Carlos Hilado Memorial State University

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Civil Engineering

ENCHEM 111 LABORATORY REPORT

Ind No Name: Title of Experiment:

ENCHEM 111 -Chemistry for Engineers - Laboratory Experiment No. ___

Term: 1st 2nd Summer SY: Date Performed: Rating:

Course: Year/Section: Group No: Instructor:

CALORIMETRY: SPECIFIC HEAT OF METALS BY METHOD OF MIXTURES

Experiment No. 1

LEARNING OUTCOME:
To determine the specific heat of some metals by the method of mixtures.

TOPIC DETAILS / DISCUSSION:

Heat is the most common form of energy. When the heat is added to a certain
substance, its internal energy increases (by conservation of energy) as manifested by
a rise of temperature, and increase in pressure, or a change in state.

When there is only rise in temperature there is no change in state and in

pressure. It may be computed form the formula.
Q = m c (t2-t1)
Where, Q = mass in calories, cal
m = mass of substance, g
t1 = initial temperature, 0C
t2 = final temperature, 0C
c = specific heat of the substance, cal/g Co,

The specific heat of a substance is defined as the heat per unit mass per
degree change in temperature. In this experiment, the specific heat of the metal is
determined by the method of mixtures. It consists essentially of a known mass of
metal, at a known mass of water contained in a known low temperature and then we can
determine the equilibrium or resulting temperature of a mixture, from the equation,

Heat Lost = Heat Gained

 Carlos Hilado Memorial State University
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From the above equation the unknown specific heat of the metal can be
computed. The heat lost would be the heat given up by the metal of unknown specific
heat and the gained is the heat absorbed by the calorimeter, water, and the
thermometer. This experiment however the temperature cannot be obtained unless
the thermometer is used. In this case, the thermometer therefore will absorb part
of the heat given up by the hot metal. The heat gained by the thermometer may be
measured in terms of its water equivalent. The water equivalent of the thermometer
is found to be about 0.54 times its immersed volume. The true value of the specific
heats of the aluminum and brass or copper specimens are 0.212 and 0.092 cal/g C 0
respectively.

MATERIALS AND APPARATUS:

Double walled calorimeter with cup and stirrer, hot plate, tripod, Cu shots, aluminum
shots, brass specimen, triple beam balance, graduated cylinder, 2 thermometers,
boiler, dipper.

PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh the inner calorimeter cup record it as (mc) in table A. Fill the cup with water
about 1/3 of its volume, then lower its temperature to about 25 0C by the
application of ice and determine its mass, mw. Record it in Table A.
2. Then replace the weighed cup and water, in the outer vessel of a double walled
calorimeter.
3. Weigh the metal shots and record it as (mm) in Table A. Then place the metal shots
in the dipper of the boiler allowing the steam to pass through the shots. Do not
wet the shots.
4. Watch the temperature of the shots as the water boils. While you are heating the
shots, record the temperature of the cold water (t w).
5. When the temperature of the shots is between 90 to 95 0C, you can take out the
dipper from the boiler and read the temperature of the shots as (t m) then pour the
shots in the cup without splashing the water contained in the cup, and also taking
care that the thermometer will not be broken.
6. Stir consistently the mixtures, reading of the temperature may be taken in
seconds after pouring the shots. When the temperature of the water and the
shots is stable, get the temperature of the mixture (t mix).
7. By the use of graduated cylinder, you can find the immersed volume of the
thermometer record it as (V) in Table A.
8. Compute the specific heat of the metal (c m) using the principle of method of
mixtures as shown by the equation.
(mwcw + mccc + 0.54V) (tmix – tw) = mmcm (tm – tmix)
9. Repeat the same procedure for another trial and record it as trial 2 in Table A.
 Carlos Hilado Memorial State University
Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus

To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030

(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)

PRECAUTION:
1. Before adding the metal specimen to the calorimeter, the initial temperature of
the cup and that of the metal specimen should have been taken first.
2. In taking the final reading, the water should be first consistently stirred. Reading
should be the highest temperature of the thermometer.

DATA AND RESULTS: Table A.

Trial 1 Trial 2

Mass of Stirrer (ms) , g

Mass of Calorimeter (mc), g

Mass of Calorimeter and Water, g

Mass of Water (mw), g

Temperature of Water (tw), oC

Volume of immersed thermometer (V), mL

Mass of Shots (mm), g

Temperature of Shots (tm), oC

Temperature of Mixture (tmix), oC

Specific heat of calorimeter (cc), Cal / g Co

Specific heat of shots (Computer), Cal / g Co

Specific heat of shots (Accepted), Cal / g Co

% error

% Average

COMPUTATION:

CONCLUSION:
 Carlos Hilado Memorial State University
Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus

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(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)

QUESTIONS and PROBLEMS:

1. What is meant by specific heat of a substance?

2. What is the principle involved in the method of mixtures?

3. The heat capacity, C, of a substance is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature by C0. Thus, to raise the temperature by Δt requires heat, Q given by Q = C
Δt.
a. Express heat capacity C, in term of the specific heat, c.

b. What is the heat capacity of 55 kg of water?

4. A 200 g mass block of iron, heated to 90 0C, is dropped into the 100 g of kerosene in a
copper calorimeter of 100 g mass at 29 0C, if the final temperature of the mixture is 33
0
C, determine the specific heat of kerosene. Specific heat of copper was 0.08 and that of
the iron 0.11. Determine the specific heat of kerosene.

5. If 400 g of aluminum are put into 200 g of water at 20 0C in 100 g calorimeter of specific
heat 0.093, and the stable equilibrium temperature is 28.8 0C. What is the initial
temperature of the aluminum specimen having a specific heat of 0.22 cal/gC 0?