smart terminal
(Figs. 9 and 10) [11].
Intelligent Electronic Device: Monitoring, safety
and supervision control are the most important
functions to facilitate the automation of
substation. Each function has specific tasks and
is called as logical node as according to IEC
61850 standard. IED is formed of many such
nodes. These nodes are further parted into
naming structures, data objects, data attributes,
services, and commands etc. Interoperability is
the most profitable characteristic of IEC 61850
standard, so IED supports it for further
integration and reconfiguration with latest
communication systems.
5. PROPOSED UPGRADATION
The existing 220 kV Ferozepur Road substation
located in Ludhiana city opposite Milk Plant on
Ferozepur Road under PSTCL (Punjab State
Transmission Corporation Limited) was taken as
reference to purpose upgradation for the modern
electricity scenario by advanced smart devices.
The smart equipments to be used as
replacement or to be integrated have been
discussed above. The architecture followed in
accordance with IEC 61850 standard have also
been produced in this paper.
For the upgradation purpose, the key diagram of
existing 220 kV Ferozepur Road substation has
been divided into 4 parts just for the sake of
convenience. In the single line diagram, the
proposed technique in order to upgrade the
substation into a smart substation was drawn
with the help of AUTOCAD software. The four
parts are shown with red dotted lines in the
59
drawing. Further, blue dotted lines are used to
indicate the smart devices in the attached
drawing (Fig. 12).
The existing 220 kV substation can be made
more efficient by converting it into smart fully
digitized substation to be completely in pace with
the latest technology. The single line diagram of
the proposed system is Fig. 13.
6. SIMULATION MODELLING OF POWER
SYSTEM
The single line diagram of a simple power
system to be modelled is as given in Fig. 14.
6.1 Complete Power System Modelled in
Matlab/Simulink
The modelled power system is composed of
220kV programmable voltage source, 4 buses,
one 220/66kV step down transformer, 10 km
transmission line, three phase fault exerted
between bus 2 and bus 3 and load. The
complete modelling of power system is shown in
Fig. 15.
Simulation results of three-phase fault has been
briefed in result section for the fault current
between bus 2 and bus 3. But in order to test the
Merging Unit whether Sampled Value message
is sent to process bus by MU, further signal
arrangement has to be done with MU.
The power system with MU’s attached is
presented in Fig. 16.
RT-Lab Real Time Simulator software has been
used to integrate IEC61850 Merging Unit with the
MATLAB/Simulink. This software allows to
integrate its RT library with Simulink library for
the development with real-time simulation. It
consists of IEC61850 library. Opal IEC61850
Merging Unit block illustrates an MU in the
IEC61850 architecture. The MU comprise of
TVTR and TCTR logical nodes. It amalgamates
the voltage and current values in one dataset in
the form of SV message for transmission to
IED’s. In OpIEC61850 Merging Unit block; V, I,
QA and Stop represents four input vectors used
to specify the SVs. Clock appears only in case of
selection of external clock. The vectors V [Va,
Vb, Vc, Vn] and I [Ia, Ib, Ic, In] signifies three-
phase V/I and neutral V/I. Quality Attributes
symbolized by QA is an 8-element vector of V/I
dataset [QVa, QVb, QVc, QVn, QIa, QIb, QIc,
QIn]. Each element is a 16-bit value. The
output Err gives the error status.
 KEY DIAGRAM OF 220K.V. S/S FEROZPUR ROAD LUDHIANA

MODEL TOWN
DUGRI

25 06 017 021

SOUTH CITY
01

SAPRE
29 025 025

S / NGR - DC COMPLEX

HUMBRAN
HAIBOWAL -1
HAIBOWAL -2
PAU- FOUNTAIN CHOWK
220 KV LALTON 220 KV HUMBRAN 26 30 02 05 018
2 022 026 026
0.4Sq. Inch 0.4Sq. Inch
400-200/ 800-400/ 800-400/ 800-400/ 800-400/ 800-400/ 800-400/ 800-400/ 800-400/
1/1/1 1/1/1 1/1/1 1/1/1 1/1/1 2x 0.4Sq. Inch 1/1/1 1/1/1 1/1/1 1/1/1
2x 0.4Sq. Inch GAS CIRCUIT C-7 C-8 C-1 C-2 BUS BAR NO C-3 C-5 C-6 C-15
SF-6 SF-6
1 BUS BAR NO BREAKER
ALSTOM ALSTOM ABB
SF-6 SF-6
CGL
1 SF6
CGL
SF6
CGL
MOCB
ALIND ALSTOM
SF6
ABB
1
800-400/ 800-400/
1/1/1 1/1/1 031 039 03 07 019 023 027 027
SF6 BREAKER SF6 BREAKER
CGL A2 CGL A3 LA
032 040 04 08 020 024 028 028
PT
2x 0.4Sq. Inch 2x 0.4Sq. Inch 2x 0.4Sq. Inch 2x 0.4Sq. Inch
BUS BAR NO BUS BAR NO BUS BAR NO
2 2 LA 66 KV PT
2
LA
2x 0.4Sq. Inch 2x 0.4Sq. Inch
600-300 /.577-1-1-1-1-1A 300-150 /.577-1-1-1-1-1A BUS BAR NO BUS BAR NO
2 1
SF-6 SF-6 20 MVA
SIEMENS A-4 CGL A-3 66 KV SF-6
LA 66/11 KV T/F ALSTOM C-13

