IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 51, NO.

3, MARCH 2015 6300304

Numerical Study of the Core Saturation Influence on the

Winding Losses of Traction Transformers
Jasmin Smajic1 , Giorgio Di Pino1 , Christoph Stemmler2 , Wolfgang Mönig3 , and Martin Carlen4
1 University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland, Rapperswil CH-8640, Switzerland
2 ABB Schweiz AG, Turgi CH-5300, Switzerland
3 ABB AG, Brilon D-59929, Germany
4 ABB Management Services Ltd., Zurich CH-8050, Switzerland

The winding system of traction transformers is subjected to non-sinusoidal voltages and currents of the adjacent traction converter.
Unlike its fundamental component, the higher harmonics of the load current have a completely non-uniform distribution over
the conductor’s cross section causing hazardous hot spots. Due to dynamic operating conditions in railway grids, the railway
voltage can temporarily increase as much as 20% saturating magnetic cores of traction transformers. This paper presents the
analysis of the core saturation influence on the distribution of the transformer’s winding losses along with suitable numerical
methodologies for their simulation. Thus, a fast 2-D and 3-D frequency-domain methodology for computing winding losses of traction
transformers by considering all the relevant higher current harmonics and core saturation effects caused by the fundamental
voltage component is described in detail. The obtained results are verified by comparison against the available corresponding
measurements and against the results of a rigorous and from the CPU time perspective much more demanding time-domain simulation
approach.
Index Terms— Eddy currents, traction converters, traction transformers, winding losses.

I. I NTRODUCTION

A MODERN traction converter for double-deck electrical

trains consists of a four-quadrant (4Q) line con-
verter, propulsion converter, dc-link circuit, and auxiliary
components [1], as shown in Fig. 1(a). The role of the single
phase traction transformer is either to step down the voltage
of the incoming power from the catenary (15 or 25 kV) in
case of the train’s acceleration or to step up the voltage of
the incoming power from the converter in case of the train’s
deceleration (recuperation).
Due to the switching of the 4Q line converter, the
rectangular voltage is applied to the transformer secondary
windings [1]. The transformer stray inductance is usually used
to transform this rectangular voltage into its harmonic coun-
terpart to avoid a filter between the converter and transformer.
Thus, the resulting secondary current is also a non-sinusoidal
function [Fig. 1(b)].
As already reported in [2], it is possible to accurately
simulate winding losses of converter transformers, including
higher current harmonics, by making a very detailed winding
model. The modeling and simulations presented in [2] did not
consider core saturation effects.
According to the IEC standard [3], the railway voltage can
temporarily increase as much as 20%. At this voltage level,
the transformer’s core goes into saturation causing a different
distribution of the stray magnetic flux between the transformer
coils, especially in the regions near the winding ends, i.e., near Fig. 1. (a) Main components of a modern traction converter attached to the
the saturated transformer’s yokes. The eddy currents induced considered transformer [1]. (b) Time dependence of the transformer voltage
(pulse width modulation) and current.
Manuscript received May 25, 2014; revised September 11, 2014; accepted
September 26, 2014. Date of current version April 22, 2015. Corresponding in the windings by the stray magnetic flux are consequently
author: J. Smajic (e-mail: jsmajic@hsr.ch).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
affected by this saturation effect.
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. To the best of our knowledge and according to the extensive
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMAG.2014.2360918 literature review related to the analysis of winding losses
0018-9464 © 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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 6300304
reported in [2], there are no scientific papers describing the
analysis of the correlation between the core saturation level
and winding losses caused by non-sinusoidal currents of the
power converter attached to the traction transformer. Thus, the
original scientific contribution of this paper is to present
the details and results of the said analysis and to demonstrate
the most promising numerical algorithms for simulating this
phenomenon in 2-D and 3-D.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.
Section II describes the field formulations and simulation
methods used for obtaining the presented results. Section III
presents the obtained numerical result and their verification.
Finally, the conclusion is drawn in Section IV.
II. F IELD F ORMULATION AND S IMULATION M ETHODS
For the axisymmetric 2-D and 3-D magneto-quasistatic
analysis (i.e., the eddy-current analysis) in time and frequency
domain, a field solver with the following implemented time-
domain field formulation is used [4]–[6]:
1 ∂ H
∇× ∇ × H + μr = 0 in C (1)
σ · μ0 ∂t
∇ × H = JS in C (2)
∇ · μr H = 0 in 0 (3)

