CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Corona virus disease 2019 (covid-19) was declared as “Pandemic” by the (WHO
– World Health Organisation) in early march 2020. Globally extraordinary
measures are being adapted to combat the formidable spread of the ongoing
outbreak. Under such condition people‟s adherence to preventive measures is
greatly affected by their awareness of the disease.

Covid-19 transmits when people breath in air contaminated by droplets and small
airborne particles containing the virus .The risk of breathing these in is highest
when people are in close proximity, but they can be inhaled over longer distances
indoors.

Transmission can also occur if splashed or sprayed with contaminated fluids in

the eyes, nose or mouth and rarely, via contaminated surfaces .people remain
contagious for up to 20 days, and can spread the virus even if they do not develop
symptoms.

Several testing method have been developed to diagnose the disease .The
standard diagnostic method is by detection of the virus nucleic acid by real-time
reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),transcription-mediated
amplification(TMA) by reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal
amplification (RT-LAMP) from a nasopharyngeal swab.

Preventive measures include physical or social distancing ,quarantining,

ventilation of indoor spaces , covering cough and sneezes, hand washing and
keeping unwashed hands away from the face .The use of face mask or covering
has been recommended in public setting the minimise the risk of transmission.

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While work is underway to develop drugs that inhibit the virus (and several
vaccines for it have been approved and distributed in various countries, which
have since initiated mass vaccination campaigns), the primary treatment is
symptomatic .Management involves the treatment of symptoms, supportive care,
isolation, and experimental measure.

Biological factors (immune response) and the general behaviour (habits)

can strongly determine the consequences of covid-19. Most of those who die of
covid-19 have pre-existing (underlying) condition, including hypertension,
diabetes mellitus and cardio vascular disease. According to march data from the
united states 89% of those hospitalised has pre-existing conditions .The Italian
Istituto Superior di sanita reported that out of 8.8% of deaths where medical
charts were available ,96.1% of people had at least one comorbidity with the
average person having 3.4 disease .According to this report the most common
comorbidities are hypertension (66% of deaths), type 2 diabetes ( 29.8% of
deaths ),Ischemic Heart Disease (27.6% of deaths), atrial fibrillation( 23.1% of
deaths ) and chronic renal failure (20.2% of deaths).

World Covid-19started from Wuhan China in December 2019 but in the

short span of time, it covered almost all over the world (WHO 2020b), nearly 216
countries of the whole world are struggling. China declared first death of their
61year old citizen due to covid-19, who was exposed to the seafood market but
now death reached exponentially to 19.4 crore total cases and 14.6 lac deaths.

As India is the second largest country in the world, with the population of
135.8 million with 28 states and 8 union territories of India, where in some 826
languages and thousands of dialects are spoken. Most of the people lives in rural
areas, currently India has the largest number of confirmed cases in Asia, as of 12
June, 2021. And India reported over 33 million cases of the corona virus (Covid -
19) as of September 6, 2021, with more than 32.17 million recoveries and about
440 thousand fatalities .after a relatively controlled first wave, the country had
been reporting record numbers of new infections and deaths since April 2021 as it
experience the second wave .India has the second largest number of
confirmedcases in the world.(after the United states) with 29.3 million reported
cases and 367,081 deaths.
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Madhya Pradesh The population of MP 86.8 million an increase of 24.34% and
the population density was 464/km square. 75% of the state population resides in
villages, whose main occupation is agriculture, while the rest of the population
resides in towns. Madhya Pradesh reported 7.92 lac confirmed cases and 10,512
deaths.

Ujjain The data of population projection of year 2011-12 is 5.15 lac, which
include 2.6 lac man and 2.5 lac females with the literacy of 84.43%.

The World Health Organisation is a leading organisation involved in the global

coordination for mitigating covid-19 pandemic, within the broader United
Nation‟s response to the pandemic caused by the emergence of severe acute
respiratory syndrome Corona virus in late 2019. On 5 Jan, 2020, the world
notified about “Pneumonia of unknown cause” in China, and subsequent
followed up with investigating the disease, On 20 Jan, the WHO confirmed
human to human transmission of the disease and On 30 Jan, the WHO declared
the outbreak of public health emergency of international concern and warned all
countries to prepare. On 11 March, 2020, the WHO said that the outbreak
constituted a pandemic. By 5th October of the same year, the WHO estimated
that 10th of the world population had been infected with novel virus.

Health issues related to Covid-19

Corona virus are a large family of virus, that cause illness from the common cold
to more severe disease, such as middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV
and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV1. On December 31, 2019. A
total number of 44 patients with pneumonia of unknown aetiology were reported
to the WHO by the national authorities in China, during this the most common
clinical feature of the early clinical cases from Wuhan were fever(98.6%),
fatigue(69.6%) and dry cough(59.4%). Covid-19 infection can also cause
problems of cardiovascular system like irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia),
myocardial injury, acute coronary syndrome and obstruction of a blood vessel by
a blood clot (thromboembolism).

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To restrict the spread of Covid-19 people followed preventive measures as:

 As a social stigma, so as a consequence people are hiding their illness

ensuring their unwillingness to approach hospitals, that‟s why, we needed
to follow the lockdown- Avoid travelling by any medium, Avoid going to
market, avoid going to morning walk, avoid going to office.

 Naturopathy- exercise and yoga, eating ginger, garlic, chillies, drinking

warm water and avoid going to cold weather.

 Social Distancing- Avoid face to face meeting, wash hand and face
regularly, wear mask and sanitize.

 Ensure safe Vaccination- safe and effective vaccine are the game
changing tool, but for the foreseeable future you must continue wearing
mask, cleansing our hand, ensuring good ventilation indoors, physical
distancing and avoiding crowd.

NEED FOR THE STUDY

Covid-19 is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered virus that

transmitted through droplet generate, when an infected person coughs, sneeze or
exhales. The severity of disease and rate of morbidity and mortality indicate the
brutal state off covid-19, that‟s why we need to bring awareness among general
public to prevent covid-19 infection.

 Identifying level of public awareness on disease prevention is important to

mitigate covid-19 cases or infection.

 The aim of the study to explore the level of awareness and prevention
method of covid-19 among 25-50 year old of adults residing in slum
areas.

 The aim of the study is to explore the level of awareness and prevention is
to reduce the hospitalisation, to reduce mortality rate due to covid-19.

 Some part of the Indian society people are taking corona virus to bring
awareness among people in community, to mitigate their fear, social
discrimination and stigma regarding covid-19.
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 Now it is very clear that covid-19 is creating very disastrous effects
globally with India, people are getting panicked emotionally insecure,
depressed and in a stage of confusion, unaware about facilities provided
by the govt. regarding reliable news sources, symptoms of covid-19 and
its prevention with cure that‟s why, we need to assess the knowledge of
public and to disseminate the information in the community regarding
symptoms of covid-19 and its prevention and to make them aware about
the facilities provided by the govt.

 It is evident that the second wave of covid-19 is a result of unawareness

about preventive measures and unavailability of vaccine in the population.
In view of the scenario, this study attempted to assess the general
knowledge and awareness among people of least educated areas, such as,
slums.

 Maintaining awareness and vigilance is crucial among 25-50 year age

group, as they are the backbone of every family.

 There is a need to extend the knowledge base among 25-50 yr old

individuals to enhance their active participation in the prevention
mechanism with respect to the spread of covid-19 pandemic.

 There is a need to elaborate the Indian socio-cultural aspects, so that

society starts appreciating and voluntarily following social distancing.

 The growing pandemic of covid-19 disease requires social distancing and

personal hygiene measures to protect public health, but this message is not
clear and well understood among people.

 Equitable access of safe and effective vaccine is critical to ending the

covid-19 pandemic. So, there is a need to encourage people to get their
vaccine as soon as possible.

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 The aim of the study is to determine the awareness and common knowledge and
attitude about covid-19 and relate the behaviour of Indian society, especially
when the country is restarting all its economic activities after the lockdown.\

PROBLEM STATEMENT

“A PRE-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE

EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON
KNOWLEDGE REGARDINGPREVENTION OF COVID-19 AMONG
ADULTS RESIDING IN SLUM AREAS AT UJJAIN CITY, MP.”

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 To assess the pre-test score on knowledge regarding prevention of covid-19

among adults residing in slum areas at Ujjain city, MP.

 To assess the effectiveness of health teaching programme among adults

residing in slum areas at Ujjain city, MP.

 To find out association between effectiveness of health teaching programme

with selected demographic variables.

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 HYPOTHESIS

H1 - There will be significant knowledge regarding prevention of covid-19

among adults residing in slum areas at Ujjain city, MP.

H0 – There will be no significant knowledge regarding prevention of covid-19

among adults residing in slum areas at Ujjain city, MP.

H2 –There will be significant difference between the pre-test and post test score
of knowledge regarding prevention of covid-19 among adults residing in slum
areas at Ujjain city, MP.

H0 – There will be no significant difference between the pre-test and post test
score of knowledge regarding covid-19 among adults residing in slum areas at
Ujjain city, MP.

H3 – There will be significant association between the pre-test score with

selected demographical variables.

H0 – There will be no significant association between the pre-test score with

selected demographical variables.

ASSUMPTION

 Adults residing in slum areas may not have proper knowledge regarding
prevention covid-19.

 Adults residing in slum areas may have positive attitude towards health
teaching programme.

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 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:

Assess- In this study, assess means to find out the improved knowledge among
adults residing in slum areas at Ujjain city, MP.

Effectiveness- In this study, it referred to the impact of health teaching on

knowledge among adults residing at slum areas at Ujjain city, MP.

Covid-19 –corona virus disease (covid-19) is an infectious disease caused by a

newly discovered corona virus.

Health teaching – It refers to systematically planned health talk for people living
in slum area about the definition, cause, signs, symptoms, diagnosis and
prevention of covid-19.

Awareness –It is the state of being conscious of something. It is ability to

directly know and perceive, to feel, to be cognizant about covid-19.

Prevention – Assisting the individual to follow the instructions to reduce the

incidence of covid-19.

Slum area –A densely populated, usually urban area marked by crowding,

rundown housing, poverty and social disorganisation is slum.

DELIMITATIONS

 The study is limited to adult man and woman, who are aged between 25-
50 years.
 The study is limited to adult people of the selected slum areas.

 The study is limited to people, who can read and write Hindi.

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ETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE STUDY

 Permissions will be obtained from the concerned authorities in the

selected area to conduct of the study.

 A written consent will be obtained from the participant for their willing to
participate in the research study.

 Confidentiality and anonymity of the information provided by the people

will be maintained.

OUTLINE OF RESEARCH REPORT

Chapter 1- Introduction was dealt in the first chapter.

Chapter 2- Details with review of literature.

Chapter 3- Will explain research methodology.

Chapter 4- Will discuss data analysis and interpretation.

Chapter 5- Will include discussion, summary and conclusion, recommendation,

implication and limitation of the study.

SUMMARY

This deals with background of the study, need of the study, problem statement,
and objective of the study, operational definitions, assumption hypothesis,
delimitation and outline of research report.

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 CHAPTER-II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The term literature review refers is used in two ways by the research
community. The first refers to the activities involved in identifying and
searching for information on a topic and developing an understanding of
the state of knowledge on the topic.
(Polit And Hungler 1999)

The investigator carried out an extensive review of literature on the

research topic in order to deeper insight into the problem as well as to
collect maximum relevant information for building up of the study.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The review of literature is classified under the following headings.

1. Review of literature related to incidence of covid-19 in world.

2. Review of literature related to effective and planned health teaching

program.

3. Review of literature related to assessment of knowledge regarding covid-

19 among adults.

4. Review of literature related to prevention of covid-19 in slum areas.

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 Literature related to incidence of covid-19 in world.

H. Harpan (2020)- cited by 802 conducted a study on 2019 an outbreak of

corona virus disease (Covid) which caused by a novel severe acute respiratory
syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-COV-2) occurred in Wuhan city china. On
January 30, 2020 the world health organization declared the outbreak as a public
health emergency of international concern. In literature review, the causative
agent pathogenesis and immune responses, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment
and management of the disease. According to national health commission of
china, the mortality rate among confirmed caused in china was 2.1% as of
February 4 and the mortality rate was 0.27.Among cases outside china. Among
patient admitted to hospitals the mortality ranged between 11% to15%.