LA
LA 3 T-3 ECE 038 037 CAP. CAP. CAP.
160 MVA 100 MVA 400-200-100/.577/1/1 BANK BANK BANK
20 MVA NO -1 NO -2 NO -3
220/66 KV T/F 220/66 KV T/F 66 KV SF6
66/11 KV T/F ABB C-11 364x36 364x36

LA
T-5 BHEL T-4 BHARAT BIJLI 364x36
T-1 TA 040 039 =13.104 =13.104 =13.104
MVAR

4x 0.4Sq. Inch
MVAR MVAR
LA 200-100/.577/1/1
16/20 MVA
2000-1000/.577-1-1-1-1-1A 66 KV SF6
C-14
2x 0.4Sq. Inch

66/11 KV T/F ABB C-12

LA

1000-500/.577-1-1-1-1-1A

60
T-2 APEX 041 042 SF-6
SF-6 SF-6 CGL
ABB C-10 ABB C-9 200-100/.577/1/1

800-400/ CAP. CAP.

PT 1/1/1
4x 0.4Sq. Inch 4x 0.4Sq. Inch BANK BANK
NO -5 NO -4
400-200/ 364x36
1/1/1 364x36
2x 0.4Sq. Inch

=13.104 =13.104
LA MVAR MVAR

[Divided into 4 sections]

C-4
SF-6
SIEMENS

2 2
3X 11 KV XLPE CABLE 300 MM 3X 11 KV XLPE CABLE 300 MM

Fig. 12. SLD of 220kV substation

2
3X 11 KV XLPE CABLE 300 MM
CGL
CGL

CGL
A. BOND

AREVA
ALSTOM
ALSTOM
ALSTOM
ALSTOM
ALSTOM
ALSTOM
ABB

BHEL
SIEMENS
STEL MEC

MAGAWIN
GEC ALSTOM
GEC ALSTOM
GEC ALSTOM
GEC ALSTOM
GEC ALSTOM
GEC ALSTOM
GEC ALSTOM
GEC ALSTOM
GEC ALSTOM
GEC ALSTOM
GEC ALSTOM
GEC ALSTOM
GEC ALSTOM
GEC ALSTOM
GEC ALSTOM
GEC ALSTOM

LT
PANNEL
SPARE 200-100/5/5A

GURDEV HOSPITAL 400-200/5/5A

FMI 400-200/5/5A

INCOMING-3 1200-600/5/5/1/.577

SPARE 400-200/5/5A
AARTI 400-200/5/5A
BUS COUPLER 1200-600/5/5A
CAP BANK 300-150/5/5A

COUNTRY HOME 400-200/5/5A

GURDEV NAGAR 400-200/5/5A
SBS NAGAR 400-200/5/5A
CAP BANK 400-200/5/5A
SANCHAR COLONY 400-200/5/5A
INCOMING -1 1200-600/5/5A
BHARAT NAGAR 400-200/5/5A
MILK PLANT 200-100/5/5A
VISHAL TOWER 200 - 100/5/5A
BUS COUPLER 1200 - 600/5/5A
MANDIR WALA 400 - 200/5/5A
PAKHOWAL RD. 400 - 200/5/5A
MODEL GRAM 400 - 200/5/5A
B.R.S. NAGAR 400 - 200/5/5A
INCOMING -3 1200 - 600/5/5A

GADVASU 200 - 100/5/5A

CFC SCHOOL 200 - 100/5/5A
T.P SCHOOL 400 - 200/5/5A
COLONY 200 - 100/5/5A
CAP BANK 400 - 200/5/5A

AGAR NAGAR 400-200/5/5A

SUNET 400 - 200/5/5A
SAB SATATION 200 - 100/5/5A
SARABHA NAGAR 400 - 200/5/5A
Kumari and Singh; AIR, 21(1): 50-66, 2020; Article no.AIR.54992
 61
Fig. 13. Complete SLD of system
LA

