WELLNESS AND WELL-BEING

WELLNESS

 State of well-being
 A dynamic, growing process
 Daily decision-making regarding nutrition, stress
management, physical fitness, preventive health care,
 Whole being of the individual

BASIC COMPONENTS

ENVIRONMENTAL

 Ability to promote health measure that improves

 Standard of living
MODELS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
 Quality of life
 Influences such as food, water, and air AGENT–HOST–ENVIRONMENT MODEL
SOCIAL  Each factor constantly interacts with the others.
 When in balance, health is maintained.
 Interact successfully
 When not in balance, disease occurs.
 Develop and maintain intimacy
 Develop respect and tolerance for others HEALTH–ILLNESS CONTINUA
EMOTIONAL  Dunn's high-level wellness grid
 Illness–wellness continuum
 Ability to manage stress
 Ability to express emotion

PHYSICAL

 Carry out daily tasks

 Achieve fitness
 Maintain nutrition
 Avoid abusing substances
 Practice positive lifestyle habits

SPIRITUAL

 Belief in some force that gives life meaning and

purpose
 Person's own morals, values, and ethics

INTELLECTUAL

 Ability to learn
 Ability to use information effectively
 Striving for continued growth
 Learning to deal with new challenges

MODELS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS

OCCUPATIONAL

 Ability to achieve balance between work and leisure HEALTH–ILLNESS CONTINUA

 Measures person's perceived level of wellness

  Health and illness/disease opposite ends of a health MODIFYING FACTORS
continuum
 Demographic variables
 Move back and forth within this continuum day by
day  Sociopsychological variables
 How people perceive themselves and how others see  Structural variables
them affects placement.  Cues to action

LIKELIHOOD OF ACTION

DUNN'S HIGH-LEVEL WELLNESS GRID  Perceived benefits of the action

 High-level wellness in a favorable environment
 Emergent high-level wellness in an unfavorable
environment
 Protected poor health in a favorable environment
 Poor health in an unfavorable environment
ILLNESS–WELLNESS CONTINUUM
 Arrows pointing in opposite directions and joined at a
neutral point
 Some feel real concepts more complex than on
continuum.
 Perceived barriers to action
 Sources to evaluate options, plan interventions
o Guide to Community Preventive Services
o Guide to Clinical Preventive Services
HEALTH CARE ADHERENCE
ADHERENCE
 The extent to which an individual's behavior
coincides with medical or health advice
UPON RECOGNIZING NONADHERENCE:

 Establish why client not following the regimen

 Demonstrate caring
 Encourage healthy behaviors through positive
reinforcement
 Use aids to reinforce teaching
 Establish therapeutic relationship of freedom, mutual
understanding, and mutual responsibility with client
and support persons

HEALTH BELIEF MODELS

 Help determine whether individual is likely to

participate in disease prevention and health
promotion activities

HEALTH LOCUS OF CONTROL MODEL

INTERNALS

 Health status is under their own or others' control.

EXTERNALS

 Health is largely controlled by outside sources. ILLNESS AND DISEASE

ILLNESS
ROSENSTOCK AND BECKER'S HEALTH BELIEF  A highly personal state
MODELS
 Person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social,
INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTIONS developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished.
 Not synonymous with disease
 Perceived susceptibility  May or may not be related to disease
 Perceived seriousness  Only person can say he or she is ill.
 Perceived threat
 DISEASE

 Alteration in body function

 Reduction of capacities or shortening of normal life
span
 Etiology
o Causation of disease

ACUTE ILLNESS

 Characterized by symptoms of relatively short

duration
 Symptoms appear abruptly, subside quickly
 May or may not require intervention by health care
professionals
 Most people return to normal level of wellness.

