Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GOSH Approach
Discover
✔ Observe
Goal-oriented ✔ assessment
✔ problem-solving Delve
Organized ✔ Go deeper
✔ to go further
✔ Steps, since it is called a process there are
different steps to be done.
✔ Do the assessment, analyze and identify the
Decide
✔ What needs to be done?
problem, proceed to the plan of care.
✔ What do you have to do?
✔ You cannot have an intervention if you do
not have a Nursing Diagnosis Do
Systematic ✔ Perform functions and actions/interventions
✔ Done at an orderly function.
✔ Organization 🡪 Plan 🡪 Evidenced-based
Discriminate
✔ Critique
Humanistic Care ✔ Evaluation on the interventions.
✔ Was it able to help the patient?
✔ Involve patients
✔ Address the concerns of your patient.
STEPS: ADPIE
✔ Nurse + Patient
Assessment
Dorothy Johnson (A-D-N) ✔ A systematic and continuous collection,
Assessment validation and communication of client’s data
● C-V-O-D-R
Decision – Decision will involve Plan a. Collection of Data
b. Validate the Data
Nursing Action c. Organization of Data
d. Data Analysis
e. Recording / Documentation
Purpose: Establish a Database
Types of Data
Subjective
● Symptoms – pain, dizziness, vertigo
Objective
● Signs – measured/observed; the patient
BP 120/80, pallor, redness
Sources of Data ✔ Shows transition from a specific level
⮚ Primary – Client/Patient of wellness to a higher level of
⮚ Secondary – Significant others, medical wellness
records, chart, other members of the health ✔ The patient has coped or adjusted to
care team, related health care literature his/her problem
PULSE
✔ Wave of blood created by the contraction of RESPIRATION
the LV ✔ act of breathing
✔ Regulate by the ANS ✔ inhalation and exhalation
✔ 60-100 bpm = NORMAL for Adults ✔ NORMAL = 16-20 cpm
✔ 120-160 bpm = NORMAL for pedia ✔ Medulla oblongata = primary responsible for
✔ Sites: respiration
a) Temporal ✔ Pons
b) Carotid a) Pneumotaxic center (rhythmic quality
c) Apical of breathing
d) Brachial b) Apneustic center (for deep and
e) Radial prolonged respiration)
f) Femoral ✔ Types of breathing
g) Popliteal a) Thoracic
h) Posterior Tibial ▪ Chest
i) Pedal (Dorsalis Pedis) b) Diaphragmatic
✔ AMPLITUDE (Volume) ▪ Abdomen
o Strength of the pulse ✔ NORMAL ADULT for stimulating of
o +4 (bounding/full/strong) respiration
o +3 (increased) o INCREASE CO2
o +2 (NORMAL)
o +1 (weak, thread. Feeble)
o 0 (absent) FACTORS AFFECTING RESPIRATION
✔ RATE 1) Increased altitude
✔ RHYTHM 2) Stress
o Pattern and intervals of beats 3) Environment
✔ PULSE DEFICIT a) Increase temp = decreased RR
b) Decreased temp = increased RR
c) Mountain climbers bring portable
FACTOR AFFECTING PULSE oxygen for high altitudes to facilitate
1) AGE breathing
✔ Low Age (Increased PR) 4) Exercise
5) Medications
a) Narcotics = decrease RR 6) Eliminate/reduce use of chemicals
7) Support a pollution-free environment
ALTERATIONS IN RESPIRATIONS
A. RATE PULSE OXIMETRY
1) Apnea ✔ Measures O2 saturation
✔ Cessation of breathing ✔ Percentage of Oxygenated Hgb in arterial
✔ In newborns, periods of apnea in blood
newborns is considered NORMAL ✔ NORMAL = 95-100%
2) Bradypnea (low RR) ✔ 91-94% = MILD hypoxia
3) Tachypnea (high RR) ✔ 86-90% = MODERATE hypoxia
✔ <85% = SEVERE hypoxia
B. VOLUME ✔ <70% = LIFE-THREATENING
1) Hyperventilation ✔ SITES:
✔ Deep rapid respirations a) FINGERTIPS
✔ CO2 excessively inhaled b) TOES
2) Hypoventilation c) EARLOBE
✔ Decreased RR and decreased depth d) NOSE BRIDGE
✔ CO2 excessively retained e) FOREHEAD
2) Reservoir
❒ Natural habitat of microorganisms
❒ Other humans, animals, soil, other
reservoir
❒ How to break the CHAIN?