MU
ST
MU
ST
MU
ST
220 KV LALTON

SPARE 400-200/5/5A
BHEL
MU
ST

INCOMING-3 1200-600/ 5/5/1/.577

MAGAWIN
FMI 400-200/5/5A
Fibre Optic Cables
220 KV HUMBRAN

4x 0.4Sq. Inch

AREVA
COUNTRY HOME 400-200/5/5A
ALSTOM
2x 0.4Sq. Inch

GURDEV NAGAR 400-200/5/5A

ALSTOM
MU
ST
MU
ST

SBS NAGAR 400-200/5/5A

ALSTOM
LA

AARTI 400-200/5/5A
ALSTOM
MU

GURDEV HOSPITAL 400-200/ 5/5A

ALSTOM
CAP BANK 400-200/ 5/5A ALSTOM
4x 0.4Sq. Inch

BUS COUPLER 1200-600/5/5A

ABB
SIEMENS
3X 11 KV XLPE CABLE 300 MM

CAP BANK 300-150/5/5A

2
MU

3X 11 KV XLPE CABLE 300 MM

2

SANCHAR COLONY 400-200/ 5/5A CGL

2
1

4x 0.4Sq. Inch
SPARE 200-100/5/5A
2x 0.4Sq. Inch
2x 0.4Sq. Inch

BUS BAR NO

GEC ALSTOM
BUS BAR NO

ST

INCOMING -1 1200-600/ 5/5A

GEC ALSTOM
SAPRE
ST

MU

BHARAT NAGAR 400-200/5/5A GEC ALSTOM

ST

MILK PLANT 200-100/5/5A GEC ALSTOM

GADVASU 200 - 100/5/5A GEC ALSTOM
ST

MU

AGAR NAGAR 400-200/5/5A GEC ALSTOM

ST

VISHAL TOWER 200 - 100/5/5A GEC ALSTOM

HUMBRAN
ST

MU

To Feeders
CFC SCHOOL 200 - 100 /5/5A GEC ALSTOM
2
ST

SUNET 400 - 200/5/5A GEC ALSTOM

2x 0.4Sq. Inch
BUS BAR NO

T.P SCHOOL 400 - 200 /5/5A GEC ALSTOM

HAIBOWAL -1
ST

MU

T-1 TA
20 MVA
20 MVA

T-3 ECE

T-2 APEX

SAB SATATION 200 - 100/5/5A

16/20 MVA

A. BOND
ST

66/11 KV T/F
66/11 KV T/F
66/11 KV T/F

BUS COUPLER 1200 - 600/5/5A GEC ALSTOM

LA LA LA
HAIBOWAL -2
ST

MU

MANDIR WALA 400 - 200/5/5A GEC ALSTOM

MU
MU
MU
ST

2
LA

ST
ST
ST

PAKHOWAL RD. 400 - 200 /5/5A GEC ALSTOM

3X 11 KV XLPE CABLE 300 MM

2x 0.4Sq. Inch
BUS BAR NO

2
2x 0.4Sq. Inch
MU

COLONY 200 - 100/5/5A GEC ALSTOM

ST
ST
ST
ST
ST

SARABHA NAGAR 400 - 200/5/5A GEC ALSTOM

LA

MODEL GRAM 400 - 200/5/5A GEC ALSTOM

MU

2x 0.4Sq. Inch PAU- FOUNTAIN CHOWK

ST

MU

B.R.S. NAGAR 400 - 200/5/5A

CGL
1
ST

MU
MU
INCOMING -3 1200 - 600/5/5A
2x 0.4Sq. Inch
BUS BAR NO

CGL S / NGR - DC COMPLEX

MU
ST

ST
ST
CAP BANK 400 - 200/5/5A
STEL MEC
ST

CAP.
MODEL TOWN

MVAR
364x36
NO -1

=13.104
BANK
MU
ST

2
ST

2x 0.4Sq. Inch
BUS BAR NO

CAP.

CAP.
NO -2
364x36

MVAR
BANK

364x36

MVAR
NO -5
=13.104

=13.104
BANK
DUGRI

IED's
ST

MU

ST

CAP.

