3 MARKS ANSWERS KEY

1.

A. The tertiary activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors.
B. These activities do not produce anything but they provide an aid or support for the process of
production.
C. Transport and communication are the examples of tertiary sectors.

OR

Open Unemployment Disguised unemployment

Disguised unemployment refers
to the situation in which people
Open employment refers to
work at a place where there is no
the situation in which an
more people are required. The
individual has no job and
situation in which people are
unable to earn his
apparently working but all of
livelihood.
them are made to work less than
their potential.

This unemployment is
clearly visible. Open
This unemployment is
unemployment is the
hidden. Under this, the worker is
unemployment which is
working, but if he is removed, the
visible and seen that some
production does not fall.
people who want to work
but do not have the work.

People's unemployment won't

affect the production of goods
People's unemployment
and services because here
will affect the production of
already more than
goods and services in an
the requirement of people are
economy.
working so if they leave that's not
a big deal.

Open unemployment exists

Disguised unemployment is
among the educated
mostly found in Primary sectors
unemployed. Generally,
because of the unavailability of
this type of unemployment
work for them.
can be seen in urban areas.

2.

i. According to the Constitution, the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965.
ii. However, many non-Hindi speaking states demanded that the use of English should continue. In
Tamilnadu, the movement took a violent turn.
 iii. The Central Government responded by agreeing to continue the use of English along with Hindi
for official purposes. Many critics think that this solution favoured the English-speaking elite.
iv. Promotion of Hindi continues to be the official policy of Government of India.
v. Promotion does not mean that the Central Government can impose Hindi on states where people
speak a different language. The flexibility shown by Indian political leaders helped our country
avoid the kind of situation that Sri Lanka finds itself in.

3. In order to improve the social status of women in Indian society, the following steps need to be taken:

a. The attitude of joint authority and duty should be confirmed between males and females at
home, at place of work and in the wide-ranging domestic and worldwide communities.
b. The National Commission for Women should be strengthened so that it may take initiative in
combating injustice against women rather than acting only after a complaint has been registered
with it.
c. The laws regarding the minimum age for marriage should be strictly enforced.
d. By giving them the opportunity to do different jobs in different fields and by empowering females
academically.
e. The Training-cum-Employment Programme for women should be launched to strengthen and
develop skills and employment opportunities for women.
f. The Indira Mahila Yojna should be geared up towards women’s Self Employment.
g. Besides, a number of welfare schemes have already been undertaken to provide access to
women in education, skill development, employment, fulfilment of special necessities, gender
sensitisation etc.

4. Yes, democratic government is a legitimate government because in legitimate government law and action
of the government are revealed to the people and there is transparency in functioning of government.
Following features of a democratic government make it a legitimate government.

i. There is a rule of law as laws are applicable to all the citizen whether rich or poor.
ii. In a democracy, there is political equality i.e. one person one vote one value.
iii. People have the right to challenge the policies and actions of the government. If the people are
not satisfied with the working of the government they have the right to change it.

5. It is true that for development, people look at a mix of goals. Income is not only an important factor
leading to the country's development. The other factors like freedom, respect, peace, harmony are as
important as income. We can understand this with the following example.

i. If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. So in
this case other than the income from the job, dignity is an important goal.
ii. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women, there would be more sharing of
housework and greater acceptance of women working outside.
iii. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a
business. These are goals other than income. Hence, the development goal is not only for better
income but for other important things in life like an increase in human value.

6.

A. The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms
through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity.
B. The product is not produced by nature but has to be made by some process of manufacturing.
 C. This could be in a factory, a workshop or at home. For example, using sugar canes as raw material
we make sugar.

OR

Service conditions of Organized and Unorganized Sectors:

i. Organized sector is registered by the government whereas, the unorganized sector is largely
outside the control of the government.
ii. In organized sector, the workers enjoy the security of employment whereas, in unorganized
sector jobs are insecure, low paid and irregular.
iii. In organized sector, the numbers of working hours are fixed whereas in unorganized sector the
numbers of working hours are not fixed.