CHRONIC ILLNESS

 Usually slow onset and lasts for 6 months or longer

 Often has periods of remission (symptoms disappear)
and exacerbation(symptoms reappear)
 Care includes promoting independence ,sense of
control, and wellness.
 Client must learn how to live with physical
limitations and discomfort.
 NURSING LEADERS IN THE PHILIPPINES
ANASTACIA GIRON TUPAS
 First Filipino nurse to hold the position of chief
nurse and superintendent; founder of the
Philippine nurses association.
CESARIA TAN
 First Filipino to receive a masteral degree in
LICENSED PRACTICAL (VOCATIONAL) NURSING
nursing abroad.
SOCORRO SIRILAN
 Pioneered in hospital social service in San
Lazaro Hospital where she was the chief nurse.
ROSA MILITAR
 A pioneer in school health education
SOR RICARDA MENDOZA
 A pioneer in nursing education.
SOCORRO DIAZ
 First editor of the PNA magazine called “The
Message”.
CONCHITA RUIZ
 First full time editor of the newly named PNA
magazine “THE FILIPINO NURSE”.
LORETO TUPAZ
 “Dean of The Philippine Nursing”, Florence
Nightingale of Iloilo
NURSING EDUCATION
 Controlled by state boards of nursing and
professional organizations
 Originally taught knowledge and skills for
hospital practice
 Now more varied practice settings, critical
thinking, health promotion and maintenance
 Two entry levels: RNs or LPN/LVN
NCLEX-RN exam, verified completion of
prescribed course of study
o Accredited programs
 Licensure
 Mutual recognition, multistate compact
TYPES OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS
PROGRAMS
 Classroom, clinical experience for 9–12 months
 Ladder programs
 NCLEX-PN
REGISTERED NURSING PROGRAMS
DIPLOMA
 Three-year programs
 Have declined steadily since 1965
ASSOCIATE DEGREE
 Most take place in community colleges
 ADN, AA, AS, AAS with major in nursing
 Begun after Mildred Montag's dissertation
BACCALAUREATE DEGREE
 Approximately 34% of RNs
 Some accelerated programs for those who have a
baccalaureate degree in another field
 BSN completion programs for those with diploma,
associate degree
 Generally more autonomy, responsibility, career
advancement
GRADUATE NURSING PROGRAMS
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION
 Licensure as registered nurse
 Baccalaureate degree
 Evidence of scholastic ability
 Satisfactory achievement on standard qualifying
examination (GRE or MAT)
 Letters of recommendation
MASTER'S DEGREE
 CNS, NP or APRN, CNM, CNRA, CNL
DOCTORAL PROGRAMS
 PhD
o Faculty roles in nursing education, research
  DNP
o Highest degree for nurse clinicians
CONTINUING EDUCATION
 Formalized experiences designed to enhance
knowledge, skills of practicing professionals
 Responsibility of all practicing nurses
 Some states require a number of CE credits to renew
license
 In-service education program may be offered by
employer
NURSING ORGANIZATIONS
AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION
 National professional organization for nursing in the
U.S. founded 1896
 Official journal American Nurse Today
 Official newspaper The American Nurse
NATIONAL LEAGUE FOR NURSING
 Formed 1952
 Individuals and agencies
 Continuing education services
AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION
 National professional organization for nursing in the
U.S. founded 1896
 Official journal American Nurse Today
 Official newspaper The American Nurse
NATIONAL LEAGUE FOR NURSING
 Formed 1952
 Individuals and agencies
 Continuing education services
INTERNATIONAL HONOR SOCIETY: SIGMA
THETA TAU
 Founded 1922
 Professional rather than social
 Potential members hold bachelor's degree minimum,
demonstrate achievement in nursing
PRIMARY PREVENTION: HEALTH PROMOTION
AND ILLNESS PREVENTION
 Healthy People 2020 goals
 Increase quality and years of healthy life
 Achieve health equity and eliminate health disparities
 Create healthy environment for everyone
 Promote health and quality life across the life span
 Address adequate and proper nutrition, weight
control and exercise, and stress reduction
 Emphasize the important role clients play in
maintaining their own health and encourage them to
maintain the highest level of wellness they can
achieve
TYPES OF HEALTH CARE AGENCIES AND
SERVICES
PUBLIC HEALTH
 Local health departments develop programs to meet
the health needs of the people, providing necessary
nursing and staff to carry out these programs,
continue evaluating the effectiveness of the program,
and monitoring changing needs.
 Public Health Service (PHS) of the U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services
 National Institutes of Health (NIH)
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
PHYSICIANS' OFFICES
 Family practice physicians, specialists
 Routine health screening, illness diagnosis, and
treatment
 NPs more common than RNs in this setting
TYPES OF HEALTH CARE AGENCIES AND
SERVICES
AMBULATORY CARE CENTERS
 Diagnostic treatment facilities
 Minor surgery
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH CLINICS
 Run by companies for employees
 Health promotion activities
HOSPITALS
 Acute inpatient services
 Outpatient and ambulatory care
 Emergency department
 Hospice care
SUBACUTE CARE FACILITIES
 Variation of inpatient care
 Technically complex treatments
EXTENDED (LONG-TERM) CARE FACILITIES
 Formerly called nursing homes
  Independent living  Practices not commonly part of Western medicine
 Assisted, skilled, extended care facilities
 Rehabilitation
 Custodial care
 Insurance criteria, treatment needs, and nursing care
requirements must all be assessed before admittance

