FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS

Algebra
Summations:
n n n
r = 12 n(n + 1) , r 2 = 16 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) , r 3 = 14 n 2 (n + 1) 2
r =1 r =1 r =1

Maclaurin’s series:
x2 xr
f( x) = f(0) + x f (0) + f (0) + K + f ( r ) (0) + K
2! r!
x2 xr
e x = exp( x) = 1 + x + +K + +K (all x)
2! r!
x 2 x3 xr
ln(1 + x) = x + K + ( 1) r +1 + K (–1 x 1)
2 3 r
x3 x5 x 2 r +1
sin x = x + K + ( 1) r +K (all x)
3! 5! (2r + 1)!

x2 x4 x2r
cos x = 1 + K + ( 1) r +K (all x)
2! 4! (2r )!

x3 x5 x 2 r +1
tan 1 x = x + K + ( 1) r +K (–1 x 1)
3 5 2r + 1
x3 x5 x 2 r +1
sinh x = x + + +K + +K (all x)
3! 5! (2r + 1)!

x2 x4 x2r
cosh x = 1 + + +K+ +K (all x)
2! 4! (2r )!

x3 x5 x 2 r +1
tanh 1 x = x + + +K + +K (–1 < x < 1)
3 5 2r + 1

Trigonometry
If t = tan 12 x then:

2t 1 t2
sin x = and cos x =
1+ t2 1+ t2

Hyperbolic functions
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1 , sinh 2 x 2sinh x cosh x , cosh 2 x cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

sinh 1 x = ln( x + x 2 + 1)

cosh 1 x = ln( x + x 2 1) (x 1)

1+ x
tanh 1 x = 12 ln (| x | < 1)
1 x

5
Differentiation
f( x ) f ( x)
1
sin 1 x
1 x2
1
cos 1 x
1 x2
sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
tanh x sech 2 x
1
sinh 1 x
1 + x2
1
cosh 1 x
x2 1
1
tanh 1 x
1 x2

Integration
(Arbitrary constants are omitted; a denotes a positive constant.)

f( x ) f( x ) dx

sec x ln| sec x + tan x | = ln| tan( 12 x + 14 ) | ( x < 1

2 )
cosec x ln| cosec x + cot x | = ln| tan( 12 x) | (0 < x < )
sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
sech 2 x tanh x
1 x
2 2
sin 1
a
( x < a)
a x
1 1 x
cosh ( x > a)
x 2
a 2 a

1 1 x
sinh
a +x 2 2 a