7.The Constitution of India, since its inception had provided for a two-tier system of government in the
Indian Federal structure of administration. Federal governments have two or more tiers of governments.
For a small country like Belgium, two tiers are very much applicable. But a vast country like India cannot be
run only through these two tiers. States in India are as large as independent countries of Europe, many of
these states are internally very diverse. Hence, federal power-sharing in India needs another tier of
government, below that of state government. This resulted in a third-tier of government, called local
government. After the Constitution (Seventy-third) Amendment Act, 1992 and the Constitution (Seventy-
fourth) Amendment Act, 1993, the concept of local self-government, i.e. Panchayati Raj and the
Municipal Bodies have evolved into the Indian Federal structure of governance. Hence, the three-tier
system of government prevalent in India is:

a. The Union Government;

b. The State Governments;
c. The Local Self-Governments (Panchayati Raj and Municipal Bodies).

8.It is correct to say that it is not politics that gets caste-ridden, but it is the caste that gets politicised. Caste
can take various forms in politics.
(i) Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it neighbouring castes or sub-castes which
were earlier excluded from it.
(ii) Various caste groups are required to enter a coalition with other castes or communities and thus enter a
dialogue and negotiation.
(iii) New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena like ‘backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups.
Caste plays different kinds of roles in politics. In some cases, politics gives many disadvantaged communities
the opportunity to demand their share of power.
Politics has helped people from OBC and Dalit castes to gain better access to decision-making. But sometimes
exclusive attention to caste can produce negative results like tensions, conflicts and violence in our society.

9.Democracy develops a harmonious social life. Democracies accommodate various social divisions.
Democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces the possibility of
these tensions becoming explosive or violent. In democracies, people learn to respect the differences and
also evolve a mechanism to negotiate the differences. The majority always needs to work with the
minority so that government functions to represent the general view. Democracy has the ability to handle
social differences, divisions and conflict.
Non-democratic regimes often turn a blind eye to or suppress internal social differences. Ability to handle
social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus, a definite plus point of democratic regimes.
 10.Kerala has lower per capita income but better human development ranking than Maharashtra because of
many factors as:

i. Kerala has the highest literacy rate in the country.

ii. The Infant Mortality Rate of Kerala (12) is much less than that of Maharashtra (25). Net
Attendance Ratio of Kerala (94) is also higher than that of Maharashtra (82).
iii. Kerala has better health and educational infrastructure than Maharashtra.

11.

Public sector Private sector

This sector is not guided by profit This sector is guided by the

motive. The main aim of this motive to earn more and
sector is public welfare. more profits.

It is controlled and
managed by an individual
It is controlled and managed by or a group of
the government. The government individuals. The
owns assets and takes government doesn't
responsibility to deliver services. own assets and takes
responsibility to deliver
services.

It invests funds to construct

structures and infrastructure of
public utility e.g. construction of
roads, bridges, railways, harbours,
generation of electricity,
construction of dams, school and
college buildings etc.
Services of this sector can
be obtained only on
payment hence, the poor
people can not afford
services of this sector.

The sector provides basic facilities

The sector provides
like education, health, food and
consumer goods to the
security to the people, e.g. the
people, e.g. the Reliance,
Indian Railways, the Post Office
TISCO.
and the BSNL.

OR

A. There are many activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources. When we
produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of primary sector.
B. The secondary sector covers activity in which the natural products are changed into other forms
through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. It is the next step after
primary. For example by using sugarcane as a raw material we make sugar.
C. The third category of activities falls under tertiary sector. These activities help in the development
of the primary sector and secondary sectors. These activities, by themselves, do not produce
goods but they are an aid or a support for the production process. For example transport and
communication.
 12.Difference:

i. Unitary government has only one level of government whereas a federal government has two or
more levels of government.
ii. In a unitary government, the sub-units are subordinate to the centre, whereas, in a federation,
the central government cannot encroach on the rights of state governments.
iii. In a unitary system, the centre can order the subunits which cannot happen in the federation.
Both governments are answerable to the people in a federal system.
iv. In a unitary system, power is not shared but in a federal system governments at different levels
should agree to some rules of power sharing.

A federation is preferred because:

i. It helps in making administration effective and efficient.

ii. It helps to accommodate all diverse groups.
iii. The existence and authority of each tier of the government is constitutionally guaranteed

13.The focus on caste in politics sometimes gives an impression that elections are all about caste and
nothing else. We can state following reasons for the same.

