CONCEPT OF MAN, HEALTH, & ILLNESS D.

THE ENVIRONMENT REQUIRES

CONTINUAL ADAPTATIONS ON A
 HEALTH
CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS LEVEL
 state of complete well-being,
 Adaptation depends on the nature
(physical, mental, and social) not
of stress.
merely the absence of disease or
 Success of adaptation will
infirmity.
determine nature & degree of
 On personal level, health is defined
assistance required to maintain
according to:
equilibrium.
a. How the person feels.
b. Whether there is absence/presence
E. INDIVIDUAL REACTS AS A UNIFIED
of symptoms of illness.
WHOLE TO STRESS AFFECTING ANY
c. Ability of individual to carry out
ASPECT OF HEALTH (open system)
activities.
 Individual is an open system.
 Individual is made of many
THEORETICAL CONCEPTS RELATED
interrelated subsystems.
TO HEALTH
A. HEALTH IS A CONTINUALLY CHANGING
F. CLIENT NEEDS TO DETERMINE
PHENOMENON (not stable)
NECESSARY CARE
 Moves on a continuum.
 Basic needs may be physiologic,
 Change may be gradual/abrupt.
psychologic, social or spiritual.
 Level of health attainable depends
 Needs must be satisfied if a person
on adaptive energy, genetic
is to carry on activities of life.
(hereditary), and environmental
 Health problems manifest
factors.
themselves differently in each
individual.
B. VARIETY OF STRESSES AFFECT
PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, AND SOCIAL
 ILLNESS
HEALTH
 deviation on the complete state of
 May be internal/external.
well-being
 May be detrimental/beneficial to life.
 It is an abnormal process in which a
(Depends on adaptive energy, coping
person’s level of functioning is
mechanism)
changed compared with a previous
 Sources of stress vary widely for
level.
different individuals at different times.
 Highly subjective – only the
 Tolerance for stress is individual.
individual person can say he or she
is ill (what is verbalized by the
C. THE ABILITY TO MAINTAIN A HIGH
person concerned = subjective cues
LEVEL OF WELLNESS IS AFFECTED BY
= subjective data)
INDIVIDUAL’ IDEAS, ATTITUDES, AND
 Ex; “Sakit akon ulo.”
KNOWLEDGE RELATIVE TO
 Synonymous with disease & may or
MAINTENANCE & PROMOTION OF
may not be related to disease.
HEALTH
 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ILLNESS
1. Self-perception
2. Other’s perception (objective cues =
observed by another person for you)
3. Effects of changes in body structure &
function
4. Effects of changes on roles &
relationships
5. Cultural & spiritual values & beliefs
TYPES OF ILLNESS
 ACUTE Illness
 Typically characterized by rapid onset of
symptoms of relatively short duration.
 Symptoms may appear abruptly and
subside quickly.
 May or may not require intervention
depending on the cause.
 CHRONIC Illness
 one that lasts for an extended period,
usually 6 months or longer, and often
for the person’s life.
 May have a slow onset.
 Often have periods of remission
(symptoms disappear) or exacerbation
(the symptoms reappear).
FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH & ILLNESS (WHO)
A. Social and Economic Environment
1. Income and social status – higher
income and social status are linked to
better health.
2. Education – low education levels are
linked with poor health, more stress
and lower self-confidence.
3. Social support networks – greater
support from families, friends and
communities is linked to better health.
(financial & emotional…)
4. Culture - customs and traditions, and
the beliefs of the family and community
all affect health.
5. Health services – access and use of
services that prevent and treat disease
influences health.
B. Physical Environment
1. Safe water and clean air – healthy
workplaces, safe houses, communities
and roads all contribute to good health.
2. Employment and working conditions –
people in employment are healthier,
particularly those who have more
control over their working conditions.
C. Person’s individual characteristics and
behaviours
1. Genetics
2. Personal behaviour and coping skills
3. Gender – men and women suffer from
different types of diseases at different
ages.
