• Introduction: paraphrasing the question

• Overview: first say how many steps there are in the process. Then say where/how the process
begins and ends (look at the first and last stages).

• Break the description into two paragraphs. Just start paragraph 4 somewhere in the middle of
the process. Describe the process step by step. Include the first and last steps, try to describe
them in more detail or in a different way.
______________________
• Mention every stage in the process.

• Use 'sequencing' language e.g. at the first / second / following / final stage of the process,
next, after that, then, finally etc.

• Times (e.g. past dates) are not usually shown, so use the present simple tense.

• It's usually a good idea to use the passive e.g. 'At the final stage, the product is delivered to
shops' (because we don't need to know who delivered the product)
1. Where does the process start and where does it end?
2. How many stages are there?
3. Is it a man-made process or natural process? (passive
or active)
4. Is it a cyclical (in a circle) or linear (one start point
and one end point) process?
5. Are there any materials that need to be added to the
process?
6. What is produced?
7. What does each stage of the process do?
8. What are the relationships between each stage?
Create Tạo ra The illustration shows how nuclear power plants create electricity

Produce Sản xuất The diagram depicts how nuclear power plants produce electricity.

Make Làm ra The illustration depicts how nuclear power plants make electricity.

Distribute Phân bổ The diagram depicts the process by which nuclear power plants distribute electricity.

Move Di chuyển The diagram depicts how nuclear power plants move electricity.

Continues indefinitely Tiếp tục vô thời hạn As a result, the process continues indefinitely.
Cycle Chu kỳ Life, like the seasons, follows a natural cycle.
Repetition Sự lặp lại Learning can be aided by repetition.

Repeats Lặp lại These cycles repeat indefinitely.

Quy trình Nghĩa Ví dụ
First/firstly Đầu tiên Firstly, recycled paper is being collected
Secondly, some water is added and the mixture is left for an
Second/secondly Thứ hai
hour.

After/afterwards/once Sau đấy After adding some water, the mixture is left for an hour.

Next Tiếp theo Next, the mixture is left for an hour.

Later, the mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds until a pulp is
Later Sau đó
formed.
Following that, the pulp is poured into a shallow tray, along
Following Tiếp theo đó
with some water. It is then hand-mixed.

During/At the same time Trong suốt/ Foreign matters such as staples are taken out during this
While cùng lúc đó cleaning process.

The mixture is subsequently beaten for about 45 seconds, or

Subsequently Cuối cùng thì
until a pulp forms.
The diagram below shows how the Australian Bureau of
Meteorology collects up- to-the minute information on the The figure illustrates the process used by the Australian
weather in order to produce reliable forecasts. Bureau of Meteorology to forecast the weather.

There are four stages in the process, beginning with the

collection of information about the weather. This
information is then analysed, prepared for presentation,
and finally broadcast to the public.

Looking at the first and second stages of the process, there

are three ways of collecting weather data and three ways
of analysing it. Firstly, incoming information can be
received by satellite and presented for analysis as a
satellite photo. The same data can also be passed to a
radar station and presented on a radar screen or synoptic
chart. Secondly, incoming information may be collected
directly by radar and analysed on a radar screen or
synoptic chart. Finally, drifting buoys also receive data
which can be shown on a synoptic chart.

At the third stage of the process, the weather broadcast is

prepared on computers. Finally, it is delivered to the public
on television, on the radio, or as a recorded telephone
announcement.
The diagram below shows the
process of photosynthesis.

Paraphrased:

The illustration/graphic/picture
demonstrates how plants produce
energy from sunlight.
Paraphrased:

The illustration shows

the process of how
nuclear power plants
make electricity.
The diagram below shows the production of olive oil. The diagram illustrates the process by which olive
oil is produced.

Overall, this is a step-by-step process that is

comprised of seven stages, from the harvesting of
the mature fruit from olive trees, to the
packaging and sale of the finished product.