D. Actually, the candidate and party have to win the confidence of more than one caste and
community and hardly any parliamentary constituency has a clear majority of one single party.
E. It's not certain that people with the same caste or community have same interests, they may
have different interests depending on their economic status and social condition. Thus, caste
cannot be a sole factor.
F. Regarding voters, they may have more than one candidate from their caste, while others may not
have any candidate from their caste.
G. Irrespective of caste, voters consider the performance of the govt. & popularity of the leaders
while voting. Hence, we can clearly conclude that "caste alone cannot determine election result
in India."

14.There is overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world because:

i. A democratic government is people's own government in which they can enjoy their freedom and
equality.
ii. The evidence from South Asia shows that support exists in countries with democratic regimes.
iii. People wished to be ruled by representatives elected by them.
iv. People believe that democracy is suitable for their country.
v. Democracy has the ability to generate its own support which in itself is an outcome that cannot
be ignored.
vi. It is the most legitimate, responsive and accountable form of government.
vii. It is the most successful form of government in which a representative can't take advantage of his
post.

15.From the given table we can see that

i. Punjab has the highest per capita income in a year i.e., Rs 26,000.
ii. Bihar has the lowest per capita income in one year i.e., Rs 5,700.
iii. Out of the two states, Punjab is the better one because it's per capita income is more than Bihar.
So, the standard of living will be better in Punjab as compared to Bihar. Also purchasing power in
Punjab will be more than that of Bihar.
16.

i. Loan provided can be used to construct a well, or to buy better quality of seeds and pesticides.
ii. Irrigation facilities can help a farmer to take a second crop, say wheat, during a rabi season which
will help provide employment to more persons and lead to increase in income.
iii. Transportation facility will facilitate taking their produce to the market to sell.

OR

Yes, classification of economic activities into the primary, secondary and tertiary sector is useful as it helps
in estimating the relative importance in the growth in GDP of the economy. Classifying in such a way helps
in calculating how much goods and services are produced and how many people work in each sector. In
India tertiary sector is growing at a very fast speed which implies that the country is moving towards
developed country. This type of classification helps in comparing the level of growth in different countries.

17.

a. The controversy over Hindi and English as the official language started when our Constitution
made the provision that the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965.
b. However, many non-Hindi speaking states demanded that the use of English should continue. In
Tamil Nadu, this demand turned into a movement which converted into violent form.
c. So the central government responded by agreeing to continue the use of English along with Hindi
for official purposes.
d. Hence the leaders of the country took a pragmatic decision of allowing both the languages in
order to avoid any further controversy. The flexibility shown by Indian political leaders helped
India to avoid a civil war like situation that happened in Sri Lanka.

18.Feminism believes in equal rights and opportunities for men and women. It is a collection of movements
and ideologies aimed at defining, establishing and defending equal political, economic and social rights for
women. A feminist advocates or supports the rights and equality of women. Enhanced women power can
make our society more strong. Thus feminism cannot be regarded as a bad thing. But casteism and
communalism usually divide society and enhance inequality. These two are major challenges to our
democracy. Our Constitution makers were aware of these challenges. That is why they chose the model of a
secular state. Also, the Constitution of India prohibited any caste-based discrimination and laid the foundations
of policies to reverse the injustices due to casteism. So we must oppose casteism and communalism but not
feminism.
Conclusion:

iv. Casteism is the principle in which one caste is superior to others. Communalism is the principle in
which one believes is superior to others.
v. Feminism is the movement/principle which focuses on the idea that both genders are equal.
vi. So, basically, communalism and casteism are concepts to promote inequality whereas feminism
promotes equality.

19.At present democracy is the most suitable form of government. However, it is true that some people
think that democracy produces a less effective government because:

vii. Non-democratic rulers can be very quick and efficient in decision making and implementation
since they do not have to bother about deliberation in assemblies or worry about public opinion.
viii. But democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. So, some delay is bound to
take place.
 ix. Most democracies fall short of elections that provide a fair chance to everyone.
x. Democratic governments do not have a very good record when it comes to sharing information
with citizens.
xi. Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people and often ignore the demands of the
majority of their population.

20.It is true that per capita income is not the only criterion behind human development. Factors like infant
mortality rate, literacy rate and net attendance ratio are also very crucial for overall human development. In
these factors, Kerala is better than Maharashtra. However, if we are interested only in comparing two or more
states in terms of production and income generated, then per capita income is an important criterion.

