School: Cantonment Public School and College, Saidpur

Subject: Physics

1. Chapter 2
(a) A body is said to have uniform velocity if it covers equal distance in equal intervals of
time in a particular direction, however the time intervals may be.
(b) A physical quantity which requires both magnitude and direction to be expressed fully
are called vector quantities. Since acceleration has both magnitude and direction, it is
called a vector quantity.
(c) According to the table, acceleration on first 20 sec, a=1 ms−2.
1 2 1 −2 2
In this time the car crosses, s1=ut + at = ×1 ms × ( 20 s ) =200 m.
2 2
In next 5 s, the car is in constant velocity, v=20 ms−1 ,
−1
so traveled distance, s2=vt=20 ms ×5 s=100 m.
So total distance crossed, s=s 1+ s 2=200 m+100 m=300m .
(d) According to the information stated in the table of the stem, the acceleration of the car
changes from time to time,
Time (Sec) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Acceleration(ms− 2) 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 -1 -1
So the acceleration vs time graph would be
m1=15 gm=0.015 kg

2. Chapter 3 & 4
(a) The characteristic that a stationary body wants to be stationary or a body in motion
wants to keep its motion, unless a force is applied, is called inertia.
(b) Friction is considered as a necessary evil. We cannot do anything without the force of
friction. If there was no friction, the motion of a body would not cease at all and
continue perpetually. Friction has made it possible to write on a paper with a pencil or a
pen. We can walk as there is a friction between our shoes and the ground. To make the
life and works easier we need friction.
−1
(c) Given the mass of the bullet, m1=15 gm=0.015 kg, and its velocity, v1 =350 ms .
We know that kinetic energy,
1 2
T = mv
2
so kinetic energy of the bullet,
1 2 1
T = m1 v 1= ×0.015 kg × ( 350 ms ) =980.75 J
−1
2 2
(d) Let the mass of the bullet be m1, and the mass of the gun be m 2. Since both the bullet and
the gun are initially at rest, their initial velocity is zero. Then, if the velocity of the bullet
after shooting is v1, and the velocity of the gun is v 2, then
m2
m 1 v 1+ m2 v 2=0 ⇒ v 1=− v
m1 2
From this equation, if the value of m1 is decreased and m2 is increased the backward
velocity of the gun will decrease. Therefore, in order to reduce the backward velocity of
the gun more the two below steps have to be taken-
i. reduce the mass of the bullet,
ii. increase the mass of the gun.
3. Chapter 4
(a) The ratio of the amount of work done by a machine and total given energy is called the
efficiency of that machine.
 (b) Potential energy is the measure of the deviation of position or state of a body from its
normal value. So, the amount of deviation of these quantities define the potential energy
stored within the body. Gravitational potential energy is the energy which is equal to the
work done by the external source to lift a body from ground to a definite attitude. So, it
depends on the gravitational force exerted upon the body and the height to the body is
lifted to. Since the height of a free falling body decreases, the potential energy decreases
as well.
(c) Given the height, h=40 m, and the initial velocity, u=0 ms−1 .
We know that gravitational acceleration, g=9.8 ms−2.
If the time taken by the object to fall on the ground is t, then
1
h=ut+ g t 2 ⇒t=
2 √ √ 2h
g
=
2 × 40 m
9.8 ms
−2
=2.86 s
(d) Let the kinetic energy of the object is one third of potential energy at a height x from the
ground. Given the height, h=40 m, and the initial velocity, u=0 ms−1 .
Now
1 1 2 1
Ek = E p ⇒ mv x = mgx
3 2 3
2 2
Since v x =u +2 g ( h− x )=2 g ( h − x ) , we can write
1 1
m× 2 g ( h − x )= mgx
2 3
1
⇒h − x= x
3
3 3
⇒ x= h= × 40 m=30 m
4 4
Ans: 30 m.
4. Chapter 5
(a) Density is any object’s mass per volume.
(b) Density of water is 1000 kgm −3 means that 1 cubic meter of water has a mass of 1000 kg,
and if the mass specified is extremely accurate then the water temperature must be at
3.98 C because, by definition, 1 cubic meter of water at this temperature, has a mass of
1000 kg.
(c) Given the area of the small piston, A1=6 cm 2, and the area of the large piston,
2
A2=12cm . The force on the small piston, F 1=20 N . If the force on the large piston is
F 2, We know that
F1 A1
=
F2 A2
A2 12cm
2
⇒ F 2 = × F 1= × 20 N =40 N
A1 6 cm
2

Ans: 40 N.
(d) Given the force on the small piston, F 1=20 N , and displacement, x 1=4 cm=0.04 m.
Hence work done by the first piston,
W 1=F 1 x 1=20 N ×0.04 m=0.8 J
Similarly work done on the second piston, W 2=F 2 x 2.
From (c), we’ve F 2=40 N . And displacement x 2 is to be determined by the formula
A1 x1 =A 2 x 2
A 6 cm
2
⇒ x 2= 1 × x 1 = ×0.04 m=0.02m
A2 12 cm
2

Hence W 2=40 N × 0.02 m=0.8 J .