Initially, ripe olives are harvested from trees by

farmers and then taken to a rinsing machine
where they are washed in cold water. After being
rinsed, the olives are transferred via conveyor
belt to another machine which grinds the olives
to separate the fruit from the seeds. During this
stage, the olives are ground into a paste, and the
olive stones are removed.

The olive paste is then placed in a type of

perforated bag before being put through a
pressing machine, followed by another process
where any excess water is separated from the oil.
And finally, the olive oil is packaged and delivered
to shops where it can be sold.
The diagrams below show the stages and equipment used in the cement-making The diagrams illustrate the phases and apparatus
process, and how cement is used to produce concrete for building purposes. to make cement and how cement is utilised in the
production of concrete for construction.

The production of cement involves a 5 stage,

linear process that begins with the mixing of raw
materials and culminates in the packaging of new
cement. Making concrete is a simpler process that
involves mixing four ingredients in a concrete
mixer.

Limestone and clay are crushed and the resulting

powder is then mixed before being passed
through a rotating heater. Once heated this
mixture travels over a conveyor belt and is ground
through a grinder. Now that the cement has been
produced, it is packaged and transported to a
building site where it can be used to make
concrete.

Concrete is made up of half gravel, quarter sand,

10% water and 15% cement. All of these are
added together in a cylindrical drum and rotated
until concrete is yielded.
The diagrams below show the life cycle of the
silkworm and the stages in the production of
silk cloth.
Summarise the information by selecting and
reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Production of silk cloth
The graphic illustrates the life process of the silkworm and the phases in
the manufacture of silk material.
Overall, the lifecycle is a natural process and contains four cyclical
phases, beginning with the laying of eggs and ending with the birth of a
new moth from a cocoon. The production of silk is, in contrast to the
previous stage, a man-made linear process comprising of 6 main stages.
To begin with, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes 10 days for
the eggs to hatch into silkworm larvae that feed on mulberry leaves. This
stage takes between 4 and 6 weeks before the worms construct a
cocoon from silk thread, taking approximately one week. They stay there
for around a fortnight, subsequently emerging as moths and the process
can begin again.
The first stage in the manufacture of silk is the selection of cocoons and
these are then boiled. Once boiled, the silk thread is unwound to a
length of between 300 and 900 meters. Finally, the silk can be twisted
and weaved into cloth before being dyed.
(180 words)
The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The diagram illustrates the process of making bricks
for building purposes.

Overall, there are seven main steps in the process of

brick manufacturing, beginning with the preparation
of clay and ending at the delivering stage.

In the first stage of the process, clay is first dug out of

the ground. This clay is then placed onto a metal grid
and put through a roller which breaks it into small
chunks. After that, the clay is mixed with sand and
water, and the resulting mixture is either put in a
mould or cut by a wire cutter to make well-shaped
bricks.

In the fourth stage of the process, the bricks are laid

in a drying oven for one or two days. The dried bricks
are then heated in a kiln, first at a moderate
temperature (200 to 980 degrees), then at a high
temperature up to 1300 degrees. Following this, the
bricks are cooled for two or three days before being
packaged and transported by a truck to different
places.
The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The diagram illustrates the process of making bricks
for building purposes.

Overall, there are seven main steps in the process of

brick manufacturing, beginning with the preparation
of clay and ending at the delivering stage.

At the beginning of the process, clay is dug from the

ground. The clay is put through a metal
grid, and it passes onto a roller where it is mixed with
sand and water. After that, the clay can be
shaped into bricks in two ways: either it is put in a
mould, or a wire cutter is used.

At the fourth stage in the process, the clay bricks are

placed in a drying oven for one to two days.
Next, the bricks are heated in a kiln at a moderate
temperature (200 - 900 degrees Celsius) and then at
a high temperature (up to 1300 degrees),
before spending two to three days in a cooling
chamber. Finally, the finished bricks are
packaged and delivered.
The diagram below shows the loading and unloading operation
of container ships. Summarize the information by selecting and
reporting the main features.
The diagram shows how goods are transferred within a harbor.