21.

i. As per the given data in the table, Unorganised sector is providing jobs to 370 millions people
hence it is the most important sector which provides most jobs to people.
ii. 370 million people are engaged in the unorganised sector.
iii. Unorganised sector is important as it provides employment to a large number of people.

OR

Final goods Intermediate goods

The goods which are used The goods which are used up
either for final consumption or in producing the final goods
for capital formation. and services.

The value of final goods is The value of intermediate

included in the national goods is not included in the
income. national income.

For example, television, bread

For example, flour, cotton etc.
or bakery products etc.

22.Panchayati Raj is a system of rural local government in which Gram Panchayats are the basic unit of
administration.
Gram Panchayat is a council consisting of several ward members known as Panch and a President or Sarpanch.
They are directly elected by all the adult population living in that ward or village. It is the decision making
the body of the entire village. This feature of Gram Panchayat is very significant. People in a particular village
elect their own representatives who are very much acquainted or familiar with the local issues. Thus, they can
solve the problem of people easily and effectively. It has to meet atleast two or three times in a year to
approve the annual budget of the gram panchayat and to review its performance. I like this feature of
Panchayati Raj in our country.

23.Women have been active participants in Indian politics since independence. In the struggle for
independence under Mahatma Gandhi, women played an important role. There were prominent women
leaders like Sarojini Naidu and Aruna Asaf Ali.
After independence, women have continued to play an important role in politics. India had universal adult
franchise right from independence and, therefore, women have been very active in politics as voters.
Earlier women participation in politics was minimal. They were not allowed to participate in public affairs, vote
and contest for public offices. It was only after gender issue was raised in politics that women got access to this
area. The participation of women in Indian politics has been increased by making it legally binding to have a
fair proportion of women in the elected bodies:

a. In local government, however, the participation of women has significantly increased with one-
third of seats in local government institutions being reserved for women.
b. There are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in rural and urban local bodies.
c. Efforts are being made for such a reservation in Parliament and State Assemblies too.
d. Still, a lot more has to be done. A bill on the reservation of seats for women has been pending
before the parliament but there is no consensus over the bill among all the political parties.

24

iv. A democratic government is called a legitimate government because it is the people's own
government.
v. It may be slow, less efficient and not very responsive and clean, but it is people's government.
vi. There is overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world. People of South
Asia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan and Nepal have no doubt about the suitability of
democracy for their own country.
vii. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. Democracy's ability to generate its
own support makes it more legitimate.

25.This shows that Deepa lives in that part of rural India where the literacy level is low. She neither goes to
school nor takes proper nutrition. She is not healthy. On the other hand, Geeta lives in that part of rural
India which is prosperous namely Kerala. She goes to school and also consumes mid-day meals that
fulfil her nutritional needs. She is healthy also. It also shows that in Kerala, the factors of human
development index like education facilities, nutrition levels etc. are given more importance whereas Bihar
is lagging behind in these aspects. Along with per capita income, states also need to focus on these human
development indexes to achieve development.

26. The money that is used to set up industries, buy assets, merge with companies based in a foreign land
is called foreign investment. It is the monetary investment made across borders. Investment refers to the
investing of money or capital, with the purpose of receiving profit in return, on that investment. This is
done in various forms like money, capital, assets, stocks, bonds, etc. In other words, the buying of assets,
land, building etc. are called investment.

OR

The following examples show that local companies benefitted by collaborating with multinational
companies:

i. MNCs can finance additional investments for the local companies like buying new machinery for
faster production.
ii. MNCs may provide the companies with the latest technology for efficient production as MNCs
have an international outreach.
iii. Local companies will benefit financially through a partnership with an MNC because the
production and its efficiency would naturally increase.
iv. By more production, local companies earn greater profits.

27.Reserved are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources
are concerned.
 v. These forests are permanently earmarked for production of either timber or other forest
produce.
vi. Grazing and cultivation are not allowed.
vii. More than 50 per cent of the total forest land has been declared as reserved forest.
viii. The forests of Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttrakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal
and Maharashtra fall under this category.

28.Powering is true spirit of democracy because:

ix. It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

x. It is a good way to ensure the stability of the political order.
xi. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live
with its effects.
xii. Here, people have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. Thus, a legitimate
government is one where citizens, through participation, acquire a stake in the system.
xiii. These are the moral reasons which emphasise that the very act of power sharing is valuable.