Vincent. E. Mangum (2020)- In December 2019 conducted this study on covid-

19 was detected in Wuhan, china and declared a pandemic in march 2020.The
centers for disease control prevention (CDC) says it has been detected in nearly
200 countries and state. Gaglioli etal (2020) repeat that during March 2020 in
Georgia, 80% of all hospitalization reported were non-Hispanic African Geglisti
etal (2020) also found that in Georgia the covid -19 infection rate was
significantly and positively correlated with the African -American proportion of
country population
.
Dr. Abhishek Sharma, Dr. Bhuvnesh Kumar Sharma, Dr. Ramandeep
Singh, et all -(2020): shows that this contagious disease is 3rd acute contagious
disease which is caused by infection due to corona virus in current century after
anticipated SARS. The disease of covid-19 shows mild or negligible symptoms in
most of the population .Final diagnosis of virus is confirmed by presence of virus
in the separations of respiratory tract with the help of molecular tests. On 7
January 2020, 1st case of this pandemic was detected in city of Wuhan .Recently
corona virus has become a critical condition of international concern of public
health, WHO stated it‟s danger to the extreme highest level. This virus has
damaging effect over various human organs like, lungs, can disrupt cardiac
function by affecting the heart, may lead to renal problem by affecting the

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kidneys, hepatic dysfunction, and affects genital orangs of the human body. Going
through the literature the patients, who all tested positive for covid-19, ultimately
lead towards acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in 67.3% of cases, acute
kidney injury in 28.9% of cases, disrupted hepatic function in 28.9% of cases and
cardiac injury in23.1% of cases and on the 28th day mortality rate was 61.5%.The
process of naming the novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) which emerged in Wuhan
China in December 2019, has created some controversies. In this review, the
WHO convention of referring to the disease conditions as novel corona virus
disease. The virus will be referred to as SARS-related CoV-2, or SARS-CoV-28.

Francesco Di Gennaro, Damiano Pizzol, Claudia Marotta, Mario Antunes,

et all ( 1 April (2020)-have constructed the covid 19 epidemic expanded in
early December from Wuhan china‟s 7th most populous city, on the second of
march 2020,67 territories outside mainland china had reported 8565 confirm
cases of covid 19 with 132 death, as well as significant community transmit ion
occurring in several countries worldwide, including Iran and Italy and it was
declared a global pandemic by the WHO on the 11th of march 2020.The number
of confirmed cases Is constantly increasing worldwide and after Asian and
European reasons, a steep increase in cases is currently (31st March 2020)being
observed in low income countries. It is problematic to quantify the exact size of
this pandemic as it would necessary to count all cases including not only severe
and symptomatic cases but also mild ones unfortunately, to date, there is not a
global and standard response to the pandemic and each country is facing the
crises based on their own possibilities, expertise and hypothesis, based on the
data we have so far, the estimated case fatality ratio among medically attended
patient is approximately 2% but also in this case a true ratio not be known for
some time.Todays,31st march 2020,based on the WHO reports and we have
globally 693224 confirmed cases and 33106 death, distributed as follows.
Western pacific reasons 130775 cases and 3649 death European reason 392757
cases 29962 death, South east Asia reason 4084 cases and 158 death, Eastern
Mediterrian region 46329 cases and 2813 deaths, region of the America‟s
142081 cases and 2457 deaths and in the Africa region 3486 cases 60 deaths.
CONCLUSION-This review provides insight into the covid 19 current situation

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and represent a picture of the current state of the art in-term of public health
impact, pathophysiology and clinical manifestation, diagnosis case management,
emergency response and preparedness. Only once this pandemic ends, one will
be able to assess the health, social and economic impact of this global disaster
and we should be able to learn lesson especially in terms of public of global
health for any future similar pandemics.

Umesha Boregowda, Darshan Ghandi, Nitin Jain, et al (2020)-Corona virus

2019 pandemic (COVID 19) is caused by the Severe acute respiratory syndrome
corona virus 2 (SARS CoV-2) virus. The pandemic is affecting the livelihood of
millions of people all over the world. At the time of preparing this report, the
pandemic has affected 1 827 284 patients, with 113 031 deaths in 185 countries
as per Johns Hopkins University. With no proven treatment for the disease,
prevention of the disease in the community and healthcare setting is need of the
hour. The current corona virus pandemic (COVID 19) is caused by Severe acute
respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS CoV 2), a positive-sense single-
stranded RNA virus. The initial disease outbreak started in China as a cluster of
pneumonia due to unclear aetiology. The disease was linked to contact with the
seafood and wet animal market in Wuhan city of Hubei province of
China.1 Eventually, the virus was identified as a novel corona virus and named as
SARS-CoV-2 by the World Health Organization (WHO).2 The virus spread
exponentially over the next few weeks to several countries, and WHO declared it
as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Since then, more than 1 827 284 patients have
been diagnosed with a confirmed infection in 185 countries, with 113 031 deaths
as per Johns Hopkins University.

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2.1.2. Literature review related to effective planned teaching
program

Cara macars 2014-Objective: Patient and family education includes print, audio-
visual methods, demonstration, and verbal instruction. Our objective was to study
verbal instruction as a component of patient and family education and make
recommendations for best practices for healthcare providers who use this
method. Methods: We conducted a literature review of articles from 1990 to 2014
about verbal education and collaborated on departmental presentations to
determine best practices. A survey was sent to all nursing staff to determine
perceptions of verbal education and barriers to learning. Results: Through our
work, we were able to identify verbal education models, best practices, and needs.
We then constructed the educated model of verbal education, which built upon
our findings. Conclusion: Verbal education of patients and family members
requires a multidisciplinary approach that takes into account learning styles,
literacy, and culture to apply clear communication and methods for the
assessment of learning. Providers need the skills, time, and training to effectively
perform patient and family verbal education every time they care for patients.

Carolina de castro, Barbosa mello, Renato oliveria, et all (2015) -conducted

that the higher Health Education and the training of health professionals has been
object of several debates. Therefore, there are eminent discussions on the new
learning methodologies to train health professionals, with abilities and skills
beyond the technical-scientific area and also able to create, plan, implement and
evaluate health policies and actions and, at the same time, solve problems. Active
learning methods, such as Problem-Based Learning, are used with the purpose of
meaningful knowledge acquisition and not merely mechanical, as the traditional
teaching for many year perpetrates. The aim of this study is to analyse the
national and international production in the last five years in issues as scientific
Health Education, Problem-Based Learning and Meaningful Learning. Most
studies evidence positive effects of new teaching strategies and support the need
for changes in higher health education. Furthermore, most publications is within
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the period 2007 to 2009 and have Problem-Based Learning as main theme.
KEYWORDS: Problem-Based Learning; Health Education; Public Health;
Learning. Thereby, the active methodology known as “Problem-Based Learning”
is constituted as a mean for the acquirement of knowledge by the students in a
significant way. Such processes are configured as strategies in higher education to
improve the quality of the Health Education and indirectly improve healthcare for
the population. Based on the above considerations and with the intention to
deepen the contents about the thoughts and changes on the health academic
education, the present study aims to analyse the national and international
scientific production about Health Education, Problem-Based Learning and
Meaningful Learning methods.

May Elin T. Homtvedt, Anita Nordesteien , Torbjorg Fermannet all (2018)-

Evidence-based practice (EBP) is imperative for ensuring patient safety. A three-
level hierarchy for teaching and learning evidence-based medicine is suggested,
including the requirement for interactive clinical activities in EBP teaching
strategies. This literature review identifies the teaching strategies for EBP
knowledge and skills currently used in undergraduate nursing education. We also
describe students‟ and educators‟ experiences with learning outcomes and
barriers. Four teaching strategy themes were identified, including subthemes
within each theme: i.e., interactive teaching strategies; interactive and clinical
integrated teaching strategies; learning outcomes; and barriers. Although four
studies included a vague focus on teaching EBP principles, they all included
research utilisation and interactive teaching strategies. Reported learning
outcomes included enhanced analytical and critical skills and using research to
ensure patient safety. Barriers included challenging collaborations, limited
awareness of EBP principles and poor information literacy skills. Four of the
seven analysed studies included a vague focus on the use of EBP teaching
strategies. Although this review included a relatively small sample of literature,
the findings indicate a need for more qualitative research investigating interactive
and clinically integrated teaching strategies towards further enhancing EBP
undergraduate nursing students‟ knowledge and skills.

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Weiguo Li, Jing Liao, Qinyuan Li, Muna Baskota,, Xingmei Wanget
all(2020)- It is well-known that public health education plays a crucial role in the
prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases, but how health providers
should advise families and parents to obtain health education information is a
challenging question. With corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreading
around the world, this rapid review aims to answer that question and thus to
promote evidence-based decision making in health education policy and
practice,: Of 1,067 papers found, 24 cross-sectional studies with a total of 35,967
participants were included in this review. Some people‟s knowledge, attitude and
practice (KAP) of COVID-19 had been improved, but the health behaviours of
some special groups including children and their parents need to be strengthened.
Negative emotions including fear and stigmatization occurred during the
outbreaks. Reliable health information was needed to improve public awareness
and mental health for infectious diseases. Health information from non-profit,
government and academic websites was more accurate than privately owned
commercial websites and media websites

Conclusions: For educating and cultivating children, parents should obtain

information from the official websites of authorities such as the World Health
Organization (WHO) and national Centre‟s for Disease Control, or from other
sources endorsed by these authorities, rather than from a general search of the
internet or social media.

Darren J. Gray Johanna Kurscheid, Mary Lorraine Mationg Gail M. et all

(2020)-There is currently considerable international debate around school
closures/openings and the role of children in the transmission of corona virus
disease 2019 (COVID-19). Whilst evidence suggests that children are not
impacted by COVID-19 as severely as adults, little is still known about their
transmission potential, and with a lot of asymptomatic cases they may be silent
transmitters (i.e. infectious without showing clinical signs of disease), albeit at a
lower level than adults. In relation to this, it is somewhat concerning that in many
countries children are cared for, or are often in close contact with, older
individuals such as grandparents ─ the age group most at risk of acquiring serious
respiratory complications resulting in death. We emphasise that in the absence of
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a vaccine or an effective therapeutic drug, preventive measures such as good
hygiene practices ─ hand washing, cough etiquette, disinfection of surfaces and
social distancing represent the major (in fact only) weapons that we have against
COVID-19. Accordingly, we stress that there is a pressing need to develop
specific COVID-19 prevention messages for schoolchildren. Conclusion- An
entertainment education intervention for schoolchildren systematically
implemented in schools would be highly effective and fill this need. With such
measures in place there would be greater confidence around the opening of
schools.

Literature related to assessment of knowledge regardingcovid-19

among adults

Ruba M Jaber, Baraa Mafrachi, Abdallah Al-Ani, Mustafa Shkara (2021)-

Conducted a study ,with aimed to evaluate the awareness and practices of both the
Jordanian and Iraqi populations during the early stages of the pandemic. A cross-
sectional survey was conducted between the 19th and 22nd of March to assess the
public‟s awareness toward COVID-19. A total of 3167 participants were recruited
in the study, of which, 1599 (50.5%) were from Jordan and 1568 (49.5%) were
from Iraq. More than half of the Jordanian (56.8%) and Iraqi participants (53.2%)
showed average or adequate awareness about COVID-19. More than 60% of both
populations relied on medical staff for COVID-19 related information. Social
media was the second most common COVID-19 information source, as it was
reported by 53.7% of Jordanian participants and 62.8% of Iraqi participants. More
than 90% of both populations participated in precautionary measurements.
Finally, about 20% of both populations failed to recognize droplet inhalation as a
source of transmission. Despite the portrayed awareness levels, governmental
involvement is warranted to increase the public‟s awareness and fill the gaps
within their knowledge.

Ashish Kumar Singh, Bharti Agrawal, Anukriti Sharma, and Prayas Sharma
.- In view of this, this study attempted to assess the awareness, threat, symptoms
and its prevention among people of India about the COVID‐ 19. A total of 522

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responses from all over India were received. The respondents have adequate
awareness for COVID‐ 19 outbreak and its preventive measures, out of total,
98% (513) answered that the virus spreads from one person to another, 95% (494)
answered that the disease is caused by a virus. Peoples understand the importance
of social distancing and other preventive measures prescribed by the government
with good attitude for coronavirus. Peoples are following trusted sources for
corona information, having confidence to defeat disease but showed their concern
for corona threat, are aware about the virus, its common symptoms and
prevention, govt. testing and medical facilities. Principal component analysis was
used to identify the latent dimensions regarding people's preventive measures and
was found that they are majorly adopting three methods, that is, lockdown,
naturopathy and social distancing. This study will help government and peoples to
understand and handle this corona virus pandemic effectively and in prevention of
COVID‐ 19, which is crucial for the awareness of society in coming time.
RESULT-This study presents the key findings from a total of 522 respondents,
with a majority of them, 321 (61.7%) are male and the remaining 201 are female,
so we got the balance response gender wise. The vast majority of the respondents,
258 (49.6%) belongs to age range of 15–25 years, 151 (29%) are in age group of
26–35 years, 72 (14%) are lying in a group of 36–45 years, 29 (6%) are in the
age range of 46–55 years and rest 11 are above 55 years. Notably, maximum
321 (81.8%) are from urban background and rest 95 are from rural area. In
addition, 338 (65%) of our respondents are single or never married, 177 (34%) are
married, rest 5 and 2 are divorced and widowed. Most respondents are having
post-graduation 265 (51%), 164 (32%) are UG, 57 (11%).