CAP.
364x36

MVAR
NO -3
=13.104

NO -4
364x36

MVAR
BANK

BANK

=13.104

IED's
IED's
Kumari and Singh; AIR, 21(1): 50-66, 2020; Article no.AIR.54992
 Kumari and Singh; AIR, 21(1): 50-66, 2020; Article no.AIR.54992

Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3

Programmable
Voltage Source
Transmission Line
220 / 66 kV Voltage regulator
Step Down
Transformer
Load
Merging Unit

A/D SV Publisher
CT/PT based on IED
Converter
IEC 61850

Fig. 14. Simple power system model

Fig. 15. Power system modelling in Matlab/Simulink

After the conversion of NCIT signals to a single analogue signals into digital signal. The signal is
vector, it is to be fed into the Merging Units. to be transmitted to Ethernet. Process bus
The configuration of Merging Unit is given in receives the information in the Sampled Value
Fig. 18. form.

6.2 Complete System Integration The purpose of modelling a power system is to

The developed model in order to test various
protection functions is shown in the screenshot
where the formulated power system has been
merged with NCIT. The subsystem has been
created indicating ECT and EVT (Electronic
Current and voltage transformers) model
integrated with Merging Unit to convert the
test the merging unit by simulation if it sends the
Samples Values. This needs to be connected
through fibre optic cables enabling IEC61850
protocol signals. The performance can be
analyzed using the modelled power system. The
network packet analyzing software Wireshark
has been used to capture SV from the connected
MU’s.

62
 Kumari and Singh; AIR, 21(1): 50-66, 2020; Article no.AIR.54992

Fig. 16. Model of power system with NCIT’s

Fig. 17. RT-LAB OpIEC61850 merging unit block

63
 Kumari and Singh; AIR, 21(1): 50-66, 2020;; Article no.AIR.54992

Fig. 18.. Configuration of RT-LAB

RT OpIEC61850 merging unit block

Fig. 19. Complete system integration

64

7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7.1 Comparative Analysis of Smart Substation and Conventional Substation
Table 1. Comparative analysis of smart substation and conventional substation
Smart substation
Smart substation is IEC 61850 standard
compliant that is fully advanced with upgraded
communication.
Electronic current transformer has no
saturation effect and immunity to
electromagnetic interference.
Non-conventional instrument transformers can
be integrated into Merging Units. The other
secondary equipments can be merged into
Intelligent terminal. Then both can be
formulated into Integrated Intelligent Terminal.
So compact size reduces space and lowers
maintenance.
Hence compactness is bound to reduce cost.
Fiber Optic Cables to be replaced with copper
wires with no electromagnetic interference plus
it has the capability to transmit at higher data
rates over long distances. Less cost.
It uses high speed Ethernet generally with 100
MBps enabling SV, GOOSE and MMS and
integrated with existing SCADA system.
Monitoring, protection and immediate decision
making functions completely digitized making
the system more stable, reliable and cost-
effective.
Intelligent Electronic Devices are employed in
intelligent substation which uses logical nodes.
It employs protection and control function
digitally with improved operation.
Automatic fault clearance capability within few
milliseconds.
8. CONCLUSION
A Smart substation, an indispensable part of the
smart grid, is latest technology and the hot topic
being discussed around. The main components
of smart substation to be initially used and
developed is discussed in the paper. The
integrated intelligent terminal and intelligent
electronic devices blocks were used in single line
diagram of 220 kV Ferozepur Road
substation. The three layers of the smart
substation are described, and functional
architecture of substation is designed using
AutoCAD software. The proposed model of
power system created in MATLAB/Simulink
has been used to understand the behaviour of
system in case of fault. At last, a comparative
65
Kumari and Singh; AIR, 21(1): 50-66, 2020; Article no.AIR.54992
Conventional substation
Conventional substation is complied with Indian
Electricity Act, 2003.
Conventional CT installed causes saturation in
the core leading to non-linear excitation. It is
affected by the electromagnetic interference.
Conventional current and voltage transformers
and secondary equipments are used which are
not efficient enough and occupies large space.
Heavy cost is imposed on the system.
Large cabling required, generally copper wires
are used. Hence costing is enormous.
Power Line Carrier communication have been
installed for the communication purpose. SCADA
is being used.
Used method of communication causes delay in
the safeguarding of equipments in case of
outages because of slow communication.
Not so efficient protection and control system is
available in existing substation system.
Fault clearance time is large.
analysis has been penned to show the
contrasting features between the existing and
intelligent substation. Though communication
part still needs to be worked upon a lot
and the time synchronization can be a good
research for further work to test between
different Merging Units and Intelligent
Electronic Devices. The merging units can
be more technologically advanced
(standalone merging units) in near future for
interoperability which is the main focus of IEC
61850.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing
interests exist.
 Kumari and Singh; AIR, 21(1): 50-66, 2020; Article no.AIR.54992

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License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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