29.Dynastic succession is one of the most serious challenges before the political parties because:

xiv. Most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning.
xv. There are few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top at a party. Those who happen to be
the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their
family members.
xvi. In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one family.
xvii. This practice is unfair to other members of that party and is also bad for democracy.
xviii. This is also bad for democracy since people who do not have adequate experience or popular
support come to occupy positions of power. This tendency is present in some measure all over
the world, including in some of the older democracies.

30.The difference between Coming Together and Holding Together type of federations are as follows:

Coming Together Holding Together Federation

Federation
In Holding Together Federation,
Coming Together Federalism
the large power or country
involves independent states
decides to divide its
coming together on their
power between its constituent
own to form a bigger unit.
states and national government.

In this type of federation, there

In this type of federation,
units try to increase their
security by pooling
sovereignty and retaining
identity.
is the absence of pooling
sovereignty and retaining
identity. In fact in this federation
the central government
subordinates over the
constituent units.

All the constituent units The central government tends to

usually have equal power be more powerful vis-a-vis the
and are strong vis-a-vis states in Holding Together
 Coming Together Holding Together Federation
Federation
the federal government in Federation.
the Coming Together Sometimes constituent units of
Federation. the federation have unequal
powers. For example, in India,
Jammu and Kashmir have been
granted special status.

United States of America,

India, Spain and Belgium are
Switzerland, and Australia
examples of Holding Together
are examples of Coming
Federations.
Together Federations.

31.

i. Due to globalisation several manufacturing units have shut down. Batteries, capacitors, plastic,
toys, tyres, dairy products and vegetable oils are some examples of industries.
ii. Due to shutting down of industrial units, many workers become jobless. Workers’ jobs are
no longer secure.
iii. Globalisation and the pressure of competition have substantially changed the lives of the
workers.

OR

a. MNCs set up production where it is close to the markets, so that skilled and unskilled labour can
be availed at low costs.
b. In developing countries, labour laws are not properly followed and the labour is available at very
low cost in these countries.
c. In developing countries, the availability of other factors of production is assured. Raw material is
also available at lower price.

32.Biosphere reserves are multipurpose protected areas created to deal with the issue of conservation of bio-
diversity and sustainable use.

iv. In a biosphere reserves, local communities, management agencies, scientists, cultural groups and
non government agencies work together to manage and substantially develop the area resources.
v. Here even agricultural activities are allowed to the local communities and bonafide employment
is provided to them.
vi. Tourism is also allowed to boost revenue.

33.Power is shared between different organs of the government such as Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.
This system of power-sharing is referred to as a system of 'checks and balances' because:

vii. All three organs are placed at the same level of power.
viii. The power distribution ensures that no organ enjoys unlimited powers.
ix. Each organ exercises a check on the others. Thus there is a balance of power.
x. Power is shared between different organs of the government such as a legislature, Executive and
judiciary. All these organ follow the system of checks and balance.
 34.The advantages of a multi-party system are as follows:

xi. This system allows a variety of opinions and interests to enjoy political representation.
xii. The choice of the voter is not limited to two candidates only under this system. It gives a voter
sufficient scope to go for an intelligent choice.

The alliance is different from the coalition in the following ways:

xiii. Alliance- When several parties join hands for the purpose of contesting elections it is called an
alliance or a front.
xiv. Coalition- When no single party gets a majority in the election and the govt. is formed by two or
more parties coming together then it is called a coalition.

35.India is basically known as a land of unity in diversity. Although it is a vast country with people following
different religions and speaking different languages, it has succeeded in maintaining the unity and integrity due
to the following reasons:

xv. Right to equality.

xvi. No discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, region or religion.
xvii. SCs and STs have some seats reserved and do get representation.
xviii. Right to freedom of religion and cultural and educational rights.
xix. No official religion or language followed in the country. All religions are treated equally.

36.Foreign trade results in connecting the markets of different countries in the ways mentioned below:

o Foreign trade provides opportunities for both producers and buyers to reach beyond the markets
of their own countries.
o Producers can sell their products not only in markets located within the country but also compete
in markets located in other countries of the world.
o Similarly, for the buyers, import of goods produced in another country is one way of expanding
the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.
o Goods travel from one country to another. Competition among producers of various countries as
well as buyers prevails.
o Thus, foreign trade leads to the integration of markets across countries. For example, during
Diwali season, buyers in India have the option of choosing between Indian and Chinese
decorative lights and bulbs. So, this provides an opportunity to expand the business.

