Preface............................................................................................................

xix
Acknowledgments........................................................................................xxiii

Chapter 1 Key Factors That Shape All Teaching..............................................1

A Paradigm Shift.......................................................................................2
The Spectrum............................................................................................4
The Benefits of a Universal Theory..........................................................6

Chapter 2 An Overview........................................................................................7
A Framework about Teaching and Learning.............................................7
An Overview of the Spectrum...................................................................8
The O–T–L–O Relationships..................................................................13
The Need for a Spectrum........................................................................15

Chapter 3 The Anatomy of Any Teaching Style..............................................19

The Pre-Impact Set..................................................................................22
The Impact Set........................................................................................24
The Post-Impact Set................................................................................25

Chapter 4 Feedback................................................................................................27
Four Feedback Categories.......................................................................28
Feedback Combinations..........................................................................41
Degree of Privacy During Feedback.......................................................43
Summary of the Assets and Liabilities
of Different Forms of Feedback..............................................................45

Chapter 5 Cognition...........................................................................................47
Cognition: The Premise...........................................................................48
A General Model for the Flow of Conscious Thinking...........................49
12
13 CONTENTS 13

Convergent and Divergent Thinking.......................................................53

The Discovery Threshold........................................................................55
The Role of Cognitive Operations...........................................................56
Cognitive Operations and Verbal Behavior.............................................62
Creativity—A Different Viewpoint.........................................................68
Cognition and Wait Time........................................................................70
Designing the Subject Matter..................................................................71

Chapter 6 The Command Style—A..................................................................76

 The Anatomy of the Command Style......................................................78
The Implementation of the Command Style...........................................80
The Implications of the Command Style.................................................85
Subject Matter Considerations................................................................85
Style-Specific Comments........................................................................86
Common Pitfalls to Avoid.......................................................................88
The Developmental Channels.................................................................89
Design Variations....................................................................................91

Chapter 7 The Practice Style—B...........................................................................94

The Anatomy of the Practice Style.........................................................95
The Implementation of the Practice Style...............................................96
The Implications of the Practice Style..................................................101
Selecting and Designing the Subject Matter.........................................102
Style-Specific Comments......................................................................107
The Developmental Channels...............................................................110

Chapter 8 The Reciprocal Style—C.....................................................................116

The Anatomy of the Reciprocal Style...................................................117
The Implementation of the Reciprocal Style.........................................119
The Implications of the Reciprocal Style..............................................124
Selecting and Designing the Subject Matter and Criteria Sheet............124
Style-Specific Comments......................................................................131
The Developmental Channels...............................................................136

14 Contents 14

Chapter 9 The Self-Check Style—D................................................................141

The Anatomy of the Self-Check Style..................................................143
The Implementation of the Self-Check Style........................................144
The Implications of the Self-Check Style.............................................145
Selecting and Designing the Subject Matter and Criteria Sheet............147
Style-Specific Comments......................................................................149
The Developmental Channels...............................................................150

Chapter 10 The Inclusion Style—E..................................................................156

The Concept of Inclusion......................................................................157
The Anatomy of the Inclusion Style.....................................................159
The Implementation of the Inclusion Style...........................................160
The Implications of the Inclusion Style................................................165
Selecting and Designing the Subject Matter.........................................168
Style-Specific Comments......................................................................178
 The Developmental Channels...............................................................180

Chapter 11 Issues Common to All Teaching Styles.........................................188

Task Teaching, Learning Centers, and Station Teaching......................188
Organizational Options..........................................................................189
The Demonstration................................................................................199
Implementing the Spectrum Theory......................................................201
The Lesson Plan....................................................................................204
Terminology..........................................................................................209

Chapter 12 The Guided Discovery Style—F....................................................212

The Anatomy of the Guided Discovery Style.............................................213
The Implementation of the Guided Discovery Style.............................214
The Implications of the Guided Discovery Style..................................218
Selecting and Designing the Subject Matter.........................................219
Style-Specific Comments......................................................................220
The Developmental Channels................................................................222
Examples in Physical Education and Related Areas.............................222
Suggested Topics to be Taught by Guided Discovery...........................233

15 CONTENTS 15

Chapter 13 The Convergent Discovery Style—G............................................237

The Anatomy of the Convergent Discovery Style.................................238
The Implementation of the Convergent Discovery Style......................239
Selecting and Designing the Subject Matter.........................................239
The Implications of the Convergent Discovery Style............................242
Style-Specific Comments......................................................................242
The Developmental Channels................................................................245
Combining Styles..................................................................................246

Chapter 14 The Divergent Discovery Style—H...............................................247

The Concept of Divergent Discovery....................................................248
The Anatomy of the Divergent Discovery Style...................................249
The Implementation of the Divergent Discovery Style.........................250
The Implications of the Divergent Discovery Style..............................253
Selecting and Designing the Subject Matter.........................................255
The P–F–D Process.......................................................................................263
Style-Specific Comments......................................................................269
The Developmental Channels................................................................271

Chapter 15 The Learner-Designed Individual Program Style—I..................274

 The Anatomy of the Learner-Designed Individual Program Style........276
The Implementation of the Learner-Designed
Individual Program Style......................................................................277
Subject Matter Considerations..............................................................279
The Implications of the Learner-Designed Individual Program Style....279
Style-Specific Comments......................................................................280
The Developmental Channels...............................................................282

Chapter 16 The Learner-Initiated Style—J.....................................................283

The Anatomy of the Learner-Initiated Style.........................................284
The Implementation of the Learner-Initiated Style...............................285
Subject Matter Considerations..............................................................287
The Implications of the Learner-Initiated Style....................................287
Style-Specific Comments......................................................................288
The Developmental Channels................................................................288

16 Contents

Chapter 17 The Self-Teaching Style—K...........................................................290

The Anatomy of the Self-Teaching Style..............................................291
The Implications of the Self-Teaching Style.........................................291

Chapter 18 Designing Subject Matter..............................................................293

Content and Pedagogy...........................................................................293
Mosston’s Developmental Movement Concept.....................................298
Designing Subject Matter......................................................................303

Chapter 19 A Review of Spectrum Research...................................................318

Review of Spectrum Research: The Contributions of Two Eras...........318
Early Era of Spectrum Research...........................................................320
Recent Era of Spectrum Research.........................................................322
Reproduction Teaching Styles...............................................................323
Production Teaching Styles...................................................................329
Summary...............................................................................................333

Chapter 20 The Spectrum..................................................................................336

Implications Network............................................................................336
Implementing the Spectrum..............................................................338

Bibliography....................................................................................343
Index.................................................................................................349