It can be seen that two cranes, namely the quay crane and the
RMG crane, play a vital role in handling goods.

Initially, when a freighter docks, a gigantic quay crane is utilized

to help the vessel unload cargo. The quay crane does this by
picking up items from the vessel’s cargo compartment, followed
by moving them back into the land. On land, the cargo is
subsequently taken by vehicles to the yard, where it is stacked
and arranged by a machine called the RMG crane onto vehicles
that take it to the gate. Afterward, the goods are transported
either by rail or by road to their next destination.

The process of placing cargo on a freighter works inversely, as

goods are first delivered to the harbor’s gate by truck and train,
then brought to the yard. There, they are also stacked and
arranged by the RMG crane to prepare them for the last loading
stage. Finally, at the quayside, freight is loaded by the quay crane
onto the vessel.
The picture below shows how a hot balloon works.

The given diagram depicts the mechanism inside a hot air

balloon.

It can be inferred that the hot air balloon’s operation is

dependent on the principle where hot air rises to the top and
cool air flows to the bottom.

The balloon itself is called the “envelope”, formed by sewing

together “gores”, which are vertical sections comprising even
smaller horizontal panels. On top of the balloon is a flap known
as a parachute valve; during the hot air balloon’s flight, the valve
controls the escape of excessive hot air and seals itself when hot
air needs to be kept in. Meanwhile, the base of the balloon,
called the “skirt”, is tied to the basket – the balloon’s passenger
space – with several strong ropes. The basket’s most crucial
parts are its propane cylinder and burner, responsible for
providing the ignition that makes flight possible.

In order to fly, the burner mixes propane from the cylinder with
air to produce flame and make hot air. As the air inside the
balloon becomes hotter, it will rise to the top due to having a
lower density than the cool air.
The picture below shows how a hot balloon works.
The diagram details the various components of a hot air balloon
and describes its mechanics.

As is evident from the diagram, the three key parts of a hot air
balloon are the envelope, the basket and the burner. In addition,
the hot air balloon’s mechanism for ascending and descending
revolves around thermal regulation of air.

The main part of a hot balloon is a large envelope which has an

inverted teardrop shape. At the top is the ‘parachute valve’
which is a self-sealing flap used to regulate the pace at which
hot air escapes. The large vertical sections below the valve are
called ‘gores’, which are made up of smaller panels. The
envelope tapers into a small base called ‘skirt’. The skirt is
attached to the basket using ropes, and the burner hangs above
the basket. Inside the basket are propane tanks which are used
to power the burner.

Regarding the function of the hot air balloon, the burner

combines regular air with propane to heat the air trapped inside
the envelope, which then becomes lighter and thus makes the
balloon buoyant. To begin a descent, the air is cooled and
effectively becomes heavier, pulling the hot air balloon
downward.
The diagram below shows the manufacturing process for
making sugar from sugar cane. The diagram gives insight into how sugar is made from sugar
cane.

Evidently, this is a lengthy process, beginning with the cultivation

of sugar canes and concluding with the end product being
produced.

Initially, sugar canes are grown on fields for anywhere between

12 and 18 months, until they are ready to be harvested, either by
hand or by the harvester. Then, they proceed to be squeezed in a
crushing machine to produce sugar cane juice, which is led in to a
limestone filter in turn. The step of running sugar cane juice
through a limestone filter ensures that the juice is purified, and
that any residue is left behind.

Following filtration, the juice is heated inside an evaporator to

condense it in to a syrupy substance. Once evaporation is
complete, the separation of sugar crystals from the syrup will
take place as the liquid is spun in a centrifuge. The result of this
step, sugar crystals, is dried and cooled to await future possible
steps.
The chart below shows the process of waste
paper recycling
The flow chart shows how waste paper is recycled. It is
clear that there are six distinct stages in this process, from
the initial collection of waste paper to the eventual
production of usable paper.