a) Environmental sanitation
b) Good health & hygiene ✔ Mostly, the reason is the break of
c) Decontamination/ Sterilization sterility
Stages of infection
1) Incubation period
3) Portal of Exit ✔ Exposed to potential carrier that
❒ Through sneezing, coughing, waste, started to show signs and symptoms
secretions 2) Prodromal stage
❒ How to break the CHAIN? ✔ Show characteristics symptoms
a) Control of secretions ✔ Viral infections must be
b) Hand hygiene pharmacologically managed in this
c) Proper waste disposal stage
3) FULL stage illness
4) Mode of Transmission ✔ Actual stage
a) Contact ✔ Signs and symptoms worsens
b) Droplet (larger prticles) ✔ Very infectious during this stage
c) Airborne (smaller particles) ✔ Signs and symptoms is specific to the
d) Vector-borne (mosquitoes) infection itself
e) Vehicle-borne ✔ Pathognomonic signs occur
❒ How to break the CHAIN? ✔ Bacterial infections must be
a) Hand hygiene pharmacologically managed in this
b) Isolation precautions stage
c) Disinfection/sterilization 4) Convalescent period
✔ Signs and symptoms abate
5) Portal of Entry ✔ Recovery period
❒ Food ingested, inhaled
❒ Skin, respiratory system, GI tract MEDICAL ASEPSIS SURGICAL ASEPSIS
❒ How to break the CHAIN? REDUCES number of ELIMINATES/FREE OF
a) Hand hygiene pathogens ALL pathogens
b) Aseptic technique CLEAN TECHNIQUE STERILE TECHNIQUE
c) Wound care USES FOR:
Administration of DRESSING CHANGES
6) Susceptible Host MEDICATIONS
❒ At risk: immune-compromised patients ENEMAS CATHETERIZATIONS
❒ Considered as CARRIER TUBE FEEDING SURGICAL PROCEDURES
❒ How to break the CHAIN?
DAILY HYGIENE
a) Recognize high-risk patients
b) Prompt treatment
HAND WASHING
● MOST IMPORTANT PART IN THE CHAIN OF 1. MEDICAL:
INFECTION NEEDS TO BE BROKEN TO ⮚ Uses SOAP
PREVENT INFECTION
⮚ Not less than 10 seconds
✔ BETWEEN RESERVOIR AND PORTAL
⮚ Recommendation: 20 seconds or
OF EXIT
more
2. SURGICAL
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
⮚ Hospital acquired infections ⮚ Uses STERILIUM and BETADINE
⮚ Most common HAI: UTI ⮚ Not less than 5 minutes
⮚ Most common causative agent: S. aureus
QUESTION: WHY DOES SURGICAL HANDWASHING
1) EXOGENOUS
MAKES YOUR HANDS DRY?
✔ Through environment or the people
2) ENDOGENOUS − Microorganisms die out on DRY surroundings.
✔ Patient harbors the microorganisms − This is to dehydrate the microorganisms’
3) IATROGENIC nuclear envelope (nucleus) which makes the
✔ Through medical treatments or
RNA & DNA of the microorganisms be
procedures done by the patient
destroyed.
CDC and Prevention Isolation Guidelines ✔ Upon REMOVING in SEQUENCE
A. Tier One (GlEGoMa)
1) Standard Precautions 1. Gloves
✔ Designated for the care of ALL 2. Eyewear
hospital patients. 3. Gown
✔ Hand hygiene 4. Mask
✔ PPE (depending on the care B. Tier Two
rendered to a patient) 1) Transmission-based Precautions
✔ Respiratory hygiene ✔ Airborne-precautions
✔ Puncture-resistant containers − Fine particles (<5 microns)
❖ PROTECTION FROM NEEDLE PRICKS 1. Isolate (private room)
a) NEVER RECAP needles 1. Maintain 3 ft distance
b) Puncture-resistant containers 2. Negative air pressure room
❖ ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 3. N95 mask/Hepa-filter
a) Routine cleaning mask
b) Waste disposal 4. E.g. Measles, TB, Varicella
✔ Droplet precautions
− larger particles (>5 microns)
2. Isolate (private room)
1. Ordinary Mask (not
necessarily N95)
2. Maintain 3 ft distance
3. E.g. Diphtheria, Rubella,
Pneumonia
✔ Contact Precaution
− Secretions, excretions,
skin-skin, blood and body
fluids
3. Isolate (private room)
4. Avoid close intimate
contact
❖ ROOM ASSIGMENTS 5. Wear PPE: gloves, gown,
✔ Prevent contamination goggles
❖ ASCEPTIC PRINCIPLES 6. E.g. scabies
a) CLEANING ✔ Protective environment
o Physical removal of dirt or 1. People underground gene
debris therapy, organ transplant
b) DISINFECTION 2. Administered drugs that
o Chemical or physical cause immunosuppression
processes used to reduce
MAINTAINING A STERILE FIELD: STERILE
the number of pathogens
1) STERILE TO STERILE ONLY
c) ISOLATION
2) TUYO DAPAT (MUST BE DRY)
❖ In PPE:
3) EDGE = 1 INCH OF THE TABLE: UNSTERILE
✔ Upon WEARING in SEQUENCE:
4) REACHING ACROSS OR OVER IS AVOIDED
GoMEGlo 5) IF IN DOUBT, DISCARD
1. Gown 6) LEVEL UP IS STERILE, LEVEL DOWN IS
2. Mask UNSTERILE
3. Eyewear 7) EXPOSED MATERIALS = UNSTERILE
4. Gloves