H × n = 0 in ∂ D  (4)

μr H · n = 0 in ∂ N  (5)
where C is the conducting regions, 0 is the non-conducting
region,  = C ∪ 0 is the computational domain, ∂ D  is
the Dirichlet’s boundary of the computational domain,
∂ N  is the Neumann’s boundary of the computational domain,
σ is the electric conductivity, μ0 is the magnetic permeability
of vacuum, μr is the relative magnetic permeability of the
material, n is the normal unit vector to the boundary, JS is the
known source current density, and H is the magnetic field.
The boundary value problem (BVP) (1)–(5) is written
in time-domain because the source current is not harmonic
(the effect of the traction converter) and non-linear magnetic
materials (the transformer’s core) are involved.
The field formulation (1)–(5) implemented in the within
this paper used field solver enables efficient eddy-current
simulations of the current-driven problems, which is essential
for the analysis of winding losses [2], [5].
Considering the non-sinusoidal time dependence of the
current shown in Fig. 1(b) (the blue curve) and considering
the non-linear character of the magnetic core, only the time-
domain solution of the BVP (1)–(5) yields accurate results.
Due to its extremely long CPU time even in its axisym-
metric 2-D version, the time-domain method is not suitable
for daily design involving numerous simulations of slightly
different geometries. Therefore, it would be very beneficial
if the frequency-domain solution of the BVP (1)–(5) for the
dominant harmonic components could deliver the winding
losses of the acceptable accuracy for daily design.
Considering the theory of the frequency-domain solution
of the BVP (1)–(5), its fundamental assumption that all
the involved vector and scalar fields are harmonic time-
dependent functions is violated, if non-linear magnetic mate-
rials are involved. However, even in this case, an approximate
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 51, NO. 3, MARCH 2015
Fig. 2. Non-sinusoidal current source used in the simulation models
(the red curve) compared with the ideal harmonic current (the blue curve) in
time-domain (left) is presented. The harmonic content of the source current
(the blue bars) and its most dominant harmonics considered in the frequency-
domain simulations (the red bars) (right) are also depicted. The relevance
threshold (0.02 · In , where In is the nominal transformer’s current) of the
harmonic components is also shown (the green horizontal dashed line).
frequency-domain analysis is possible, according to [7], pro-
vided that the effective magnetization curve from the original
measured B–H curve of the material is constructed. Several
different methods for constructing the effective magnetization
curve were suggested and evaluated in [7]. The best perfor-
mance, however, with the field formulation implemented in the
used field solver shows the following rms method applicable
to current sources [7]:

T
T
1
B 2 (t) · dt
Beff 0
μeff = = √ (6)
Heff Hamp / 2
where Hamp is the amplitude of the magnetic field, B(t) is the
magnetic flux density obtained from the measured magnetizing
curve, and T is the source period.
It is also worth mentioning that the magnetic field of
the BVP (1)–(5) is in the magnet solver represented in the
following way [5]:
H = H S − ∇φ in 0 (7)
H = H S + H  in C (8)
where φ is the scalar magnetic potential, H S is the source
magnetic field produced by the known source current
density JS , and H  is the magnetic field that accounts for
the difference between the total current density (including the
induced eddy currents) and the source current density.
At the interface between conducting and non-conducting
material, the following condition is valid [5]:
n × ( H − H S ) = n × (−∇φ). (9)
As reported in [5], it is very simple to impose this condition
over the conducting to non-conduction interface to eliminate
the edge variables in favor of the nodal variables.
According to (7) and (8), it is visible that the magnet
solver computes the unknown scalar magnetic potential in
non-conductive regions using scalar tetrahedral elements.
On the other hand, in conductive regions, the magnetic field
is computed and vector tetrahedral elements are used [5], [6].
III. N UMERICAL R ESULTS AND T HEIR V ERIFICATION
All the presented winding loss simulations are current-
driven eddy-current problems described by (1)–(9). The cur-
rent source used in the simulation models is shown in Fig. 2.
 SMAJIC et al.: NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE CORE SATURATION INFLUENCE
TABLE I
R ESULTS OF THE 2-D F REQUENCY-D OMAIN A NALYSIS
W ITH THE I DEAL C URRENT S OURCE F ROM F IG . 2(L EFT )
(B LUE L INE ) V ERSUS M EASUREMENTS
Fig. 3. The structure of a detailed axisymmetric transformer model (left)
and the current density distribution for the ideal harmonic nominal current
shown in Fig. 2(left) (the blue line) is presented.
To test the predictive power of the axisymmetric 2-D trans-
former model, a frequency-domain simulation according to the
method presented in [2] with the ideal harmonic source [blue
line in Fig. 2(a)] at the fundamental frequency (16.7 Hz in the
Swiss traction grid) was perform and its results were compared
against measurements. The obtained results are presented in
Table I. The measured losses corresponding to the 100% value
are 46.15 (±1%) kW.
Evidently, the comparison of the obtained simulation results
with the ideal harmonic current source with the corresponding
measurements has revealed a very high level of accuracy. The
main reason for such a high accuracy is a fine mesh resolu-
tion and detailed modeling of the low voltage (LV) winding
(aluminum foils) and high voltage (HV) winding (aluminum
wires) shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 3 shows the eddy currents induced
by the stray magnetic flux in the LV-foils at the top of the
winding.
The simulation result shown in Fig. 3 was obtained by
performing a non-linear eddy-current analysis in frequency
domain with the effective B–H curve constructed according
to (6). The transformer core was magnetized by an auxiliary
magnetizing coil to easily control the core saturation level.
In this simulation, the core was magnetized in accordance with
the nominal transformer’s voltage level (Un ).
After this encouraging result, the same model was
used for the time-domain eddy-currents analysis with the
non-sinusoidal current source shown in the left-hand side
of Fig. 2 (red curve). The transient analysis was performed
for three different core saturation levels corresponding to
60%, 100%, and 120% of the nominal transformer’s voltage.
The obtained results are given in Table II. The time-domain
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6300304
TABLE II
R ESULTS OF THE 2-D T IME -D OMAIN A NALYSIS W ITH
THE N ON -S INUSOIDAL C URRENT S OURCE G IVEN
IN F IG . 2(L EFT ) (R ED S OLID L INE )
TABLE III
R ESULTS OF THE 2-D F REQUENCY-D OMAIN A NALYSIS
W ITH THE 10 D OMINANT H ARMONIC C URRENT
C OMPONENTS [T HE R ED BARS IN F IG . 2(R IGHT )]
simulations were performed with the original B–H curve, as
the construction of the effective magnetizing curve in this case
is not needed.
Table II shows that the axisymmetric 2-D time-domain
windings model of the highest modeling resolution (each turn
modeled as a separate entity) did not reveal any influence of
the core saturation level on the total winding losses with the
non-sinusoidal current source shown in the left-hand side of
Fig. 2 (red line). This, to some extent, unexpected result is a
very important information for the subsequent thermal design
of the transformer. Such 2-D time-domain simulation models
with detailed winding modeling require a very long CPU
time, namely four days on the modern computer (Intel Xeon
CPU E5-2670 0 2.6 GHz, 128 GB RAM). This CPU time is
evidently not acceptable for the daily design point of view.
As a comparison, the previously mentioned non-linear
frequency-domain analysis with the fundamental current har-