At the first stage in the paper recycling process, waste

paper is collected either from paper banks, where
members of the public leave their used paper, or directly
from businesses. This paper is then sorted by hand and
separated according to its grade, with any paper that is
not suitable for recycling being removed. Next, the graded
paper is transported to a paper mill.

Stages four and five of the process both involve cleaning.

The paper is cleaned and pulped, and foreign objects such
as staples are taken out. Following this, all remnants of ink
and glue are removed from the paper at the de-inking
stage. Finally, the pulp can be processed in a paper making
machine, which makes the end product: usable paper.
The diagrams illustrate the process of building an igloo. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and
making comparisons where relevant.
Large blocks at the base
Snow saw

Hard-packed snow

smooth the
edges of the
blocks
Place blocks in a circle
building upward Smooth the inside of the
igloo by hand
Block that is slightly too
large for the last
opening on top

Dig a hole under

the wall to create Pack the snow
an entrance into all crevices
Then cover the hole
with snow blocks

You must cut

ventilation holes in
Pack the snow
the wall/roof
into all crevices
The diagrams illustrate the process of building an igloo.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main The diagram illustrates the process that is used to build an
features and making comparisons where relevant. igloo from snow. There are five main stages in this process,
starting with finding an area covered by hard-packed snow
Snow saw
Block that is
slightly too large
and culminating in covering the entrance hole with snow
for the last
opening on top
blocks.
Hard-packed snow
As can be seen from the process, after a surface of hard-
Large blocks at the base packed snow is found, a snow saw is used to cut large blocks
to the appropriate size to build the base. The edges of the
blocks are then smoothed with the saw and are placed in a
Ideal snow block
size (3-8-15 in)
circle, and a hole is dug under the wall to make an entrance.
Next, a slightly over-sized block is precisely shaped and
Shovel loose snow
placed on the top of the igloo.
Place blocks in a
onto the igloo
circle building
upward
Out of the remaining steps, snow is shoveled onto the
smooth the
edges of the
Pack the snow
into all crevices
outside of the igloo and is packed into all crevices while the
blocks
internal surface of the igloo is smoothed by hand. Any excess
Shove out any extra
snow snow is also removed from the inside of the igloo. And
Smooth the
inside of the finally, a hole is dug in the shape of the entrance, and is then
igloo by hand
Dig a hole
covered with snow blocks to complete the igloo.
under the wall
to create an
entrance
The flow chart illustrates how an igloo is constructed. In general, it is clear that the
process involves 13 steps to use hard-packed snow to erect an igloo.
At the beginning of the process, hard-packed snow is chosen for the construction. After
that, it is cut by a snow saw to make snow blocks with different sizes, among which
large blocks are used for the foundation. The edges of these blocks are then smoothed
before snow blocks are stacked in a circle building upward.
At the following stage, a hole is dug right under the igloo’s wall to create a small
entrance. In the last step of making the dome, the hole in the top is covered by a
pentagon block of snow. Next, the igloo is strengthened thanks to snow being packed
into all crevices and the interior being leveled manually, while a number of snow blocks
are also used to cover the door and the hole of the entrance. Finally, manifold
ventilation holes are cut in the wall to prevent suffocation.
The diagram below shows the development of cutting
tools in the Stone Age.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the The illustration details the evolution of stone cutting tools used
by prehistoric men in the Stone Age.
main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
As is evident from the diagram, the key difference between the
cutting tools in the two periods is the size, with the latter version
becoming noticeably larger. Tool B also appears more refined
than tool A in terms of shape and sharpness.

1.4 million years ago, the cutting tool was thin, measured 7-8
centimeters in length, and did not display much craftsmanship.
They were also rather uneven in appearance: the front and the
back were shaped differently, and the surface appears to have
been quite rough.