Lovay Labban, Nassa Thallaj ,Abear Labban (2020)- conducted A well

designed COVID 19 pandemic was distributed among over 600. Only 520 were
returned and 120 forms were excluded from the study as forms were sent back
uncompleted. The consisted of two one was about demographic and
socioeconomic data (age, gender, income, whereas two was about
epidemiological data of COVID 19. The 400 respondents for this study consisted
of 260 males and 140 females. Their ages were from 20 to 65 and had level. The
points were added for each and the responses were as a percentage of correct
answers. The results of the awareness were analyzed using the answer key.
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Comparison of scores between groups was based on analysis of variance chi-
squared test and P value was set at demonstrated that 260 (65%) of the
respondents were males while 140 (35%) were females. The age of the
respondents was from 20 to 65 years old and it was distributed in 3 categories as
follows: 20 to 34-yearsold (65 respondents or 16.25%), 35 to 50 years old (210
respondents or 52.5%) and 51 to 65 years old (125 respondents or 31.25%).
Monthly income is very important variable in awareness level. It‟s shown that 170
respondents or 42.5% were earning less than 50,000 SP, a majority of the
respondents 198 or 49.5% was earning 50,000 to 100,000 SP. Only 25
respondents or 6.25% were earning 100,000 and 300,000 SP and 7 respondents or
1.75% were earning above 300,000 SP. In this study it is found that 2.75% had
primary 24.5% had high school level of and 72.75% were college graduates.

Mohammed K.Al-Hanawi, Khadijah Angawai,Noor Alshareef, Ameerah

M.N.Quattan,et all (2020) - concluded this study investigated the knowledge,
attitudes, and practices of the Saudi public, toward COVID-19, during the
pandemic. This is a cross-sectional study, using data collected via an online self-
reported questionnaire, from 3,388 participants. To assess the differences in mean
scores, and identify factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices
toward COVID-19, the data were run through unilabiate and multivariable
regression analyses, respectively. The majority of the study participants were
knowledgeable about COVID-19. The mean COVID-19 knowledge score was
17.96 (SD = 2.24, range: 3–22), indicating a high level of knowledge. The mean
score for attitude was 28.23 (SD = 2.76, range: 6–30), indicating optimistic
attitudes. The mean score for practices was 4.34 (SD = 0.87, range: 0–5),
indicating good practices. However, the results showed that men have less
knowledge, less optimistic attitudes, and less good practice toward COVID-
19,.than women. We also found that older adults are likely to have better
knowledge and practices, than younger people.

Fatema Mohsen1, Batoul Bakkar1, Humam Armashi1, Nizar Aldaher (2021)-

This study was conducted in March 2020, nearly 10 years into the Syrian war
crisis. The Arabic-language survey was posted on various social media platforms
including Whatsapp, Telegram, Instagram and Facebook targeting various social
Page | 19
groups. A total of 4495 participants completed the survey. Participants with a
history of COVID-19 infection, residing outside Syria or who did not fully
complete the survey were excluded from the study. The final sample of 3586
participants (completion rate=79.8%) consisted of 2444 (68.2%) females and
1142 (31.8%) males. First, knowledge of COVID-19 in four areas (general
knowledge; transmission pathways; signs and symptoms; prevention methods).
Second, factors associated with poor knowledge. Of the 3586 participants, 2444
(68.2%) were female, 1822 (50.8%) were unemployed and 2839 (79.2%) were
college educated. The study revealed good knowledge regarding COVID-19
(mean 75.6%, SD ±9.4%). Multiple linear regression analysis correlated poor
mean knowledge scores with male gender (β=−0.933, p=0.005), secondary school
or lower education level (β=−3.782, p<0.001), non-healthcare occupation
(β=−3.592, p<0.001), low economic status (β=−0.669, p<0.040) and >5
household members (β=−1.737, p<0.001).Conclusion- This study revealed some
potentially troubling knowledge gaps which underscore the need for a vigorous
public education campaign in Syria. This campaign must reinforce the public‟s
awareness, knowledge and vigilance towards precautionary measures against
COVID-19, and most importantly aid in controlling the worldwide spread of the
disease.

Literature related to prevention of Covid 19

Ugochinyere Ijeoma Nwagbara , et all(2021)-conducted the study on
Knowledge, attitudes, perception, and preventative practices regarding
coronavirus- 2019 (COVID-19) are crucial in its prevention and control. Several
studies have noted that the majority of people in sub-Saharan African are
noncompliant with proposed health and safety measures recommended by the
World Health Organization (WHO) and respective country health department.
This situation is particularly of concern for governments and public health
experts. Thus, this scoping review is aimed at mapping evidence on the
knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and preventive practices (KAP) towards
COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) .A total of 3037 eligible studies were
identified after the database search. Only 28 studies met the inclusion criteria after
full article screening and were included for data extraction. Studies included
populations from the following SSA countries: Ethiopia, Nigeria, Cameroon,
Page | 20
Uganda, Rwanda, Ghana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, and Sierra
Leone. All the included studies showed evidence of knowledge related to
COVID-19. Eleven studies showed that participants had a positive attitude
towards COVID-19, and fifteen studies showed that participants had good
practices towards COVID-19.Conclusions -Most of the participants had adequate
knowledge related to COVID-19. Despite adequate knowledge, the attitude was
not always positive, thereby necessitating further education to convey the
importance of forming a positive attitude and continuous preventive practice
towards reducing contraction and transmission of COVID‐ 19.

Amir Masoud Rahmani, Sayedeh Yasaman, Hosseini Mirmahaleh (2021)-

This study conclude that virus epidemic is a big problem for humanity healthy
and can lead die in special people with background diseases such as chronic
obstructive pulmonary diseases, chronic heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and
kidney failure. Different medical, social, and engineering methods have been
proposed to face the disease include treatment, detection, prevention, and
prediction approaches. We propose a taxonomy tree to investigate the disease
confronting methods and their negative and positive effects. Our work consists of
a case study and systematic literature review (SLR) to evaluate the proposed
methods against the virus outbreak and disease epidemic. Our experimental
results and observations demonstrate the impact of the proposed medical,
prevention, detection, prediction, and social methods for facing the spread of
COVID-19 from December 2019 to July 2020.Conclusion: Our case study can
help people have more information about the disease and its impact on humanity
healthy and illustrate effective self-caring methods and therapies.

Nishat Shermin, SK Nafiz RahemN (2021)-study concluded includes

implementing the water supply network and the positive and negative effects that
the sanitation system can create (Nanbakhsh1993). Contingent Valuation
willingness to pay But according to social science and smaller-scale projects,
Participatory Approach (PRA) is more effective as CVM generally needs large
capital investments (Altaf & Hughes, 1994; Parry-Jones,1999.Besides sanitation
and its direct components, several aspects like health status, physical
environment, and socio-economic and cultural conditions impact sanitation
Page | 21
services quality(Nguyen-Viet et al., 2009). Among these aspects, particularly low-
income areas, have unique challenges in terms of providing sanitation services.
The necessity of exploring users' point of view is important as maintenance and
the number of users can impact sanitation services (Maze au). When the water,
sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is about developing countries and poor
communities, the life-cycle cost approach (LLCA) is important for ensuring the
service's sustainability on a quantitative basis. (Berg & Marques, 2011; Ratna
Reddy & Bachelor, 2010.In the primary stage, Khulna city has been selected as
the study area of this research. Khulna is the third-largest city of Bangladesh and
also a vital city corporation area. After Dhaka, Chittagong, and Gazipur, Khulna
has the most number of slums (1134) among other city corporations,
municipalities, and urban areas, 8.14% of total slums in Bangladesh (Bangladesh
Bureau of Statistics & (BBS), 2015). The impact of COVID-19 is also severe in
this city. Khulna district has 7027 total cases till now, which is 8th in position
among 64 districts of Bangladesh January 14, 2020). As the test rate of
Bangladesh is significantly low (around 20 thousand per 1 million population), it
can be assumed that the number of actual cases is much more than the number of
cases that have been reported (Coronavirus Update (Live): 50,521,740 Cases and
1,259,506 Deaths from COVID-19 Virus Pandemic - World meter, November 8,
2020.). Though there are cities like Dhaka and Chittagong where the slum
numbers are high, and the problems are more severe, collecting data from these
slums are difficult because of accessibility and security issue. The slums of
Khulna city are comparatively more secure and accessible, making the data
collection easier for this research.

Sisay Shewasinad Yehualashet, Kokebe Kefelegn Asefa, Alemayehu Gonie

Mekonnen, (2021)- This study aimed to identify the predictors of adherence to
COVID-19 prevention measure among communities in North Shao zone, Ethiopia
by using a health belief model. Community-based cross-sectional study design
was employed. A total of 683 respondents were interviewed using a structured
and pre-tested question. The overall adherence level of the community towards
the recommended safety measures of COVID-19 was 44.1%. Self-efficacy (AOR
= 0.23; 95% 0.14, 0.36), perceived benefits (AOR = 0.35; 95% 0.23, 0.56),
perceived barriers (AOR = 3.36; 95% 2.23, 5.10), and perceived susceptibility of
Page | 22
COVID-19 (AOR = 1.60; 95% 1.06, 2.39) were important predictors that
influenced the adherence of the community to COVID-19 preventive behaviour‟s.
Conclusions-In this study, the overall adherence level of the community towards
the recommended safety measures of COVID-19 was relatively low. It is vital to
consider the communities‟ self-efficacy, perceived benefits, perceived barriers
and perceived susceptibility of COVID-19 in order to improve the adherence of
the community towards the recommended safety measures of COVID-19.

Gebremedhin T Abebe H, Wondimu W Gizaw AT (2021)-The study aimed to

determine the status of implementation of preventive measures of frontline
community health care workers towards COVID-19 and its associated factors. An
institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 421 health extension
workers among selected districts. Respondents who scored above mean score on
the item measurement such as knowledge, attitude, and practice questions were
categorized as knowledgeable, having positive attitude, and having good
prevention practices, respectively. The mean age of study participants was 31.35
years (± 4.83 SD), and almost half (217; 51.54%) of respondents were single and
273 (62.47%) were trained for COVID-19 prevention measures. Of the total study
subjects, 194 (46.08%; 95% CI=41.6– 50.7%) had good prevention practices
towards COVID-19. Being married (AOR=3.36, 95% CI=2.20– 5.13), being
trained (AOR=2.28, 95% CI=1.39– 3.74), having good knowledge (AOR=2.4,
95% CI=1.52– 3.99), and having positive attitude towards COVID-19 prevention
measures (AOR=5.88, 95% CI=3.52– 9.80) increase the likelihood of
implementing prevention measures. Conclusion: This study showed that
prevention status was low; therefore, government and non-governmental
organizations working around the study area should emphasize providing training
to increase their level of knowledge and to change the attitude towards
implementation of prevention measures, and these can ultimately increase the
status of prevention practices.

Page | 23
SUMMARY

This part of the chapter dealt with literature related to incidence of corona virus,
knowledge, prevention of corona virus and related to effective and planned health
teaching program. A review of literature of both research and non –research
literature was carried out keeping in mind the objective formulated for study and
to gain insight in to the problem areas literature reviewed has global reference as
well Indian setting health.

Page | 24
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

An evaluative research is an applied form of research that involves finding out

how well a programme, practice, procedure or policy is working.
“Polit and Hungler” (1995)

The purpose of the methodology is to communicate to readers what the

researcher did to solve the research problems or to answer the research questions.
The methodology tells the reader about major methodological decisions and often
offers rationales for those decisions.

In this chapter the methodology adopted for the study such as research approach
and research designs, setting of the study, variables, population, sample and
sampling technique, development of tool, testing of the tool, reliability of the
tool, development of planned teaching programme, content validation of PTP,
pre-testing of PTP, pilot study, data collection process and plan for data analysis
are discussed.

RESEARCH APPROACH

Research approach is a structured (quantitative), structured (qualitative) or a

combination of the two methods (quantitative-qualitative integrated
approach).Therefore, the approach helps to identify the presence or absence of
and comparison between groups. The approach of research study depends on
several factor, but primarily on the nature of phenomenon under study.
S.K.Sharma (2011)

Page | 25
Research is a study designed to explore the dimension of a phenomena on the
manner in which it is manifested and other factor which with it selected.
Polit and Hungler (1999)

Descriptive and evaluative approach was used in the study. Descriptive approach
was needed to assess the awareness on prevention of Covid-19 among adults of
selected slum area in Ujjain. Evaluative approach was used to assess the
effectiveness of planned teaching program prepared on awareness among adult
member about prevention of covid-19.

Pre-experimental study undertaken to describe what exists in terms of frequency

of occurrence rather than to describe the relationship between variables. An
evaluative research is an applied form of research that involves finding out how
well a program practice, procedure a policy in working. The main goal is to
assess or evaluate the success of a planned teaching program.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design is an overall plan for obtaining answers to the questions
being studied and handling source of the difficulties encountered during research
process. It deals with plans for collecting and analysing the data including
specification for enhancing the internal and external validity of the study.
(Polit and Hungler-1999)

In the present study the investigation adopted a pre-experimental one group pre-
test post- test research design. Pre-experimental design is a research design that
does not include mechanism to compensate for the absence of either
randomization or a control group. Pre-experimental design is the one in which the
researcher has little control over the research. And the one group pre-test post-test
design provides comparison between a group of subjects before and after the
experimental treatment

Page | 26
The design can be represented as

Experimental O1 X O2
Group

Fig. I. In this study, pre-experimental: One group pretest-post-test design

will be used.