OR

It is true that the impact of globalisation has not been uniform. This can be explained through the
following points:

i. Globalisation has some negative impacts on employment and real wages. Due to ushering in of
new technologies, output increases, but employment opportunities are not much, especially in
rural areas where over 60% of the population lives.
ii. Globalisation is mainly beneficial to large capitalists, industries and large companies.
Consequently, it increases the concentration of economic power and leads to inequalities. In
India, during 1990-91 more than 33% of national product originated in the agricultural sector, but
this share has come down to 23% in 2004-05.
iii. Globalisation and greater competition among producers-both local and foreign producers have
been of advantage to consumers, particularly the well-off sections in the urban areas. There is
 a greater choice before these consumers who now enjoy the improved quality and lower prices
for several products. As a result, these people today, enjoy much higher standards of living than
was possible earlier.
iv. Government has also allowed flexibility in the labour laws to attract foreign investment. Instead
of hiring workers on a regular basis, companies hire workers ‘flexibly’ for short periods when
there is intense pressure of work. This is done to reduce the cost of labour for the company.

37.

i. In India Joint Forest Management (JMF) programme furnishes a good example for involving local
communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests.
ii. The programme has been in formal existence since 1988 when the state of Orissa passed the first
resolution for joint forest management.
iii. JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that undertake protection activities
mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department.
iv. In return, the members of these communities are entitled to intermediary benefits like non-
timber forest produces and share in the timber harvested by successful protection.

38.Difference in power sharing of Belgium and Sri Lanka:

i. In Belgium, the government does not follow preferential policies in matters of jobs and
education.
ii. In Belgium, there is a special government called "Community Government' to look after the
cultural, educational and language related issues. In Sri Lanka, the major political parties are not
sensitive to the language and culture of the Tamils.
iii. In Belgium, there is no discrimination between different religions. In Sri Lanka, Buddhism is the
official religion.
iv. In 1956 Sri Lankan government passed an act to recognize Sinhala as the only official language
whereas Belgium government tried to protect and foster all the languages spoken by the people.

39.Money and muscle power play an important role in elections as follows:

a. Recently the role of money and muscle power In parties increased especially during elections.
b. Parties generally give tickets to those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.
c. Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties can influence the policies and decisions
of the parties after coming to power.
d. In some cases, parties support criminals who can win the election.
e. The increasing role of rich people and big companies in democratic politics is a threat
to democracy all over the world.

40.Local government is the best way to realise one important principle of democracy, the local self
government.
Local Government before 1992 :

i. It was directly under the control of the state Government.

ii. Elections were not held regularly.
iii. Local governments did not have any power or resources of their own.

Local Government after 1992 :

i. Local Governments have got some powers of their own.

 ii. Elections are held regularly.
iii. An independent state election commission is responsible to conduct the elections.

41.

i. Due to globalisation several manufacturing units have shut down. Batteries, capacitors, plastic,
toys, tyres, dairy products and vegetable oils are some examples of industries.
ii. Due to shutting down of industrial units, many workers become jobless. Workers’ jobs are
no longer secure.
iii. Globalisation and the pressure of competition have substantially changed the lives of the
workers.

OR

a. MNCs set up production where it is close to the markets, so that skilled and unskilled labour can
be availed at low costs.
b. In developing countries, labour laws are not properly followed and the labour is available at very
low cost in these countries.
c. In developing countries, the availability of other factors of production is assured. Raw material is
also available at lower price.

42.Biosphere reserves are multipurpose protected areas created to deal with the issue of conservation of bio-
diversity and sustainable use.

iv. In a biosphere reserves, local communities, management agencies, scientists, cultural groups and
non government agencies work together to manage and substantially develop the area resources.
v. Here even agricultural activities are allowed to the local communities and bonafide employment
is provided to them.
vi. Tourism is also allowed to boost revenue.

43.Power is shared between different organs of the government such as Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.
This system of power-sharing is referred to as a system of 'checks and balances' because:

vii. All three organs are placed at the same level of power.
viii. The power distribution ensures that no organ enjoys unlimited powers.
ix. Each organ exercises a check on the others. Thus there is a balance of power.
x. Power is shared between different organs of the government such as a legislature, Executive and
judiciary. All these organ follow the system of checks and balance.