600,000 years later, it is obvious that the cutting tools used by

man in the Stone Age had become significantly more advanced.
First of all, they were larger, measuring 10-11 centimeters in
length, and had a more definite tear-drop shape: fat at the base
and tapering aggressively toward a sharp tip whereas the prior
versions tended to be obtuse. Second, both front and back sides
were ground more evenly and smoothly. It would also seem that
man had learnt to sharpen the sides of their cutting tools as
well.
The diagram below shows the development of cutting
tools in the Stone Age.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the The pictures describe the evolution of Stone Age cutting tools
between 1.4 million and 0.8 million years ago.
main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
It can be seen that the latter design had seen vast
improvements in the size, shape, and finishing quality.

Tool A, which dated back to 1.4 million years ago, was rather
small and rudimentary. At about 7cm in length, the tool was
thin and did not display much craftsmanship. The front and
back views were plain with only some slight chiseling effort
while the side was rough and not very indicative of a cutting
utensil.

Tool B showed many updated features compared to the older

version. First of all, it was larger and sturdier due to a better
water drop design with a broad base and a pointy top. Second,
both front and back sides were grounded more evenly and
smoothly. Finally, although the tool’s thickness stayed
relatively the same after 0.6 million years, the side edge was
undoubtedly much more finely sharpened.
The diagram below shows the water cycle, which is the
continuous movement of water on,
above and below the surface of the Earth.
The picture illustrates the way in which water passes from
ocean to air to land during the natural process known as the
water cycle.
Three main stages are shown on the diagram. Ocean water
evaporates, falls as rain, and eventually runs back into the
oceans again.
Beginning at the evaporation stage, we can see that 80% of
water vapour in the air comes from the oceans. Heat from
the sun causes water to evaporate, and water vapour
condenses to form clouds. At the second stage, labelled
‘precipitation’ on the diagram, water falls as rain or snow.
At the third stage in the cycle, rainwater may take various
paths. Some of it may fall into lakes or return to the oceans
via ‘surface runoff’. Otherwise, rainwater may filter through
the ground, reaching the impervious layer of the earth. Salt
water intrusion is shown to take place just before
groundwater passes into the oceans to complete the cycle.
The diagram below shows the water cycle, which is the The chart illustrates the circulation of water in nature.
continuous movement of water on, above and below the
surface of the Earth. Overall, it is clear that there are three main stages in this
process, beginning with the evaporation of water and the
formation of a cloud. The next step shows the water‘s
journey after falling to the ground and the process ends
with salt water intrusion.

At the first step of the process, as a result of the sun ‘s heat,

water evaporates into the air. It is estimated that 80% of
total water vapour is taken from the ocean. Following this, a
cloud is formed by the condensation of water vapour.

In the next stage, the heavy clouds cause rain or snow.

Water from the precipitation partly pours into the lakes or
can be absorbed into the ground. The surface runoff which
is made from rainwater creates the groundwater and then
flows back to the ocean without reaching the impervious
layer. The final stage of the process is the salt water
intrusion where water from the ocean moves to the
freshwater aquifers.
 The diagram shows how the horse evolved through
time, with particular emphasis on its foot structure.

The picture describes the horse’s evolution

from 40 million years ago until now, focusing on
the bone structure of its foot.

Overall, as the animal gets more prominent in

size and longer limbs, the toes disappear one
by one, eventually replaced by a sole hoof.

Eohippus, which existed circa 40 million years ago, was the ancestor of the horse. It was much smaller, standing at about one-
fourth the size of a modern horse. All four legs and the tail were relatively short, and, on each paw, there were distinctively
four toes. About 10 million years later, the Eohippus became the Mesohippus, which was slightly larger and taller. The foot
had lost one toe, and the middle toe had enlarged to create a symmetrical structure. Notably, the Mesohippus had started to
develop what would become the horse mane.

At around 15 million years ago, the Merychippus appeared. This pre-historic horse largely resembled the modern horse but at
about half the size. The foot still had three toes, but the middle one was greater in size and protruded more to the front. The
mane had also become more visible. Finally, the horse today has all the toes reduced just to a single hoof. It is taller, with
lengthier limbs, a more defined tail, and a clearer mane on the neck.