Key:
O1 : Pre-test score (Before administering PTP)
X : Intervention (Administration of PTP)
O2 : Post-test score (After administering PTP)

The schematic representation of the study design shows that the study will be
conducted in three phases and it is depicted in figure.

Page | 27
 TARGET POPULATION
Adults residing in slum selected slum areas in
ujjain

ACCESSIBLE POPULATION
Adults residing in selected slum areas i.e.
Choti Mayapuri,Badi Mayapuri ,Heeramill ki Chall
Vinod mill ki chall
Phase I

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQE

SAMPLIMG SIZE:60 ,Adults residing in slum areas in

Ujjain

TOOLS AND DATA COLLECTION

Structured questionnaire and Planned
Teaching programme

PRE-TEST
Phase II Administration of Structured
Questionnaire

INTERVENTION
Administration of Planned Teaching

POST TEST
Administration of
structured
Questionnaire
Phase III

DATA ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRITATION
Descriptive and inferential statistics

Page | 28
 VARIABLES UNDER STUDY

“A concept which can take on different quantitative values is called variable.”

(Kothari, C.R. 2006)

Variables are the conditions or characteristics that the investigator observes

manipulates or controls. Two types of variables were identified in these studies:

Independent Variables - An independent variable is that condition or

characteristics which is purposely manipulated or changed by the researcher. In
this study, independent variable refers to the planned teaching program on
prevention of covid-19.

Dependent Variables - The dependent variable is the condition or characteristics

that appear or disappear as a result of an independent variable. In the present
study the dependent variable refers to the awareness level of adult members
regarding prevention of covid-19.

THE SETTING OF THE STUDY

Settings are the specific places where data collection will occur.
S.K. Sharma (2011)

The study was conducted in the selected slum areas of Ujjain that is Choti
Mayapuri , Badi Mayapuri , Heera mill ki chaal and Vinod mill ki chaal,. The
rational for selecting this was easy access to the investigator and research guide
supervision. The selected areas were just six to Eight kilometer away from the
Government College of nursing Ujjain. An open area is selected to gather the
members of the area. Posters are used for teaching and templates regarding
awareness on Covid-19 are distributed among the members.

Page | 29
 THE POPULATION

The entire set of individuals or objects having some common characteristics

selected for a research studying
B.T Basavanthappa (2007)

"Population is the entire aggregation of cases that meet a designated set of

criteria.”
Polit and Hungler (1999)

The researcher specifies the broad population (target population) as well as the
actual population that is available for the study (accessible population).

The target population also called the universe, is made up of the group of people
or subjects to which the researcher wishes to generalize the findings of the study.

The conclusion of research study is based on the data obtained from the
accessible population and the statistical inferences were made only to the group
from which the sample was randomly selected.

Target population

The entire population in which the researchers are interested and to which they
would like to generalize the research findings.
B.T Basavanthappa (2007)

In present study, the target population consisted of adults residing in slum areas
Choti Mayapuri, Badi Mayapuri, Heera mill ki chaal and Vinod mill ki chaal in
Ujjain.
.
Accessible Population
The aggregate of cases that conform to designated inclusion or exclusion criteria
and that are accessible as subjects of the study.B.T. Basavanthappa (2007)

Page | 30
The accessible population is that group that is actually available for the study by
the researcher. By identifying the population, the researcher makes clear the
group to which the study can be applied. The accessible population in the study is
adult of selected areas i.e. Choti Mayapuri, Badi Mayapuri, Heera mill ki chaal,
Vinod mill ki chaal.

THE SAMPLE

A sample is a subset of the population that is selected to represent the

population.
(Nieswiadomy, R.M.2008)

Sample refers to a subset of population selected to participate in a research study.

(Polit and Hungler)

In this studythe sample consisted of 60 adult members residing at slum areas i.e.
Choti Mayapuri, Badi mayapuri, Heera mill ki chaal and Vinod mill ki chaal
Ujjain, who met the inclusion criteria and who were present in the community
area at the time of study.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Sampling technique is a process of selecting a portion of the population to obtain

data, regarding a problem. S. K. Sharma (2011)

Sampling refers to the process of selecting a portion of the population to

represent entire population. A group of individuals who are readily available
for the study in the present study, purposive sampling technique was used to
select the sample. Purposive sampling is a type of non-probability sampling
procedure. Researcher used purposive sampling technique because of limited
amount of time and availability of subject.

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3.8 SAMPLE SIZE
A sample is a small portion of the population selected for observation and
analysis. In present study sample comprised of 60 adult member in selected
slum areas at Ujjain. All 60 samples were selected from Choti Mayapuri, Badi
Mayapuri, Heeramill ki chaal and Vinod mill ki chaal from 15/08/2021to
9/09/2021.

3.9 SAMPLE SELECTION CRITERIA

The investigator identified the adults of selected areas in Choti Mayapuri, Badi
Mayapuri, Heera mill ki chaal and Vinod mill ki chaal Ujjain and who met the
sample criteria. The criteria are set for the selections of the subjects are.

Inclusion Criteria
1. Adults living in selected slum area at Ujjain.
2. Those are willing to participate in the Study.
3. Member Age 25 – 50yrs.
4. Those are available at the time of data collection.

Exclusion Criteria
1- Adults who are not available during the collection of data.
2 - Those who are not willing participate in the Study.

3.10-DEVELOPMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF TOOLS

A written device that a researcher uses to collect data is called an instrument.

(Polit and Hungler, 1999)

Selection and Development of tool

The instrument is a vehicle that could best obtain data pertinent to the study and
at the time adds to the body of general knowledge in the discipline.

Page | 32
Selection of Tool
The tool consisted of demographic variables; structured knowledge questionnaire
for the adult members of selected areas Choti Mayapuri, Badi Mayapuri, Heera
mill ki chaal and Vinod mill ki chaal regarding covide-19.

Development of the tools

The tool developed for the study consists of close ended questionnaire on
awareness for the adult member of the area regarding covide-19. The tool was
developed from investigators experience, literature review and discussion with
nursing experts, doctors and friends. The following steps were carried out for
preparing the tools.

Literature Review
Books, journals, articles, Newspapers and Dissertation theses; electronic media
were reviewed and used to develop the tool.

Preparation of Blueprint

The blue print was prepared prior to the construction of the structured knowledge
Questionnaire on covid-19, which indicated the distribution of items according to
the content area It included three domains namely knowledge 10 items (35%),
skill 10 items (35%), and demographic 7 items (30%).

Baseline Characteristics

The first part of the tool consists of 7 items to collect the demographical data of
the adults. It consisted of 7 items for obtaining about selected background factors.

Preparation of Knowledge Questionnaire

The investigator prepared the structured knowledge questionnaire consisting of

20 items from the area of meaning, definition, types, etiological factors, sign and
symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, treatment prevention and control of covid-19
each correct answer was given a score of one. Each wrong answer carry „ 0‟
marks. The total score was 20.

Page | 33
 The Grading of the knowledge score is

0-5 - Poor Knowledge ≤ 25%

6-10 - Average Knowledge 25–50%

1-15 - Good Knowledge 25-75%

16-20 - Excellent knowledge 25-100%

DESCRIPTION OF THE FINAL TOOLS

The final tool comprises of tool I and tool II. Tool I consists of two parts.

Tools I- Part I: Demographic Characteristics

1. It consists of ten items, which include Age in year, Types of family,

gender, educational status, occupation, type of family, family income per month,
sources of knowledge? For obtaining baseline information about covid-19 from
adult members of the area.

Tools II- Part II; Structured questionnaire

Structured knowledge questionnaire consisted 20 questions

Covering following aspects of covid-19

 Introduction.
 Definition
 Causes
 Sign and symptoms
 Mode of transmission
 Diagnostic evaluation
 Management, Treatment
 Prevention and control

Each correct response carried weightage of one score and each wrong response
carries „0‟ Mark. Development of planned teaching programme.

Page | 34
The following steps were adopted for developing PTP

Preparation of the PTP

The investigator prepared the overall plan of PTP and used posters and templates
as an Audio Visual aid. The developed PTP was given to ten experts to establish
content validity and were asked to give their opinion and suggestion about the
content of PTP. They were given the criteria checklist and asked to place a tick
mark () against „agree‟ or „disagree‟. There was 100% agreement on the content
of the PTP. A few Validator asked to modify and simplify the language. Their
suggestions were incorporated into final draft.
The PTP Covered the Following Content Areas:

 General introduction
 Definition of covid-19
 Diagnosis
 Causes
 Sign and symptoms
 Prevention

Pre-Testing of Planned Teaching Programme:

Pre-testing was done by administering the PTP to adult members who were
present in the area. The members found the PTP easy to understand; hence the
PTP remained as it was without much modification.

Preparation of the planned teaching programme

Based on the suggestion of experts, after validity of findings of pre-testing, the
final draft of PTP was prepared.

Page | 35
 VALIDATION OF TOOL
Validity is a criterion for evaluating the quality of measure of an instrument.
Content validity refers to the degree to which the items in an instrument represent
the universe of content.
(Polit and Hungler, 1999)

The tool was submitted to 10 experts from the field of community health nursing
along with the blue print criteria checklist, answer key to establish the content
validity. The experts were requested to check for the relevance, sequence and
language of the tool. Modifications were done according to expert‟s opinion and
final tool was developed. The tool was translated into the Hindi and again it was
retranslated into English.

Permission for tool validation was obtained by sending and acceptance from.
Experts were requested to give their opinions and suggestion about the content of
tools. A few suggestions were given by experts to correct the grammatical
mistakes and to modify problem statement, socio-demographical variable and
self-structured questionnaire tools.

RELIABILITY OF THE TOOLS

Reliability of the research instrument is defined as the extent to which the

instrument yields the same results on repeated measures. It is then concerned with
consistency, accuracy, precision, stability, equivalence and homogeneity.

Reliability is the degree of consistency with which an instrument the tool

measures the attribute it is designed to measure.
(Polit and Hungler, 1999)

Pre-testing and establishing language validity was ascertained. Reliability is the

process of measuring the effectiveness of an instrument. The purpose is to reveal
problem relating to answer. Reliability is the degree of consistency that the
instrument or procedure demonstrates.

Page | 36
The reliability of the tool was established by using the data collected from 6
members, one adult member from each family. The reliability of the knowledge
questionnaire was established by using the test re-test method. Karl Pearson‟s
product moment correlation formula was used to find out the reliability of the full
test. The reliability for knowledge questionnaire was 0.82. Hence the knowledge
questionnaire was found to be reliable.

PILOT STUDY

A pilot study is referred to a small scale preliminary try out of the method to be
used in actually large study, which makes the researcher to face the problems that
can be corrected in proportion for the large study.
S.K. Sharma (2011)

Pilot study is a small version or trial run of the major study. Its function is to
obtain information of improving the project or for assessing its feasibility. The
principal focus in the assessment of the adequacy of the measurement.
Polit and Hungler (1999)

The purpose of the pilot study was to find out the feasibility of the study, clarity
of language in tool and planned teaching program and finalize the plan for
analysis.

The pilot study was conducted in Nagziri area from 6th to 13th August 2021. The
data was collected from the adult member of selected backward area at Ujjain.
The samples were selected by convenient sampling. The purpose of the study was
explained to them and informed consent was obtained. Confidentiality was
assured to all the subjects. On the first day pre-test was conducted and after
which the PTP was administered. The post-test was conducted on the 6th day
using the same questionnaire. The subjects took 30 minutes to complete the
questionnaire. The tools and PTP were found feasible, practicable and acceptable.
No modification was made in the tool or PTP. The samples included in the pilot
study were excluded in the main study.

Page | 37
 PROCEDURE FOR DATA COLLECTION

The data collection period extended from 15-08-2021 to 20-08-2021.

Confidentiality was assured to all the subjects to get their co-operation.

Investigator decided to take 10-15 adult member of area as sample per day for
pre-test treatment, post-test. Each day data were collected in the scheduled plan
.Before the pre-test the purpose of the study was explained and the confidentiality
of the subjects was assured. Consent was obtained from members regarding
participation in the study. The post test was done 6th day after pre-test this way
data was collected for 5 days till August 20th 2021. 60 samples were taken from
Chhoti Mayapuri, Badi Mayapuri, Heera mill ki chaal and Vinod mill ki chaal
area in Ujjain.

Pre-test was conducted using a structured knowledge questionnaire, which was

prepared in Hindi and English. The subjects had taken 30 minutes to complete the
pre-test. The pre-test and planned teaching program was conducted on 60
subjects.