STAGES OF HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOR by
Igun
 Stage 1: Symptom Experiences
 Stage 2: Self-treatment or Self-
medication
 Stage 3: Communication to Others
(express to other people to feel
validated)
 Stage 4: Assessment of Symptoms
(condition improves or not)
 Stage 5: Sick-role Assumption
 Stage 6: Concern
 Stage 7: Efficacy of treatment
 Stage 8: Selection of treatment
 Stage 9: Treatment
 Stage 10: Assessment of effectiveness
of treatment
 Stage 11: Recovery and rehabilitation
HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM
 HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
 The organization of people (doctors,
nurse, patient), institutions (hospital &
 clinics), and resources (equipments,
records…) that deliver health care
services to meet the health needs
target population.
 HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM
 Described as the organized response of
a society to the health problems of its
population.
TYPES OF HEALTHCARE SERVICES
Levels of Prevention
Primary: Health promotion & disease
prevention
 Immunizations/Vaccinations, Smoking
Cessation, Teaching
 Common in community health centers
(consultations)
Secondary: Diagnosis & Early Treatment
 Screening such as mammograms, PAP
tests, Mantoux,
 Lifestyle changes to prevent disease, ex.
Low Cholesterol Diet, start a physical
activity program, Medications
 Patient with symptoms that must be
validated (laboratory – fluids)
/(diagnostic-machines) testing
Tertiary: Rehabilitation, Health Restoration, &
Palliative Care
 Rehabilitation after a stroke or injury
 Recovered persons
 Palliative care: Treating the symptoms
but not the disease. Comfort care for
the terminally ill (no improvement,
nearly to die). Ex. Giving painkillers to
address pain symptom.
 Rehabilitation & Restoration – to bring
back functioning.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DELIVERY OF HEALTH
CARE
1. Costs – has been the driving force for
change in the health care system as
evidenced by the strength and numbers
of managed care plans, increased use of
outpatient treatment, and shortened
hospital stays.
- DAMA – Discharge Against Medical
Advice
2. Access – to health care services has a
serious impact on the functioning of the
health care system. As a result of the
costs, health care for many people is
crisis-oriented and fragmented.
(relative to cost, location, equipment)
3. Safety and Quality – are frequently
compromised by inappropriate
substitution of unqualified personnel
for registered nurses in direct care of
clients.
WHAT IS NURSING?
 Approaches to defining a profession
 Nursing as a Profession
 Job: a group of positions that are similar
in nature & level of skill that can be
carried out by one or more individuals.
 Occupation: a group of jobs that are
similar in type of work and that are
usually found throughout an industry or
work environment.
 Profession: a type of occupation that
meets certain criteria that raise it to a
level above that of an occupation.
CRITERIA OF A PROFESSION
1. Body of Knowledge
2. Ongoing Research
3. Service Orientation
4. Specialized Education
5. Code of Ethics (attributes, guidelines, &
regulations)
6. Autonomy
7. Professional Organization (Philippine
Nurses’ Association)
 All professions are occupations but not
all occupations are professions.
 PROFESSIONALISM
 Set of attributes, a way of life that
implies responsibility and commitment.
 PROFESSIONALIZATION
 Process of acquiring characteristics of
professional.
QUALIFICATIONS & ABILITIES OF A
PROFESSIONAL NURSE
A. Professional Preparation. nurse must:
1. Have a Bachelor of Science degree in
Nursing
2. Have a license to practice nursing in the
country
3. Be physically and mentally fit
PERSONAL QUALITIES &
PROFESSIONAL PROFICIENCIES OF A
NURSE
1. Has interest & willingness to work &
learn with individuals/groups in a
variety of settings.
2. Has a warm personality, a well-balanced
emotional condition & concern for
people.
3. Is resourceful & creative (innovative -
makes use of what is available).
4. Has the capacity & ability to work
cooperatively with others.
5. Has the initiative to improve self and
service.
6. Has the competence in performing
work through the use of the nursing
process.
7. Has the skill in decision-making (body of
knowledge), communicating, and
relating to others.
8. Must be research-oriented
9. Does active participation in issues
confronting nurses & the nursing
profession.
ROLE BASIC TO NURSING CARE
 Caregiver Role
 Responsible for the holistic care of
patients, which encompasses the
psychosocial, developmental, cultural,
and spiritual needs of the individual.
 Holistic approach: developmental
(understand developmental tasks of an
individual, baby – aged person)
 Clinical Decision Maker
 Utilizes critical thinking skills and the
nursing process. (must have body of
knowledge)
 Nursing Process: Assessment, Diagnosis,
Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
 Nursing diagnosis:
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