So the work done in the larger and the smaller piston will be the same.
5. Chapter 4
(a) A fossil fuel is a hydrocarbon-containing material formed naturally in the Earth's crust
from the remains of dead plants and animals that is extracted and burned as a fuel.
(b) Geothermal energy is called renewable energy because its source is the almost unlimited
amount of heat generated by the Earth's core. Even in geothermal areas dependent on a
reservoir of hot water, the volume taken out can be re-injected, making it a sustainable
energy source.
(c) [Insufficient Information]
(d) [Insufficient Information]
6. Chapter 8
(a) A mirror is made by giving a reflecting coating on a smooth surface. Generally a mirror
is prepared by giving metal coating on one surface of glass. This process of coating with
mercury or silver on glass is called silvering.
(b) The focal length is the distance from a lens or mirror to the focal point. This is the
distance from a lens or mirror at which parallel light rays will meet. So if a mirror has
the focal length of 40cm. it means that the distance from the mirror to the focal point is
40 cm.
(c) Given the radius of the concave mirror, r =40 cm .
r
We know the focal length of the mirror, f =
2
40 cm
So f = =20 cm.
2
(d) From (c), the focal length of the mirror, f= 20 cm
the object is placed at u= 60 cm.
If the image of the object forms at a distance v, then we know
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + ⇒ = −
f u v v f u
1 1 1 1
⇒ = − =
v 20 cm 60 cm 30 cm
⇒ v=30 cm
v 30 cm
And the magnification, m= = =0.5
u 60 cm
Hence the position of the image: 30 cm, behind the mirror,
Shape of the image: Smaller than the object
Nature of the image: virtual, straight.
7. Chapter 7
(a) The number of complete waves produced in one second is called frequency of the wave.
(b) Bat flies using the echo of sound as it cannot see. But can produce and hear ultrasonic
sound. It produces ultrasonic sound and spread it forward which reflects back to the bat
from a reflector. Bat can understand from the reflected sound if there is any object before
it. It the sound doesn't reflect back then it can understand that there is open space and it
flies that way. This is the flying mechanism of bat.
−1
(c) We know that at 0 o C temperature, the speed of sound in the air, v 0=332 ms . And the
speed of sound at any temperature T in the air is
vT =v 0 +0.6 ×T
Given the temperature of that day, T =30o C ,
So the speed of sound,
−1 −1 −1
v=332 ms +0.6 ×30 ms =350 ms
 (d) The minimum time interval to hear an echo is 0.1 s. So if the temperature of that day is
o −1
T =30 C , then from (c), the speed of sound is v=350 ms .
vt 350 ms−1 ×0.1 s
So the minimum distance to hear an echo, d= = =17.5 m.
2 2
But given the depth of the well is 16 meter. So no echo of the clapping would be heard
after the low tide.
8. Chapter 11
(a) Resistance is an electrical quantity that measures how the device or material reduces the
electric current flow through it. The ratio of the resistance of a piece of a material to the
resistance of a piece of specified material, such as annealed copper, having the same
dimensions and temperature is called relative resistance.
(b) Earth wires are usually thicker. This will ensure that if we connect the earth first then
that will increase our safety and the device's safety if any fault occurs. Also, the earth pin
is made thicker so that even by mistake also it cannot be inserted into the holes for the
live or neutral connection of the socket. So, this increases the efficiency.
(c) In the diagram R3=4 Ω and R4 =12 Ωare connected in parallel. So their equivalent
12
resistance, R p = Ω=3 Ω . Now R p and R2=4 Ω are connected in series, so their
1+3
equivalent resistance would be R s=3 Ω+4 Ω=7 Ω.
Now R s and R1=6 Ω are in parallel connection, so the equivalent resistance of the whole
circuit would be
R s × R1 6 ×7 42
Req = = Ω= Ω
R s+ R 1 6+7 13
(d) For R1=6 Ω, the voltage difference, V 1=E=24 V .
2 2
V 1 ( 24 V )
Hence power, P1= = =96 W
R1 6Ω
Now for R2=4 Ω, the current through it,
E 24 V 52
I= = = A
R eq 42 7
Ω
13
52 108
Hence voltage difference, V 2=IR 2= A × 4 Ω= V
7 7

So power,
P2=
7(
108 2
V
52 .
= W
)
4Ω 7
It can be seen that the resistance power of R1 and R2 is not the same.