Post-test was conducted on 6th day after pre-test the subjects had taken 30
minutes to complete the post tests. All the subjects co-operated well with
investigator in both pre-test and post-test. The data collection process was
terminated by thanking the subjects. The investigator did not face any difficulty
in collecting data from the subjects since the investigator had personally
requested all the subjects to participate in the study.

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3.15- PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS

“Analysis is the systematic organization and synthesis of research data and the
testing of research hypothesis using those data.”
Polit and Hungler (1999)

Plan for data analysis would be as follows:

A master data sheet was prepared to complete the data by the investigator.
Baseline Performa containing demographic characteristics was analysed using
frequency and percentage distribution. Mean and standard deviation of pre-test
and post-test knowledge score „t‟test to determine the significance of difference
between mean pre-test knowledge score and mean post-test knowledge score.

Area wise significance of pre-test was analysed by using paired „t‟test. Chi-
square test for association was used to find out the significant difference between
the pre-test knowledge score and selected demographic variables. The data was
represented in the form of tables and diagrams.

3.16 SUMMARY:

This chapter deals with description of methodology and different steps which
were taken for gathering and organizing data for investigation. It includes
description of research design, setting, sample and sampling technique,
development of data collection tools and technique, development of structured
knowledge questionnaire, development of planned teaching programme, content
validity, pilot study, data collection procedure, and plan for data analysis for
determining the effectiveness of planned teaching programme.

Page | 39
 CHAPTER-IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of the data collected to
evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching program regarding prevention of
covid-19 among adult members in selected slum area at Ujjain city.

Define analysis as the “categorizing ordering manipulation and summarizing of

data to obtain answer to research question”
(Polit And Hunger 1999)

Analysis of data involves the translation of information collection during the

course of the research study into interpretable, convenient and descriptive term
and to draw the inference from them using statistical methods.

Analysis and interpretation of data were based on data collection through

structured knowledge questionnaire.

Analysis and interpretation of data was done by using descriptive and inferential
statistics based on the objectives of the study and hypothesis to be tested.

The objectives of the study are as follows

1. To assess the pre-test knowledge score regarding prevention of Covid-19

among adult member in selected area at Ujjain.

2 .To assess the effectiveness of PTP on knowledge regarding prevention of

Covid-19 among adults in selected slum areas at Ujjain.

3. To find out the association of pre-test knowledge score regarding

prevention of Covid-19 among adults with selected demographic variables.

Page | 40
ORGANIZATION AND PRESENTATION OF DATA

The raw data of 60 responses of among adult population were gathered which
met the inclusion criteria during provided specified schedule treated as subjects.
The demographics along with responses of frequencies on the basis of collected
data were calculated and analysed by using various statistical techniques. The
Pearson‟s Chi-Square test is used to observe the association of age, gender, type
of family, educational qualification, occupation, family income and source of
knowledge regarding prevention of covid-19 on adults with pre-test knowledge
categories.

The probability value, p>0.05 was considered as statistically insignificant but the
probability value from p<0.1 to p<0.06 was considered as suggestively or poorly
significant. The probability value from p<0.05 to p<0.02 was considered as
statistically significant while from p<0.01 to p<0.001 was considered as
statistically highly/strongly significant. Following are the notations that used to
present the significance of observed probability value.

The used formulae are as follows-

n n

 xi
i1
 x i  X 2
Mean , S. D.  i1
(If n<30)
n n 1

 x  X 
n
2
i
And S. D.  i1
(If n>30)
n
n

Where  xi =Sum of all observations and

i 1

n=Number of subjects included for study according to inclusion criteria

Page | 41
  x  X  =Sum of squares of deviations from Mean.
n
2
i
i1

The probability value, Z-value for paired observations is calculated by the given
Formula



Z / t  X (Degree of freedom=n-1).
S. E. (X)
2
 N
 ad  bc   N
 2   2 
C1  C2  R1  R2

Wherever, the standard error of difference between means of paired samples is

calculated by-;

S. E. X)  S. D.
n

The chi-square test tells the presence or absence of an association between two
discrete events and the formula to calculate the chi-square probability value is as
given below-

Formula for 2x2 tables is: where C1, C2, R1 and R2 are the respective columns
and row totals. If any cell frequency less than 5 than the formula will be-

The general formula applicable to any table irrespective of number of rows and
columns-

O  E 2
 2   ; Where O is observed value and E is the expected value.
E

Page | 42
ORGANIZATION OF FINDING:-

THERE ARE FOUR SECTIONS OF ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION

SECTION 4.1:- Description of socio demographic variables frequency and

percentage Distribution of sample Characteristics

SECTION 4.2:-Effectiveness of Planned teaching progamme in terms of gain in

Knowledge regarding prevention of covid-19.

SECTION 4.3:- Comparison between pre-test and post-test knowledge score.

SECTION 4.4:-Association between pre-test knowledge score and selected

demography Variables.

Page | 43
SECTION-4.1 DESCRIPTION OF SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

Table-4.1 (A) Age Group Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Sample

Characteristic
N= 60

Age (in years) Frequency (N) Percentage (%)

25-31 18 30.0%
31-37 22 36.7%
37-45 13 21.7%
45-50 7 11.7%
TOTAL 60 100.0%

More than one-third (36.7%) of the population were most commonly had aged
between 25-50 years which can be easily seen in the table 1.Further, it was
obtained that 30.0% of the population were belonged to lower age group of 25-31
years age group while the higher age group of 37-45 years consisted of 21.7%
population. Few members (11.7%) from selected from the higher age group had
aged 45- 50 years.

40 37 Age group wise

35
distribution
30
30

25 22 22
20 18 Frequency (N)

15 13 Percentage (%)
12
10 7
5

0
25-31 31-37 37-45 45-50

Fig-1(a)

Page | 44
Table 4.1(B) Frequency distribution of studied subjects according to gender
N=60

Gender Frequency(N) Percentage (%)

Male 19 31.7%

Female 41 68.3%

TOTAL 60 100.0%

Table 2 dealt with the group-wise gender distribution of studied population. It was
easily seen that more than half (68.3%) of the subjects selected from population of
was female. The male population were less (31.7 %) as compared to female
population.

41
45
40
35
30
Male
25 19
Female
20
15
10
5
0
Male Female

Fig-1(b)

Page | 45
 Table 4.1(C) Frequency distribution of studied subjects according to type of family

N=60

Type of Family Frequency(N) Percentage (%)

Nuclear family 35 58.3%

Joint family 23 38.3%

Extended family 2 3.3%

TOTAL 60 100.0%

Table 3 highlighted the information on type of family of studied population of adult member .
Nuclear family was found most common in 58.3% population from families while 38.3%
population were used to live with nuclear family. It was also detected that some (3.3%) of the
population were used to live with extended family.

35
35
30 23
25 Nuclear family
20 Joint family
15
Extended family
10 2
5
0
Frequency(N)

Fig-2

Page | 46
Table 4.1(D)Frequency distribution of studied subjects according to educational status
N=60

Educational Status Frequency (N) Percentage (%)

Illiterate 2 3.3%
Primary 17 28.3%
Secondary 18 30.0%
Higher Secondary 16 26.7%
Graduate 7 11.7%
TOTAL 60 100.0%

The basic information on educational status of studied subjects is projected in table 4 and it
was revealed that most of the population (18, 30.0%) were educated up to secondary level of
education. 17 (28.3%) of the population were acquired primary education but higher
secondary schooling was cleared by 16 (26.7%) population. Few (2, 3.3%) members were not
being at school as they were illiterate. Further, it was also identified that 7 (11.7%)
population possessed a graduate degree.

18
20 17
16
Illiterate
15
Primary
10 7 Secondary
Higher Secondary
5 2
Graduate
0
Frequency(N)

Fig-3

Page | 47
Table 4.1 (E):-Frequency distribution of studied subjects according to occupation

N=60

Occupation Frequency (N) Percentage (%)

Shop keeper 5 8.3%

Private service 16 26.7%
Daily wages 19 31.7%
Vendor 9 15.0%
Housewife 11 18.3%

TOTAL 60 100.0%

Table 5 reported that 31.7% of the population from families were more frequently
worked on basis of daily wages followed by 26.7% were serving in private sector.
Vendor was developed by 15.0% population from families while 18.3% members of
families engaged in domestic work as a housewife. Some (8.3%) of the members
revealed that they were working as a shop keeper.

20 19
18 16
16
14
12 11 Private service
10 9 Daily wages
8 Vendor
6
Housewife
4
2
0
F
Frequency (N)
i

Fig-4

Page | 48
Page | 49
 TABLE 4.1 (F):-Frequency distribution of studied subjects according tofamily income
per month

N=60

Family Income
Frequency(N) Percentage (%)
per Month (in Rs.)
<6000/- 29 48.3%
6001/- to 7000/- 18 30.0%
7001/- to 8000/- 10 16.7%
>8000/- 3 5.0%
TOTAL 60 100.0%

Table 6 dealt with the family income per month of studied subjects. It was identified that
approximately half (48.3%) of the family‟s income were less than Rs. 6000/- per month but
approximately one-third (30.0%) of the family‟s income per month were in between 6001/-
and Rs.7000/-.The family‟s income per month in between Rs. 7001/- and Rs. 8000/- were
revealed by 16.7% population. Lastly, it was also obtained that the income of more than
Rs.8000/- per month was reported by few 3 (5.0%) population.

29
30
25 Family Income
18
20 <6000/-

15 10 6001/- to 7000/-

10 7001/- to 8000/-
3
5 >8000/-

0
Frequency(N)

Page | 50
 Table 4.1(K):-Frequency distribution of studied subjects according to the source of
knowledge about Covid-19
N=60

The Source of knowledge about Covid-19 Frequency(N) Percentage (%)

Television and Radio 17 28.3%

Family and friends 3 5.0%
Health workers 3 5.0%
News papers 17 28.3%
Having no knowledge 20 33.3%
TOTAL 60 100.0%

Table 11- projected that the source of knowledge of population about covid-19 was more
frequently was none as one-third (33.3%) of the members didn‟t have any source of
knowledge. Each more than one-fourth (28.3%) of the population from families got a vision
by television and radio, and newspaper respectively about covid-19 was the source of
knowledge for them. The source of knowledge of population about covid-19 was family and
friends revealed by few (5.0%) members while other 5.0% opined that their source of
knowledge was health workers.

20
20 17 17

Television and Radio

15
Family and friends
10 Health workers
News papers
3 3
5
Having no knowledge

0
1

Page | 51
 SECTION 4.2:-Effectiveness of planned teaching progamme in terms of gain in
knowledge regarding prevention of Covid-19.

Table 4.2(A) Pre-Test Knowledge:-Frequency distribution of studied subject according

to pre-test score
N=60
Pre-test Score Category Frequency(N) Percent (%)

0-5 Poor 18 30.0%

6-10 Average 36 60.0%

11-15 Good 6 10.0%

16-20 Excellent 0 0.0%

TOTAL 60 100.0

Table 12 showed the information on mark scored by selected subjects regarding their
respective pre-existed knowledge related to prevention of covid-19. The existed knowledge
of the members selected from population of adults regarding prevention of covid-19 was
found so poor that it was easily measured by obtained pre-test scores. It reflected in pre-test
that approximately one-third (30.0%) of the selected population recorded in poor (0-5)
category and found not aware about prevention of covid-19. It was obtained that 60.0% of the
members attained the average (6-10) category observed with little-bit awaked about covid-19
and only 6 (10.0%) members awarded the good (11-15) category who had good knowledge
about prevention of covid-19.

Further, it was highlighted that none of the members was found with sound knowledge about
prevention of covid-19 as none of the members were measured in excellent (16-20) category
in pre-test.

Page | 52
 Table 4.2(B):-Frequency distribution of studied subjects according to post-test score

N=60

Post-test Scores Category Frequency (N) Percent (%)

0-5 Poor 0 0.0%

6-10 Average 9 15.0%

11-15 Good 33 55.0%

16-20 Excellent 18 30.0%

TOTAL 60 100.0

The distribution of marks to allocate a category was done as described in previous table 13. It
is easily seen in the table 13 that the marks scored after administration of PTP on knowledge
by adults in post-test were significantly improved as compared to marks scored in pre-test
which reflected gain in knowledge of subjects about prevention of covid-19.

It was detected in post-test after administration of PTP among adults on knowledge regarding
prevention of Covid-19 that none of the member was left in poor (0- 5) category Major
proportion of population (55.0%) were promoted to good (11-15) category reflected that the
subjects had good knowledge about prevention of Covid-19. Moreover, it was recorded that
approximately one-third (30.0%) of the population were measured in excellent (16-20)
category at post-test which showed the sound knowledge of population about prevention of
Covid-19. This indicated that PTP on knowledge of the population regarding prevention of
Covid-19 is effective.

The effectiveness of PTP on knowledge regarding prevention of Covid-19 in terms of gain in

knowledge at post-test clearly depicted in figures 10 and 11. Moreover, it was concreted that
the PTP on knowledge regarding prevention of Covid-19 among adults is effective. This
finding concluded the effectiveness of PTP which confirms partially fulfils the second
objective of the present study.

