Leishmania

Visceral leishmania:
-L. donovani
type Cutaneous leishmania:
-L. tropica
-L. Mexicana
-L. braziliensis

shape
Definitive host Man.
Reservoir host: Dogs and rats.
Habitat: Reticuloendothelial cells(REC) of the definitive host.
Infective stage Promastigote.
Vector Female Sand fly are the only biological vector.
Mode of -Bite of an infected female sandfly.
infection: -Vertically from mother to fetus
-Blood transfusion
Life cycle

Disease Leishmaniasis
Resulting from the invasion of reticuloendothelial system by amastigotes which multiply
enormously in the macrophages. This leads to a marked destruction and
proliferation ofbreticuloendothelial tissue in these organs. It may be:
Leishmanioma: papule at the site of bite.
Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) (black fever):
- Persistent fever (Azar) and hyperpigmentation of skin (Kala).
- Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and generalized lymphadenopathy.
- Pancytopenia (Anaemia, repeated infections, intestinal
hemorrhage and weight loss).
Cutaneous leishmaniasis:
- Single or multiple papules that ulcerate.
- The ulcers healed leaving scars or secondary infected.
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis:
- Rare, affect nasopharynx
 Trypanosomes ( Trypanosoma brucei)
1- Trypanosoma brucei (African trypanosomes): - Found in Central Africa. - Transmitted by
Glossina fly (tsetse fly). - Causing sleeping sickness.
type
2- Trypanosoma cruzi (America trypanosomes): - Found in South and Central America. -
Transmitted by winged bugs. - Causing Chaga’s disease.

shape

Trypanosoma brucei

Definitive host Man.

Reservoir host: domestic animals.

Habitat: All tissues specially REC and CNS.

Infective stage Trypomastigote.

Vector Glossina (tsetse fly).

Mode of 1) The infective stage passes with the vector saliva during blood meal.
infection:
2) Congenital infection (rare).

3) Blood transfusion

Life cycle

Disease Sleeping sickness

1. Hemo-lymphatic stage: (parasite invade blood and REC).

-Intermittent, irregular fevers with night sweats.

-Headache, malaise, anorexia, and wight loss.

 -Hepato-splenomegaly, generalized lymphadenopathy and pancytopenia.

2. Meningo-encephalitic stage: (parasite invade CNS).

-There is steady progressive apathy, confusion, personality changes and loss of

coordination. In terminal phase, the patient becomes emaciated, progressing to

coma and death.

Trypanosomes ( Trypanosoma cruzi)

shape

Definitive host Man.

Reservoir host: Armadillo, rodents and domestic animals.

Habitat All tissues specially REC, myocardial muscle cells, brain

cells.

Infective stage Trypomastigotes.

Vector Winged bug (Triatoma megista).

a) Infective stage passes with the vector feces and

Mode of infection: contaminate the bite site.

b) Congenital.

c) Blood transfusion

Life cycle
 Chaga’s disease
-The infection can affect any organ, but the organism
has a predilection for REC, myocardium, and glial cells in
the CNS. The inflammatory process frequently involves
the heart's conducting system.

-Chagoma:
an inflammatory nodule at the bite site of the vector
Disease -Romana's sign:
periorbital soft tissue swelling which occurs when the
organism enters through the conjunctiva.
-There is fever, anemia, hepato-splenomegaly,
lymphadenopathy.
-Myocarditis, ventricular aneurysm, arrythmia and heart
block.
-Meningo-enchephalitis