Concept of Man, Health and

Illness
Man
an individual human
a bipedal primate mammal ( Homo Sapiens Latin for
"Wise Man") That is anatomically related to the great
apes but is distinguished by the notable
development of the brain with a capacity for
articulate speech and abstract reasoning.
usually considered to form a variable number of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
freely interbreeding races, and is the sole living Abraham Maslow proposed that healthy human beings
representative of the hominid family. have a certain number of needs, and that these needs are
arranged in a hierarchy, with some needs (such as
Individual Healthcare physiological needs and safety needs) being primitive than
A person's total character which encompasses others such as (Social and ego needs).
behavior such as emotional state, attitudes,
motives, abilities, habits, appearance. Concept of Health
A person's self identity which encompasses the Health and Illness:
perception of self as a separate and distinct entity are not static conditions
alone and interactional with others. vital concepts
A person's perception encompasses the way the person subject to continuous evaluation and change.
interprets the environment or situation, directly
affecting how he or she thinks, feels and acts in any Definitions of Health
given situation. First definition: In 1948 the World Health
Organization (WHO) defines health as
Concept of Individuality " a state of complete physical, mental, and
Each individual is a unique being who is different from social well-being and not merely an
every other human being, with a different combination absence of infirmity and disease. "
of genetics, life experiences and environmental
factors. Health is a multidimensional concept that include
When providing care, we need to focus on the client different interdependent and interrelated aspects:
within both total and an individualized care context. Social health
Mental health
Well-being
4 Attributes of Human Being
Physical health
The capacity to think or conceptualize on the
abstract level Bio psychosocial Dimensions of health
Family formation
The tendency to seek and maintain territory
The ability to use verbal symbols as language, a
means of developing and maintaining culture.

14 Fundamental needs of Man

1. Breath
2. Food and Drink
3. Elimination (urine/ feces)
4. Move and Maintain posture
5. Sleep and Rest
6. Clothing
7. Maintaining internal environment
8. Keeping self clean
9. Avoiding Danger
10. Communication
11. Worship
12. Work
13. Play
14. Learn
 Characteristics of WHO definition of health Components of this model
Considers the individual as a holistic system
Looks at the internal and external factors Agent Host Environment
External factors that make
Acknowledges the individual's role in life and his Any internal or People who may be at illness more or less likely .
value external fact or risk of acquiring a Physical environment -
However, there is no general agreement about this stressor (biological, disease. includes climate, living
definition of health. chemical, mechanical, conditions, sounds(noise)
physical or levels, and economic
levels.
Second Definition: Potter and Perry (2014) psychological) that by
Social environment -
its presence or
define health as a absence (e.g. lack of
interactions with others
and life events such as
"Dynamic state, in which the individual essential nutrients death of spouse, stress or
adapts to changes in the internal and that may lead to illness conflicts
or disease.
external environments to maintain well-
being" When factors are in balance, health is maintained, and when not in balance
disease occurs.

Models of health and illness

1.Health-Illness Continuum 3.) The High-Level wellness Model (Dunn)
Encourage the nurse to care for the total person
2.Agent-Host Environment model Involves functioning to one's maximum potential while maintaining
3.High-level wellness model balance and a purposeful direction.
Regards wellness as an active state, oriented toward maximizing
4. Health belief model the potential of the individual, regardless of his or her state of
5. Health promotion model health
Incorporates the processes of being, belonging , becoming and
befitting.
1.Health-Illness Continuum
Measures a person's level of health, views health 4.) The Health Belief Model (Rosenstock)
as a constantly changing state with high levels concerned with what people perceive to be true about themselves in
of wellness and death on the opposite sides of relation with their health
the continuum. illustrates the ever changing Modifying factors for health include demographic sociopsychological, and
structural variables.
dynamic state of health.
Based on three components of individual perceptions of threat and disease.
-perceived susceptibility to disease
-perceived seriousness of a disease
-perceived benefits of action

2.Agent-Host Environment Model

This model is used primarily to describe
causes of illness instead of promoting
wellness.
It helps identifying risk factors that
results from interaction between agent-
host-environment.
the triad consists of an
external agent, a susceptible
host, and an environment that
brings the host and the agent
together.

in this model, disease results

from the interaction of the
agent and susceptible host in
an environment that
supports the transmission of
the agent from a source to
that host.
5.) The Health Promotion Model (Pender) 2.) External Factors affecting health belief,
Illustrates the "multidimensional nature of people health status and practice
interacting with the environment as they pursue
Family Practices
health.
Incorporates individual characteristics and Socioeconomic status
experiences and behavior specific knowledge and Cultural Background
beliefs , to motivate health- promoting behavior. Social Support Network
Personal, Biological, Psychological, and
Sociocultural factors are predicative of a certain The Illness Classifications
health-related habit
Health related behavior is the outcome of the I. Acute Illness : II. Chronic Illness
model and is directed toward attaining positive Short term Long term
health outcomes and experiences throughout the Less than three months More than three months
Severe Symptoms appear Slow and onset
lifespan
suddenly Result in:
Result in: A state of optimizing patient's
Factors affecting health belief, health Complete recovery levels of functional
status and health practice Death A state of optimizing patient's
Or develops into a chronic ability to live with the illness.
disease. (coping)
Factors
Stages of Illness Behavior
Internal factors External factors 1.) Symptom Experience
2.) Assumption of the sick role
3,) Medical Care Contact
1.) Internal Factors affecting health belief, 4,) Dependent Client Role
health status and practice 5.) Recovery and Rehabilitation
A.) Biological Dimension Level of Preventative Care
Developmental stage e.g
age
heredity
genetic Restoration and Rehabilitation
race Continuing health supervision during
gender Tertiary rehab, re-education to maintain stability
B.) Psychological Dimension Prevention
Mind body interaction Early Diagnosis, Treatment and Disability
Self concept Limitation
Emotional factors. Case finding and treatment of
C.) Emotional Dimension Secondary Prevention symptom
How the mind and body interact to affect body
function and to respond to body conditions also
Health promotion and protection
influences health. counseling, education,
Long term stress affects the body systems and Primary Prevention adaptation.
anxiety affects the health habits; conversely, calm
acceptance and relaxation can actually change body
responses to illness.
D.) Cognitive/ Intellectual Dimension
Lifestyle choices , patterns of eating, exercise, use of
tobacco, abuse of drugs and alcohol.
E.) Spiritual Dimension
Spiritual and religious beliefs are important
components of the way the person behaves in health
and illness.
example:
A roman catholic require baptism for both live births and
stillborns.
Jehovah witnesses' are opposed to blood transfusion.