Page | 53
SECTION 4.3:-COMPARISON BETWEEN PRE-TEST AND
POST-TEST KNOWLEDGE SCORE.

Table4.3-(A):-The distribution of mean knowledge percent and standard deviation in

pre and post test
N=60
Mean Mean Std. Deviation
Knowledge Scores
(X ) (%) (s)
Pre-test 7.38 34.25 2.35

Post-test 14.17 65.75 2.67

TOTAL 21.55 100.00 5.02

The table 14 comprises of mean, percentage of mean and the standard deviation of pre
and post test scores. The average knowledge score of subjects about prevention of
Covid-19 in pre-test was 7.38±2.35 points. The gain in knowledge score had reported
by mean post-test score of subjects that was measured after administered of PTP was
improved significantly and rose to 14.17±2.67 points. At pre-test, the percentage of
mean knowledge scores of subjects was 34.25% and measured with a higher
difference with compared to post-test was 65.75%. This large difference in means of
knowledge scores of subjects about prevention of Covid-19 projected the
effectiveness of PTP which fulfils partially the second objective of the present study.

Page | 54
 Table4.3 (B):-Comparison between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores

95% CI of the
Knowledge Mean Mean p-value
Z-value
scores Lower Upper Diff (LOS)
Bound Bound

Pre-test 6.78 7.99 p <0.001 #

Post-test 13.48 14.86

The mean difference is highly significant at the 0.001 level of significance.

[Degrees of freedom are 59; CI-Confidence Interval; LOS-level of significance]

Table 15 highlighted that the knowledge of adult member after administration of PTP on
knowledge was significantly improved and differed at post-test stage when compared
with the existed knowledge of subjects in pre-test.

Mean knowledge score after administration of PTP at post-test was 14.17±2.67 points
(CI:13.48 to14.86) was much higher as compared to baseline stage was 7.38±2.35
points (CI:6.78 to7.99) recorded at pre-test. This large difference in mean knowledge
scores between pre-test and post-test was highly significant (p<0.001) that was
confirmed statistically.

Page | 55
Table 4.3 (C):-Comparison in pre-test and post-test knowledge about prevention of
Covid-19

Positive Response
Knowledge Questionnaire Post-
Pre-test
test
Q.1-What is Covid-19? 18.3% 81.7%
Q.2-The first case of novel Corona Virus was identified in? 5.0% 78.3%
Q.3- Covid-19 caused by? 83.3% 98.3%
Q.4- Which test is performed to identify Covid-19? 6.7% 63.3%
Q.5- Who are at risk for death with Covid-19? 18.3% 41.7%
Q.6- How long does the novel Corona Virus survive outside the
body? 33.3% 86.7%
Q.7- Which age group the Covid-19 spreads? 15.0% 31.7%
Q.8- How does Corona Virus spread? 46.7% 98.3%
Q.9- What are the symptoms of Corona Virus? 15.0% 58.3%
Q.10- If one of your family member is home quarantine how
would you react to it? 71.7% 96.7%
Q.11- Which is the most appropriate face mask? 48.3% 71.7%
Q.12- How do someone disinfect surfaces? 13.3% 33.3%
Q.13- What are the best ways to prevent getting infected with
Covid-19? 21.7% 51.7%

Q.14- Used face mask is to be disposed of in? 68.3% 90.0%

Q.15- Following practices are useful to prevention of Corona
infection except- 6.7% 26.7%

Q.16- Which part of the body is affected by the Covid-19? 88.3% 100.0%
Q.17- Who are the general public needs to wear a face mask when
out in public places? 81.7% 96.7%
Q. 18- If you suspect a case of Covid-19? 23.3% 55.0%
Q. 19-Person with suspected contact with corona infection must
quarantine for at least? 50.0% 86.7%
Q. 20- Why should I avoid touching my face? 23.3% 70.0%

Page | 56
The difference in knowledge between pre-test and post-test is clear. It was noted at
post-test stage that the knowledge about prevention of Covid-19 among subjects was
improved as compared to knowledge in pre-test. The existed knowledge before
administration of knowledge questionnaire at pre-test was not found at satisfactory
level. It was at pre-test stage that only 5.0% subjects were aware about the Covid-19
place in a air and the symptoms manifested by older adult are high fever, severe
headache and shortness of breathing in body were found to be known by few (6.7%)
subjects. Less than one-fifth (15.0%) subjects were only aware about the types of
covid-19 are sever Covid-19, use than one-fifth (15.0%) subject were only aware about
the mutation of various related to Covid-19 while 18.3% respondents Knew about the
prevention measures related to the disease which included benefits of hand washing,
social distancing, avoiding contact staying at home and about protocols related to
weaning mask among subjects were noted in pre-test.

At post-test, it was measured after administration of PTP on knowledge that all

(100.0%) subjects got a vision about the diagnostic test for Covid-19 is testing of
sputum test and 98.3% subjects able to identified that the virus are the mode of
transmission of Covid-19 and the Covid-19 is also known as respiratory disorder was
memorized by 98.3%. It was also detected after PTP at post stage that most of the
subjects (96.7%) able memorize that the Covid-19 is reduced by covering mask and
hand sanitizer. 90.0% of the population memorized after administration at post-test that
the Covid-19 affect adults.

Furthermore, it is highlighted that almost all subjects got advantage about prevention
of Covid-19 in order to assess the gain in knowledge after the administration of PTP on
knowledge regarding prevention of Covid-19 which statistically concreted the
effectiveness of PTP on knowledge on prevention of Covid-19. Lastly, it is confirmed
from the above tables that there was a highly significant difference between means of
pre and post test scores which impacted the effectiveness of PTP which fulfils the
second objective titled “To assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme
on knowledge regarding prevention of Covid-19 among adults in selected Slum
areas at Ujjain” of the present study.

Page | 57
 Furthermore, above depicted tables and stated all inferences indicated the rejection of
first null hypothesis and acceptance of first alternative hypothesis i e “There is a
significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge score regarding
prevention of Covid-19 among adult member of selected slum areas at Ujjain”
impacted the achievement of the second selected objective.

SECTION 4.4:-Association between Pre-Test Knowledge Score and Selected

demographic Variables

Table 4.4(A):-Association of age of subjects with pre-test score

Pre-test Score with Category
N=60

Poor Average Good

Age (in Years)
(0-5) (6-10) (11-15)
25-31 10 (27.8%) 5 (83.3%) 18 (30%)

31-37 13 (36.10%) 1 (16.7%) 22 (36.7%)

37-45 8 (22.2%) 0 (0%) 13 (21.7%)

45-50 5 (13.9%) 0 (0%) 7 (11.7%)

36 60
TOTAL 6 (100%)
(100%) (100%)

Table 17 presented an insignificant association of age of subjects with their respective

categories of knowledge on prevention of Covid-19 in pre- test. Before administration of PTP
on knowledge, the knowledge was poor observed at pre-test was most common in 8 (44.4%)
subjects when the age group was 25-31 years followed by 5 (27.8%) subjects had aged
between 31-37 years. At pre-test, before administration of PTP, the average knowledge was
noted in 13 (36.1%) subjects was most common had belonged to age group of 37-45 years
followed by 10 (27.8%) subjects found within lower age group of 25-31 years. 5 (83.3%)
subject had good knowledge at pre-test had aged between 25-31 years. These differences in
age of subjects were not associated significantly (p>0.05) with categories of knowledge was
confirmed statistically.

Page | 58
Moreover, at pre-test the statistical agreement showed that age of subjects mayn‟t be the
factor that influenced significantly the categories of knowledge on prevention of Covid-19.

Table 4.4(B):-Association of gender of subjects with pre-test scores

N=60

Poor Average Good Total

Gender
(0-5) (6-10) (11-15)

Male 2 (11.1%) 15(41.7%) 2 (33.3%) 19 (31.7%)

Female 16 (88.9%) 21 (58.3%) 4 (66.7%) 41 (68.3%)

18 6 60
TOTAL 36 (100%)
(100%) (100%) (100%)

 22  5.19 ^ ; p<0.08 (Poorly significant)

The association is poorly/suggestively significant for 2 degrees of freedom at the 0.08

level of significance. It was clearly projected in the table 18 that there was a poor
bonding at 92.0% confidence interval between gender of subjects and categories of
knowledge on prevention of Covid-19 in pre-test before administration of PTP on
knowledge. Before administration of PTP on knowledge the poor knowledge was
most commonly observed at pre-test stage in 16 (88.9%) female subjects. The average
knowledge was reported more frequently in 21 (58.3%) female subjects. 4 (66.7%)
female while 2 (33.3%) male subjects had good knowledge at pre-test. These
differences in gender of subjects and categories of knowledge were poorly associated
was measured poorly significant (p<0.08) at 92.0% confidence interval was concreted
statistically and may be due to chance. Henceforth, it is highlighted that sex mayn‟t be
influenced by the categories of knowledge on prevention of Covid-19 was noted in
pre-test.

Page | 59
 Table 4.4(C):-Association of type of family of subjects with pre-test scores
N=60
Pre-test Score with Category (Type of Family)

Type of Poor Average Good Total

Family (0-5) (6-10) (11-15)

Nuclear 10 (56%) 20(55.6%) 5 (83.3%) 35 (58.3%)

Joint 8 (44.4%) 14 (38.9%) 1 (16.7%) 23 (38.3%)

Extended 0 (0%) 2 (5.6%) 0 (0%) 2 (3.3%)

18 6 60
TOTAL 36 (100%)
(100%) (100%) (100%)

24  2.96  ; p>0.05 (Insignificant)

The association isn‟t significant (insignificant) for 4 degrees of freedom at the 0.05 level of
significance. Type of family of one member was not found associated with pre-test score
categories of knowledge which can be easily seen in the table 19 before administration of
PTP on knowledge. Poor knowledge about prevention of Covid-19 was most commonly
observed at pre-test stage in 10 (55.6%) subjects had nuclear family followed by 8 (44.4%)
subjects used to live with joint family. The average knowledge was reported in 20 (55.6%)
subjects was most commonly had nuclear family followed by 14 (38.9%) subjects who
belonged to extended family. 5 (83.3%) subjects belonged to nuclear family while 1 (16.7%)
subject who had joint family had good knowledge at pre-test. The type of family of subjects
and categories of knowledge on prevention of Covid-19 were not associated (p>0.05)
significantly that was concluded statistically Moreover, it is concreted that the type of family
mayn‟t be the factor that predicted in pre-test impacted significantly the categories of
knowledge on prevention of Covid-19 among selected subjects.

Page | 60
 Table 4.4 (D) Association of educational status of subject Pre-Test Scores
N=60
Pre-test Score with Category (Educational Status)

Educational Poor Average Good Total

Status (0-5) (6-10) (11-15)

Illiterate 1 (5.6%) 1 (5.6%) 0 (0%) 2 (3.3%)

Primary 16 (88.9%) 1 (2.8%) 0 (0%) 17 (28.3%)

Secondary 1 (5.6%) 17 (47.2%) 0 (0%) 18 (30%)

Higher
0 (0%) 13 (36.1%) 3 (50.0%) 16 (26.7%)
Secondary
Graduate 0 (0%) 4 (11.1%) 3 (50.0%) 7 (11.7%)

18 6 60
TOTAL 36 (100%)
(100%) (100%) (100%)

82  59.63 # ; p<0.001 (Highly Significant)

#
The association is highly significant at 8 degrees of freedom for the 0.001 level of
significance. A highly significant bonding in educational qualification of subjects is
projected in table 20 was identified before administration of PTP on knowledge in pre-test
with categories of knowledge on prevention of Covid-19. Poor knowledge of subjects was
more frequently noted in 16 (88.9%) subjects who passed primary level of education before
administration of PTP on knowledge in pre-test. At pre-test stage, the average knowledge
was most common in 47.2% subjects had completed secondary education followed by
36.1% found with higher secondary education. 3 (50.0%) subject had good knowledge at
pre-test who acquired a graduate degree while the same proportion of subjects had good
knowledge found with higher secondary. These differences at pre-test in educational
qualification of subjects was associated strongly (p<0.001) with categories of knowledge was
confirmed statistically.

Moreover, it was inference statistically that educational status of subjects was the most
significant factor was detected at pre-test that impacted strongly the categories of
knowledge on prevention of Covid-19 among subjects.

Page | 61
 Table 4.4(E):-Association of occupational status of subjects with pre-test scores
N=60
Pre-test Score with Category (Occupational Status)

Occupational Poor Average Good Total

Status (0-5) (6-10) (11-15)

Shop keeper 0 (0%) 2 (5.6%) 3 (50%) 5 (8.3%)

Private
service 0 (0%) 13 (36.1%) 3 (50%) 16 (26.7%)

Daily wages 14 (77.8%) 5 (13.9%) 0 (0%) 19 (31.7%)

Vendor 1 (5.6%) 8 (22.2%) 0 (0%) 9 (15%)

Housewife 3 (16.7%) 8 (22.2%) 0 (0%) 11 (18.3%)

18 6 60
TOTAL 36 (100%)
(100%) (100%) (100%)

82  43.79 # ; p<0.001 (Highly Significant)

The association is highly significant at 8 degrees of freedom for the 0.001 level of
significance. Table 21 projected that occupational status of subjects before
administration of PTP on knowledge had a strong significant bonding with categories
of knowledge on prevention of Covid-19 was noted in pre-test.

