3 different kinds of biases:

1. Information bias- Any systematic departure from reality in a study's data collecting, recall,
recording, and handling procedures—including how missing data is handled—is referred to as
information bias.
2. Selection bias - The selection effect is another name for it. Most frequently, when the term
"selection bias" is used, it refers to the distortion of a statistical analysis brought on by the
sampling procedure. Some of the study's conclusions can be incorrect if the selection bias is not
considered.
3. Confounding- Confounding, often known as a "mixing of effects," occurs when the effects of the
exposure being studied on a certain outcome are combined with the effects of another factor,
distorting the underlying link.

Secondary kineme sources…..

Censuses and information gathered by the government are just two examples of the many uses for
secondary data, which reflect all data that is collected by a person who is not the primary user of the
data. Secondary data sources are therefore typically reflective of data that are not primarily collected.
Because it will give them access to information that has been gathered by someone else, it is helpful to
researchers who cannot access primary sources because they can utilize the information to draw their
own findings and contribute to more accurate conclusions. In general, secondary data sources are
reflective of data that are not primarily collected because they include all information that is gathered
by a person who is not the primary user of the data. Secondary data are used for many different
purposes, such as censuses and information gathered by the government. It is helpful for researchers
who are unable to access primary sources because it gives them access to information that has already
been gathered by someone else. They can use the information to draw their own conclusions from the
data and improve upon those of others, which is useful for both parties.