3/14/22

What is Mental Health?

• “A state of well-being in which
the individual realizes his or her
own abilities, can cope with the
normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully, and is
MENTAL HEALTH AND ILLNESS able to make a contribution to his
Understanding mental health and factors affecting it or her community.” (WHO)

Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency

20 21

1
 3/14/22

What is Mental Health? Mental Health Continuum Model

• Successful performance of mental Mental health is a continuum
function • Ranges from being mentally healthy to having mental illness
• Effective functioning in daily activities
• Results:
productive activities
fulfilling relationships
ability to cope with life’s challenges
• a state of well-being

Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency

22 23

2
 3/14/22

Characteristics of a Mentally Healthy Person Mental Illness

• A diagnosable illness that affects a
Purpose
for living
Accepting person’s thinking, emotional state, and
behavior, and disrupts a person’s
Good self- Autonomous
ability to work and carryout other daily
esteem activities and engage in satisfying
Realistic
Optimistic
personal relationships.
Creative Authentic • Some are common, some are not.
Comfortable
being alone Capable • May cause severe disability.
of
intimacy

Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency

24 25

3

Mental Distress vs. Mental Disorder
Distress
Common
Caused by a problem or event
Usually not severe (may be severe)
Usually short lasting
Professional help not usually needed
but can be useful
DIAGNOSIS NOT NEEDED
Understanding the Self
26
3/14/22
The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Illness
Disorder (George Engel)
Less common
The biopsychosocial model
Often with high severity represented an attempt to
Usually long lasting integrate
Professional help usually needed the psychological (the
NEEDS TO BE DIAGNOSED ‘psycho’) and
the environmental (the ‘social’)
into the traditional biomedical
(the ‘bio’) model of health
UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency
27
4
 3/14/22

The Biological Aspect of Mental Health What happens inside the brain when it gets sick?
• The brain is made up of: cells, connection (1) A specific part of
amongst the cells, and various the brain that needs
neurochemicals (“neurotransmitters”) to be working on a (3) The neurochemical
• The neurochemicals provide a means for the specific task is not messengers that help
different parts of the brain to communicate working well different parts of the
• Different parts of the brain are primarily brain communicate are
responsible for doing different things (e.g., not working properly
thinking, feelings, movement) (2) A specific part of the
• Most things a brain does depends on many brain that needs to be
different parts of the brain working together working on a specific task
in a network is working in the wrong
way

Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency

28 29

5
 3/14/22

The Psychological Aspect of Mental Health The Cognitive-Behavioral Model

(Aaron Beck)

• The psycho aspects of

health and illness
were described in
terms of cognitions,
emotions and
behaviours

Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency

30 31

6
 3/14/22

Cognitive Distortions Cognitive Distortions

distorted/irrational thoughts leading to maladaptive behaviors distorted/irrational thoughts leading to maladaptive behaviors

Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency

32 33

7
 3/14/22

Cognitive Distortions
distorted/irrational thoughts leading to maladaptive behaviors The Social Aspect of Mental Health
the social aspects of health were described in
terms of
▪ social norms of behaviour (e.g. the social
norm of smoking or not smoking),
▪ pressures to change behaviour (e.g. peer
group expectations, parental pressure),
▪ social values on health (e.g. whether health
was regarded as a good or a bad thing),
▪ social class
▪ ethnicity/culture
▪ spirituality

Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency

34 35

8
 3/14/22

Diathesis-Stress Model Mental Health in the Philippines

▪ mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological
predisposition for that illness (diathesis) combined with stressful conditions • Worldwide, an estimated 10-20% of
that play a precipitating or facilitating role. adolescents have unnoticed signs of
PREDISPOSING FACTORS PRECIPITATING
poor mental health (WHO, 2018)
GENETICS -family history of a psychological
FACTORS • In the Philippines, 3.3 million endure
disorder; related to defective genes depressive disorders (DOH, 2019)
STRESSES - Minor daily
stress (internal or • One study showed that few Filipinos
external), Life events
BIOLOGICAL FACTOR - such as oxygen
(family death, starting
will consult despite having over 4.5
deprivation at birth or poor nutrition
during early childhood school), Short-term million depression incidence in
factors (school
assignment), Long- Southeast Asia (Coppersmith G, 2015)
term stress (chronic
CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES - isolation, pain/illness)
loneliness or shyness that creates a
distorted view of the world

Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency

36 37

9
 3/14/22

Mental Health in the Philippines Mental Health across Generations

• There are only 700 psychiatrists, a
thousand psychiatric nurses, and a
thousand psychologists in the
Philippines
• 7–20% of Filipino adults experience
psychiatric disorders
• Filipino college students tend to suffer
in silence regardless of the symptoms
observed (Lee, 2013)
• NSO: Mental health illnesses are the
third most common form of morbidity
for Filipinos
Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency

38 39

10

Mental Health across Generations
Understanding the Self
40
UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency
3/14/22
Common Mental Health Problems among
Filipino Adolescents
DEPRESSION
▪ Depression is a common but serious mood
disorder that negatively affects an
individual's behavior, emotions, thoughts,
bodily functions, and interpersonal
relationships.
▪ It is described as a feeling of intense
sadness and may include loss of interest in
activities a person usually enjoys.
▪ It can lead to a variety of problems and
difficulties in daily living, including academics.
Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency
41
11
 3/14/22

Characteristics of Someone with Depression Sadness vs. Depression

▪ Overwhelming Sadness
▪ Hopelessness
▪ Loss of interest and/or energy
▪ Guilt or worthlessness
▪ Concentration loss
▪ Appetite and/sleep change
▪ Psychomotor agitation/retardation
▪ Irritability/Anger
▪ Withdrawal/Isolation
▪ Suicidal thoughts
Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency

42 43

12
 3/14/22

Sadness vs. Depression Common Mental Health Problems among

Filipino Adolescents
ANXIETY AND ANXIETY DISORDERS
▪ Restlessness, feeling keyed up or
on edge.
▪ Being easily fatigued.
▪ Difficulty concentrating or mind
going blank.
▪ Irritability.
▪ Muscle tension.
▪ Sleep disturbance

Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency

44 45

13
 3/14/22

Common Mental Health Problems among Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) vs. Suicide
Filipino Adolescents
SUICIDE
▪ Suicide is the second leading cause of death
among 15-29 year olds (WHO, 2017)
▪ Among the Filipino Youth: 8.7% has suicidal
ideation and 3% attempted suicide (Young
Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study, 2013)
▪ 17% of Filipino Students have attempted
suicide (Global School-based Student Health
Survey, 2015)

Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency

46 47

14
 3/14/22

COVID-19 and Mental Health Issues COVID-19 and Mental Health Issues

Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency

48 49

15
 3/14/22

Promotion of Mental Wellness Promotion of Mental Wellness

Philippine Mental Health Law (RA 11036) Where to seek professional help: Mental Health Professionals

Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency

50 51

16
 3/14/22

Promotion of Mental Wellness Promotion of Mental Wellness

Allied Mental Health Professionals
Psychometricians
▪ administers objective and structured personality
tests; conducts preparatory intake interviews of
clients for psychological intervention sessions.
Guidance Counselors
▪ Focus is on clients potential and resolution of
problems; common in education and career
setting
Psychiatric Nurses
▪ Focus is on signs, symptoms and complaints of
clients; serves as case managers in clinical setting
Understanding the Self
UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency
Allied Mental Health Professionals
Social Worker
▪ Focus is on the process of integration of clients in the
community
Occupational Therapists
▪ Focus is on resumption of activities of daily living;
integration with community by honing occupational skills
Life Coach
▪ Focus is on everyday life concerns that are not clinical in
nature, can be specific to certain contexts such as
business, executive, academic and sports science.
Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency

52 53

17
 3/14/22

Promotion of Mental Wellness Promotion of Mental Wellness

UST Counseling and Career Center

Understanding the Self UNIT 4: Mental Health, Coping and Resiliency

54 55

18