At pre-test, 3 (50.0%) subject had good knowledge who worked as a shop keeper while
the same proportion (50.0%) of subjects found with good knowledge engaged in private
service. Before administration of PTP on knowledge, the average knowledge was most
common in 36.1% subjects engaged in private service followed by 22.2% each was
conducted a business and engaged as a housewife. Moreover, the occupational status
of subjects was associated strongly (p<0.001) with categories of knowledge that was
concluded on statistical ground. Furthermore, at pre-test the statistical agreement
revealed that occupational status of subjects was the most significant factor that
influenced highly the categories of knowledge on prevention of Covid-19 among
subjects.

Page | 62
 Table 4.4(F):-Association of family income per month of subjects with pre-
test scores
N=60
Pre-test Score with Category (Family Income)

Family Income Poor Average Good Total

(Per Month) in Rs. (0-5) (6-10) (11-15)

<6000 14 (77.8%) 15 (41.7%) 0 (0%) 29 (48%)

6001-7000 4 (22.2%) 12 (33.3%) 2 (33.3%) 18 (30%)

10
7001-8000 0 (0%) 8 (22.2%) 2 (33.3%) (16.7%)
>8000 0 (0%) 1 (2.8%) 2 (33.3%) 3 (5%)

18 6 60
TOTAL 36 (100%)
(100%) (100%) (100%)

6 2  22.53 # ; p<0.001 (Highly Significant)

# The association is highly significant at 6 degrees of freedom for the

0.001 level of significance.

A strong bonding in family income per month of subjects is clearly identified in table
22 with categories of knowledge on prevention of covid-19 before administration of
PTP on knowledge in pre-test. At pre-test stage, the poor knowledge of subjects was
more frequently noted in 14 (77.8%) subjects whose family income per month in pre-
test was less than 5000/-. The average knowledge was most common in 41.7%
subjects that family income per month was less than Rs. 6000/- followed by 33.3%
found with family income per month between Rs. 6001/- to Rs.7000/- Each 2
(33.3%) subject had good knowledge at pre-test whose family incomes per month
between Rs. 6001/- to Rs. 7000/-, Rs. 7001/- to Rs. 8000/- and more than Rs. 8000/-
respectively. These differences at pre-test in family income per month of subjects was
associated strongly (p<0.001) with categories of knowledge that was confirmed
statistically.

Page | 63
 Table 4.4 (K):-Association of the source of knowledge of subjects about Covid-
19with pre-test scores
N=60
Pre-test Score with Category (Knowledge of Subject)

Knowledge of
Poor Average Good Total
Subject
(0-5) (6-10) (11-15)
(about covid-19)
Television and 17
1 (5.6%) 10 (27.8%) 100 (0%)
Radio (28.3%)
1 (5.6%) 2 (5.6%) 0 (0%) 3 (5%)
Family and friends

0 (0%) 3 (8.3%) 0 (0%) 3 (5%)

Health workers
0 (0%) 17
News papers 1 (5.6%) 16 (44.4%)
(28.3%)
Having no 0 (0%) 20
15 (83.3%) 5 (13.9%)
knowledge (33.3%)

18 6 60
TOTAL 36 (100%)
(100%) (100%) (100%)

82  44.39 # ; p<0.001 (Highly Significant)

The association is highly significant at 8 degrees of freedom for the 0.001 level of
significance.
A highly significant bonding in the source of knowledge of subjects about Covid-19 is
projected in table 27 was identified before administration of PTP on knowledge in pre-test
with categories of knowledge on prevention of Covid-19.

Poor knowledge of subjects was more frequently noted in 15 (83.3%) subjects who had none
source of knowledge was noted in pre-test. At pre-test stage, the average knowledge was
most common in 44.4% subjects who opined that their source of knowledge was newspaper
followed by 27.8% who told that their source of knowledge was television and radio. 6
(100.0%) subject had good knowledge at pre-test who opined that their source of knowledge
was television and radio. These differences at pre-test in the source of knowledge of subjects
about Covid-19 was associated strongly (p<0.001) with categories of knowledge was
confirmed statistically.

Page | 64
Moreover, it was concreted statistically that the source of knowledge of subjects about
Covid-19 was the most significant factor that impacted strongly the categories of
knowledge on prevention of Covid-19 among subjects was detected at pre-test.

Lastly, the statistical agreement showed that educational status, occupational status,
family income per month and source of knowledge on prevention of Covid-19
significantly influenced the knowledge on prevention of Covid-19 as all these stated
demographical variables were found to be associated strongly with categories of
knowledge among one member . Therefore, these inferences indicated the rejection of
second null hypotheses and acceptance of second alternative hypotheses i. e. “There
is a significant association of the pre-test knowledge score regarding prevention
of Covid-19 among adult member with selected demographic variable” impacted
the achievement of the entire selected objectives followed with fulfillment of the aim
and the objectives of the proposed research titled “A PRE-EXPERIMENTAL
STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING
PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREVENTION OF COVID-
19 AMONG ADULTS IN SELECTED SLUM AREAS IN UJJAIN CITY".

4.5 SUMMARY

From the analysis and interpretation of the association tables, we can see that, the
hypothesis, “RH1 : The mean post-test knowledge scores of the one member
regarding Prevention of Covid-19 will be significantly higher than mean pre-test
knowledge score” is being accepted as there is a significant difference between the
pre-test and post-test knowledge scores.
Also, we have found that there is association between many of the demographic
variables and the knowledge gain score, thus, the hypothesis, “RH2: There will be
significant association between pre-test knowledge score with selected
demographic variables.” is being also being partially accepted.

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 CHAPTER – V

MAJOR FINDING, DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION,

RECOMMENDATIONS, IMPLICATION AND LIMITATIONS

5.1- MAJOR FINDINGS

The finding of the present study is discussion with reference to the objectives
hypothesis and the finding of other studies. Discussion of findings is based on the
sample characteristics, clinical information, knowledge of people about prevention of
covid-19, effectiveness of individual planned teaching programme, association of
knowledge and selected variables.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:-

“A PRE-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TOASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS

OFPLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE
REGARDINGPREVENTION OF COVID-19 AMONGADULTS RESIDING IN
SLUM AREAS IN UJJAIN CITY, M.P.”

THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 To assess the pre-test knowledge score regarding prevention of covid-19 among

adults residing in slum areas in Ujjain city MP.

 To assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programmes on knowledge

regarding prevention of covid-19 among adults residing in slum areas in Ujjain
city MP.

 To find out the association with selected demographic variables and the pre- test
knowledge.

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HYPOTHESIS :

Based on the analysis and interpretation of the association tables and stated all
inferences indicated the rejection of first null hypothesis and acceptance of first
alternative hypothesis i.e. RH1-“There is a significant difference between pre-test
and post-test knowledge score regarding prevention of covid-19 among adults
residing in slum areas in Ujjain city, MP.” is being accepted as there is a significant
difference between the pre-test and post-test knowledge scores .

Also, we have found that there is association between many of the demographic
variables and the knowledge gain score, thus the hypothesis, Therefore, these
inferences indicated the rejection of second null hypotheses and acceptance of second
alternative hypotheses i. e. RH2- “There is a significant association of the pretest
knowledge score regarding prevention of covid-19 among adults residing in
slum areas in Ujjain city with selected demographic variable” is being also being
partially accepted.

Page | 67
 DISCUSSION OF STUDY

SECTION-I

Discussion of Baseline Data of adults‟ In General. More than one-third (36.7%) of

people were most commonly had aged between 31-37 years, Further, it was obtained
that 30.0% of the people were belonged to lower age group of 25-31 years age group
while the higher age group of 37-45 years consisted of 21.7%.

The group-wise gender distribution of studied adults, It was easily seen that more than
half (68.3%) of the subjects selected from population was female. The male family
members were less (31.7 %) as compared to female members. The information on
type of family of studied population of adults, Nuclear family was found most
common in 58.3% members, while 38.3% members were used to live with nuclear
family.

The basic information on educational status of the members 30.0% were educated up
to secondary level of education. 28.3% of the members were acquired primary
education but higher secondary schooling was cleared by 26.7% members. Further, it
was also identified that 11.7% members possessed a graduate degree.
Occupation reported that 31.7% of the members were more frequently worked on
basis of daily wages followed by 26.7% were serving in private sector. Street business
and vendors are 15.0% members, while 18.3% members engaged in domestic work as
a housewife. Some (8.3%) of the members revealed that they were working as a
government employee.

The family income per month identified that approximately half (48.3%) of the
family‟s income were less than 6000/- per month but approximately one-third (30.0%)
of the family‟s income per month were in between 6001/- and 7000. It was also
obtained that the income of more than Rs. 8000/- per month was reported by few (3,
5.0%) members.

Each more than one-fourth (28.3%) of the members got a vision by television and
radio, and newspaper. The source of knowledge of adults about covid-19 was family
and friends revealed by few (5.0%) members.

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SECTION II: COMPARISON BETWEEN PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST
KNOWLEDGE SCORE

At pre-test, the percentage of mean knowledge scores of subjects was 34.25% and
measured with a higher difference with compared to post-test was 65.75%. This large
difference in means of knowledge scores of subjects about prevention of covid-19
projected the effectiveness of planned teaching programme which fulfils partially the
second objective of the present study.

SECTION III:-FREQUENCY, PERCENTAGE DISTIBUTION AND MEAN

OF PRE-TEST AND POST TEST KNOWLEDGE SCORE

Mean knowledge score of selected people after administration of planned teaching

programme at post-test was 14.17±2.67 points (CI:13.48 to14.86) was much higher as
compared to baseline stage was 7.38±2.35 points (CI:6.78 to7.99) recorded at pre-test.
This large difference in mean knowledge scores between pre-test and post-test was
highly significant (p<0.001) that was confirmed statistically.

SECTION IV:-ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE SELECTED

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES AND PRETEST KNOWLEDGE SCORE:-

In order to find the relationship between pre-test knowledge score and selected
Demographic variables chi-square test was used.

Association with age group

At pre-test, before administration of PTP, the average knowledge was noted in 13

(36.1%) subjects was most common had belonged to age group of 31-37 years
followed by 10 (27.8%) subjects found within lower age group of 25-31 years. 5
(83.3%) subject had good knowledge at pre-test had aged between 25-31 years. These
differences in age of subjects were not associated significantly with categories of
knowledge was confirmed statistically.

Page | 69
Association with gender

There was a poor bonding at 92.0% confidence interval between gender of subjects and
categories of knowledge on prevention of covid-19 in pre-test before administration of
PTP. Before administration of PTP the poor knowledge was most commonly observed
at pre-test stage in 16 (88.9%) female subjects. The average knowledge was reported
more frequently in 21 (58.3%) female subjects. 4 (66.7%) female while 2 (33.3%) male
subjects had good knowledge at pre-test. These differences in gender of subjects and
categories of knowledge were poorly associated.

Association with Types of family

Type of family of the members was not found associated with pre-test score categories
of knowledge. Poor knowledge about prevention of covid-19 was most commonly
observed at pre-test stage in 10 (55.6%) subjects had nuclear family followed by 8
(44.4%) subjects used to live with joint family. The average knowledge was reported in
20 (55.6%) subjects was most commonly had nuclear family followed by 14 (38.9%)
subjects who belonged to extended family. 5 (83.3%) subjects belonged to nuclear
family while 1 (16.7%) subject who had joint family had good knowledge at pre-test.
The type of family of subjects and categories of knowledge on prevention of covid-19
were not associated (p>0.05) significantly that was concluded statistically.

Association with Educational qualification

Educational qualification of subjects is projected 20 was identified before

administration of planned teaching programme in pre-test with categories of
knowledge on prevention of covid-19. Poor knowledge of subjects was more
frequently noted in 16 (88.9%) subjects who passed primary level of education before
administration of planned teaching programme in pre-test. At pre-test stage, the
average knowledge was most common in 47.2% subjects had completed secondary
education followed by 36.1% found with higher secondary education. 3 (50.0%)
subject had good knowledge at pre-test who acquired a graduate degree while the
same proportion of subjects had good knowledge found with higher secondary. These
differences at pre-test in educational qualification of subjects was associated strongly
(p<0.001) with categories of knowledge was confirmed statistically.
Page | 70
Association with occupational status

Occupational status of subjects before administration of planned teaching

programme had a strong significant bonding with categories of knowledge on
prevention of covid-19 was noted in pre-test. At pre-test, 3 (50.0%) subject had good
knowledge who worked as a shopkeeper while the same proportion (50.0%) of
subjects found with good knowledge engaged in private service. Before
administration of Planned teaching programme, the average knowledge was most
common in 36.1% subjects engaged in private service followed by 22.2% each was
either vendors or engaged as a housewife. Moreover, the occupational status of
subjects was associated strongly (p<0.001) with categories of knowledge that was
concluded on statistical ground.