RETIREMENT AND ASSISTED LIVING CENTERS

 For clients unable to stay at home, but do not require

hospital or nursing home
 Relative independence

REHABILITATION CENTERS

 Restore or recuperate health

 Drug and alcohol
CASE MANAGE
 Home health care agencies
 Education to clients and families  Ensures fiscally sound, appropriate care in the best
 Care to acute, chronic, or terminally ill setting
DAY CARE CENTERS DENTIST
 Infants or children  Mouth, jaw, and dental problems
 Adults who cannot be left at home
DIETITIAN OR NUTRITIONIST
RURAL CARE
 Dietitian has knowledge about diets required to
Federal funding maintain health, treat disease.
 Services for rural residents EMERGENCY MEDICAL PERSONNEL
 Office of Rural Health Programs in each state
 Several categories of first-responder care, such as fire
HOSPICE SERVICES departments
 Care for dying in home or facility OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST
 Improve or maintain quality of life until death
 Ongoing assessment of needs of client and family  Assists clients with impaired functions to gain skills
to perform ADLs
 Help in finding resources and services
PARAMEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST
CRISIS CENTERS
 Laboratory
 Emergency services for life crises
 Radiologic
 Counseling and support
 Nuclear medicine
MUTUAL SUPPORT AND SELF-HELP GROUPS
PHARMACIST
 Health problems
 Prepares, dispenses pharmaceuticals in hospital and
 Life crises
community settings

PHYSICAL THERAPIST
PROVIDERS OF HEALTH CARE
 Assists clients with musculoskeletal problems
NURSE
PHYSICIAN
 RN
 Responsible for medical diagnosis, determining
 Licensed vocational nurse (LVN)
therapy
 Licensed practical nurse (LPN)
 Primary care or specialists
ALTERNATIVE (COMPLEMENTARY) CARE  Allopathic, osteopathic
PROVIDER
PHYSICAL THERAPIST
 Assists clients with musculoskeletal problems

PHYSICIAN

 Responsible for medical diagnosis, determining

therapy
 Primary care or specialists
Allopathic, osteopathic

RESPIRATORY THERAPIST

 Knowledgeable about oxygen therapy devices,

accessory devices
 Administers pulmonary function tests

SOCIAL WORKER

 Counsels clients and support persons regarding

finances, marital difficulties, adoption of children

SPIRITUAL SUPPORT PERSONNEL

 Chaplains, pastors, rabbis, priests, and other religious

or spiritual advisers
 Most volunteer

UNLICENSED ASSISTIVE PERSONNEL (UAP)

 Assumes delegated aspects of basic client care

 Bathing, assisting with feeding, collecting specimens