monic component has required the CPU time of only 1 h,
28 min, and 5 s. Thus, it would be very beneficial, if a
series of non-linear frequency-domain simulations performed
for each relevant harmonic component of the transformer’s
current [right-hand side of Fig. 2 (red bars)] could be used
to obtain the total distribution of the winding losses as a
sum of the results at each frequency. If possible, this would
lead to a radical reduction of the required CPU time and
to possibility to use those simulations in daily design. From
the theoretical point of view, it is not clear to what extent
is this possible to do due to the non-linearity of the core.
To clarify this question, a series of 2-D non-linear frequency-
domain simulations was performed and the corresponding
results are shown in Table III. The results in Table III show
the main problems of the frequency domain approach in case
of the non-sinusoidal current source and non-linear materials
involved. If the time dependence of the non-sinusoidal current
 6300304
Fig. 4. Average loss density distributions for the chosen current harmonics by
the saturated (left) and non-saturated core (right) are presented. The induced
eddy currents are at these frequencies visible not only in the LV-foils, but also
in the LV-wires.
TABLE IV
R ESULTS OF THE 3-D T IME -D OMAIN A NALYSIS W ITH
THE N ON -S INUSOIDAL C URRENT S OURCE G IVEN
IN F IG . 2(L EFT ) (R ED S OLID L INE )
is of such a shape that its fast Fourier tranform consists of
numerous harmonic components not distinctively separated in
the frequency domain a high number of frequency domain
simulations are needed to accurately obtain the total winding
losses. This effect is visible by comparing Tables II and III
(102% of the losses by considering the 10 dominant current
harmonics versus 110% of the losses obtained by the brute
force time-domain approach).
In addition to the previous statement, Table III shows us
a measurable influence of the core saturation on the winding
losses not visible in the time-domain results (Table II) that
we consider more accurate. This effect is attributed to the
construction of the effective magnetizing curve within the
frequency-domain simulations.
Table III consists of the total loss data. However, the
influence of the core saturation on the local winding loss
distribution is visible in Fig. 4, especially in case of higher
current harmonics. This could lead in some cases to local hot
spots if the higher harmonics are more pronounced.
In the axisymmetric 2-D model, the yoke is modeled as a
ferromagnetic disk above and below the windings. In reality,
only the windings and to some extent the core limb could
be considered axisymmetric. The yokes possess no axial
symmetry and therefore could be accurately modeled only in
a 3-D model, such as the model shown in Fig. 5.
Due to the memory constraints, the HV-coil of the
3-D model was modeled as a stranded winding block without
induced eddy currents and only the LV-coil was modeled
in its full complexity. The obtained results are presented in
Table IV. Similar to the 2-D model, also the 3-D model did not
reveal any measurable change in winding losses. However, the
influence of the yoke is visible in the loss density distribution
shown in Fig. 5 (top-right).
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 51, NO. 3, MARCH 2015
Fig. 5. 3-D transformer model (top-left), the numerical results of the
frequency-domain analysis in the form of current density (bottom) for the
three chosen current harmonics, and the results of the time-domain analysis
in the form of the time average loss density evaluated along the top edge of
every LV-foil (top-right) (the angle equal to zero represents the position under
the yoke, and the numbers 1, 2,. . .,28 name the LV-foils) are presented.
IV. C ONCLUSION
The details and results of the winding loss analysis of trac-
tion transformers with the non-sinusoidal current of the adja-
cent 4Q converter by considering the level of magnetic core
saturation are presented. The obtained 2-D and 3-D results
using the presented fast frequency-domain methodology are
verified by comparison against the available measurements and
against the results of the accurate but, in terms of the CPU
time, very expensive time-domain approach.
The obtained 2-D and 3-D results did not show any mea-
surable influence of the core saturation level on the total
winding losses but have revealed its influence on the local
loss distribution of the higher current harmonics. In converter
regimes with very pronounced higher current harmonics for
longer time, this effect could potentially lead to hazardous hot
spots and lifetime reduction of the transformer.
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losses of converter transformers including higher harmonics of
load current,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 827–830,
Feb. 2012.
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International Electrotechnical Comission, Geneva, Switzerland,
IEC Standard 60077-1, 1999.
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