Association with Family income per month

Family income per month of subjects is clearly identified with categories of

knowledge on prevention of covid-19 before administration of planned teaching
programme in pre-test.
At pre-test stage, the poor knowledge of subjects was more frequently noted in 14
(77.8%) subjects whose family income per month in pre-test was less than6000/-. The
average knowledge was most common in 41.7% subjects that family income per
month was less than Rs. 6000/- followed by 33.3% found with family income per
month between Rs. 6001/- to 7000/- Each 2 (33.3%) subject had good knowledge at
pre-test whose family incomes per month between Rs. 6001/- 7000/, Rs.7001 -
8000/- and more than Rs. 8000/- respectively. These differences at pre-test in
family income per month of subjects was associated strongly (p<0.001) with
categories of knowledge that was confirmed statistically.

Association with Sources of knowledge

A highly significant bonding in the source of knowledge of subjects about covid-19 is

before administration of planned teaching programme in pre-test with categories of
knowledge on prevention of covid-19. Poor knowledge of subjects was more
frequently noted in 15 (83.3%) subjects who had none source of knowledge was noted
in pre-test. At pre-test stage, the average knowledge was most common in 44.4%

Page | 71
subjects who opined that their source of knowledge was newspaper followed by
27.8% who told that their source of knowledge was television and radio. 6 (100.0%)
subject had good knowledge at pre-test who opined that their source of knowledge
was television and radio. These differences at pre-test in the source of knowledge of
subjects about covid-19 was associated strongly (p<0.001) with categories of
knowledge was confirmed statistically.

Page | 72
 CONCLUSION

The conclusions drawn from the study were:

1- Pre-test finding showed Lack of knowledge scores regarding prevention of covid-

19.

2- The planned teaching programme tested in the study was found to be effective in
improving the knowledge of adults of slum areas.

3- Planned teaching programme is an effective method for improving knowledge.

IMPLICATIONS

The findings of the present study have implication in the field of, nursing education
nursing practice, nursing research, nursing administration, prevention of the disease,
diagnostic evaluation, management treatment, control and prevention of covid-19
.Improving the knowledge of adults of the slum areas to prevention of covid-19.

NURSING EDUCATION

The health care delivery system at present is giving more emphasis on preventive
rather than curative aspect. It is the responsibility of each individual to take care of
one‟s own health. The study also gives priority for the education programme as it
upholds and maintains the knowledge and thus making them more competent Covid -
19 health problem is global Health problem nurse have to be prepared to face the
covid-19r health problem. The study help to raise awareness among the adult on
knowledge regarding prevention of covid-19.nurse has to handle such problem in the
country to identify high risk group who are prone to family member and teach them
the effective prevention. The planned teaching programme PTP can be used as an
informational and educational mode by the nurses and the nursing personnel for
educating the adults of the area who lived in the areas of community, Nursing
curriculum should provide an opportunity to plan and conduct teaching programmes
in a variety of setting viz, family, community, industry, hospital and other health care
agencies.

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NURSING PRACTICE

Nurse should aware about different education facilities so that they can motivate the
adults of the area about knowledge regarding prevention of covid-19, one of the most
cost effective planned teaching programme to promote healthy living. Nurses working
in the hospital as well as in the community should be equipped with knowledge on
covid-19 and should help people to lead a healthy life. Nurses are the key providers of
preventive, curative and rehabilitative services to individuals and communities.
Nurses in their educative role are in a better position to mould the health related
behaviour. Nurses are acting as the health promoters. So each one should be actively
involved in the health promotion activities to bring changes Nurses play an important
role in educating adults of the slum area regarding prevention of covid-19. Nurses
should conduct training programmes for adults of the area. Health education can be
imparted in the different rural and urban areas of the community, through various
methods like planned education lectures, pamphlets, Flex and booklet.

NURSING SERVICES

Nursing service play not only curative but preventive, Promotive and rehabilitative
role . A community nurse has very important role to play in improving the knowledge
of adults of the slum area regarding covid-19. The study revealed that the adults of the
area are in need of knowledge and they look to the nurse as a first source of
information, so using the prepared planned teaching programme, the nurse can give
health education regarding prevention of covid-19.

NURSING ADMINISTRATION

The nurse administration is responsible for conducting in planned teaching programs

for the health awareness about knowledge regarding prevention of covid-19 among
the adults of the area. Nurse administrators are the back bone for providing facilities
to improve knowledge regarding covid-19. There should be provision for nurses to
devote time for giving health education regarding prevention of covid-19 in the slum
area. Also there is a need to encourage nurses to develop educational materials
necessary administrative support should be adopted to provide health education to
alladults of the slum area who living in the area of Mayapuri Ujjain. Health education
materials such as leaflets and pamphlets should be made and available for all the
adults of the area.
Page | 74
NURSING RESEARCH

Nurses being the largest groups in the health care delivery system and being more
close to patients should take initiative to conducted further research regarding covid-
19 and provide correct information to improve knowledge regarding prevention of
covid-19. The present study reveals that there is lack of knowledge among the adults
of the area related to covid-19 and its prevention. So nurses especially those who are
working in community should take initiative in conducting research studies in the area
of Mayapuri Ujjain. A PTP, planned teaching0 programme can be conducted in the
community to educate the all adults of the slum area regarding prevention of covid-
19.

LIMITATIONS:

The study is limited to:-

 The present study is limited to only one pre-test post-test group; no control group
is adopted for the study.

 The study is also limited to a small sample in a different community areas hence
the findings of the study cannot be generalized.

 The structured knowledge questionnaire and planned teaching programme was

developed as no standardized tool was available.

 The study sample was confined only adult who were present in community areas
Chhoti Mayapuri, Badi Mayapuri, Heera mill ki chall and Vinod mill ki chaal of
Ujjain.mp.

 The study is limited to adults of the area above 18years only. Limited time
available for data collection

 Planned teaching programme is an effective method for improving knowledge.

Page | 75
 RECOMMENDATIONS

a. On the basis of the study the following recommendation are offered for
furtherResearch:
b. The study can be replicated on a larger sample using random sampling so that
the finding can be generalized.
c. An exploratory study may be conducted to identify the knowledge and self- care
practices of patients with covid-19.
d. A study can be conducted to assess the long- term effect of individual planned
teaching programme in adults of area and communities.
e. A similar study may be conducted using a pre-test, post-test, control group
design.
f. A study may be conducted to see the prevalence of covid-19 among people in
community.
g. A similar study can be carried out by using other teaching strategies i.e.
compute-assisted instruction and video film on improving the knowledge of
adults ofthe area regarding prevention of covid-19.
h. A study may be undertaken on different state to evaluate the effectiveness of
SIM on knowledge regarding prevention of covid-19.
i. Future research can be done to find out the attitude and practices on prevention
of covid-19.

Page | 76
 SUMMARY

The problem statement was.-

“A PRE-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF

PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING
PREVENTION OF COVID-19 AMONG ADULTS RESIDING IN SLUM
AREAS IN UJJAIN CITY M.P.”

THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ARE AS-

 To assess the pre-test knowledge score regarding prevention of covid-19
among adults of the area in selected area at Ujjain.
 To assess the effectiveness of Planned teaching programme on knowledge
regarding prevention of covid-19 among adults in selected area at Ujjain.
 To find out the association of the pre-test knowledge score regarding
prevention of covid-19 among Adults of area with selected demographic variables.

Highlighted that the knowledge of adults after administration of planned teaching

programme was significantly improved and differed at post-test stage when compared
with the existed knowledge of subjects in pre-test

Mean knowledge score of adults of area after administration of PTP at post-test was
14.17±2.67 points (CI:13.48 to14.86) was much higher as compared to baseline stage
was 7.38±2.35 points (CI:6.78 to7.99) recorded at pre-test. This large difference in
mean knowledge scores between pre-test and post-test was highly significant
(p<0.001) that was confirmed statistically

This study assumed that majority of adults is not aware of covid-19 and its prevention
it occur because of less knowledge. It is assumed that planned teaching shall improve
the knowledge of adults of the area regarding prevention of covid-19.

The tool used was a structured questionnaire, consisting of 20 questions. Planned

teaching programme was developed by the investigator .Validation of the tool and
Page | 77
planned teaching programme was done by the experts. Pilot study was conducted to
assess the feasibility of the tool. The reliability of the tool was calculated by using
Karl Pearson correlation co-efficient method and reliability was found to be r= 0.82,
which was found to be significant hence the tool and planned teaching programme
was found to be feasible and practicable.
The conceptual frame work used for the study was based on Ludwig Von
Beregardingrtalanffy
(Input, process/throughput, output and feedback theory) (1968).
The variable in this study were:

Independent Variables –Planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding

covid-19
Dependent Variables – knowledge level of adults of the area prevention of covid-19.

This study made use of an evaluative approach with pre-experimental one group pre-
test and post–test research design. The population of the study consisted of members,
on adults present in selected area at Ujjain.
Purposive sampling technique was used to select 60 members, adults of the area based
on pre-determined criteria.

The data obtained was analyses in term of the objective and hypothesis using
descriptive and inferential statistical. The finding of the study proved that there is gain
in knowledge of adults of the area before and after intervention of planned teaching
programme. The mean post-test knowledge score was (14.86) which was higher than
mean pre-test knowledge score (7.99). Thus the effectiveness of planned teaching
programme was tested in term of gain in score and the finding showed that it was
statically significant at 0.001 levels On the whole, carrying out the present study was
really an enriching experience to the investigator. It also helped a great deal to explore
and improve the knowledge of the researcher and the respondents. The constant
encouragement and guidance by the guide, co-operation and interest of respondents in
the study contributed to the fruitful completion of the study.

Page | 78
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o https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-
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May 16, 2020)

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o www.coronapreventionprotocol.com

o http/ www.medline/education/research

o http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0,

o http:/covidupdates.india.com

o Stahl et al. BMC Public Health 2013, 13:1048 Page 2 of 11

o http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/13/1048

o http://naidunia,jagran.com/madhy-pr .... ghb0YFFF.dpuf

o http://zeenews. india.com/news/Madhya…e 1480375.html

o htt://timesof india.Indiatimes.com/c…w/44586395.cms

o http://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-BPL-f...70228-NOR.html

Page | 82
NEWS PAPER

o Washington Post dated (12/04/21)

o The Hindu, New Delhi newspaper (06/05/21)

o Naidunia newspaper (4/11/20), (25/12/20),and (29/04/21)

o Times of India Newspaper( 3/11/20), (5/03/21)

o Newspaper Hindustan Times Bhopal (7/06/21)

Page | 83
 APPENDICES

ANNEXURE-1
LETTER REQUESTING PERMISSION FOR THE STUDY

Page | 84
 ANNEXURE-2

LETTER OF APPROVAL FOR CONDUCTING THE STUDY

Page | 85
 ANNEXURE

LETTER FOR VALIDATION OF THE TOOL

To,
The principal
Government College of
Nursing Sudama Nagar,
Ujjain, (M.P)

Subject: - Requisition for content validation of the tool

Respected madam,
We are final year Bachelor of nursing students of Government College of
Nursing Ujjain. For partial fulfilment of B.Sc. nursing degree, we have selected
the topic stated below for the research project to be submitted to the Madhya
Pradesh Medical Science University of Jabalpur.
Topic:-“A PRE-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON
KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREVENTION OF COVID-19 AMONG
ADULTS RESIDING IN SLUM AREAS AT UJJAIN CITY, MP”.
Here we are enclosing the structured knowledge questionnaire, planned teaching
programme and a validation criteria. We would like to request you to go
through the content of the tool enclosed here in terms of its relevance and
accuracy.

Thanking you,

Yours sincerely
B.Sc. Nursing 4th year
Group E (Community health nursing)
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 ANNEXURE

Criteria Checklist for assessing the knowledge regarding Prevention of covid-19

among adults residing in slum areas

Item Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Remarks

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Signature of validator

Page | 87
 ANNEXURE

CERTIFICATE FOR CONTENT VALIDATION

I hereby certify that I have validated the tool of B.Sc. Nursing final year
students who are under taking this study.

Topic: - “A PRE-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE

EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON

KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREVENTION OF COVID-19 AMONG

ADULTS RESIDING IN SELECTED SLUM AREAS AT UJJAIN CITY,

MP.

Hence, they can proceed with this tool for completion of this research.

Signature of Validate

Date-
Place- Ujjain, MP

Page | 88
 CONSENT FORM

I……………………………………hereby give my consent for my

participation In the study titled “A pre-experimental study to assess the

effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge

regarding prevention of covid-19 among adults residing in slum areas

at Ujjain city, MP.”

Place: Ujjain, MP

Date:

Signature of participant

Page | 89