44.The advantages of a multi-party system are as follows:

xi. This system allows a variety of opinions and interests to enjoy political representation.
xii. The choice of the voter is not limited to two candidates only under this system. It gives a voter
sufficient scope to go for an intelligent choice.

The alliance is different from the coalition in the following ways:

xiii. Alliance- When several parties join hands for the purpose of contesting elections it is called an
alliance or a front.
xiv. Coalition- When no single party gets a majority in the election and the govt. is formed by two or
more parties coming together then it is called a coalition.
45.India is basically known as a land of unity in diversity. Although it is a vast country with people following
different religions and speaking different languages, it has succeeded in maintaining the unity and integrity due
to the following reasons:

xv. Right to equality.

xvi. No discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, region or religion.
xvii. SCs and STs have some seats reserved and do get representation.
xviii. Right to freedom of religion and cultural and educational rights.
xix. No official religion or language followed in the country. All religions are treated equally.

46.Foreign trade results in connecting the markets of different countries in the ways mentioned below:

o Foreign trade provides opportunities for both producers and buyers to reach beyond the markets
of their own countries.
o Producers can sell their products not only in markets located within the country but also compete
in markets located in other countries of the world.
o Similarly, for the buyers, import of goods produced in another country is one way of expanding
the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.
o Goods travel from one country to another. Competition among producers of various countries as
well as buyers prevails.
o Thus, foreign trade leads to the integration of markets across countries. For example, during
Diwali season, buyers in India have the option of choosing between Indian and Chinese
decorative lights and bulbs. So, this provides an opportunity to expand the business.

OR

It is true that the impact of globalisation has not been uniform. This can be explained through the
following points:

i. Globalisation has some negative impacts on employment and real wages. Due to ushering in of
new technologies, output increases, but employment opportunities are not much, especially in
rural areas where over 60% of the population lives.
ii. Globalisation is mainly beneficial to large capitalists, industries and large companies.
Consequently, it increases the concentration of economic power and leads to inequalities. In
India, during 1990-91 more than 33% of national product originated in the agricultural sector, but
this share has come down to 23% in 2004-05.
iii. Globalisation and greater competition among producers-both local and foreign producers have
been of advantage to consumers, particularly the well-off sections in the urban areas. There is
a greater choice before these consumers who now enjoy the improved quality and lower prices
for several products. As a result, these people today, enjoy much higher standards of living than
was possible earlier.
iv. Government has also allowed flexibility in the labour laws to attract foreign investment. Instead
of hiring workers on a regular basis, companies hire workers ‘flexibly’ for short periods when
there is intense pressure of work. This is done to reduce the cost of labour for the company.

47.

i. In India Joint Forest Management (JMF) programme furnishes a good example for involving local
communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests.
ii. The programme has been in formal existence since 1988 when the state of Orissa passed the first
resolution for joint forest management.
 iii. JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that undertake protection activities
mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department.
iv. In return, the members of these communities are entitled to intermediary benefits like non-
timber forest produces and share in the timber harvested by successful protection.

48.Difference in power sharing of Belgium and Sri Lanka:

i. In Belgium, the government does not follow preferential policies in matters of jobs and
education.
ii. In Belgium, there is a special government called "Community Government' to look after the
cultural, educational and language related issues. In Sri Lanka, the major political parties are not
sensitive to the language and culture of the Tamils.
iii. In Belgium, there is no discrimination between different religions. In Sri Lanka, Buddhism is the
official religion.
iv. In 1956 Sri Lankan government passed an act to recognize Sinhala as the only official language
whereas Belgium government tried to protect and foster all the languages spoken by the people.

49.Money and muscle power play an important role in elections as follows:

a. Recently the role of money and muscle power In parties increased especially during elections.
b. Parties generally give tickets to those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.
c. Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties can influence the policies and decisions
of the parties after coming to power.
d. In some cases, parties support criminals who can win the election.
e. The increasing role of rich people and big companies in democratic politics is a threat
to democracy all over the world.

50.Local government is the best way to realise one important principle of democracy, the local self
government.
Local Government before 1992 :

i. It was directly under the control of the state Government.

ii. Elections were not held regularly.
iii. Local governments did not have any power or resources of their own.

Local Government after 1992 :

i. Local Governments have got some powers of their own.

ii. Elections are held regularly.
iii. An independent state election commission is responsible to conduct the elections.